Asylum in the United States

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applicant can demonstrate well-founded fear by demonstrating that he or she has a subjective fear (or apprehension) of future persecution in her home country that is objectively reasonable. An applicant's claim for asylum is stronger where they can show past persecution, in which case they will receive a presumption that they have a well-founded fear of persecution in their home country. The government can rebut this presumption by demonstrating either that the applicant can relocate to another area within their home country in order to avoid persecution, or that conditions in the applicant's home country have changed such that the applicant's fear of persecution there is no longer objectively reasonable. Technically, an asylum applicant who has suffered past persecution meets the statutory criteria to receive a grant of asylum even if the applicant does not fear future persecution. In practice, adjudicators will typically deny asylum status in the exercise of discretion in such cases, except where the past persecution was so severe as to warrant a humanitarian grant of asylum, or where the applicant would face other serious harm if returned to their country of origin. In addition, applicants who, according to the US Government, participated in the persecution of others are not eligible for asylum.

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more likely to stay in the closet, which often means that they do not have the public visibility element that the asylum process requires for credibility. This leads to Lewis and Naples’ critique to the fact that asylum officials often assume that since women do not live such public lives as men do, that they would be safe from abuse or persecution, in comparison to gay men who are often part of the public sphere. This argument violates the concept that one's sexual orientation is a fundamental right and that family and the private sphere are often the first spaces where lesbians experience violence and discrimination. Because lesbians live such hidden lives, they tend to lack police reports, hospital records, and letters of support from witnesses, which decreases their chances of being considered credible and raises the stakes of effectively telling their stories in front of asylum officials.

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found 5 major stressors among the participants including assault (verbal, physical and sexual), "unstable environments, fear for safety and security, hiding undocumented status, and economic insecurity." They also found that all of the asylum seekers who participated reported at least one health issue that could be attributed to the stressors. Participants accessed little or no use of health or social services, attributed to barriers to access, such as fear of the government, language barriers and transportation. They are also more likely to report lower levels of education due to few opportunities after entering the United States. Many of the asylum seeker participants entered the United States as undocumented immigrants. Obstacles to legal services included fear and knowledge that there were legal resources to gaining asylum.

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following the applicant's arrival in the United States, the applicant is barred from obtaining asylum unless certain exceptions apply. However, the applicant can be eligible for other forms of relief such as Withholding of Removal, which is a less favorable type of relief than asylum because it does not lead to a Green Card or citizenship. The deadline for submitting the application is not the only restriction that bars one from obtaining asylum. If an applicant persecuted others, committed a serious crime, or represents a risk to U.S. security, he or she will be barred from receiving asylum as well. After 2001, asylum officers and immigration judges became less likely to grant asylum to applicants, presumably because of the attacks on 11 September.

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persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership of a particular social group. There are not any protections for environmental refugees on the national, or even international, level. While their homes and villages may be destroyed due to earthquakes, hurricanes, rising sea water etc., the U.S. does not provide them protection. An October 2021 report from The White House titled "The Report on the Impact of Climate Change on Migration" stresses the need and development for further humanitarian assistance in disasters of climate change.

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as sexuality is an internal characteristic. It is not visibly represented in the outside appearance. According to Amanda M. Gómez, sexual orientation identity is formed and performed in the asylum process. Unlike race or gender, in sexual orientation asylum claims, applicants have to prove their sexuality to convince asylum officials that they are truly part of their social group. Rachel Lewis and Nancy Naples argue that LGBT people may not seem credible if they do not fit Western stereotypes of what LGBT people look like

2312: (1984), the Court held that the clear probability standard applies in proceedings seeking withholding of deportation (now officially referred to as 'withholding of removal' or 'restriction on removal'), because in such cases the Attorney General must allow the applicant to remain in the United States. With respect to asylum, because Congress employed different language in the asylum statute and incorporated the refugee definition from the international Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, the Court in 2008:: "human rights activists, members of persecuted religious minorities, former political prisoners, forced-labor conscripts (1965-68), persons deprived of their professional credentials or subjected to other disproportionately harsh or discriminatory treatment resulting from their perceived or actual political or religious beliefs or activities, and persons who have experienced or fear harm because of their relationship – family or social – to someone who falls under one of the preceding categories" 2485:(URM) is any person who has not attained 18 years of age who entered the United States unaccompanied by and not destined to: (a) a parent, (b) a close non-parental adult relative who is willing and able to care for said minor, or (c) an adult with a clear and court-verifiable claim to custody of the minor; and who has no parent(s) in the United States. Initially, only unaccompanied refugee children were included under this program, but it was later expanded to include unaccompanied asylees, 2412:(employment authorization) after their application for asylum has been pending for 365 days. If an asylum seeker is recognized as a refugee, he or she may apply for lawful permanent residence status (a green card) one year after being granted asylum. Asylum seekers generally do not receive economic support. This, combined with a period where the asylum seeker is ineligible for a work permit is unique among developed countries and has been condemned from some organisations, including 314: 2175:(IIRIRA), an applicant must apply for asylum within one year of entry or be barred from doing so unless the applicant can establish changed circumstances that are material to their eligibility for asylum or exceptional circumstances related to the delay. This type of asylum application is referred to as Affirmative asylum, which occurs when an individual proactively applies for asylum upon entering or residing in a country, typically through designated government agencies or 322: 2731:, are particularly controversial and remain a prominent aspect of US immigration policy. Studies from Australia have proven that detention policies have a long-term negative impact on asylum seekers mental health. Other policies such as forced separations and community dispersions, precise and difficult to meet standards to qualify for asylum, and restricted access to basic needs during the process have also been pointed to as unnecessary and damaging. 2167:(USCIS), regardless of legal status in the United States. However, if the asylum seeker is not in valid immigration status and USCIS does not grant the asylum application, USCIS may place the applicant in removal proceedings, in that case a judge will consider the application anew. The immigration judge may also consider the applicant for relief that the asylum office has no jurisdiction to grant, such as withholding of removal and protection under the 272: 40: 2424:, brought on behalf of asylees against CIS, the government agreed to make available an additional 31,000 green cards for asylees during the period ending on September 30, 2007. This is in addition to the 10,000 green cards allocated for each year until then and was meant to speed up the green card waiting time considerably for asylees. However, the issue was rendered somewhat moot by the enactment of the 1972:

political, religious, or human rights activities (prisoners of conscience); women-at-risk; victims of torture or violence, physically or mentally disabled persons; persons in urgent need of medical treatment not available in the first asylum country; and persons for whom other durable solutions are not feasible and whose status in the place of asylum does not present a satisfactory long-term solution.

2504:. The mission of the URM program is to help people in need "develop appropriate skills to enter adulthood and to achieve social self-sufficiency." To do this, URM provides minors under the program with the same social services available to U.S.-born children, including, but not limited to, housing, food, clothing, medical care, educational support, counseling, and support for social integration. 2238:"suggested in an ambiguous and internally inconsistent decision that the ‘protected characteristic’ and ‘social visibility’ tests may represent dual requirements in all social group cases." The requirement for social visibility means that the government of a country from which the person seeking asylum is fleeing must recognize their social group, and that 2328:. One member of the Board can affirm a decision of an immigration judge without oral argument; traditional review by three-judge panels is restricted to limited categories for which "searching appellate review" is appropriate. If the BIA affirms the decision of the immigration court, then the next level of review is a petition for review in the 2641:

silences, particular in hearings where the majority of narrative construction takes place. Cultural silences refers to things that women refrain from sharing, due to shame, humiliation, and other deterrents. These deterrents can make achieving asylum more difficult as it can keep relevant information from being shared with the asylum judge.

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year 2016. The number of refugees admitted declined significantly, with only 11,814 admitted in the fiscal year 2020. The Biden administration aims to increase the number of refugees accepted by setting higher caps for admissions. In 2024 the Biden Administration maintained the 125,000 person cap on refugee admissions.

2711:. Intense psychological stress caused by asylum interviews often compounds pre-existing trauma for refugees, often with little assistance provided by legal professionals to ease the process. This can make it more difficult for traumatized refugees to meet credibility standards in court, as many individuals with 2734:

The process has also received criticism for playing into a substantial power imbalance between the asylum-seeker and the legal professionals involved in their cases. Issues with translation, especially those created through cultural and linguistic differences, often lead to confusion and disadvantage

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In 2008 study of immigration court decision-making between 1994 and 2007, the United States Government Accountability Office similarly found that "the likelihood of being granted asylum varied considerably across and within the ." After changes were made the disparities decreased somewhat after 2008.

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Susan Berger argues that while homosexuality and other sexual minorities might be protected under the law, the burden of proving that they are an LGBT member demonstrates a greater immutable view of the expected LGBT performance. The importance of visibility is stressed throughout the asylum process,

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There are 600 immigration judges. The immigration courts had a backlog of 394,000 asylum cases in January 2021, and 470,000 in March 2022, although another source says the backlog in November 2021 was 672,000, with an average wait of 1,942 days (5 1/3 years). The overall immigration court backlog was

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Conversely, even if an applicant is eligible for asylum, the Attorney General may decline to extend that protection to the applicant. (The Attorney General does not have this discretion if the applicant has also been granted withholding of deportation.) Frequently the Attorney General will decline to

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make a discretionary determination as to whether they should be admitted into the United States as asylees. An applicant is also entitled to mandatory "withholding of removal" (or restriction on removal) if the applicant can prove that his or her life or freedom would be threatened upon return to her

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The minority of applications made by individuals who have already entered the U.S. is judged on whether the applicant meets the U.S. definition of "refugee" and on various other statutory criteria (including a number of bars that would prevent an otherwise-eligible refugee from receiving protection).

