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1083:) of the parliament below can also be seen from inside the dome, and natural light from above radiates down to the parliament floor. A large sun shield tracks the movement of the sun electronically and blocks direct sunlight which would not only cause large solar gain, but dazzle those below. Construction work was finished in 1999 and the seat of parliament was transferred to the
759:
was modified into a legislative chamber and served as the location of all parliamentary sessions, whilst the
Reichstag building became the setting for political exhibitions. In 1939, the library and archive were moved elsewhere, and the windows bricked up as the building was made into a fortress. By
880:
In 1956, after some debate, the West German government decided that the
Reichstag should not be torn down, but be restored instead under the guidance of Paul Baumgarten. The cupola of the original building, which had also been heavily damaged in the war, was dismantled, and the outside façade made
995:
During the reconstruction, the building was first almost completely gutted, taking out everything except the outer walls, including all changes made by
Baumgarten in the 1960s. Respect for the historic aspects of the building was one of the conditions stipulated to the architects, so traces of
1009:
996:
historical events were to be retained in a visible state. Among them were bullet holes and graffiti left by Soviet soldiers after the final battle for Berlin in April–May 1945. However, graffiti considered offensive was removed, in agreement with
Russian diplomats at the time.
613:("To the German People") were placed above the main façade of the building, much to the displeasure of Wilhelm II, who had tried to block the adding of the inscription for its democratic significance. During the revolutionary days of 1918, two days before
576:
of each kingdom, as well as smaller devices representing various German city-states, flanked the main entrance, celebrating the process of unification. Some of the
Reichstag's decorative sculptures, reliefs, and inscriptions were by sculptor
283:
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686:
1029:
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its capital, violating this provision. Until 1990, the building was thus used only for occasional representative meetings, and one-off events, such as a free concert given by
British rock band
642:
992:
in 1995, attracting millions of visitors. The project was financed by the artists through the sale of preparatory drawings and collages, as well as early works of the 1950s and 1960s.
2145:
556:. Wallot adorned the building's façade with crowns and eagles symbolising imperial strength. The building's four corner towers represented the four German kingdoms at unification,
2018:
1761:
2811:
1003:, not least because of the huge glass dome that was erected on the roof as a gesture to the original 1894 cupola, giving an impressive view over the city, especially at night.
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and many others. The event included huge firework displays. The following day the parliament of the united
Germany assembled as a symbolic act in the Reichstag building.
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1053:
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had not yet been decided upon. Only after a fierce debate, considered by many as one of the most memorable sessions of parliament, on 20 June 1991, did the
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1214:
974:
379:
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Reconstruction was completed in 1999, with the
Bundestag convening there officially for the first time on 19 April of that year. The Reichstag is now
600:, took a more jaundiced view of parliamentary democracy than his grandfather. The original building was acclaimed for the construction of an original
490:
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1891:
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394:, on 19 April 1999. A landmark of the city is the redesigned walk-in glass dome above the plenary chamber, proposed by artist and architect
378:
prevented its use as a parliament building by either of the two
Germanies. From 1995 to 1999, the Reichstag was fundamentally redesigned by
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1317:
1286:
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1434:
1984:
778:
668:
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1912:
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966:
636:, when workers tried to protest against a law that would restrict their rights; it was the bloodiest demonstration in German history.
374:
After the war, the building was modernised and restored in the 1960s and used for exhibitions and special events, as its location in
1947:
1869:
1850:
801:
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of steel and glass, considered an engineering feat at the time. But its mixture of architectural styles drew widespread criticism.
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2099:
628:
from one of the balconies of the
Reichstag building on 9 November. The building continued to be the seat of the parliament of the
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2537:
503:
4. In 1872, an architectural contest with 103 participating architects was carried out to erect a new building, a contest won by
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agitators. He used it as a pretext to claim that Communists were plotting against the German government, and induced President
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1993:
1939:
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1918:
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was asked to include a dome solution in his draft reconstruction proposal, which he included in his 10 February 1995 plans.
