1002:, in which the debtor's house becomes collateral until the hypothecary loan is paid off. The debtor retains ownership of the collateral, but the creditor has the right to seize ownership if the debtor defaults. The main purpose of hypothecation is to mitigate the creditor's credit risk. If the debtor cannot pay, the creditor possesses the collateral and therefore can claim its ownership, sell it and thus compensate the lacking cash inflows. In a default of the obligor without previous hypothecation, the creditor cannot be sure that it can seize sufficient assets of the debtor. Because hypothecation makes it easier to get the debt and potentially decreases its price; the debtor wants to hypothecate as much debt as possible – but the isolation of 'good assets' for the collateral reduces the quality of the rest of the debtor's balance sheet and thus its credit worthiness. The detailed practice and rules regulatory
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possession) – but only if the debtor fails to keep up with repayments. If a consumer takes out an additional loan secured against the value of his hypothec (known colloquially as a "second hypothec", for up to approximately the current value of the house minus outstanding repayments) the consumer is then hypothecating the hypothec itself – the creditor can still seize the house but in this case the creditor then becomes responsible for the outstanding hypothecary debt. Sometimes consumer goods and business equipment can be bought on credit agreements involving hypothecation – the goods are legally owned by the borrower, but once again the creditor can seize them if required.
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1168:, large hedge funds in particular became more wary of allowing their collateral to be rehypothecated, and even in the UK they would insist on contracts that limit the amount of their assets that can be reposted, or even prohibit rehypothecation completely. In 2009 the IMF estimated that the funds available to US banks due to rehypothecation had declined by more than half to $ 2.1 trillion – due to both less original collateral being available for rehypothecation in the first place and a lower churn factor. The possible role of rehypothecation in the
203:
1112:. The second sense is that the original deposit the investor puts down for the margin account can itself be in the form of securities rather than a cash deposit, and again the securities belong to the investor but can be sold by the creditor in the case of a default. In both cases, unlike with consumer or business finance, the borrower does not typically have possession of the securities as they will be in accounts controlled by the broker, however, the borrower does still retain legal ownership.
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1164:(IMF) calculated that US banks were receiving over $ 4 trillion worth of funding by rehypothecation, much of it sourced from the UK where there are no statutory limits governing the reuse of a client's collateral. It is estimated that only $ 1 trillion of original collateral was being used, meaning that collateral was being rehypothecated several times over, with an estimated churn factor of 4. Following the
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A hypothec is a real right on movable or immovable property made liable for the performance of an obligation. It confers on the creditor the right to follow the property into whomsoever's hands it may come, to take possession of it, to take it in payment, to sell it or to cause it to be sold and thus
1013:
occurs when entities re-use the collateral to secure their own borrowing. For the creditor the collateral not only mitigates the credit risk but also allows refinancing more easily or at lower rates; in an initial hypothecation contract, however, the debtor can restrict such re-use of the collateral.
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in the securities market. In the UK, there is no limit on the amount of a client's assets that can be rehypothecated, except if the client has negotiated an agreement with their broker that includes a limit or prohibition. In the US, re-hypothecation is capped at 140% of a client's debit balance. In
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is not actually any different from a repo; it merely describes the opposite side of the transaction. The seller of the security who later repurchases it is entering into a repurchase agreement; the purchaser who later re-sells the security enters into a reverse repurchase agreement. Notwithstanding
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vary depending on context and on the jurisdiction where it takes place. Hypothecation is a common feature of consumer contracts involving mortgages – the debtor legally owns the house, but until the mortgage is paid off, the creditor has the right to take ownership (and possibly also
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Under Scots law, landlord's hypothec is a common law right of security enjoyed by landlords over any goods sited on the leased premises, regardless of who owns those goods. The hypothec does not secure all sums which happen to be due to the landlord, only a portion of the rent. Landlord's hypothec
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is a non-possessory, indivisible, unregistrable (i.e. un-perfectable) real security arising by operation of law alone merely providing a priority right over the security subject. When attaching to movable property, this security interest most closely matches the hypothec as defined at the head of
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felt that such a mechanism had no part to play in a modern enforcement system, not least because a landlord is able to use other diligences to recover unpaid rent, such as attachment sequestration for rent can now be used to sell only goods that are secured by a right known as the landlord's
932:. In the hypothec, the property does not pass to the creditor, but they acquire a preferential right to have their debt paid out of the hypothecated property; that is, they can sell it and pay themself out of the proceeds, or in default of a purchaser they can become the owner themself.