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reported that only 60% of refugees are assigned to resettlement locations with expanding Medicaid programs, meaning that more than 1 in 3 refugees may have limited healthcare access. Immediately after being granted asylum people are able to apply for their immediate families to receive asylum. After

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A person may face persecution in their home country because of race, nationality, religion, ethnicity, or social group, and yet not be eligible for asylum because of certain bars defined by law. The most frequent bar is the one-year filing deadline. If an application is not submitted within one year

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Applicants have the burden of proving that they are eligible for asylum. To satisfy this burden, they must show that they have a well-founded fear of persecution in their home country on account of either race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group. The

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may grant asylum to individuals who meet several statutory requirements, including that they have suffered or fear (1) 'persecution,' (2) 'on account of,' (3) their 'race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.'" The United States framework on migration

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More than three million refugees from various countries around the world have been admitted to the United States since 1980. In recent years, the number of refugees admitted by the U.S. has fluctuated due to changes in government policies. For example the U.S. resettled 84,995 refugees in the fiscal

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Female asylum seekers may encounter issues when seeking asylum in the United States due to what some see as a structural preference for male narrative forms in the requirements for acceptance. Researchers, such as Amy Shuman and Carol Bohmer, argue that the asylum process produces gendered cultural

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According to a study conducted by Joanna Dreby, trauma associated with family separation can have significant effects on the mental and physical well-being of children. Dreby's study concluded that academic difficulties and mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression are prevalent among

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The majority of asylum claims in the United States fail or are rejected. While asylum denial rates had grown to a peak of 71 percent in FY 2020, they fell to 63 percent in FY 2021. One third of asylum seekers go to courts unrepresented although those with legal representation have higher chances of

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In 2018, Attorney General Sessions issued a decision in Matter of A-B- that precluded people fleeing gang violence from qualifying for asylum protections based on that alone. In 2021, Attorney General Garland vacated Matter of A-B-, which allows the possibility of asylum seekers to prevail on such

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These experiences are articulated during the hearing process where the responsibility to prove membership is on the applicant. During the hearing process, applicants are encouraged to demonstrate persecution for gender or sexuality and place the source as their own culture. Shuman and Bohmer argue

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Human Rights and LGBT advocates have worked to create many improvements to the LGBT Asylum Seekers coming into the United States and to give asylum seekers a chance to start a new life. A 2015 report issued by the LGBT Freedom and Asylum network identifies best practices for supporting LGBT asylum

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asylum pleas to be granted refugee status in the United States due to sexual orientation was a Cuban national whose case was first presented in 1989. The case was affirmed by the Board of Immigration Appeals and the barring of LGBT individuals into the United States was repealed in 1990. The case,

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A total of 73,293 persons were admitted to the United States as refugees during 2010. The leading countries of nationality for refugee admissions were Iraq (24.6%), Burma (22.8%), Bhutan (16.9%), Somalia (6.7%), Cuba (6.6%), Iran (4.8%), DR Congo (4.3%), Eritrea (3.5%), Vietnam (1.2%) and Ethiopia

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Susan Berger argues that the relationship between gender and sexuality leads to arbitrary case decisions, as there are no clear guidelines for when the private problems becomes an international problem. According to Shuman and Bohmer, due to women's social position in most countries, lesbians are

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a "common characteristic of the group either cannot change or should not be required to change because it is fundamental to their individual identities or consciences." The definition was intended to be open-ended in order to fit with the changing understanding of sexuality. This allows political

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An applicant initially presents his claim to an asylum officer, who may either grant asylum or refer the application to an Immigration Judge. If the asylum officer refers the application and the applicant is not legally authorized to remain in the United States, the applicant is placed in removal

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While both pathways ultimately seek the same outcome — protection from persecution — the key difference lies in the timing and context of the asylum claim. Affirmative asylum involves a proactive application process, while defensive asylum arises in response to deportation or removal proceedings.

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Persons facing compelling security concerns in countries of first asylum; persons in need of legal protection because of the danger of refoulement; those in danger due to threats of armed attack in an area where they are located; or persons who have experienced recent persecution because of their

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Transgender individuals have a higher risk for mental health problems when compared to cisgender counterparts. Many transgender individuals face socioeconomic difficulties in addition to being an asylum seeker. In a study conducted by Mary Gowin et al. of Mexican Transgender Asylum Seekers, they

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Overall, the proactive nature, greater control over evidence, and less adversarial legal environment make it generally easier for immigration clinics to assist clients seeking affirmative asylum compared to defensive asylum. This underscores the importance of early intervention and comprehensive

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sends a proposal to the Congress for the maximum number of refugees to be admitted for the upcoming fiscal year, as specified under INA section 207(e). This number, known as the "refugee ceiling", is the target of annual lobbying by both refugee advocates seeking to raise it and anti-immigration

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Submitted on Behalf of The President of The United States to the Committees on the Judiciary United States Senate and United States House of Representatives in Fulfillment of the Requirements of Section 207(E) (1)-(7) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, Released by the Bureau of Population,

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Dress, mannerisms, and style of speech, as well as not having had public romantic relationships with the opposite sex, may be perceived by the immigration judge as not reflective of the applicants’ sexual orientation. Scholars and legal experts have long argued that asylum law has created legal

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2002. Claims were double-checked for any suspicious activity and procedures were put in place to detect any possible terrorist infiltration. Nonetheless, some advocates noted that, given the ease with which foreigners can otherwise legally enter the country, entry as a refugee is comparatively

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and natural disasters have caused 265 million people to migrate since 2008. People who have been forced out of their homes and ways of life due to climate change are not recognized and protected under United States asylum policy because they do not fit under one of the protected categories of

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Up until 2004, recipients of asylee status faced a wait of approximately fourteen years to receive permanent resident status after receiving their initial status, because of an annual cap of 10,000 green cards for this class of individuals. However, in May 2005, under the terms of a proposed

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that has been built into Western law since Ancient Greece and was built into the Christian faith. While this started as a religious movement meant mainly to protect refugees in need, it became quickly politicized, with many sanctuary movement leaders facing trial for going against the law.

2087:, in which a refugee abroad is brought to the United States to be reunited with a close family member who also has refugee status. A list of nationalities eligible for Priority Three consideration is developed annually. The proposed countries for FY2008 were Afghanistan, Burma, Burundi, 2451:

Once asylum seekers enter the United States they have exactly one year to apply for asylum. During that year asylum seekers are responsible for providing their own legal assistance and representation. Until their cases are approved, and sometimes even after approval and receipt of

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and find jobs. Many refugees depend on public benefits at first, but the goal is that over time they become self-sufficient. Availability of public assistance programs can vary depending on which states within the United States refugees are allocated to resettle in. In 2016,

2203:, which may lowered or waived by an immigration judge. In contrast, refugees who asked for asylum at an official point of entry before entering the U.S. cannot be released on bond. Instead, ICE officials have full discretion to decide whether they can be released. 2645:

that in sexual minorities, it is not enough to demonstrate only violence, asylum applicants have to align themselves against a restrictive culture. The narratives are forced to fit into categories shaped by western culture or else they are found to be fraudulent.

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of 2005 (Division B of United States Public Law 109-13 (H.R. 1268)), which eliminated the cap on annual asylee green cards. Currently, an asylee who has continuously resided in the US for more than one year in that status has an immediately available visa number.

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support the immigration judge's decision, it must remand the case to the BIA for further proceedings instead of deciding the unresolved legal issue in the first instance. Finally, an applicant aggrieved by a decision of the federal appeals court can petition the

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proceedings. After a hearing, an immigration judge determines whether the applicant is eligible for asylum. The immigration judge's decision is subject to review on two, and possibly three, levels. First, the immigration judge's decision can be appealed to the

2179:. Applicants must demonstrate a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group. They present their case affirmatively, providing evidence and testimony to support their claim. 420:

Even if an individual meets the criteria for asylum, INA § 208, bars some asylum seekers from asylum. These restrictions fall into two categories: (1) limitations on the ability to apply for asylum and (2) limitations on the ability to be granted asylum.

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struggle with retrieving certain memories in detail, particularly in high stress inducing situations. Legal and medical scholars have begun arguing for the incorporation of mental health professionals into the asylum process as a form of harm reduction.