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The large glass dome at the very top of the Reichstag has a 360° view of the surrounding Berlin cityscape. The main hall (
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The Reichstag covered in scaffolding during its reconstruction, August 1998. The new dome can be seen above the roofline.
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104:
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The artistic and practical value of his work was the subject of much debate after German reunification. Under the 1971
359:. The 1933 fire became a pivotal event in the entrenchment of the Nazi regime. The building took further damage during
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31:
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888:, Berlin was formally outside the bounds of either East or West Germany, and so the West German parliament, the
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755:, the building was not used for parliamentary sessions for the next 12 years of Nazi rule. Instead, the nearby
707:
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276:
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In 1882, another architectural contest was held, with 200 architects participating. This time, the winner—the
347:. The Reich's Federal Council also originally met there. The building was initially used by the Reichstag for
881:
simpler with the removal of ornaments and statues. Reconstruction started in 1961, and was complete by 1971.
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1960:
Rabinbach, Anson (2008). "Staging Antifascism: The Brown Book of the Reichstag Fire and Hitler Terror".
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in 1871. Starting in 1871, and for the next 23 years, the parliament met in the former property of the
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867:, an enormous number of West Berliners assembled before the building on 9 September 1948, and Mayor
48:
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1987:[At the gates of power. The demonstration on January 13, 1920 in front of the Reichstag]
1000:
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1762:"Touring the Reichstag: How Germany and Sir Norman Foster Gave the Building Back to the Public"
896:, was not allowed to assemble formally in West Berlin. This prohibition was obeyed even though
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suspending civil liberties, and pursue a "ruthless confrontation" with the Communists.
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632:(1919–1933), which was still called the Reichstag. Up to 42 protesters died during the
454:
has not been used by German parliaments since World War II. In today's usage, the word
441:
352:
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1943, the building was used as a hospital, and a radio tube manufacturing facility by
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on 29 August 1981. It was also used for a widely lauded permanent exhibition about
897:
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360:
348:
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Photos of the Reichstag from 1989 and Photos of the 1945 Battle for the Reichstag.
1985:"Vor den Toren der Macht. Die Demonstration am 13. Januar 1920 vor dem Reichstag"
1902:
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1669:"Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Final Project Arrives amid Growing Market Interest"
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1975:
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2006:
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The Reichstag building in 1970, before reconstruction. Note the missing dome.
126:
113:
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2014:
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588:, at the east side of the Königsplatz. Before construction was completed by
585:
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in April of that year. The dome is open to visitors by prior registration.
30:
This article is about the building in Berlin, Germany. For other uses, see
1791:
www.reichstag.de "Registering to visit the dome of the Reichstag Building"
521:), which was then occupied by the palace of a Polish-Prussian aristocrat,
2037:
Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Reichstag fire".
934:
ceremony on 3 October 1990 was held at the Reichstag building, including
856:
769:
364:
1405:
1403:
821:
Graffiti left by Soviet soldiers on the walls of the Reichstag, May 1945
440:, which left the building (and ceased to act as a parliament) after the
1571:
1047:
The Reichstag as seen from the north-east in 2017, after reconstruction
2118:
2069:
728:. Despite the firefighters' efforts, most of the building was gutted.
2155:
956:
601:
89:
355:
of 1933 prevented further use and the Reichstag moved to the nearby
1272:
The Transparent State: Architecture and Politics in Postwar Germany
736:, was the apparent culprit; however, Hitler attributed the fire to
2163:
713:
1904:
Republic to Reich: The Making of the Nazi Revolution; Ten Essays
970:
717:
692:
The Reichstag building, constitution celebration, 11 August 1932
2127:
2094:
1124:
The Reichstag's west facade and illuminated dome at night from
716:
attack on the Reichstag building, precisely four weeks after
1211:"Reichstag, New German Parliament | Foster + Partners"
544:
project executed. The direct model for Wallot's design was
1251:, Volume 1, New York: The New York Review of Books, 2007,
584:
On 29 June 1884, the foundation stone was finally laid by
382:
for its permanent use as a parliament building in the now
1884:
Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945
772:
to capture, due to its perceived symbolic significance.
