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1275:(Consul in Shanghai 1934–1939), and General Wilhelm Faupel (Ambassador to Spain 1936–37). Most diplomats were not believers in National Socialism, but during Nazi rule, many diplomats such as Neurath himself joined the NSDAP and/or the SS as an opportunistic way of improving their career prospects; such self-interested careerism was rampant amongst the German civil service in the Nazi period. Those diplomats involved in the attempts to overthrow Hitler such as Count
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1252:(State Secretary 1943–1945). The overlap in goals between the professional diplomats and the Nazis were well illustrated by the memo on what should be the foreign policy of the Hitler government written by Bülow in March 1933 calling for Germany to recover the borders of 1914 and all of the lost colonies, annexation of Austria, and German domination of Eastern Europe.
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historian Eckart Conze stated about the overlap in viewpoints between the diplomats and the Nazis: "...the top diplomats in the Weimar
Republic were opposed to a liberal political order and parliamentarianism. And then the Nazis built political and ideological bridges for them. They announced their intention to reverse the Treaty of Versailles and make the German
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747:/annum in order to join; by 1900, the requirement was 10,000 marks/annum and by 1912, a candidate needed at least 15,000 marks/annum to join. This requirement explains why so many German diplomats married richer women because without the wealth of their wives they would never had been able to join the
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was a "criminal organization" that was as every bit involved in the "Final
Solution of the Jewish Question" as the SS were. In another interview, Conze stated: "This document makes it clear that all officials in the Foreign Ministry—including low-level office clerks—knew about the mass persecution of
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because he believed his country deserved to lose the war on the account of the genocide it was waging against the Jews. Delattre stated that Kolbe really was a case of a diplomat being "sand in the machine" as Kolbe provided intelligence to help his country lose the war, but added sarcastically that
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were supposed to be non-political, but in practice the diplomats formed a "quite exclusive group" with extremely conservative views and values. For these men, unconditional loyalty to the state was the highest possible value, and though the majority of the diplomats were not ideological
National
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written by historians and released by the German government in
October 2010 shows that wartime-era diplomats played an important role in assisting the Nazis in carrying out the Holocaust, and disproved the claim often made after 1945 that German diplomats were "sand in the machine" who acted to
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All of the senior diplomats in the 1930s were veterans of the struggle to win
Germany "world power status" in the first years of the 20th century. Hitler's goal of making Germany into the world's greatest power was thus a foreign policy goal that the diplomats embraced quite headily. The German
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After
Germany's defeat in May 1945, the country was occupied and the German state was abolished by the Allies. The country was administered as four zones controlled respectively by the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union. In August 1949, a German government was
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can be seen that every State
Secretary during the Nazi era was a professional diplomat. The State Secretaries of Nazi Germany were Prince Bernhard von Bülow (State Secretary 1930–36), Count Hans Georg von Mackensen (State Secretary 1936–1938 and ambassador to Italy 1938–1942), Baron
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when he was not around. Bismarck would not accept opinions contrary to his own, and only those diplomats who were devoted to him rose to high rank. Bismarck greatly valued accurate information, and as such diplomats tended to report what they believed to be the truth back to Berlin.
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if every German civil servant really were "sand in the machine" as almost all of them claimed to be after 1945 that Hitler would never had managed to get anything done. Diplomats like Kolbe were very much the exception, not the rule.
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in the middle of the war. As the
Ottoman empire today would be considered a third world country with almost no modern industry, the Ottoman government was entirely dependent upon weapons from Germany to fight World War I, giving the
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had only three Jewish members, plus four Jews who had converted to
Lutheranism in order to improve their career prospects. If Jews were not formally excluded, Jewish candidates were rarely accepted because of a climate of snobbish
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900:, who would later become chancellor. This constant plotting and scheming between these factions weakened the execution of German foreign policy. As a whole, the Wilhelmstrasse was never entirely in charge of foreign policy in the
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a series of letters telling him that
Germany and the United States must join forces to stop the "yellow peril", especially Japan from conquering the world. It took the diplomats a long time to tell Wilhelm that Roosevelt was a
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619:'s Foreign Office in 1871. It is still the name of the German foreign ministry today. From 1871 to 1919, the Foreign Office was led by a Foreign Secretary, and since 1919, it has been led by the Foreign Minister of Germany.
216:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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1263:. Aside from Ribbentrop, who served as variously as Commissioner of Disarmament (1934–35), Extraordinary Ambassador-at-Large (1935–36), and Ambassador to Great Britain (1936–1938), the most notable of the "outsiders" were
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reestablished in the western zones, the Federal Republic of Germany, which in its first years had very limited powers. In October 1949, the German Democratic Republic was founded in what had been the Soviet zone. Whereas
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had two departments: one for political affairs and the other for economic, legal and consular matters. After Bismarck's dismissal in 1890, another department for colonial policy was established, spun off as the separate
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formed an elitist group can be seen that every single diplomat had a university degree (before the 1950s, most Germans did not go to university). The requirement that one had to have a university degree to enter the
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institution with Protestant candidates favored over Catholic candidates when it came to recruitment. Even more underrepresented were the Jews. During the Imperial period from 1871 to 1918, the
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and was enlarged by a newly built annex. The former ministry in Bonn was retained as a secondary seat. The Foreign Office has always stressed its continuity and traditions going back to 1870.
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came from upper-class families with a disproportionate number coming from the aristocracy. The overrepresentation of aristocrats together with its overwhelming upper-class character gave the
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would do everything within its power to persuade the governments of neutral and allied states to hand over their Jewish populations to be exterminated. Later on in 1942, Ambassador
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as State Secretary. That Bismarck appointed his son as State Secretary reflected his determination to be his own foreign minister, and his need for an utterly loyal man to run the
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a powerful form of leverage to apply against the Ottomans on behalf of the Armenians if only the political will in Berlin had been present. In a 2015 speech, the German president
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into one of the most prestigious institutions in Germany. Because of its upper-class composition, the diplomats could afford extremely expensive clothes, and the men of
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apologized for his country's inaction, stating that those diplomats who protested against the Armenian genocide were "ignored" by the leadership of
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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had belonged to the NSDAP, but justified their employment as: "I could not build up a Foreign Office without relying upon such skilled men". Upon
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after his return to Berlin; on his expenses claim, Rademacher described the purpose of his trip to Belgrade as the "liquidation of Jews". At the
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and needed to prove that one had a considerable private income. In 1880, a candidate had to prove that he had a private income of at least 6,000
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Departments. In the 19th century, it was believed that only aristocrats had the proper social standing and graces to correctly represent the
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s glamorous, stylist image. There were no female diplomats, and besides for the women employed as secretaries, clerks and cleaners, the
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was split into three factions competing against one another, namely one faction of men loyal to Bismarck, another faction loyal to
958:: "I do not blame the Turks for what they are doing to the Armenians... They are entirely justified". On September 28, 1915 Count
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into a world power. The majority of the diplomats were able to sign their names on to such a program." In March 1933, Baron
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A Spy at the Heart of the Third Reich: The Extraordinary Story of Fritz Kolbe, America's Most Important Spy in World War II
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Socialists, they served the Nazi regime loyally until the very end. The dominance of the traditional "insiders" at the
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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The income requirement to enter the AA was only dropped in 1918. Aristocrats were very much overrepresented in the
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1103:). The replacement of Schubert with Bülow marked the ascendency of the more nationalistic fraction within the
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were generally considered to the best dressed officials in the entire German government, contributing to the
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abroad as ambassadors, which explains why no commoner was ever appointed ambassador during the Imperial era.
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arranged for the deportation of 50,000 Slovak Jews to the death camps. In the spring of 1944, Ambassador
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1772:]. Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 109 (in German). De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
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attempted to form an alliance with the United States on the basis of the supposedly shared fear of the "
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1694:(1999). "The Structure of Nazi Foreign Policy 1933-1945". In Leitz, Christian; James, Harold (eds.).
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arranged for the deportation of 25,000 French Jews to the death camps in Poland while Ambassador
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Jews and were actively involved in the Holocaust. It was an open secret." In October 1941, when
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who favored a more confrontational foreign policy with regards to France. In May 1932 Baron
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British politicians with German diplomats in the garden of the Foreign Office in July 1931
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2257:"German foreign minister 'ashamed' of diplomats' role in Holocaust - Winnipeg Free Press"
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During the Neurath years (1932–1938), there were very few "outsiders" allowed into the
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who was not impressed with Wilhelm's call for an alliance based on anti-Asian racism.
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was appointed foreign minister in the "Cabinet of the President's Friends" headed by
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moderate the actions of the Nazi regime. In a 2010 interview, the German historian
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was very socially exclusive. To join, one needed a university degree, preferably in
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879:(World Politics), under which Germany sought to become the world's dominant power.