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to the United States are made to U.S. embassies in foreign countries and are reviewed by employees of the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). In these cases, refugee status has normally already been reviewed by the

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claims. Indiscriminate gang violence does not fit under the claim of persecution based on social group. The rationale is that gangs do not target people based on their social group but rather anyone in their territory. Many people in the

703:(HHS) to help refugees begin their lives in the U.S. The structure and procedures evolved and by 2004, federal handling of refugee affairs was led by PRM, working with the ORR at HHS. Asylum claims are mainly the responsibility of the 6977: 2156:, the individual may apply for asylum with the Immigration Judge. This type of application is regarded as defensive asylum. In this scenario, individuals assert their asylum claims as a defense against deportation. They appear before 2555:, on child development, including the American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Medical Association, and the Society for Research in Child Development. 2762:, where individual asylum officers ponder the often life-or-death fate of the majority of immigrants seeking asylum. The film analyzes the US asylum application process by following several asylum applicants and asylum officers. 602:

Between 2004 and 2007, nearly 4,000 Venezuelans claimed political asylum in the United States and almost 50% of them were granted. In comparison, in 1996, 328 Venezuelans claimed asylum and 20% of them were granted. According to

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Immigration clinics often find it easier to support clients seeking affirmative asylum rather than defensive asylum due to several key factors. Firstly, in affirmative asylum cases, individuals apply for asylum before they face

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Marouf, Fatma E. (2008) "The Emerging Importance of "Social Visibility" in Defining a Particular Social Group and Its Potential Impact on Asylum Claims Related to Sexual Orientation and Gender". Scholarly Works. Paper 419, pg.

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in their home countries can be eligible for asylum in the United States. However, that ruling was in the case of a woman from Guatemala and was anticipated to only apply to women from there. On June 11, 2018, Attorney General

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The United States does not fund legal representation for asylum seekers, but it does offer funding to aid the first 120 days of resettlement for people granted asylum. The Office of Refugee Resettlement provides funding to

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the number of asylums being granted to Venezuelan claimants has risen from 393 in 2009 to 969 in 2012. Other sources confirmed that between 2000 and 2010 the United States granted asylum to 4,500 immigrants from Venezuela.

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This is composed of groups designated by the U.S. government as being of special concern. These are often identified by an act proposed by a Congressional representative. Priority Two groups proposed for 2008 included:

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the asylum seeker. This can be due to a lack of understanding on the refugees' end as to what they are supposed to discuss or a misinterpretation of the refugees' discourse by the legal professional working with them.

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ordered new restrictions on asylum seekers at the Mexican border — including application fees and work permit restraints — and directed that cases in the already clogged immigration courts be settled within 180 days.

2614:(1985), set the standard of what qualified as a "particular social group." This new definition of "social group" expanded to explicitly include homosexuality and the LGBT population. It considers homosexuality and 4197:

Rosenberg, Victor (2015) "Refugee Status for Soviet Jewish Immigrants to the United States," Touro Law Review: Vol. 19: No. 2, Article 22. Available at: https://digitalcommons.tourolaw.edu/lawreview/vol19/iss2/22

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Farris, Christopher J. and Rottman, Andy J. "The Path to Asylum in the US and the Determinants for Who Gets In and Why." International Migration Review, Volume 43, Issue 1, Pages 3-34. First Published March 2,

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of refugees to their country of origin, (2) integration of the refugees into their country of asylum and, last, (3) resettlement to a third country, such as the U.S., when the first two options are not viable.

1989:"Jews, Evangelical Christians, and Ukrainian Catholic and Orthodox religious activists in the former Soviet Union, with close family in the United States" (This is the amendment which was proposed by Senator 518:

Large metropolitan areas have been the destination of most resettlements, with 72% of all resettlements between 1983 and 2004 going to 30 locations. The historical gateways for resettled refugees have been

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Congress made 'admission' the key word, and defined admission to mean 'the lawful entry of the alien into the United States after inspection and authorization by an immigration officer.' § 1101(a)(13)(A).

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Foreign Operations, Export Financing, & Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-167, §§ 599D, 599E, 103 Stat. 1195, 1262 (1989) (codified as amended at 8 U.S.C. § 1157) (2000).

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on account of a protected ground, is unable or unwilling to avail himself of the protection of the state. Protected grounds include race, nationality, religion, political opinion and membership of a

6472: 4828: 4350: 2230:(LGBTQ+ individuals) who were persecuted and feared further persecution by the government of Cuba. The Board of Immigration Appeals upheld the decision in 1990, and in 1994, then-Attorney General 5245:

Marouf, Fatma (2008). "The Emerging Importance of "Social Visibility" in Defining a "Particular Social Group" and Its Potential Impact on Asylum Claims Related to Sexual Orientation and Gender".

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for the circuit in which the immigration judge sits. The court of appeals reviews the case to determine if "substantial evidence" supports the immigration judge's (or the BIA's) decision. As the

7267: 6848: 6182: 2460:. The ICE has statutory authority to detain any person suspected of violating immigration laws. As of December 2018, 47,486 people were detained for various reasons. Of those 29,753 had no 6895: 2373:

the applicant participated in persecuting any other person on account of that other person's race, religion, national origin, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion;

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provided new gateways for resettled refugees. Particular cities are also identified with some national groups: metropolitan Los Angeles received almost half of the resettled refugees from

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that are then responsible to aid asylees in becoming economically independent. These organizations help asylees find housing, get work permits, apply for social security cards, enroll in

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asylum to some LGBT individuals who face potential criminal penalties due to homosexuality and sodomy being illegal in the home country who are unable to seek protection from the state.

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At the US Customs and Immigration Service, the backlog was 3 million immigration applications pending in 2013, rising to 5.7 million in September 2019 and 9.5 million in February 2022.

2291: (1987), the Supreme Court avoided attaching a consistent definition to the term, preferring instead to allow the meaning to evolve through case-by-case determinations. However, in 300: 381:

has two specific requirements. First, asylum applicants must be physically present in the United States, or at a designated port of arrival. Second, they must show that they suffered

3589: 2700:, meaning that the outcome of asylum determinations depends largely on the particular adjudicator to whom an application is randomly assigned, rather than on the merits of the case. 6487: 6279: 733:

unlikely. The actual number of admitted refugees rose in subsequent years with refugee ceiling for 2006 at 70,000. Critics note these levels are still among the lowest in 30 years.

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ordered this decision to be a legal precedent binding on Immigration Judges and the Asylum Office, and established sexual orientation as a grounds for asylum. However, in 2002 the

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Certain other policies meant to lower the number of refugees entering the country have also received criticism for their role in creating trauma and for violating asylum seekers'

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As a pushback to hostile migration policies, many religious groups came together in the 1980s to provide safety for Central American migrants seeking refuge from civil wars in

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and, subsequently, the federal courts centers on whether the immigration courts properly rejected the applicant's claim that she or he is eligible for asylum or other relief.

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groups seeking to lower it. However, once proposed, the ceiling is normally accepted without substantial Congressional debate and does not require Congressional approval. The

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Tearing down the Wall between Refuge and Gang-Based Asylum Seekers : Why the United States Should Reconsider Its Stance on Central American Gang-Based Asylum Claims

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proceedings. This approach allows immigration clinics to prepare a case with time for gathering evidence, conducting interviews, and building a strong defense strategy.

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Gowin, Mary; Taylor, E. Laurette; Dunnington, Jamie; Alshuwaiyer, Ghadah; Cheney, Marshall K (2017). "Needs of a Silent Minority: Mexican Transgender Asylum Seekers".

5072: 2596: 2551:" was implemented from April to June 2018. In response, a number of scientific organizations released statements on the negative impact of child separation, a form of 2295:, the Court did establish that a "well-founded" fear is something less than a "clear probability" that the applicant will suffer persecution. Three years earlier, in 5664: 3439: 3148: 638:

Sanctuaries have since played an important role in providing legal access and preventing deportation for asylum seekers, especially under the Trump administration.

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for individuals seeking protections from persecution, as specified by international and federal law. People who seek protection while outside the U.S. are termed

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Concerns have been raised with the U.S. asylum and refugee determination processes. A 2007 empirical analysis by described the U.S. asylum process as a game of

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and present their case defensively, often with the assistance of legal counsel, to argue why they should be granted asylum and allowed to remain in the country.

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extend an applicant the protection of asylum if he has abused or circumvented the legal procedures for entering the United States and making an asylum claim.

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These pathways reflect the diverse circumstances under which individuals seek asylum and navigate complex legal systems in pursuit of safety and security.

7227: 6982: 6885: 6625: 6457: 4581: 4444: 4354: 2457: 2446: 250: 5915: 3715: 7620: 6168: 2168: 2164: 140: 443: 7207: 6925: 6667: 6219: 2501: 2176: 193: 161: 89: 6697: 6435: 6431: 5705:"Refugee Roulette: Disparities in Asylum Adjudication and Proposals for Reform by Jaya Ramji-Nogales, Andrew Ian Schoenholtz and Philip G. Schrag" 4239: 3939: 2724: 2602: 2518: 2212: 2157: 2149: 286: 245: 241: 64: 6900: 3385: 5678: 4883:"The Science is Clear: Separating Families has Long-term Damaging Psychological and Health Consequences for Children, Families, and Communities" 3988: 6868: 6692: 6528: 3003: 2759: 7075: 6113: 5623: 5422: 3786: 3494: 3415: 3111: 6905: 2605:

barred homosexual individuals from entering the United States due to concerns about their psychological health. One of the first successful

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is securitization, focusing on the safety of citizens. This results in strict U.S. policies and laws surrounding immigration and asylum.