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Hedge funds often have a considerably higher amount of securities pledged as collateral than their current borrowings – they continue to receive the normal income stream from the securities and it gives them the flexibility to quickly execute trades if an opportunity
1077:), which extends over the produce of the land and the cattle and sheep fed on it, and over stock and horses used in husbandry. In the US, the legal right for the creditor to take ownership of the collateral if the debtor defaults is classified as a lien.
1614:
Under
California Civil Code Section §2920 (a), a mortgage is a contract by which specific property, including an estate for years in real property, is hypothecated for the performance of an act, without the necessity of a change of possession.
1518:) of an American lien-theory mortgage or English mortgage by way of legal charge, may also be taken over movable and/or immovable property alike, and must be perfected (i.e. registered). The types as set forth in the Civil Code are:
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The act makes some changes to the hypothec, even though it is not a diligence. For example, it completes the process of abolishing the hypothec over goods in dwelling-houses that was initiated by the
1119:, commonly called repos. In a two-party repurchase agreement, one party sells to the other a security at a price with a commitment to buy the security back at a later date for another price.
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1514:, essentially equivalent to an American non-possessory lien or English legal charge, is an elastic, hypothecatory security interest that has all the rights of recourse (
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The act also states that, notwithstanding the abolition of sequestration for rent, landlord's hypothec does continue as a right in security (section 208(2)(a)).
1123:, the most commonly used form of this arrangement, comprise a sale which takes place the first day and a repurchase that reverses the transaction the next day.
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1084:: the creditor gives a loan to the debtor and receives in return the possession (not the ownership) of a financial asset until the maturity of the loan. A
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Under a handful of mixed legal systems, the hypothec was imported as a non-possessory real security over movable property (in opposition to the common-law
1147:) re-uses the collateral posted by the debtor (a client such as a hedge fund) to back the broker's own trades and borrowing. This mechanism also enables
1073:, and tacit hypothecs established by law. Of the latter the most important is the landlord's hypothec for rent (corresponding to distress in the law of
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An Act to amend the Law relating to the
Landlord’s Right of Hypothec in Scotland, in so far as respects Land held for Agricultural or Grazing Purposes.
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or as a condition precedent to the debt, or a third party pledges collateral for the debtor. A common example occurs when a debtor enters into a
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its nominal form as a sale and subsequent repurchase of a security, the economic effect of a repurchase agreement is that of a secured loan.
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c. 12) it was enacted that the landlord's right of hypothec for the rent of land, including the rent of any buildings thereon, exceeding two
1041:). In the mixed legal systems of some other countries (e.g. Scots law, South African law) it may cover any corporeal movables, securities or
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A preferential right allowing a creditor to rank prior to all other concurrent creditors, even prior secured creditors (art. 2650)
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equivalent to the
American tax lien, mechanic's or construction lien, home owner's association lien, and judgment lien.
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1493:, mortgages, non-possessory liens over movables or immovables, and legal or equitable charges. Thus, art. 2660 of the
1470:(section 208(3) of the 2007 act). It also abolishes the hypothec over goods owned by a third party (section 208(4)).
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correspond to the
American vendor's lien, lien for court costs, municipal lien, and possessory lien (over movables).
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arises – the 140% limit does in many cases considerably reduce their exposure to rehypothecation.
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c. 62) other rights and remedies for rent, where the right of hypothec had ceased, were given to the landlord.
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services are able to expand their trading operations by re-using collateral belonging to their counter-parties.
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This real right in security operates by way of hypothecation. It may arise only through being entered into the
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The law of agricultural hypothec long caused much discontent in
Scotland; its operation was restricted by the
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as a hypothecatory security interest taken strictly over immovable property and, like the late medieval
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to have a preference upon the proceeds of the sale, according to the rank as determined in this Code.