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responsible for both the country's foreign policy and its relationship with the
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2353:"Hitler's Diplomats Historian Calls Wartime Ministry A 'Criminal Organization'"
2101:"Hitler's Diplomats Historian Calls Wartime Ministry A 'Criminal Organization'"
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In 2000 the Foreign Office returned to Berlin where it took up quarters in the
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In addition to the ministry's headquarters in Berlin, Germany has established
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of Serbia, he submitted an expense claim for his trip to his superiors at the
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debate on 23 October 1952, Adenauer admitted that 66% of the diplomats of the
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starting in 1966, the office was usually connected with the position of the
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and a modern structure was established. It was now under the authority of a
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Secrets and Revelations: The German Foreign Ministry and the Final Solution
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Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection
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2010:
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
1732:. Translated by Cole, Terence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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In 2003, the French historian Lucas Delattre published a biography of
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2006:"Germany bears a 'responsibility' for Armenia 'genocide': president"
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had already been appointed the first minister of foreign affairs of
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Minister of Foreign Affairs, remained in charge of foreign affairs.
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766:. During the Imperial period, 69% of the 548 men who served in the
2239:"Report Confirms German Foreign Ministry Role in Holocaust - TIME"
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The Kaiser and His Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany
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The Kaiser: New Research on Wilhelm II's Role in Imperial Germany
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played a key role in having 400,000 Hungarian Jews deported to
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wrote that for those diplomats who chose to become involved in
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was responsible for the country's foreign policy under Emperor
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Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the German Democratic Republic
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served as Foreign Minister and continued to champion Brandt's
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was the name of the Foreign Office established in 1870 by the
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2467:. Translated by Holoch, George A. Grove/Atlantic. p. 2.
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View of the Foreign Office building from Französische Straße
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1267:(Ambassador to Austria 1934–1938 and to Turkey 1939–1944),
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In 1933, the vast majority of the diplomats serving in the
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from 1871 to 1945, Catholics were underrepresented in the
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in 1907. Bismarck in order to maintain his control of the
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in 1955. By and large, the men who had served in the new
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while also playing a crucial role in the preparation of
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for traditional reasons. In 1922, the Foreign Minister
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The reign of Emperor Wilhelm II was from 1888 to 1918.
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was much concerned during the Imperial period was the
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Additionally, during the entire duration of the "old"
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effectively guaranteed upper-class dominance of the
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In the first years of the German nation-state under
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2380:"Were German Diplomats Complicit in the Holocaust?"
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1762:Hürter, Johannes; Mayer, Michael, eds. (2014).
2275:"Niemcy: Szokujący raport. "To nas zawstydza""
1657:. In Mombauer, Annika; Deist, Wilhelm (eds.).
1653:Fiebig-von Hase, Ragnhild (17 November 2003).
729:Foreign Office on Wilhelmstraße 76, about 1880
234:accompanying your translation by providing an
200:Click for important translation instructions.
187:expand this article with text translated from
90:Please help improve this article, possibly by
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1372:took office as the first Foreign Minister in
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64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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2448:. New York: Crown Publishing, pp. 400–401.
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1995:, New York: HarperCollins, 2003 page 285.
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276:Learn how and when to remove this message
3996:Federal government ministries of Germany
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1467:2010 report by the historical commission
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1697:The Third Reich: The Essential Readings
1007:Foreign Office on Wilhelmstraße in 1927
325:Entrance to the Foreign Office building
2196:, New York: Random House, 1961 page 48
1631:List of diplomatic missions of Germany
1616:Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)
663:, who usually also held the office of
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2435:. New York: Crown Publishing, p. 356.
1765:Das Auswärtige Amt in der NS-Diktatur
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136:too many or overly lengthy quotations
7:
2627:Economic Cooperation and Development
2461:Delattre, Lucas (1 December 2007) .
2378:Moore, Tristana (October 27, 2010).
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1881:
1862:
1845:
1285:Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg
1250:Gustav Adolf Steengracht von Moyland
643:was established in 1870 to form the
452:Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs
94:the article and/or by introducing a
2602:Economic Affairs and Climate Action
2067:The Origins of the Second World War
1462:Further historiography and analysis
1029:was assassinated by members of the
2241:. October 29, 2010. Archived from
2221:"Telegraph-Journal | TJ.news"
25:
2194:The New Germany and the Old Nazis
2141:, New York: Norton, pages 490–491
1053:, which earned him—together with
892:, and yet another faction led by
596:district, the historic centre of
246:{{Translated|de|Auswärtiges Amt}}
45:This article has multiple issues.