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the applicant constitutes a danger to the community because he has been convicted in the United States of a particularly serious crime;

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If an asylum seeker is inside the United States and has not been placed in removal proceedings, he or she may file an application with

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Efforts are underway to minimize the impact of child separation. For instance, the National Child Traumatic Stress Network released a

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and its 1967 Protocol. As defined by these agreements, a refugee is a person who is outside their country of nationality (or place of

110: 3835: 2567: 2242:

people who hide their sexual orientation, for example out of fear of persecution, may not be eligible for asylum under this mandate.

7341: 6843: 4622: 4415: 2896: 2486: 2023:(ROVR) programs"; individuals who, through no fault of their own, were unable to access the ODP program before its cutoff date; and 695:. Besides reiterating the definitions of the 1951 Convention and its Protocol, the Refugee Act provided for the establishment of an 364: 59: 5210:

Berger, Susan A (2009). "Production and Reproduction of Gender and Sexuality in Legal Discourses of Asylum in the United States".

293: 7040: 6930: 6563: 6340: 6191: 2606: 2536: 2100: 1994: 120: 54: 7594: 7564: 7469: 6951: 6946: 4070: 7050: 6811: 6749: 6593: 6269: 4013: 3963: 3914: 3871: 3365: 2329: 3454: 7202: 6765: 6707: 3989:"How many refugees will President Biden welcome from Afghanistan and other countries? | International Rescue Committee (IRC)" 2988: 2846: 2842: 2712: 2366:. But the Supreme Court has no duty to review an immigration case, and so many applicants for asylum forego this final step. 2207: 716: 696: 653: 7589: 6154: 4376: 5048: 3337: 7519: 7252: 7136: 7002: 6858: 6725: 260: 209: 177: 7569: 4906:

Dreby, Joanna (2015-05-01). "U.S. immigration policy and family separation: The consequences for children's well-being".

4857: 3209: 2266:

reversed that precedent and announced that victims of domestic abuse or gang violence will no longer qualify for asylum.

2199:

Immigrants who were picked up after entering the country between entry points can be released by the ICE on payment of a

7334: 6702: 6635: 6513: 5269:

Gómez, Amanda (2017). "Tremendo Show: Performing and Producing Queerness in Asylum Claims Based on Sexual Orientation".

4471: 3489:. Berthold, S. Megan (Sarah Megan), Libal, Kathryn, 1968-, Mollica, Richard F. Santa Barbara, California. 24 June 2019. 3283: 2325: 2321: 2254: 2235: 7409: 1954:

and recognized by the host country. For these refugees, the U.S. has stated its preferred order of solutions are: (1)

512: 398: 7459: 5117: 4767:"Memorandum for Federal Prosecutors Along the Southwest Border, Zero-Tolerance for Offenses Under 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)" 552: 4804: 7474: 7369: 7272: 7262: 7247: 7141: 7126: 7022: 6578: 6335: 6284: 6264: 6248: 6244: 6240: 3522: 2673: 2662: 1946: 725: 458: 449: 372: 198: 7524: 6148: 5545: 4664: 7625: 7012: 6605: 6380: 2250: 2226:

In 1986 an Immigration Judge agreed not to send Fidel Armando-Alfanso back to Cuba, based on his membership in a

2016: 528: 7559: 6375: 7314: 7242: 7065: 6615: 6588: 6523: 6274: 2800: 2500:

The URM program is coordinated by the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR), a branch of the United States

2257:, the United States's highest immigration court, found for the first time that women who are victims of severe 556: 203: 84: 7579: 7574: 7584: 7060: 6467: 6462: 6385: 6370: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6330: 6309: 6294: 4882: 3723: 2227: 677: 599:, and nearly one-third of refugees from the former Soviet Union were resettled in and around New York City. 414: 375:. Other people enter the United States with or without inspection, and apply for asylum under section 1158. 255: 220: 7554: 7464: 7414: 7374: 6142: 5778:"U.S. Asylum System: Significant Variation Existed in Asylum Outcomes across Immigration Courts and Judges" 7549: 7544: 7539: 7394: 7308: 6733: 5295:

Lewis, Rachel A; Naples, Nancy A (2014-12-01). "Introduction: Queer migration, asylum, and displacement".

4949: 4499: 4186: 2838: 2338: 2072: 688: 536: 402: 215: 130: 7534: 7449: 7424: 2045:

refugees who originally fled Burundi in 1972 and who have no possibility either to settle permanently in

7499: 7434: 7404: 7379: 6795: 6538: 6533: 6299: 4118: 3664: 3637: 2951: 2347: 2306: 2285: 2092: 7529: 7514: 7509: 7439: 7419: 5166: 3691: 3539: 7454: 7444: 7384: 6160: 3896: 442: 7504: 7429: 7187: 7157: 7131: 7121: 7116: 7106: 6863: 6838: 5379:

Mertus, Julie (2007). "The Rejection of Human Rights Framings: The Case of LGBT Advocacy in the US".

5353: 5088:"Sodomy and Public Morality Offenses under U.S. Immigration Law: Penalizing Lesbian and Gay Identity" 3259: 2728: 2388:

the applicant has been firmly resettled in another country prior to arriving in the United States; or

2379:

the applicant has committed a serious non-political crime outside the United States prior to arrival;

2316:

reasoned that the standard for showing a well-founded fear of persecution must necessarily be lower.

2084: 721: 584: 532: 276: 125: 7399: 6410: 2632:

seekers in the US. The US State Department has also issued a factsheet on protecting LGBT refugees.

7096: 6803: 6573: 6360: 6224: 5462:

Shuman, Amy; Bohmer, Carol (2014). "Gender and cultural silences in the political asylum process".

5438: 4642:

Faithfully Providing Refuge: The Role of Religious Organizations in Refugee Assistance and Advocacy

4541: 4240:"The Trump administration is not keeping its promises to asylum seekers who come to ports of entry" 4172: 2482: 394: 313: 4766: 4045: 3790: 487:". Following the end of the Cold War, the largest resettled European group were refugees from the 7101: 6890: 6672: 6072: 5978: 5641: 5527: 5479: 5404: 5396: 5320: 5227: 4691:"Refugee Resettlement Patterns and State-Level Health Care Insurance Access in the United States" 4605: 4527: 4476: 3512: 3433: 3129: 2413: 2369:

Notwithstanding his statutory eligibility, an applicant for asylum will be deemed ineligible if:

665: 660:

The United States is obliged to recognize valid claims for asylum under the United Nations' 1951

620: 568: 236: 3613: 2913: 7257: 7232: 7111: 7091: 6915: 6758: 6620: 6109: 6064: 6025: 6017: 5970: 5962: 5896: 5865: 5840: 5822: 5752: 5744: 5725: 5629: 5619: 5574: 5519: 5340: 5312: 5099: 5066: 4931: 4923: 4720: 4646: 4549: 3500: 3490: 3462: 3421: 3411: 3117: 3107: 2943: 2939: 2777: 2745: 2392: 2258: 2145: 560: 410: 321: 5884: 5138:

Vogler, Stefan (2016). "Legally Queer: The Construction of Sexuality in LGBQ Asylum Claims".

4805:"Statement of APA President Regarding the Traumatic Effects of Separating Immigrant Families" 3183: 2707:

A substantial amount of research has also emerged about the effects of the asylum process on

17: 7389: 7222: 7197: 6873: 6304: 6289: 6101: 6056: 6009: 5954: 5830: 5814: 5717: 5511: 5471: 5388: 5361: 5304: 5219: 5187: 5147: 4915: 4710: 4702: 4100: 2755: 2697: 2552: 1990: 1955: 592: 572: 6100:, International and Cultural Psychology, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 89–114, 5023: 4445:"In First for Court, Woman Is Ruled Eligible for Asylum in U.S. on Basis of Domestic Abuse" 39: 7237: 7162: 6390: 5653: 5171: 4618: 4311: 4285: 4131: 3846: 3563: 3141: 2983: 2964: 2785: 2751: 2615: 2064: 681: 634: 468: 334: 5704: 5357: 5087: 5024:"Immigration Court Backlog Tool: Pending Cases and Length of Wait in Immigration Courts" 7287: 7277: 7045: 6773: 6400: 5835: 5721: 4715: 4690: 2771: 2684: 2309: 2288: 508: 476: 6090:

Leanza, Yvan; Miklavcic, Alessandra; Boivin, Isabelle; Rosenberg, Ellen (2013-07-16),

5679:"The Report on the Impact of Climate Change on Migration: A Report by The White House" 4999: 2601:

Historically, homosexuality was considered a deviant behavior in the US; as such, the

2350: 7609: 7167: 6788: 6076: 5982: 5531: 5483: 5408: 5324: 5231: 5049:"Mounting Backlogs Undermine U.S. Immigration System and Impede Biden Policy Changes" 2804: 2297: 2263: 2246: 771: 669: 540: 342: 330: 5365: 4919: 3049: 2353: (2002), if the federal appeals court determines that substantial evidence does 7292: 7055: 6395: 5942:"Seeking Asylum—Trauma, Mental Health, and Human Rights: An Australian Perspective" 4017: 3967: 3918: 3875: 2758:

marked the first time that a film crew was privy to the private proceedings at the

2720: 2433: 472: 2059:

registered by UNHCR in the recent census and identified as in need of resettlement

479:. The most conspicuous of the latter were the refugees from Vietnam following the 317:

Annual Refugee Admissions to the United States by Fiscal Year, 1975 to August 2019

6092: 5958: 5616:

Refugees and asylum seekers : interdisciplinary and comparative perspectives

3487:

Refugees and asylum seekers : interdisciplinary and comparative perspectives

3029:"An Overview of the Statutory Bars to Asylum: Limitations on Applying for Asylum" 2900: 2467:. Detention centers are government-funded facilities modeled after U.S. prisons. 1962:

The United States prioritizes valid applications for resettlement into 3 levels.

