109:
are from foreigners who have entered illegally. While an individual cannot be detained for illegally entering Russia for the purposes of applying for asylum, the penal code allows the government to imprison illegal immigrants including unregistered asylum seekers – making it even more imperative to meet the 24-hour deadline. Even though the 24-hour limit can be relaxed, Article 5.1(7) states that a violation can serve as the basis for denial of a substantive evaluation of an applicant's claim.
271:
121:, the individual becomes immediately excluded from the Law on Refugees. The Department of Passport and Visa Registration of the Ministry of Internal Affairs begins the process of deporting the individual. If the individual does not leave in the specified time frame, usually six months, the Ministry can detain the individual. However, Article 12.2(2) allows the FMS to grant temporary asylum to those individuals who cannot be deported for humanitarian reasons. This concept of "
212:
representatives of asylum seekers, such as the UNHCR and the
Committee for Civic Assistance, complain that individuals with legitimate claims are being denied asylum without just cause – and where a showing of persecution upon return to their home country is clear and apparent. Others argue that the law is not being properly implemented because the attention of the Russian authorities in the migration sphere is elsewhere – primarily with combating illegal migration.
196:
in St. Petersburg, include two square meters of space per person, permanent isolation from the outer world, and a 20-minute walk per day. Furthermore, there is no formal system to independently review the
Ministry of Internal Affairs’ decision to detain people and no particular limits on the length of time an individual can be detained. Therefore, if an individual is appealing their denial of asylum, he will continue to be detained during the duration of his appeal.
315:, a fear or hatred of foreigners, is another problem that confronts asylum seekers and refugees. Xenophobia is of particular concern to those that look different than the local community. Such groups include specifically: Africans, Afghans, Iraqis, and Tajiks. There are many occurrences of asylum seekers being beaten by local gangs. In fact, some asylum seekers do not even report attacks for fear of police harassment, since many do not have official status.
155:– the case in which an asylum seeker arrived in Russia from a country where he could have claimed asylum; (5) the case of asylum seekers who did not flee persecution and who are unwilling to return owing to fear of punishment for their illegal departure or for another offence committed in their home country, and; (6) the case of asylum seekers who illegally enter Russia and do not apply for refugee status within 24 hours from the moment of entry.
136:) – a requirement for all Russian citizens and visitors of Russia. Because most asylum seekers do not have legal status, they cannot obtain the necessary propiskas. This lack of registration typically leads to multiple fines and arrests, which can ultimately affect the asylum seeker's ability to attain "refugee" status – as the FMS can exclude the individual from an RSD if he has committed any crimes, even minor ones, in Russia.
1760:
955:
88:" (the former Soviet republics). However, as Russia began to develop in the mid 1990s, large numbers of individuals fearing persecution for various reasons in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia viewed Russia as a safe place to migrate to. In response, in 1997, Russia amended and replaced the 1993 Law on Refugees to better address those individuals who have traveled to Russia in need of international protection.
84:, addressed those asylum seekers coming from states other than the former Soviet Union republics, or the "far abroad". In effect, the laws enacted in 1993 were meant to offer protection first to former Soviet citizens, and second to citizens of all other countries. In fact, the dominant interpretation of the 1993 Law on Refugees was that refugee status was to be granted only to asylum seekers from the "
80:, addressed those asylum seekers who either already had Russian citizenship or were qualified to obtain it. These migrants were mainly people living in FSU republics, with or without Russian citizenship, that were forced to move to Russia after the fall of the Soviet Union for economic reasons. The Law on Forced Migrants allowed these individuals to freely and legally move to Russia. The third law, the
1770:
965:
125:", or expressly prohibiting the expulsion of a refugee into an area where she or he might be again subjected to persecution, is well documented in the 1951 Convention – but not explicitly stated in Russian law. Russia's answer to the fundamental principle of non-refoulement is to offer temporary asylum status, subject to revocation, to those who might again be subject to persecution.