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2014:. April 23, 2015. Archived from
1600:
1503:Government of National Salvation
1456:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
1333:Founding of the Federal Republic
1161:an elitist cachet, and made the
319:
310:
174:
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75:
34:
1328:Foreign Office building in Bonn
869:, and played a key role in the
98:, or discuss this issue on the
53:or discuss these issues on the
4011:Ministries established in 1870
1661:. Cambridge University Press.
1578:Diplomatic missions of Germany
1572:German representation overseas
960:Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff
244:You may also add the template
1:
2566:Federal Ministries of Germany
4006:Foreign relations of Germany
3960:Republic of China (Mainland)
2698:Foreign Ministers of Germany
1626:Foreign relations of Germany
1565:Office of Strategic Services
907:In the years 1904–1907, the
894:Prince Philipp von Eulenburg
532:[ˈaʊ̯sˌvɛʁtɪɡəsˈamt]
423:11,652 Foreign Service staff
3030:Federal Republic of Germany
2406:"The Machine's Accomplices"
2321:"The Machine's Accomplices"
1641:Ambassadors of Nazi Germany
1346:in 1949, due to the Allied
1230:Officially, the men of the
553:Federal Republic of Germany
352:; 73 years ago
27:Foreign ministry of Germany
4027:
4001:Foreign affairs ministries
2971:German Democratic Republic
1575:
1452:former Reichsbank building
1376:until he was succeeded by
1090:Bernhard Wilhelm von Bülow
928:Ottomans and the Armenians
840:Wilhelm II, German Emperor
837:
733:Right from the start, the
674:
649:North German Confederation
613:North German Confederation
208:Machine translation, like
3120:
2745:Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
2653:
2607:Labour and Social Affairs
2572:
1474:The Ministry and the Past
318:
309:
293:
189:the corresponding article
2042:Encyclopaedia Britannica
976:German-Ottoman relations
942:, especially during the
685:, the Foreign Office on
615:, which then became the
143:summarize the quotations
2760:Hatzfeldt zu Wildenburg
2444:Bloch, Michael (1992).
2431:Bloch, Michael (1992).
1805:www.auswaertiges-amt.de
1299:. The German historian
932:A nation with whom the
855:In the years preceding
651:, and from 1871 of the
567:. Since December 2021,
340:; 154 years ago
255:For more guidance, see
3991:Federal Foreign Office
3708:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2785:Tschirschky-Bögendorff
2642:Education and Research
1531:
1529:, who agreed that the
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1422:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
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1281:Adam von Trott zu Solz
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1111:Konstantin von Neurath
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3426:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3260:São Tomé and Príncipe
2637:Digital and Transport
2137:Kershaw, Ian (1998).
1823:www.bundeshaushalt.de
1700:. London: Blackwell.
1519:in January 1942, the
1445:
1378:Heinrich von Brentano
1327:
1144:
1051:French Third Republic
1006:
964:Paul Wolff Metternich
847:
728:
425:5,622 local employees
404:52.51472°N 13.39944°E
370:Government of Germany
257:Knowledge:Translation
228:copyright attribution
2953:Schwerin von Krosigk
2622:Food and Agriculture
2507:at Wikimedia Commons
2351:(October 27, 2010).
2099:(October 27, 2010).
1972:Fiebig-von Hase 2003
1960:Fiebig-von Hase 2003
1692:Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf
1432:German reunification
1414:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
1246:Ernst von Weizsäcker
999:Post-imperial period
956:Henry Morgenthau Sr.
708:Herbert von Bismarck
441:Minister responsible
436:6.302 billion (2021)
304:Auswärtiges Amt (AA)
18:Reich Foreign Office
3331:Antigua and Barbuda
2293:"Moshe Zimmermann.
2281:. October 28, 2010.
2261:Winnipeg Free Press
2245:on 29 October 2010.
1525:was represented by
1301:Hans-Adolf Jacobsen
1287:, Richard Kuenzer,
1119:Kurt von Schleicher
1031:Organisation Consul
952:Hans von Wangenheim
689:No. 76 next to the
400: /
379:Werderscher Markt 1
361:in the current form
290:
96:disambiguation page
3391:Dominican Republic
2854:Brockdorff-Rantzau
2825:Brockdorff-Rantzau
2414:. October 28, 2010
2329:. October 28, 2010
2309:on March 11, 2012.
2038:"Walther Rathenau"
1992:The Burning Tigris
1950:, p. 157-161.
1926:, p. 159-160.
1621:Cabinet of Germany
1590:around the world.