368: 27:

Overview of the situation of the right for asylum in the United States of America

7008:

Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013

6518: 6452: 6105: 5803:"Impact of asylum interviews on the mental health of traumatized asylum seekers" 5614:

Berthold, S. Megan (Sarah Megan), editor. Libal, Kathryn, 1968- editor. (2019).

4573: 4263: 3073: 2425: 2409: 2206:

If applicants are eligible for asylum, they have a procedural right to have the

2189: 2096: 2068: 1940: 729: 692: 673: 647: 626: 524: 484: 480: 406: 390: 382: 353: 5941: 5595:

Francis, A (2020). "Climate-Induced Migration & Free Movement Agreements".

3028: 2531:

one full year of protection in the United States asylees are able to apply for

7282: 6044: 5633: 5578: 4650: 3504: 2532: 2464: 2453: 2363: 2231: 2128: 1998: 789: 520: 74: 6068: 6060: 6021: 5966: 5916:"CBP Defends Conditions At Border Detention Centers Amid Upsurge In Migrants" 5869: 5826: 5756: 5729: 5515: 5475: 5316: 5308: 5103: 4927: 4706: 4553: 4214: 3466: 3425: 3190:. U.S. Department of State, Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs 3121: 7017: 6972: 6365: 6314: 5997: 4640: 3370: 3162: 2829: 2808: 2024: 784: 776: 755: 680:. The signatories to these agreements are further obliged not to return or " 630: 605: 548: 6478:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)

6029: 6013: 5974: 5900: 5844: 5802: 5523: 4935: 4724: 7326: 5818: 5777: 5423:"Best Practice Guide: Supporting LGBT Asylum Seekers in the United States" 5392: 4781:"APA Statement Opposing Separation of Children from Parents at the Border" 4146: 4095: 2584:

1.9 million in August 2022, with an average wait of 798 days (2.2 years).

6910: 6878: 6610: 6600: 4268:"Thousands Could Be Deported As Government Targets Asylum Mills' Clients" 4104: 3389: 2870: 2811: 2628:

definitions for homosexuality that limit our understanding of queerness.

2522: 2274:

The term "well-founded fear" has no precise definition in asylum law. In

2108: 2088: 2046: 2035: 464: 5885:"The Role of Mental Health Professionals in Political Asylum Processing" 5400: 4071:"Report to Congress on Proposed Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2022" 2382:

the applicant constitutes a danger to the security of the United States;

2038:/Burma border and who are identified by UNHCR as in need of resettlement 385:

in the past, or have a well-founded fear of future persecution in their

5801:

Schock, Katrin; Rosner, Rita; Knaevelsrud, Christine (September 2015).

5151: 4187:

https://www.congress.gov/101/statute/STATUTE-103/STATUTE-103-Pg1195.pdf

3738:"Presidential Determination -- Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2017" 2850: 2120: 2104: 2042: 2012: 596: 580: 564: 544: 504: 488: 386: 356: 338: 4176:

Refugees, and Migration of the United States Department of State, p. 8

3314:"From 'There' to 'Here': Refugee Resettlement in Metropolitan America" 7268:

National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)

6676: 6488:

American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)

6483:

Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)

5859: 5167:"LGBT Asylum Seekers Not Getting Enough Relief In U.S., Report Finds" 4472:"Sessions Says Domestic and Gang Violence Are Not Grounds for Asylum" 3405: 2494: 2490: 2333: 2144:

If an asylum seeker has been placed in removal proceedings before an

2116: 2052: 763: 747: 684:" refugees to countries or places where they would face persecution. 576: 500: 496: 346: 2938:

Rempell, Scott (2011-10-08). "Defining Persecution". Rochester, NY.

2211:

country of origin. The dispute in asylum cases litigated before the

5223: 4976:"Barriers and Backlog: Asylum Office Delays Continue to Cause Harm" 3386:"Thousands of Venezuelans Have Gotten Political Asylum in the U.S." 2173:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

2140:

There are two ways to apply for asylum while in the United States:

341:, while people who seek protection from inside the U.S. are termed 325:

Annual Asylum Grants in the United States by Fiscal Year, 1990-2016

6473:

Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994

4858:"Doctors oppose policy that splits kids from caregivers at border" 2570:

related to traumatic separation and refugee and immigrant trauma.

2514: 2461: 2124: 2112: 2056: 2031: 492: 441: 320: 5998:"Policies of Deterrence and the Mental Health of Asylum Seekers" 5188:"LGBT Global Persecution Leads to Asylum Seekers in Southern AZ" 2239: 2200: 2005: 588: 7330: 6544:

Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)

6164: 6155:

Mexico to Allow U.S. ‘Remain in Mexico’ Asylum Policy to Resume

3940:"Proposed Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2021 | The Center" 446:

Refugee resettlement to the United States by region, 1990–2005

6504:

American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)

4542:"Asylum Seekers Face New Restraints Under Latest Trump Orders" 2559:

children whose families have been separated during migration.

2830:"Reznik v. U.S. Department of Justice, INS, 901 F. Supp. 188" 511:

rose in the annual resettled population, as many people fled

4351:"Asylum Based on Sexual Orientation and Fear of Persecution" 2834:

U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

4500:"Instructions for Application for Employment Authorization" 4410: 4408: 3811: 3762: 3260:"Biden administration plans to keep refugee cap at 125,000" 2385:

the applicant is inadmissible on terrorism-related grounds;

4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 3407:

Sanctuary and asylum : a social and political history

3104:

Sanctuary and asylum : a social and political history

724:

resulted in a substantial disruption to the processing of

397:

on account of at least one of the five protected grounds:

5889:

Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

3282:

Igielnik, Ruth; Krogstad, Jens Manuel (3 February 2017).

739:

Recent actual, projected and proposed refugee admissions

728:

claims with actual admissions falling to about 26,000 in

5883:

Musalo, Karen; Meffert, Susan; Abdo, Akra (2010-01-01).

5118:"Social visibility, asylum law, and LGBT asylum seekers" 4574:"ICE Focus Shifts Away from Detaining Serious Criminals" 4416:"Social visibility, asylum law, and LGBT asylum seekers" 3235:"Statement by President Joe Biden on Refugee Admissions" 2015:: "the remaining active cases eligible under the former 4829:"AAP Statement on Executive Order on Family Separation" 4014:"Admissions & Arrivals | Arrivals by Region | 2022" 3964:"Admissions & Arrivals | Arrivals by Region | 2021" 3915:"Admissions & Arrivals | Arrivals by Region | 2020" 3872:"Admissions & Arrivals | Arrivals by Region | 2019" 2034:

and who are registered in nine refugee camps along the

735: 467:, and up until the mid-1990s, the majority of refugees 4540:

Kanno-Youngs, Zolan; Dickerson, Caitlin (2019-04-29).

363:

outside the United States are annually admitted under

6509:

Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)

2672:

flee their homes in search of safety from members of

2408:

An in-country applicant for asylum is eligible for a

7213:

Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles

4377:"How Will Ugandan Gay Refugees Be Received By U.S.?" 7488: 7362: 7301: 7176: 7150: 7084: 7031: 6965: 6939: 6822: 6716: 6651: 6556: 6496: 6419: 6323: 6257: 6233: 6212: 6199: 5439:

US Department of State LGBT Human Rights Fact Sheet

4600:Congressional Research Service Report to Congress, 4096:"The United Nations high commissioner for refugees" 2877:. Harvard Law School. March 28, 2012. p. 262. 2836:. Harvard Law School. March 28, 1995. p. 193. 2395:

as defined more broadly in the immigration context.