117:
seeker's claim and, if found admissible, then examine the individual case on the merits (substantive examination). Article 3.3 states that these determination must be based on an interview, completion of a questionnaire and examination of the credibility of the data provided. If the application is denied and the applicant does not appeal to the
239:
process. The UNHCR helps the individual determine the best way to return home. With the aid of the UNHCR, the
Russian authorities will offer a one time deportation visa (which takes less than one week), as opposed to the exit visa normally required of all individuals leaving Russia (which could take several months).
25:
and is unable or unwilling to avail themself of the protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of persecution". Upon receiving an asylum seeker's application, the
Russian Migration Service determines whether the asylum seeker meets the legislative definition of a "refugee" and should be granted asylum.
309:
asylum-seekers from outside the territory of the former Soviet Union having their identity papers destroyed by police and being subjected to police harassment in the form of extortion, beatings and general intimidation. Many have been subjected to police raids or intimidated into leaving their homes.
256:
The most common solution for UN recognized refugees is resettlement. Due to inadequate protection capacity, resettlement remains the most viable option for UN mandated refugees. It is estimated that there are thousands of UN mandated refugees in Russia who have been in the
Russian asylum system for
207:
Even when refugee status is present, it is only a temporary benefit limited to three years, after which it must be extended on an annual basis. Opponents of the law suggest that the process in and of itself is difficult to manage. Once a determination is made, the refugee should be free to live like
195:
Human rights organizations are concerned with the conditions at the various detention centers – where the unregistered and denied asylum seekers are placed. According to one specialist, detention centers in Russia differ little from the country’s prisons. For example, features of a detention center
24:
for purposes of obtaining asylum in the country. The Law defines a refugee as a "person who is outside their country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion;
150:
Article 5 of the Law describes in which circumstances a claim shall not be considered on its merits. These include: (1) if there is a criminal proceeding against the applicant for allegedly committing a crime in Russia; (2) the case of repetitive applications; (3) the case in which the applicant has
304:
The conditions for asylum seekers in Russia are generally very poor. Asylum seekers in Russia typically have to wait years to receive a decision from the FMS. During that time, they are typically living without proper legal documents – making it nearly impossible for them to find a job outside of
191:
Observers have found it to be an extreme measure that an asylum seeker’s application can be summarily denied if the applicant fails to apply within 24 hours of entering the country. The 24 hour deadline is arguably too difficult to meet in practice, given that many asylum seekers are being detained
163:
In order for an individual to seek asylum in Russia, he must be designated by the
Federal Migration Service as such. The FMS will conduct a substantive investigation, or Refugee Status Determination (RSD), once an asylum seekers application is registered. The 1997 Law on Refugees defines the term
108:
According to
Article 4.1(3), an asylum seeker who enters the Russian Federation illegally must file an application with the regional Ministry of Interior ("MOI") within 24 hours. According to a 2002 World Refugee Survey, the majority of applications that have been submitted to regional MOI offices
229:
Organizations such as the UNHCR and the CCA work directly with those individuals they deem worthy of "refugee" status (i.e. UN mandated refugees – though this status is not recognized by the
Russian authorities) and help them with reaching the most desirable outcome for them and their family. The
203:
There is no clear and explicit provision that prohibits refoulement (that prohibits Russia from returning individuals to their home country where their lives or freedoms could be threatened). Opponents contend that with no guarantee that asylum seekers will not be forcibly returned to the country
128:
If the applicant is determined to be a legitimate refugee and is granted asylum by the FMS, he will immediately be entitled to receive travel documents and a refugee ID card. It is important to note, however, that the refugee status is only granted on a temporary basis. According to
Article 7.9,
71:
in 1991, however, a large number of people from the former Soviet Union republics migrated into the
Russian Federation. In direct response to the dramatic migration into the country, Russia, in 1992, accepted the establishment of the UNHCR and established the Federal Migration Service ("FMS"). A
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Organizations are concerned that the safe third country rule (concept that an applicant will be denied a substantive examination of their claim if they arrived from a country where they could have claimed asylum) is not well considered. The UNHCR, for instance, argues that the safe third country