363:, and its symbolism made it an important target for the
386:
Germany. The keys were ceremonially handed over to the
1409:
965:
conclude with quite a slim majority in favour of both
877:("You people of the world...look upon this city...").
768:
in 1945, it became one of the central targets for the
327:
building was constructed between 1884 and 1894 in the
2041:. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press.
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176:
168:
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103:
95:
85:
77:
72:
41:
2528:Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars
874:"Ihr Völker der Welt... schaut auf diese Stadt..."
483:Construction of the building began well after the
339:. It housed both the Reichstag legislature of the
304:), a historic legislative government building on
1310:"Germany Fails in Effort To Keep Builder Afloat"
63:, can be seen on the frieze above the entrance.
1936:The Berlin Police Force in the Weimar Republic
1700:"BERLIN 2021 | The Bundestag in the Reichstag"
1599:"Reichstag | History & Facts | Britannica"
2139:
1001:the second most visited attraction in Germany
967:government and parliament returning to Berlin
529:. That property was unavailable at the time.
420:. The building was built for the Diet of the
8:
1084:
960:
917:
889:
872:
859:emerged, the building was physically within
653:
608:
522:
516:
508:
496:
488:
465:
455:
449:
407:
270:
54:
2812:Buildings and structures destroyed by arson
1667:Mun-Delsalle, Y.-Jean (14 September 2021).
1644:. Christo and Jeanne Claude. Archived from
1015:The Reichstag building during the official
674:The Reichstag building on the Königsplatz,
289:
2802:Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin
2146:
2132:
2124:
2119:Panoramic view of The Reichstag (building)
2113:Reichstag and vicinity at dawn, July 1971.
1843:Der Reichstag: Symbol Deutscher Geschichte
470:(Federal Diet) refers to the institution.
38:
1467:
27:Seat of the federal parliament of Germany
1503:
846:
626:proclaimed the institution of a republic
2307:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
1455:
1431:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1382:
1202:
1091:
1005:
774:
638:
464:) refers mainly to the building, while
312:. It is also the meeting place of the
201:61,166 m (658,390 sq ft)
2767:Government buildings completed in 1894
1728:
1627:
1527:
1515:
1491:
1479:
1394:
1235:
634:Reichstag Bloodbath of 13 January 1920
592:in 1894, Wilhelm I died (in 1888, the
491:Königliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Berlin
1921:from the original on 16 December 2023
1370:
1160:List of tourist attractions in Berlin
871:held a famous speech that ended with
275:
253:
7:
2024:from the original on 15 January 2020
1772:from the original on 16 October 2023
1710:from the original on 16 October 2023
1679:from the original on 16 October 2023
1217:from the original on 30 October 2019
2039:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
1642:"Wrapped Reichstag Berlin, 1971–95"
955:However, at that time, the role of
833:Ruins of the Reichstag building in
2772:Buildings and structures in Berlin
1579:from the original on 18 April 2023
1275:. London: Routledge. p. 181.
1269:Barnstone, Deborah Ascher (2004).
984:by the Bulgarian-American artists
712:On 27 February 1933, there was an
81:Platz der Republik 1, 11011 Berlin
25:
2057:Reichstag: A Dome for the Capital
1609:from the original on 16 June 2023
1547:from the original on 27 July 2018
1541:"Barclay James Harvest Biography"
1437:from the original on 31 July 2018
1320:from the original on 9 March 2014
1308:Schmid, John (24 November 1999).
980:Before reconstruction began, the
922:("Questions on German history").
919:Fragen an die deutsche Geschichte
802:Raising a Flag over the Reichstag
479:Imperial and Weimar Republic eras
2691:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
2589:Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial
2419:
2095:Website of the German parliament
1289:from the original on 21 May 2022
1139:
1117:
1094:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1008:
826:
814:
793:
777:
685:
667:
641:
552:, the main building of the 1876
47:
2817:Government buildings in Germany
2797:Government buildings with domes
2782:Legislative buildings in Europe
2115:From the "Berlin 1969" website.