6091: 5940: 5703: 5339: 5047:Gelatt, Julia, and Muzaffar Chishti (2022-02-22). 4470:Benner, Katie; Dickerson, Caitlin (11 June 2018). 4094: 3897:"Proposed Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2020" 3836:"Proposed Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2019" 3787:"Proposed Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2018" 3665:"Proposed Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2016" 3638:"Proposed Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2015" 3614:"Proposed refugee admissions for fiscal year 2014" 2760:U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) 2727:, extremely common in the United States under the 5861:Overgeneral memory in asylum seekers and refugees 5745:"Vetted Judges More Likely to Reject Asylum Bids" 4689:Agrawal, Pooja; Venkatesh, Arjun Krishna (2016). 4345: 4343: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 3184:"Fact Sheet: Fiscal Year 2016 Refugee Admissions" 2021:Resettlement Opportunity for Vietnamese Returnees 687:This commitment was codified and expanded by the 559:). In the last decades of the twentieth century, 6957:United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints 4168: 4166: 4145:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 3455:"Trump and the Battle Over Sanctuary in America" 3312:Wilson, Audrey Singer and Jill H. (2006-09-01). 2849:wide discretion in determining the admission of 2597:Same-sex immigration policy in the United States 2497:recipients, and Afghan and Ukrainian parolees. 5555:. Casetext.com. December 8, 2021. pp. 6–7. 5441:, US Department of State, accessed May 14, 2016 3686: 3684: 3659: 3657: 3632: 3630: 3608: 3606: 3590:"Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration" 3366:"Venezuelan middle class seeks refuge in Miami" 3188:Fact Sheet: Fiscal Year 2016 Refugee Admissions 2027:citizens, who are counted as refugee admissions 1935:Application for resettlement by refugees abroad 95:Deportation of Americans from the United States 7218:Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform 6896:List of people deported from the United States 5212:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2865: 2863: 2861: 2362:to review the case by a discretionary writ of 7342: 6643:Trump administration family separation policy 6176: 6145:(American Immigration Council, June 11, 2020) 4438: 4436: 1952:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 662:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 438:Character of refugee inflows and resettlement 294: 8: 6693:Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) 5071:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4316:us-counsel.com/green-cards/green-card-asylum 4290:kschaeferlaw.com/immigration-overview/asylum 3210:"An Overview of U.S. Refugee Law and Policy" 3036:Congressional Research Service Legal Sidebar 2547:The recent U.S. Government policy known as " 2097:Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) 701:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 507:. In the 1990s and 2000s, the proportion of 7193:California Coalition for Immigration Reform 5553:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit 4665:"Ten Facts About U.S. Refugee Resettlement" 4621:. Department of Health and Human Services. 3438:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3277: 3275: 3273: 2456:, asylum seekers are at a constant risk of 2196:legal support in asylum-seeking processes. 70:Effects of immigration to the United States 7349: 7335: 7327: 7228:Federation for American Immigration Reform 6209: 6183: 6169: 6161: 6151:(Migration Policy Institute, May 13, 2021) 5663:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4742:"Benefits and Responsibilities of Asylees" 4645:. eScholarship, University of California. 4582:Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse 3517:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3050:"Refugees in the United States of America" 2447:Immigration detention in the United States 2404:Work permit and permanent residence status 543:in particular), the Midwest (specifically 345:. Those who are granted asylum are termed 301: 287: 251:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 29: 7003:Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013) 6998:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007 6988:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006 6931:Unaccompanied minors from Central America 6688:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services 6458:Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986) 6149:Refugees and Asylees in the United States 5834: 5776:Office, U. S. Government Accountability. 5659:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4887:Society for Research in Child Development 4714: 4050:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services 3307: 3305: 3303: 2169:United Nations Convention against Torture 2165:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services 2001:and originally enacted November 21, 1989. 33:United States citizenship and immigration 7208:Center for Migration Studies of New York 6351:Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone) 6220:Nationality law in the American Colonies 3147:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2891: 2889: 2887: 2824: 2822: 2502:Administration for Children and Families 471:in the U.S. were people from the former- 312: 7142:"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present) 6698:Executive Office for Immigration Review 5590: 5588: 5564: 5562: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5133: 5131: 4950:"Office of the Chief Immigration Judge" 4736: 4734: 4634: 4632: 4526:Human Rights Watch (12 November 2013). 3102:Rabben, Linda 1947- Verfasser. (2016). 3097: 3095: 3093: 2992:. U.S. Dept. of Justice. June 16, 2021. 2818: 2603:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 2391:the applicant has been convicted of an 2213:Executive Office for Immigration Review 2150:Executive Office for Immigration Review 242:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 228: 185: 169: 148: 102: 65:Immigration policy of the United States 46: 32: 7158:California DREAM Act (2006–2010) 5807:European Journal of Psychotraumatology 5649: 5639: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5064: 4274:. No. All Things Considered. NPR. 4127: 4116: 3510: 3431: 3284:"Where refugees to the U.S. come from" 3137: 3127: 3074:"Asylum Grant Rates Climb Under Biden" 2978: 2976: 2974: 2960: 2949: 2420:settlement of a class-action lawsuit, 6406:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946) 6137:Obtaining Asylum in the United States 5186:Taracena, Maria Inés (May 27, 2014). 3534: 3532: 2984:"Matter of A-B-, 28 I&N Dec. 307" 2528:The American Journal of Public Health 7: 7616:Right of asylum in the United States 7127:"Return to Sender" (2006–2007) 6432:Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 5947:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 4619:"About Unaccompanied Refugee Minors" 2670:Northern Triangle of Central America 2477:Unaccompanied Refugee Minors Program 2471:Unaccompanied Refugee Minors Program 705:U.S. Department of Homeland Security 6813:Department of State v. Muñoz (2024) 6783:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal. 6668:Immigration and Customs Enforcement 6270:Act to Encourage Immigration (1864) 3165:. United States Department of State 3027:Smith, Hillel (September 7, 2022). 2799:This article is partially based on 6901:Mexico–United States border crisis 6683:U.S. Customs and Border Protection 5722:10.1111/j.1468-2230.2010.00814-1.x 5428:. LGBT Freedom and Asylum Network. 5000:"Immigration Court Asylum Backlog" 4639:Nawyn, Stephanie J. (2017-10-18). 3568:The Office of Refugee Resettlement 3410:. University of Washington Press. 3106:. University of Washington Press. 2871:"Vartelas v. Holder, 566 U.S. 257" 2171:. Since the effective date of the 25: 7122:"Streamline" (2005–present) 6844:Central American migrant caravans 6391:Bracero Program (1942–1964) 6043:Ordóñez, J. Thomas (March 2008). 5569:Masetta-Alvarez, Katelyn (2018). 5546:"Vazquez v. Garland, No. 20-9641" 5092:Cornell International Law Journal 4695:American Journal of Public Health 4443:Preston, Julia (29 August 2014). 4075:United States Department of State 3163:"U.S. Refugee Admissions Program" 2574:Obstacles faced by asylum seekers 1945:The majority of applications for 60:Emigration from the United States 7621:Immigration to the United States 7470:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6906:Mexico–United States border wall 6381:Filipino Repatriation Act (1935) 6192:Immigration to the United States 5691:from the original on 2021-10-21. 5597:Journal of International Affairs 4625:from the original on 2013-11-25. 4528:US: Catch-22 for Asylum Seekers. 2508:Government support after arrival 2101:Democratic Republic of the Congo 270: 75:Permanent Residency (Green Card) 55:Immigration to the United States 38: 6663:Department of Homeland Security 4920:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.08.041 3716:"Arrivals by Region 2016_09_30" 2330:United States courts of appeals 1926:2022 data are for October only. 7203:Center for Immigration Studies 7132:"Jump Start" (2006–2008) 7117:"Front Line" (2004–2005) 6767:Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting 6708:Office of Refugee Resettlement 6463:American Homecoming Act (1989) 6157:(New York Times, Dec. 2, 2021) 5996:Silove, Derrick (2000-08-02). 5743:Savage, Charlie (2008-08-23). 5702:Sanderson, Mike (2010-07-08). 3453:Haberman, Clyde (2017-03-06). 3038:– via CSR Legal Sidebar. 2713:post-traumatic stress disorder 2489:, Cuban and Haitian entrants, 2441:Detention in the United States 717:President of the United States 697:Office of Refugee Resettlement 1: 7253:Minuteman Civil Defense Corps 7097:"Peter Pan" (1960–1962) 6859:Eugenics in the United States 5939:Newman, Louise (2013-03-01). 5165:Kerr, Jacob (June 19, 2015). 4908:Social Science & Medicine 4286:"Asylum in the United States" 3540:"The 1951 Refugee Convention" 3345:www.discipleshomemissions.org 1974:– UNHCR Resettlement Handbook 261:Child Citizenship Act of 2000 210:United States v. Wong Kim Ark 178:United States nationality law 136:Relinquishment of nationality 18:Refugees in the United States 7595:United States Virgin Islands 6921:Illegal immigrant population 6703:Board of Immigration Appeals 6539:Executive Order 13780 (2017) 6534:Executive Order 13769 (2017) 6427:UN Refugee Convention (1951) 6341:Gentlemen's Agreement (1907) 5959:10.1080/15299732.2013.724342 5914:Neuman, Scott (2021-03-23). 