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and in the shadow banking system was largely overlooked by the mainstream financial press, until Dr.
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Though of course a bank can only rehypothecate the assets the client has posted as collateral.
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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drew attention in August 2010 to a paper from
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1725:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 208.
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An Act to abolish the
Landlord’s Right of Hypothec for Rent in Scotland.
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and transfers possession on delivery and a chattel mortgage operates by
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1455:(asp 3) abolishes the common law diligence of sequestration for rent.
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is enforced by court proceedings known as sequestration for rent. The
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swap roles. When an investor asks a broker to purchase securities on
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1829:"The (sizable) Role of Rehypothecation in the Shadow Banking System"
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The Qc. Civ. Code also provides for another real security called a
1525:(art. 2681) - mortgage lien or legal charge (acting as a mortgage)
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Re-hypothecation occurs mainly in the financial markets when the
1788:"Securities market theory: Possession, repo and rehypothecation"
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Bankruptcy and
Diligence etc. (Scotland) Act 2007, section 208
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is the practice where a debtor pledges collateral to secure a
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2007, rehypothecation accounted for half the activity in the
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Bottazzi, Jean-Marc; Luque, Jaime; Páscoa, Mário R. (2012).
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1541:(art. 2702) - Australian personal property security (PPS)
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Legal right over a debtor's property in civil law systems
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or court decision - in case of a compulsory hypothec
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
1625:Security interest – hypothecation
1453:Bankruptcy and Diligence etc. (Scotland) Act 2007
1402:Bankruptcy and Diligence etc. (Scotland) Act 2007
1291:Bankruptcy and Diligence etc. (Scotland) Act 2007
845:, including corporeal movables other than ships,
1553:(art. 2715) - American floating lien or English
1088:is a hypothecation 'in the reverse direction':
1827:Manmohan Singh and James Aitken (2010-07-01).
952:over a person's entire estate, but during the
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8:
1104:repayments, the broker can sell some of the
1080:The most common form of hypothecation is a
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1865:"Web of shadow banking must be unravelled"
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1737:"What Is Hypothecation? – Forbes Advisor"
1441:Agricultural Holdings (Scotland) Act 1883
179:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
98:, without removing the technical details.
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1115:Rehypothecation can also be involved in
857:, covered by a different type of right (
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1888:Hypothec Amendment (Scotland) Act 1867
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1421:Hypothec Amendment (Scotland) Act 1867
1315:Hypothec Abolition (Scotland) Act 1880
1204:Hypothec Amendment (Scotland) Act 1867
1029: – banks that provide
865:has two main equivalents to the term:
1129:Open-ended term repurchase agreements
288:Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property
96:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
1545:hypothèque mobilière sur une créance
897:contract, required in the form of a
825:) or to refer to a registered real
1569:(art. 2724) - involuntary lien or
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1535:(REM) or English mortgage of land
987:Hypothecation and rehypothecation
948:was essentially a non-possessory
143:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
45:This article has multiple issues.
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1333:Parliament of the United Kingdom
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1222:Parliament of the United Kingdom
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1561:refers to an open-end mortgage)
1131:are also possible. A so-called
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1045:. Whereas a pledge operates by
1018:Hypothec in mixed legal systems
967:, running with the land (Latin
53:or discuss these issues on the
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1547:(art. 2710) - credit mortgage
1170:financial crisis of 2007–2008
595:Lateral and subjacent support
1597:More specifically, a Quebec
1523:hypothèques conventionnelles
855:intellectual property rights
562:Practicing without a license
1836:International Monetary Fund
1182:International Monetary Fund
1162:International Monetary Fund
1969:
1795:Journal of Economic Theory
1602:this article. The primary
1308:United Kingdom legislation
1197:United Kingdom legislation
1184:which examined the issue.