1567:"Tangerine Dream - Berlin 1981"
1342:, New York: Basic Books, 2000,
224:
159:
2807:Seats of national legislatures
2498:Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church
1994:Arbeit - Bewegung - Geschichte
1940:University of California Press
1059:The Reichstag viewed from the
886:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
444:and never returned, using the
432:. The latter would become the
331:on the left bank of the River
308:in Berlin, is the seat of the
1:
2787:Foster and Partners buildings
2777:Tourist attractions in Berlin
2312:Monument to Freedom and Unity
2243:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1882:Hamilton, A. Stephan (2008).
1845:(in German). Berlin: be.bra.
1800:. Retrieved 29 September 2011
1249:Makers of Modern Architecture
1155:List of legislative buildings
675:
424:, which was succeeded by the
277:[ˈʁaɪçstaːksɡəˌbɔʏdə]
2513:Museum Europäischer Kulturen
1698:Timothy (19 December 2021).
1101:The Reichstag building with
507:. The plan incorporated the
1862:Stalin and German Communism
1410:Zenter & Bedurftig 1997
863:, but in ruins. During the
617:ended and just hours after
596:). His eventual successor,
351:, but severe damage in the
2833:
2488:Haus der Kulturen der Welt
1983:Weipert, Axel (May 2012).
1864:. Transaction Publishers.
1186:Reichstag (disambiguation)
1072:
1021:flags of all German states
786:Reichstag building on fire
701:
607:In 1916, the iconic words
388:President of the Bundestag
335:to plans by the architect
29:
2704:
2417:
2075:17 September 2023 at the
1976:10.1215/0094033X-2007-021
1820:Berlin: The Downfall 1945
1796:23 September 2011 at the
1170:Christo and Jeanne-Claude
908:on 30 August 1980 and by
654:
523:
517:
509:
497:
489:
412:, when used to connote a
343:and the Reichstag of the
68:
46:
2473:Freie Universität Berlin
2458:Berlin Zoological Garden
2362:Vorderasiatisches Museum
1934:Liang, Hsi-huey (1970).
1841:Cullen, Michael (2015).
1109:'s glass dome seen from
708:Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
540:—would actually see his
2154:Visitor attractions in
1482:, p. 380, 390–397.
206:Design and construction
180:47 m (154 ft)
2533:Schloss Charlottenburg
2518:Natural History Museum
2396:St. Hedwig's Cathedral
1901:Holborn, Hajo (1972).
1427:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1175:National Diet Building
1085:
961:
946:Richard von Weizsäcker
918:
890:
873:
852:
609:
594:Year of Three Emperors
485:unification of Germany
466:
456:
450:
408:
271:
246:
55:
2599:German-Russian Museum
2357:Museum of Islamic Art
1860:Fisher, Ruth (1948).
982:Reichstag was wrapped
906:Barclay James Harvest
850:
746:Reichstag Fire Decree
730:Marinus van der Lubbe
726:Chancellor of Germany
590:Philipp Holzmann A.G.
554:Centennial Exhibition
255:[ˈʁaɪçsˌtaːk]
127:52.51861°N 13.37611°E
2792:Landmarks in Germany
2671:Charlottenhof Palace
2503:Kaufhaus des Westens
2406:Topography of Terror
2342:Oranienburger Straße
2194:Berlin Wall Memorial
2184:Alte Nationalgalerie
2064:27 July 2023 at the
1750:Berlin International
1423:"The Reichstag Fire"
1357:10 June 2016 at the
1017:German reunification
948:, former Chancellor
932:German reunification
619:Wilhelm's abdication
525:Athanasius Raczyński
416:, dates back to the
318:President of Germany
172:1961–1964, 1992–1999
153:Construction started
61:To the German people
18:Reichstag (building)
2729:Transport in Berlin
2686:Potsdam Roman Baths
2663:Metropolitan region
2651:Soviet War Memorial
2538:Soviet War Memorial
2287:Humboldt University
2081:Haus der Geschichte
1963:New German Critique
1955:- Total pages: 252
1886:. Helion & Co.