5247:Yale Law & Policy Review 4602:Unaccompanied Refugee Minors 4238:Satija, Neena (2018-07-05). 3789:. 2017-10-05. Archived from 3404:Rabben, Linda 1947- (2016). 3214:American Immigration Council 2535:, and four years later, for 2326:Board of Immigration Appeals 2322:Board of Immigration Appeals 2255:Board of Immigration Appeals 2236:Board of Immigration Appeals 633:. The movement, tied to the 539:), the Mid-Atlantic region ( 7137:"Phalanx" (2010–2016) 7112:"Endgame" (2003–2012) 6983:McCain–Kennedy (2005) 6973:DREAM Act (2001–2010) 6952:Canada–United States border 6947:Mexico–United States border 6514:H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004) 6376:Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934) 6143:Asylum in the United States 6106:10.1007/978-1-4614-7615-3_5 6093:"Working with Interpreters" 4974:Wright, Cora (2022-10-03). 4312:"Green Card Through Asylum" 3812:"Refugee Processing Center" 3763:"Refugee Processing Center" 2487:special immigrant juveniles 2483:Unaccompanied Refugee Minor 2063:As of August 2021, certain 642:Relevant law and procedures 379:Asylum in the United States 7642: 7273:Negative Population Growth 7263:National Immigration Forum 7248:Migration Policy Institute 7023:US Citizenship Act of 2021 6579:Temporary protected status 6361:Emergency Quota Act (1921) 5338:Crease, Robert P. (2017). 3592:. U.S. Department of State 2743:The 2001 documentary film 2663:Gangs in the United States 2660: 2594: 2474: 2444: 2030:individuals who have fled 1938: 738: 722:September 11, 2001 attacks 672:) who, owing to a fear of 645: 618: 459:Third country resettlement 456: 450:Migration Policy Institute 199:Naturalization Act of 1790 7570:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6606:Security Advisory Opinion 5504:Health Promotion Practice 5366:10.1088/2058-7058/30/5/31 5192:Arizona Public Media, NPR 4215:"U.S. Refugee Priorities" 3816:Refugee Processing Center 3767:Refugee Processing Center 2251:female genital mutilation 2152:, which is a part of the 2017:Orderly Departure Program 513:various ongoing conflicts 121:U.S. citizens / nationals 7590:Turks and Caicos Islands 7357:Asylum in North America 7315:Missing in Brooks County 7243:Mexicans Without Borders 6743:US v. Bhagat Singh Thind 6616:National Origins Formula 6300:Chinese Exclusion (1882) 6275:Civil Rights Act of 1866 6061:10.1177/1466138108088948 6045:"The state of confusion" 5516:10.1177/1524839917692750 5476:10.1177/1363460714552262 5309:10.1177/1363460714552251 5140:Law & Society Review 5122:Twin Cities Daily Planet 5086:Shannon, Minter (1993). 4707:10.2105/ajph.2015.303017 4420:Twin Cities Daily Planet 3692:"Documents for Congress" 2801:law of the United States 2071:are eligible due to the 1870:FY 2022 actual arrivals* 1765:FY 2021 actual arrivals* 691:with the passing of the 557:Providence, Rhode Island 277:United States portal 204:Civil Rights Act of 1866 194:Colonial nationality law 85:Diversity Immigrant Visa 6594:Central American Minors 6524:Secure Fence Act (2006) 6386:Nationality Act of 1940 6336:Naturalization Act 1906 6310:Immigration Act of 1891 6295:Immigration Act of 1882 6285:Naturalization Act 1870 6265:Naturalization Law 1802 6241:Naturalization Act 1790 6139:(USCIS, Sept. 16, 2021) 5618:. Bloomsbury Academic. 2709:refugees' mental health 2228:particular social group 2177:immigration authorities 1660:FY 2020 actual arrivals 1555:FY 2019 actual arrivals 1450:FY 2018 actual arrivals 1345:FY 2017 actual arrivals 1238:FY 2016 actual arrivals 1131:FY 2015 actual arrivals 1024:FY 2014 actual arrivals 917:FY 2013 actual arrivals 810:FY 2012 actual arrivals 678:particular social group 415:particular social group 256:Immigration Act of 1990 221:Nationality Act of 1940 7520:British Virgin Islands 7309:Borderland (TV series) 7163:Arizona SB 1070 (2010) 6636:Unaccompanied children 6411:Luce–Celler Act (1946) 6201:Relevant colonial era, 6014:10.1001/jama.284.5.604 5381:Human Rights Quarterly 4530:Retrieved 27 May 2016. 4266:(September 28, 2018). 4173:Report to the Congress 4126:Cite journal requires 3944:www.thecenterutica.org 3720:US Department of State 3621:US Department of State 2959:Cite journal requires 2277:INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca 2270:INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca 2253:. In August 2014, the 2135:Individual application 2073:2021 Taliban offensive 689:United States Congress 553:Minneapolis–Saint Paul 483:, sometimes known as " 454: 352:A specified number of 326: 318: 216:Indian Citizenship Act 116:Birthright citizenship 7460:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6886:Immigration reduction 6797:Niz-Chavez v. Garland 6401:War Brides Act (1945) 6280:14th Amendment (1868) 6098:Cultural Consultation 5819:10.3402/ejpt.v6.26286 5710:The Modern Law Review 5393:10.1353/hrq.2007.0045 3852:on September 27, 2018 3521:) CS1 maint: others ( 3266:. September 26, 2023. 2853:to the United States. 2661:Further information: 2595:Further information: 2445:Further information: 2154:Department of Justice 2083:This is for cases of 1939:Further information: 457:Further information: 445: 413:, or membership in a 324: 316: 7188:Arizona Border Recon 7168:Alabama HB 56 (2011) 7032:Immigration stations 6966:Proposed legislation 6864:Guest worker program 6839:Brooks County, Texas 6751:US v. Brignoni-Ponce 6468:Immigration Act 1990 6371:Immigration Act 1924 6356:Immigration Act 1918 6346:Immigration Act 1907 6331:Immigration Act 1903 5271:LGBTQ Policy Journal 4292:. Kimberley Schaefer 4105:10.18356/f5abb3a9-en 4052:. September 23, 2021 3338:"Venezuela-Colombia" 3004:"8 USC 1158: Asylum" 2794:Notes and references 2729:Trump administration 2591:LGBTQ asylum seekers 2422:Ngwanyia v. Gonzales 2085:family reunification 2049:or return to Burundi 229:Relevant legislation 141:Honorary citizenship 7475:Trinidad and Tobago 7370:Antigua and Barbuda 7107:"Gatekeeper" (1994) 7034:and points of entry 6926:Reverse immigration 6805:Sanchez v. Mayorkas 6718:Supreme Court cases 6574:Visa Waiver Program 6569:Permanent residence 6396:Magnuson Act (1943) 6225:Plantation Act 1740 5358:2017PhyW...30e..18C 5053:migrationpolicy.org 5028:Syracuse University 5004:Syracuse University 4669:migrationpolicy.org 4357:on 24 February 2015 3696:2009-2017.state.gov 3669:2009-2017.state.gov 3642:2009-2017.state.gov 3288:Pew Research Center 2521:classes, apply for 2432:On April 29, 2019, 2093:Congo (Brazzaville) 693:Refugee Act of 1980 395:permanent residency 80:Refugees and asylum 7410:Dominican Republic 6891:Immigration reform 6727:US v. Wong Kim Ark 6673:U.S. Border Patrol 6589:Green Card Lottery 6557:Visas and policies 6519:Real ID Act (2005) 6453:Refugee Act (1980) 6205:international laws 6194:and related topics 5858:Belinda., Graham. 5749:The New York Times 5652:has generic name ( 5152:10.1111/lasr.12239 5124:. October 7, 2013. 4980:Human Rights First 4546:The New York Times 4477:The New York Times 4449:The New York Times 4383:. 24 February 2014 3459:The New York Times 3140:has generic name ( 2875:U.S. Supreme Court 2414:Human Rights Watch 2360:U.S. Supreme Court 2158:immigration courts 666:habitual residence 621:Sanctuary movement 615:Sanctuary Movement 555:), and Northeast ( 455: 327: 319: 237:Citizenship Clause 111:Oath of Allegiance 90:Illegal immigrants 7603: 7602: 7492:other territories 7324: 7323: 7258:Minuteman Project 7233:Improve The Dream 7151:State legislation 7102:"Babylift" (1975) 7076:Washington Avenue 7071:Sullivan's Island 6993:STRIVE Act (2007) 6916:March for America 6869:Human trafficking 6759:Zadvydas v. Davis 6621:Expedited removal 6552: 6551: 6203:United States and 6115:978-1-4614-7614-6 5625:978-1-4408-5495-8 4606:Policyarchive.org 4244:The Texas Tribune 3564:"The Refugee Act" 3496:978-1-4408-5496-5 3417:978-0-295-99912-8 3113:978-0-295-99912-8 2895:INA section 208, 2778:Negusie v. Holder 2746:Well-Founded Fear 2725:Detention centers 2393:aggravated felony 2259:domestic violence 2146:immigration judge 2065:vulnerable groups 2041:UNHCR-identified 1923: 1922: 801: 699:(ORR) within the 652:"Under the , the 561:Northern Virginia 411:political opinion 373:firm resettlement 311: 310: 16:(Redirected from 7633: 7626:Forced migration 7560:Saint Barthélemy 7490:Dependencies and 7363:Sovereign states 7351: 7344: 7337: 7328: 7223:Community Change 7198:CASA of Maryland 7178:Non-governmental 7092:"Wetback" (1954) 7018:RAISE Act (2017) 6978:H.R. 4437 (2005) 6366:Cable Act (1922) 6315:Geary Act (1892) 6305:Scott Act (1888) 6210: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6162: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6095: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6040: 6034: 6033: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5944: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5838: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5707: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5683: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5657: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5637: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5592: 5583: 5582: 5566: 5557: 5556: 5550: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5499: 5488: 5487: 5459: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5343: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5292: 5279: 5278: 5266: 5255: 5254: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5207: 5196: 5195: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5135: 5126: 5125: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5070: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4835:. 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Holder 2768: 2752:Shari Robertson 2741: 2694: 2682: 2665: 2659: 2638: 2616:gender identity 2599: 2593: 2581: 2576: 2545: 2510: 2479: 2473: 2449: 2443: 2434:President Trump 2406: 2314:Cardoza-Fonseca 2293:Cardoza-Fonseca 2272: 2247:Fauziya Kasinga 2137: 2081: 1982: 1968: 1943: 1937: 1820:FY 2022 ceiling 1715:FY 2021 ceiling 1610:FY 2020 ceiling 1505:FY 2019 ceiling 1400:FY 2018 ceiling 1293:FY 2017 ceiling 1186:FY 2016 ceiling 1079:FY 2015 ceiling 972:FY 2014 ceiling 865:FY 2013 ceiling 799: 788: 774: 715:Each year, the 713: 650: 644: 635:right of asylum 623: 617: 461: 440: 435: 354:legally defined 335:right of asylum 333:recognizes the 307: 271: 269: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7639: 7637: 7629: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7608: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7580:Sint Eustatius 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7525:Cayman Islands 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7496: 7494: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7331: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7311: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7288:Save Our State 7285: 7280: 7278:No More Deaths 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7037: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6911:Labor shortage 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6830: 6828: 6824:Related issues 6823: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6809: 6801: 6793: 6779: 6775:Barton v. Barr 6771: 6763: 6755: 6747: 6739: 6731: 6722: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6670: 6665: 6659: 6657: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6446:Section 287(g) 6443: 6441:Section 212(f) 6429: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6216: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6132: 6131:External links 6129: 6127: 6126: 6114: 6082: 6035: 6008:(5): 604–611. 