112:
In the application, the asylum seeker must describe in detail the situation in his home country and the reason why the FMS should grant him refugee status. Once the asylum seeker has registered and has an application filed with the MOI, the individual can either stay in a Temporary Accommodation
37:
make up over 70% of all submitted applications. Additionally, Afghans make up the majority of those that actually gain refugee status (as of 2006, 962 Afghans have been granted temporary asylum status and 240 Afghans have been granted full refugee status). Asylum seekers in Russia also originate
28:
As of year end 2006, 1,020 people have been granted temporary asylum status and 405 people have been granted full refugee status by the Russian government. It is estimated, however, that there may be as many as one million "undocumented foreigners" on Russian soil awaiting initial access to the
238:
In some instances, the situation in a mandated refugee’s home country changes for the better, and the fear of persecution upon return is no longer an immediate or long term issue. Nevertheless, the issuance of exit visas by the Russian authorities remains an obstacle delaying the repatriation
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The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Committee for Civic Assistance (CCA) provide legal consulting to refugees and forced migrants, mediate between refugees and the authorities, defend refugees in the courts, and advocate for refugee rights to housing and work. In
116:
According to Article 4.6, once an application is received, the Russian authorities should issue a certificate to asylum seekers. The FMS will then conduct a Refugee Status Determination (RSD), a process that could take up to one year. The FMS will first assess the admissibility of the asylum
247:
According to the Law on Refugees, Government recognized refugees can apply for citizenship. Nevertheless, there are significant legal obstacles for their acquisition of citizenship due to the restrictive registration system, which required proof of adequate income. Local integration, though
211:
Finally, the most troubling complaint is that in some cases the law cannot be relied upon because it is not being properly implemented by the authorities (i.e. state authorities fail to issue a certificate to the asylum seeker upon receiving application, in accordance with Article 4.6). Legal
308:
Asylum seekers in Russia are constantly in friction with the police. Amnesty International states that "asylum seekers are often harassed and ill-treated by law enforcement officers who feel they can abuse such people with impunity". Amnesty International has received persistent reports of
257:
five years or more. For these individuals especially, resettlement to Western Europeans countries and to North America is very desirable – where they can actually settle. The UNHCR works with the migration offices of these countries and attempts to find these mandated refugees a home.
49:, that help them consider the most durable and realistic solution for them and their family. Without legal assistance, the legal intricacies of the Law on Refugees are likely to be overlooked, and their application for asylum could be denied regardless of the legitimacy of their claim.
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the local food markets. According to the United Nations, until recognized as refugees by the state, asylum seekers cannot enjoy such rights as "legal employment, healthcare, housing assistance and social benefits" - and even the right to register marriages and births.
32:
According to an April 2007 report, individuals from Afghanistan constitute the largest number of asylum seekers in Russia. According to Vladimir Rucheikov, head of asylum issues in the Citizenship Department of the Federal Migration Service of Russia,
318:
Absence of legal documents resulting in problems with housing, employment, and health care, as well as ongoing harassment from the police make it extremely difficult for asylum seekers stressfully waiting for refugee status determination.
221:
connection with these tasks, both organizations have constant contact with all structures dealing with refugee problems: the Federal Migration Service, regional migration services, and the Commission on Refugees in the State Duma.
406:
Olga Osipova, Work With Undocumented People, paper presented at the conference Refugee Status Determination: Standard of Proof and Status Determination of Undocumented Asylum Seekers, Prague (December 3–4, 1999), available at
75:
In 1993, Russia adopted three laws to address the issue of migration. The first law, incorporated under the Russian Constitution, grants individuals the right to claim political asylum in Russia. The second law, the
129:
refugee status can be granted for up to three years, after which it must be extended on an annual basis. Once declared a refugee by the Russian authorities, the refugee can then apply for Russian citizenship.
29:
procedure of refugee status determination. The Russian authorities are notorious for denying refugee status to asylum seekers – with the approval rate for refugee status at only 2-5% of applicants.