1630:, p. 185, 197.
973:. On 21 June 1994,
837:Berlin, 3 June 1945
742:Paul von Hindenburg
734:"council communist"
623:Philipp Scheidemann
610:Dem deutschen Volke
572:, and the heraldic
329:Tiergarten district
316:, which elects the
123: /
73:General information
56:Dem deutschen Volke
2762:Reichstag building
2478:Gas Lantern Museum
2451:Bundespräsidialamt
2369:Platz der Republik
2226:Checkpoint Charlie
1907:. Pantheon Books.
1877:- Total pages: 687
1746:2 May 2015 at the
1731:, p. 203–205.
1603:www.britannica.com
1530:, p. 158–169.
1518:, p. 139–148.
1494:, p. 121–138.
1338:David Clay Large,
1314:The New York Times
1126:Platz der Republik
853:
788:, 27 February 1933
518:Platz der Republik
448:instead; the term
314:Federal Convention
306:Platz der Republik
132:52.51861; 13.37611
2749:
2748:
2594:East Side Gallery
2553:Tempelhof Airport
2463:Botanical Gardens
2401:Staatsoper Berlin
2292:Kronprinzenpalais
1956:
1893:978-1-906033-12-5
1878:
1833:978-0-14-028696-0
1648:on 27 August 2007
1470:, p. 97–126.
1348:978-0-465-02646-3
1257:978-1-59017-227-8
757:Kroll Opera House
446:Kroll Opera House
418:Holy Roman Empire
357:Kroll Opera House
299:Imperial Assembly
272:Reichstagsgebäude
235:
234:
185:Technical details
16:(Redirected from
2824:
2548:Tauentzienstraße
2423:
2411:Unter den Linden
2270:Hackescher Markt
2221:Brandenburg Gate
2148:
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1247:Filler, Martin,
1245:
1239:
1238:, p. 17–25.
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1121:
1098:
1088:
1081:debating chamber
1056:
1044:
1032:
1023:, 3 October 1990
1012:
964:
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895:
876:
835:postwar occupied
830:
818:
797:
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766:Battle of Berlin
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369:Battle of Berlin
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2609:Köpenick Palace
2604:Karl-Marx-Allee
2577:
2543:Spandau Citadel
2446:Bellevue Palace
2441:Aquarium Berlin
2424:
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2374:Potsdamer Platz
2352:Pergamon Museum
2253:Friedrichstraße
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1099:
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807:Yevgeny Khaldei
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702:Main articles:
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621:was announced,
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325:Neo-Renaissance
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2089:External links
2087:
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2084:
2070:Sites of Unity
2053:
2047:
2034:
1980:
1957:
1948:
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1914:978-0394471228
1913:
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1468:Rabinbach 2008
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1448:
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1073:Main article:
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751:Following the
704:Reichstag fire
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353:Reichstag fire
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1970:(1): 97–126.
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1949:9780520016033
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1852:9783898091145
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1824:Penguin Books
1821:
1817:
1813:
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1760:Martin, Guy.
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1504:Hamilton 2008
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1384:
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1373:, p. 98.
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1181:Reichskanzlei
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1063:, August 2024
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1061:Spree (river)
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926:Reunification
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764:. During the
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747:
744:to issue the
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662:on the right)
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550:Memorial Hall
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380:Norman Foster
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341:German Empire
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268:Plenarbereich
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40:
37:
33:
19:
2636:Stasi Museum
2620:Molecule Man
2618:
2568:Viktoriapark
2483:Hauptbahnhof
2385:
2332:Neues Museum
2258:Tränenpalast
2199:Berliner Dom
2189:Altes Museum
2101:
2056:
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2001:(2): 16–32.