1545:Edmund Veesenmayer
1517:Wannsee Conference
1490:, stated that the
1471:A report entitled
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1348:occupation statute
1330:
1277:Ulrich von Hassell
1147:
1101:Bernhard von Bülow
1009:
917:Theodore Roosevelt
898:Bernhard von Bülow
850:
731:
706:appointed his son
409:52.51472; 13.39944
236:interlanguage link
3978:
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3205:Equatorial Guinea
3127:
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2795:Kiderlen-Waechter
2664:
2663:
2503:Media related to
2474:978-0-8021-9649-1
2065:Rothwell, Victor
1779:978-3-11-034543-8
1739:978-0-521-56504-2
1707:978-0-631-20700-9
1668:978-1-139-44060-8
1071:Carl von Schubert
1059:Nobel Peace Prize
1047:Gustav Stresemann
1035:Treaty of Rapallo
972:persona non grata
944:Armenian genocide
721:An exclusive club
697:Reichskolonialamt
691:Reich Chancellery
683:Otto von Bismarck
677:Otto von Bismarck
582:Werderscher Markt
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3898:Vatican City
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3647:Turkmenistan
3602:Saudi Arabia
3280:South Africa
3122:East Germany
3046:von Brentano
2927:Nazi Germany
2775:B. von Bülow
2717:(1871–1918)
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2518:(in English)
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2416:. Retrieved
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376:Headquarters
366:Jurisdiction
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141:Please help
133:
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47:Please help
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3929:New Zealand
3878:Switzerland
3823:Netherlands
3612:South Korea
3592:Philippines
3577:North Korea
3457:Afghanistan
3285:South Sudan
3094:Westerwelle
3012:de Maizière
2530:(in German)
2358:Der Spiegel
2106:Der Spiegel
1561:Fritz Kolbe
1541:Hanns Ludin
1507:Milan Nedić
1505:of General
1368:Chancellor
1304: [
1269:Hans Luther
1093: [
1074: [
922:Japanophile
896:and Prince
876:Weltpolitik
857:World War I
628:Early years
585: [
407: /
196:(July 2022)
3985:Categories
3970:Yugoslavia
3818:Montenegro
3798:Luxembourg
3693:Azerbaijan
3652:Uzbekistan
3632:Tajikistan
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3467:Bangladesh
3381:Costa Rica
3275:Somaliland
3265:Seychelles
3240:Mauritania
3098:Steinmeier
3089:Steinmeier
3084:J. Fischer
3002:O. Fischer
2974:(1949–90)
2943:Ribbentrop
2930:(1933–45)
2894:Stresemann
2846:(1918–33)
2805:Zimmermann
2780:Richthofen
2446:Ribbentrop
2433:Ribbentrop
2418:2011-07-07
2391:2011-07-07
2364:2011-07-07
2333:2011-07-07
2112:2011-07-07
2022:2015-06-18
1788:References
1726:(1994) ].
1588:consulates
1537:Otto Abetz
1427:Ostpolitik
1313:Widerstand
1057:—the 1926
867:Wilhelm II
834:Wilhelm II
817:Protestant
782:aristocrat
661:Chancellor
633:Foundation
577:Heiko Maas
563:. It is a
528:pronounced
474:Katja Keul
395:13°23′58″E
392:52°30′53″N
159:March 2017
151:Wikisource
108:March 2017
50:improve it
3914:Australia
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3617:Sri Lanka
3607:Singapore
3502:Indonesia
3441:Venezuela
3396:Guatemala
3336:Argentina
2987:Ackermann
2982:Dertinger
2889:Rosenberg
2770:Marschall
2483:948034826
1948:Röhl 1994
1936:Röhl 1994
1924:Röhl 1994
1912:Röhl 1994
1897:Röhl 1994
1882:Röhl 1994
1863:Röhl 1994
1846:Röhl 1994
1748:868562991
1716:851117719
1584:embassies
1549:Auschwitz
1396:Bundestag
1320:Post-WWII
603:The term
547:, is the
516:‹See Tfd›
420:Employees
296:‹See Tfd›
250:talk page
191:in German
147:Wikiquote
134:contains
100:talk page
92:splitting
56:talk page
3924:Kiribati
3863:Slovenia
3858:Slovakia
3838:Portugal
3713:Bulgaria
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3587:Pakistan
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3190:Botswana
3112:Baerbock
3075:Genscher
3066:Genscher
3051:Schröder
3041:Adenauer
2884:Rathenau
2810:Kühlmann
2765:Bismarck
2740:Radowitz
2592:Interior
1753:29 March
1682:29 March
1677:57567237
1594:See also
1364:Adenauer
1283:, Count
950:, Baron
786:Colonial
774:noblemen
671:Bismarck
665:Prussian
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