200:
rule fails to consider whether the applicant really had the chance to apply for asylum in that country, and furthermore, whether the applicant can actually re-enter into that country.
144:
According to the Law on Refugees, some asylum seekers will be explicitly excluded from being considered refugees before any substantive determination is made by the FMS.
188:
Human rights campaigners have been vocal in denouncing the negative aspects of Russia’s Law on Refugees. The following are examples of their most notable concerns:
72:
year after establishing the FMS, Russia acceded to the 1951 Convention (and the 1967 Protocol) and enacted specific legislation to address the increased migration.
53:
46:
147:
Article 2.2 excludes asylum seekers who have fled their country of origin for "economic reasons due to hunger, epidemic, or natural or man-made emergencies".
64:, however, never ratified the 1951 Convention, partly because it viewed the Convention as a treaty whose standards "were dictated by the Western Countries".
446:
1674:
869:
1806:
1001:
180:". The individual seeking asylum must satisfy the requirements set forth in the definition of "refugee" in order to obtain asylum in Russia.
540:
166:
well-founded fear of persecution because of his/her race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion
1401:
596:
248:
typically desirable, is an unrealistic goal for most asylum seekers as the Russian government does not recognize the UN mandated refugees.
2212:
920:
45:
Given the significant difficulty in obtaining refugee status, many asylum seekers seek non profit legal representation (such as the
1725:
68:
1368:
1266:
930:
1735:
844:
338:
Russian Federation Law No. 95 F-3 "On Refugees," February 19, 1993, as amended (Law on Refugees), available in Russian at
1129:
430:
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at the borders for three days upon arrival – with no knowledge of the requirement and no access to legal representation.
2171:
2069:
1649:
1059:
889:
1932:
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received a negative decision on refugee status in any State that has acceded the 1951 Convention; (4) the principle of
2207:
2192:
1862:
1694:
789:
1079:
132:
Throughout the entire process, the asylum seeker is without a certificate of registration with the police (called a
1799:
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1104:
994:
679:
447:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023244/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/refugees/reports/cntry_rev_02/Russia.pdf
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1882:
925:
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2130:
1907:
1484:
1342:
1294:
1191:
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100:, though slightly amended in 1998 and 2000, represents the Russian Federation’s current legislation on refugees.
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Journal of Refugee Studies, Refugees in Russia: The Law on Refugees and its Implementation, 18 JRSTUD 468 (2005)
2145:
2097:
1994:
1989:
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1594:
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1394:
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894:
611:
589:
1304:
839:
804:
759:
2102:
1954:
1699:
724:
619:
2107:
1644:
1609:
1564:
1251:
1221:
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1141:
849:
824:
739:
729:
719:
669:
361:
1534:
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450:
2197:
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1984:
1964:
1944:
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1629:
1544:
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879:
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654:
639:
629:
2135:
1959:
1740:
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1614:
1494:
1261:
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1124:
1119:
1089:
1084:
1069:
1054:
1049:
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1029:
1024:
854:
769:
749:
634:
2155:
2140:
2087:
2054:
2039:
2034:
2009:
1867:
1792:
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1634:
1589:
1569:
1459:
1347:
1289:
1246:
1226:
1176:
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987:
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734:
704:
689:
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2014:
1974:
1927:
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859:
819:
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See: 2005 In Review: Migrants, Refugees Victims Of Incoherent Laws In post-Soviet States available at:
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2004:
1979:
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1469:
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1034:
909:
624:
582:
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they fled, the Law fails its central purpose and is inconsistent with a norm in international law.
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164:"refugee" as "a person who is outside his/her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a
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1074:
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1136:
774:
709:
684:
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2019:
1999:
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34:
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/12/43bcbcc3-3f98-4ec4-9cb7-23be438220eb.html
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to avail himself/herself of the protection of that country, or to return there, for
61:
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Center (TAC) or find another place to live until his status is determined.