5988: 5953:(2): 213–223. 5931: 5906: 5895:(4): 479–489. 5875: 5850: 5793: 5768: 5735: 5716:(4): 679–682. 5694: 5670: 5624: 5606: 5584: 5558: 5537: 5510:(3): 332–340. 5489: 5443: 5431: 5414: 5387:(4): 1036–64. 5371: 5341:"Entry Denied" 5330: 5303:(8): 911–918. 5280: 5256: 5237: 5224:10.1086/593380 5197: 5178: 5157: 5146:(4): 856–889. 5127: 5109: 5078: 5039: 5015: 4991: 4966: 4941: 4898: 4874: 4849: 4820: 4796: 4785:psychiatry.org 4772: 4758: 4730: 4681: 4656: 4628: 4610: 4593: 4565: 4532: 4519: 4491: 4462: 4432: 4404: 4394: 4368: 4339: 4329: 4318:. Givi Kutidze 4303: 4277: 4255: 4230: 4199: 4190: 4178: 4162: 4147:"Resettlement" 4137: 4128:|journal= 4099:. 2012-12-31. 4086: 4062: 4030: 4005: 3993:www.rescue.org 3980: 3955: 3931: 3906: 3888: 3863: 3827: 3803: 3778: 3754: 3742:whitehouse.gov 3729: 3726:on 2015-11-06. 3707: 3680: 3653: 3626: 3602: 3581: 3555: 3528: 3495: 3478: 3445: 3416: 3396: 3377: 3357: 3329: 3299: 3269: 3251: 3226: 3201: 3175: 3154: 3112: 3089: 3065: 3054:Worlddata.info 3041: 3019: 2995: 2970: 2961:|journal= 2930: 2905: 2883: 2857: 2817: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2782: 2774: 2772:Sanctuary city 2767: 2764: 2740: 2737: 2693: 2690: 2685:Climate change 2681: 2680:Climate change 2678: 2658: 2655: 2637: 2634: 2592: 2589: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2564:resource guide 2549:Zero-tolerance 2544: 2541: 2509: 2506: 2475:Main article: 2472: 2469: 2442: 2439: 2405: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2339:INS v. Ventura 2271: 2268: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2161: 2136: 2133: 2115:, Iran, Iraq, 2080: 2079:Priority Three 2077: 2061: 2060: 2050: 2039: 2028: 2009: 2002: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1967: 1964: 1936: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1904: 1901: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1796: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1772: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1686: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1581: 1578: 1573: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1476: 1473: 1468: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1352: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1165: 1162: 1157: 1154: 1149: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1031: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1002: 1000: 995: 993: 988: 986: 981: 979: 974: 968: 967: 962: 959: 956: 951: 948: 943: 940: 935: 932: 927: 924: 919: 913: 912: 907: 902: 900: 895: 893: 888: 886: 881: 879: 874: 872: 867: 861: 860: 855: 852: 849: 844: 841: 836: 833: 828: 825: 820: 817: 812: 806: 805: 802: 795: 792: 782: 779: 769: 766: 761: 758: 753: 750: 745: 741: 740: 712: 711:Refugee quotas 709: 646:Main article: 643: 640: 616: 613: 593:Iraqi refugees 523:(specifically 477:Southeast Asia 439: 436: 434: 431: 361:refugee status 343:asylum seekers 309: 308: 306: 305: 298: 291: 283: 280: 279: 266: 265: 264: 263: 258: 253: 248: 239: 231: 230: 226: 225: 224: 223: 218: 213: 206: 201: 196: 188: 187: 183: 182: 181: 180: 172: 171: 167: 166: 165: 164: 159: 151: 150: 146: 145: 144: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 105: 104: 100: 99: 98: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 49: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7638: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7487: 7481: 7480:United States 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7352: 7347: 7345: 7340: 7338: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7302:Documentaries 7300: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7180:organizations 7175: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7149: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7046:Castle Garden 7044: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6834:2006 protests 6832: 6831: 6829: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6789:Wolf v. Vidal 6785: 6784: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6655:organizations 6650: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6198: 6193: 6186: 6181: 6179: 6174: 6172: 6167: 6166: 6163: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6094: 6086: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6039: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5935: 5932: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5854: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5794: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5769: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5698: 5695: 5687: 5680: 5674: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5470:(8): 939–57. 5469: 5465: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5432: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5346:Physics World 5342: 5334: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5218:(3): 659–85. 5217: 5213: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5179: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5161: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5079: 5074: 5068: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5040: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5016: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4967: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4899: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4839:on 2018-07-28 4838: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4768: 4762: 4759: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4682: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4508: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4466: 4463: 4451:. p. A12 4450: 4446: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4395: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4330: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4231: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4138: 4133: 4120: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4090: 4087: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4020:on 2021-12-21 4019: 4015: 4009: 4006: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3970:on 2021-12-21 3969: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3921:on 2021-12-21 3920: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3878:on 2021-12-21 3877: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3848: 3844: 3843:www.state.gov 3837: 3831: 3828: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3793:on 2017-10-05 3792: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3615: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3479: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3446: 3441: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3400: 3397: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3346: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3030: 3023: 3020: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2931: 2919: 2918:www.uscis.gov 2915: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2897:8 U.S.C. 2892: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2793: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2747: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2657:Gang violence 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2401: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2334:Supreme Court 2331: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2298:INS v. Stevic 2294: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2264:Jeff Sessions 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2191: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1942: 1934: 1932: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 992: 989: 987: 985: 982: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 955: 952: 949: 947: 944: 941: 939: 936: 933: 931: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 914: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 899: 896: 894: 892: 889: 887: 885: 882: 880: 878: 875: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 848: 845: 842: 840: 837: 834: 832: 829: 826: 824: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 803: 796: 793: 791: 786: 783: 780: 778: 773: 772:Latin America 770: 767: 765: 762: 759: 757: 754: 751: 749: 746: 743: 742: 737: 734: 731: 727: 723: 718: 710: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 655: 649: 641: 639: 636: 632: 628: 622: 614: 612: 609: 607: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 529:Orange County 526: 522: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 460: 453: 451: 444: 437: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 374: 370: 366: 365:8 U.S.C. 362: 358: 355: 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 331:United States 323: 315: 304: 299: 297: 292: 290: 285: 284: 282: 281: 278: 268: 267: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 233: 232: 227: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 211: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 191: 190: 189: 184: 179: 176: 175: 174: 173: 168: 163: 160: 158: 155: 154: 153: 152: 147: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 108: 107: 106: 101: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 51: 50: 45: 41: 37: 36: 31: 19: 7585:Sint Maarten 7565:Saint Martin 7479: 7313: 7293:Utah Compact 7056:Ellis Island 7041:Angel Island 6812: 6804: 6796: 6787: 6786: / 6782: 6774: 6766: 6757: 6750: 6742: 6734: 6726: 6583: 6497:21st century 6434: / 6258:19th century 6247: / 6243: / 6234:18th century 6213:Colonial era 6119:, retrieved 6097: 6085: 6055:(1): 35–60. 6052: 6048: 6038: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5950: 5946: 5934: 5923:. 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