1125:Term repurchase agreements
1000:hypothecary loan agreement
956:the device was revived by
883:land and hypothec register
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488:Doctrine of worthier title
1807:10.1016/j.jet.2010.11.004
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619:Conflict of property laws
475:Rule against perpetuities
1938:Civil law (legal system)
1501:, providing as follows:
1364:Territorial extent
1253:Territorial extent
817:: hypothēkē), sometimes
156:may contain suggestions.
141:may need to be rewritten
1722:Encyclopædia Britannica
1531:- American real estate
841:), as opposed to other
470:Restraint on alienation
1585:, formerly known as a
1529:hypothèque immobilière
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1154:shadow banking system
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1539:hypothèque mobilière
441:Equitable conversion
1869:The Financial Times
1567:hypothèques légales
1427:c. 42), and by the
1027:Goldman Sachs Tower
869:and non-possessory
583:prior appropriation
531:Equitable servitude
1630:Securities lending
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613:Quicquid plantatur
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1245:30 & 31 Vict.
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1043:intangible assets
965:obligatio bonorum
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1933:Property law
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1872:. Retrieved
1861:Gillian Tett
1839:. Retrieved
1798:
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1767:. Retrieved
1744:. Retrieved
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1640:Mortgage law
1635:Eurohypothec
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393:Conveyancing
374:Condominiums
210:Part of the
195:Property law
175:
159:
150:You can help
140:
110:
101:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
1510:The Quebec
1394:Repealed by
1283:Repealed by
1110:margin call
977:zaaksgevolg
954:Renaissance
903:contractual
843:collaterals
835:real estate
384:Land tenure
379:Real estate
342:Life estate
250:Acquisition
1922:Categories
1874:2010-08-31
1841:2010-08-31
1769:2010-08-31
1746:2023-07-27
1681:References
1610:California
1512:hypothèque
1491:inter alia
1487:common law
1483:hypothèque
1341:Long title
1230:Long title
1106:securities
1051:conveyance
981:Folgerecht
863:Common law
847:securities
799:hypothèque
690:Common law
639:common law
600:Assignment
460:Future use
331:Fee simple
308:Alienation
212:common law
50:improve it
1604:priorités
1587:privilège
979:, German
971:, French
958:civil law
946:hypotheca
942:Roman law
867:mortgages
806:hypotheca
624:Blackacre
557:Partition
405:purchaser
403:Bona fide
357:remainder
283:Accession
278:Discovery
154:talk page
56:talk page
1943:Mortgage
1717:Hypothec
1619:See also
1599:priorité
1583:priorité
1533:mortgage
1499:hypothec
1497:defines
1433:43 Vict.
1368:Scotland
1356:43 Vict.
1351:Citation
1257:Scotland
1240:Citation
1193:Scotland
1149:leverage
1141:creditor
1090:creditor
1067:bottomry
1059:Scotland
1047:bailment
975:, Dutch
924:to have
918:creditor
905:hypothec
877:Overview
831:creditor
827:security
791:Hypothek
727:Hypothec
677:Evidence
654:Tort law
606:Nemo dat
588:riparian
547:Fixtures
526:Covenant
521:Usufruct
511:Easement
480:Rule in
436:Mortgage
336:Fee tail
298:Bailment
273:Conquest
1948:Banking
1710::
1176:of the
1075:England
936:History
930:default
885:or the
814:ὑποθήκη
808:, from
801:, from
667:estates
462:control
451:Escheat
303:License
90:Please
1704:
1477:Quebec
1160:, the
1102:credit
1098:margin
1094:debtor
950:pledge
926:claims
859:pledge
795:French
787:German
663:trusts
637:Other
516:Profit
214:series
152:. The
1832:(PDF)
1791:(PDF)
1651:Notes
1437:acres
1373:Dates
1358:c. 12
1262:Dates
1247:c. 42
1055:title
922:right
853:such
833:over
829:of a
659:Wills
641:areas
552:Waste
219:Types
1458:The
1092:and
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996:debt
983:).
944:, a
871:lien
803:Lat.
688:and
665:and
506:Lien
268:Deed
258:Gift
1803:doi
1799:147
1719:".
1061:'s
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686:Law
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