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These are solutions deemed by conversations with unnamed UNHCR officials
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Admissibility of Claim Determination - Exclusionary Provisions
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Substantive determination – definition of refugee status
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USCR World Refugee Survey 2002, at 194, available at:
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Organizations offering legal representation to refugees
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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ("UNHCR")
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States Parties to the Convention and Protocol (UNHCR)
397:. (Immigration and Refugee Services of America 2002)
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908:
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Present day conditions for asylum seekers in Russia
283:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
440:
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334:
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1800:
1395:
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104:General process of attaining asylum in Russia
54:Convention relating to the Status of Refugees
8:
1807:
1793:
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1402:
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384:(Silvestri and Tchernishova 1998: 185)
494:(see AI 2003b: 60; UNHCR 2002c: 390).
184:Criticism of Russia’s law on refugees
7:
560:Full text of the Convention (UNHCHR)
208:all other residents of the country.
230:three most durable solutions are:
14:
1768:
1759:
1758:
963:
954:
953:
420:Article 1 of the 1951 Convention
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92:Russia’s current law on refugees
411:(last accessed Sept. 16, 2002).
395:http://www.refugees.org/WRS2002
1726:British Indian Ocean Territory
921:British Indian Ocean Territory
342:(last accessed Sept. 16, 2002)
1:
340:http://black.inforis.nnov.su
69:collapse of the Soviet Union
2229:
2213:Right of asylum in Russia
1754:
949:
56:was adopted at a special
38:from various African and
16:The Russian Federation's
1475:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
670:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1736:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
931:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
409:http://refugees.memo.ru
1863:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1060:Bosnia and Herzegovina
521:Amnesty International.
234:Voluntary repatriation
78:Law on Forced Migrants
555:1951 to Today (UNHCR)
1650:United Arab Emirates
845:United Arab Emirates
98:1997 Law on Refugees
2079:States with limited
1677:limited recognition
1276:States with limited
1011:Refugees in Europe
872:limited recognition
178:fear of persecution
2208:Refugees in Europe
2193:Refugees in Russia
153:safe third country
2180:
2179:
1782:
1781:
1719:other territories
1377:
1376:
977:
976:
914:other territories
476:Missing or empty
302:
301:
243:Local integration
225:Durable solutions
20:defines who is a
2220:
2203:Refugees in Asia
2117:Dependencies and
1821:Sovereign states
1815:Asylum in Europe
1809:
1802:
1795:
1786:
1772:
1762:
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1731:Christmas Island
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1314:Dependencies and
1018:Sovereign states
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926:Christmas Island
612:Sovereign states
605:Refugees in Asia
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449:. Archived from
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60:conference. The
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2098:Northern Cyprus
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1995:North Macedonia
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1690:Northern Cyprus
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1411:
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1315:
1309:
1295:Northern Cyprus
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885:Northern Cyprus
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123:non-refoulement
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82:Law on Refugees
18:Law on Refugees
12:
11:
5:
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2210:
2205:
2200:
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2119:other entities
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2002:
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1883:Czech Republic
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456:on 2007-09-27
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2108:Transnistria
1715:Dependencies
1645:Turkmenistan
1610:Saudi Arabia
1305:Transnistria
910:Dependencies
840:Turkmenistan
805:Saudi Arabia
535:
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512:(USCRI 2003)
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478:|title=
458:. Retrieved
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369:. Retrieved
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62:Soviet Union
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2146:Isle of Man
2081:recognition
2055:Switzerland
1990:Netherlands
1774:Asia portal
1675:States with
1595:Philippines
1535:South Korea
1530:North Korea
1425:Afghanistan
1343:Isle of Man
1278:recognition
1252:Switzerland
1187:Netherlands
969:Asia portal
870:States with
790:Philippines
730:South Korea
725:North Korea
620:Afghanistan
86:near abroad
42:countries.
2187:Categories
2025:San Marino
1985:Montenegro
1965:Luxembourg
1945:Kazakhstan
1848:Azerbaijan
1655:Uzbekistan
1630:Tajikistan
1545:Kyrgyzstan
1525:Kazakhstan
1445:Bangladesh
1435:Azerbaijan
1222:San Marino
1182:Montenegro
1162:Luxembourg
1142:Kazakhstan
1045:Azerbaijan
850:Uzbekistan
825:Tajikistan
740:Kyrgyzstan
720:Kazakhstan
640:Bangladesh
630:Azerbaijan
460:2020-07-25
371:2020-07-25
313:Xenophobia
293:April 2024
67:After the
2136:Gibraltar
1960:Lithuania
1741:Hong Kong
1695:Palestine
1620:Sri Lanka
1615:Singapore
1495:Indonesia
1333:Gibraltar
1157:Lithuania
936:Hong Kong
890:Palestine
815:Sri Lanka
810:Singapore
690:Indonesia
323:Footnotes
174:unwilling
168:; and is
2156:Svalbard
2141:Guernsey
2088:Abkhazia
2040:Slovenia
2035:Slovakia
2010:Portugal
1868:Bulgaria
1764:Category
1685:Abkhazia
1635:Thailand
1590:Pakistan
1570:Mongolia
1565:Maldives
1560:Malaysia
1460:Cambodia
1353:Svalbard
1338:Guernsey
1285:Abkhazia
1237:Slovenia
1232:Slovakia
1207:Portugal
1065:Bulgaria
959:Category
880:Abkhazia
830:Thailand
785:Pakistan
765:Mongolia
760:Maldives
755:Malaysia
655:Cambodia
469:cite web
134:propiska
35:Afghanis
2065:Ukraine
2015:Romania
1975:Moldova
1933:Ireland
1928:Iceland
1923:Hungary
1913:Germany
1908:Georgia
1898:Finland
1893:Estonia
1888:Denmark
1873:Croatia
1858:Belgium
1853:Belarus
1843:Austria
1838:Armenia
1833:Andorra
1828:Albania
1660:Vietnam
1575:Myanmar
1555:Lebanon
1485:Georgia
1440:Bahrain
1430:Armenia
1262:Ukraine
1212:Romania
1172:Moldova
1130:Ireland
1125:Iceland
1120:Hungary
1110:Germany
1105:Georgia
1095:Finland
1090:Estonia
1085:Denmark
1070:Croatia
1055:Belgium
1050:Belarus
1040:Austria
1035:Armenia
1030:Andorra
1025:Albania
855:Vietnam
770:Myanmar
750:Lebanon
680:Georgia
635:Bahrain
625:Armenia
570:(UNHCR)
362:"Error"
22:refugee
2151:Jersey
2093:Kosovo
2060:Turkey
2050:Sweden
2030:Serbia
2020:Russia
2005:Poland
2000:Norway
1980:Monaco
1950:Latvia
1918:Greece
1903:France
1878:Cyprus
1705:Taiwan
1640:Turkey
1605:Russia
1540:Kuwait
1520:Jordan
1510:Israel
1470:Cyprus
1455:Brunei
1450:Bhutan
1348:Jersey
1290:Kosovo
1257:Turkey
1247:Sweden
1227:Serbia
1217:Russia
1202:Poland
1197:Norway
1177:Monaco
1147:Latvia
1115:Greece
1100:France
1075:Cyprus
900:Taiwan
835:Turkey
800:Russia
735:Kuwait
715:Jordan
705:Israel
665:Cyprus
650:Brunei
645:Bhutan
170:unable
2126:Ă…land
2045:Spain
1970:Malta
1940:Italy
1746:Macau
1665:Yemen
1625:Syria
1600:Qatar
1580:Nepal
1515:Japan
1490:India
1480:Egypt
1465:China
1323:Ă…land
1242:Spain
1167:Malta
1137:Italy
941:Macau
860:Yemen
820:Syria
795:Qatar
775:Nepal
710:Japan
685:India
675:Egypt
660:China
539:See:
454:(PDF)
1585:Oman
1550:Laos
1505:Iraq
1500:Iran
780:Oman
745:Laos
700:Iraq
695:Iran
482:help
351:USCI
96:The
52:The
1717:and
912:and
172:or
2189::
473::
471:}}
467:{{
437:^
364:.
331:^
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291:(
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