1998:
1992:
1967:
1961:
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1903:
1883:
1861:
1842:
1819:
1808:Bibliography
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1765:
1755:
1736:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1704:Trip By Trip
1703:
1693:
1681:. Retrieved
1672:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:the original
1635:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1602:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1570:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1456:Holborn 1972
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1426:
1417:
1390:
1383:Weipert 2012
1378:
1366:
1339:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1313:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1271:
1264:
1248:
1243:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1205:
1078:
998:
994:
979:
954:
950:Willy Brandt
929:
898:East Germany
883:
879:
869:Ernst Reuter
854:
809:, 2 May 1945
800:
750:
722:Adolf Hitler
711:
606:
583:
579:Otto Lessing
574:coat of arms
546:Philadelphia
531:
482:
438:Nazi Germany
405:
373:
361:World War II
349:Nazi Germany
322:
267:
238:
236:
226:Architect(s)
211:Architect(s)
86:Town or city
60:
36:
2724:Spree River
2709:Berlin Wall
2626:Müggelberge
2379:Sony Center
2297:Kulturforum
2282:Hotel Adlon
2248:Fernsehturm
2216:Bode Museum
2177:Weltzeituhr
1729:Cullen 2015
1628:Cullen 2015
1528:Cullen 2015
1516:Cullen 2015
1492:Cullen 2015
1480:Beevor 2003
1395:Fisher 1948
1236:Cullen 2015
939:Helmut Kohl
902:East Berlin
861:West Berlin
698:Nazi period
679: 1900
650:Königsplatz
615:World War I
570:Württemberg
542:Neo-Baroque
538:Paul Wallot
511:Königsplatz
376:West Berlin
367:during the
337:Paul Wallot
215:Paul Wallot
190:Floor count
156:9 June 1884
130: /
105:Coordinates
2756:Categories
2676:New Palace
2614:Uber Arena
2558:Tiergarten
2302:Lustgarten
2238:DDR Museum
2048:0306807939
2028:15 January
1371:Liang 1970
1221:29 October
1192:References
936:Chancellor
732:, a Dutch
598:Wilhelm II
536:architect
460:(Imperial
251:pronounced
198:Floor area
118:13°22′34″E
115:52°31′07″N
59:, meaning
2719:Landmarks
2696:Sanssouci
2386:Reichstag
2102:Reichstag
2007:1610-093X
1776:8 October
1741:Reichstag
1714:8 October
1683:8 October
1613:8 October
1086:Bundestag
962:Bundestag
943:President
892:Bundestag
855:When the
738:Communist
655:Raczyński
652:with the
586:Wilhelm I
534:Frankfurt
515:(today's
467:Bundestag
457:Reichstag
451:Reichstag
442:1933 fire
434:Reichstag
426:Reichstag
409:Reichstag
406:The term
402:Etymology
384:reunified
247:Reichstag
239:Reichstag
169:Renovated
161:Completed
147:Bundestag
42:Reichstag
32:Reichstag
2100:Wrapped
2083:), 2022.
2073:Archived
2062:Archived
2019:Archived
2015:49930935
1925:27 April
1919:Archived
1818:(2003).
1794:Archived
1770:Archived
1744:Archived
1708:Archived
1677:Archived
1607:Archived
1583:18 April
1577:Archived
1545:Archived
1441:27 April
1435:Archived
1355:Archived
1324:31 March
1318:Archived
1287:Archived
1259:, p. 226
1215:Archived
1177:of Japan
1133:See also
857:Cold War
843:Cold War
770:Red Army
365:Red Army
2714:Culture
2573:Wannsee
1652:25 June
1572:YouTube
1293:4 March
1105:'s and
986:Christo
916:called
720:leader
562:Bavaria
558:Prussia
474:History
428:of the
293:
99:Germany
96:Country
78:Address
2739:S-Bahn
2734:U-Bahn
2231:museum
2156:Berlin
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2013:
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1766:Forbes
1346:
1340:Berlin
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957:Berlin
602:cupola
566:Saxony
243:German
177:Height
90:Berlin
2164:Mitte
2022:(PDF)
1989:(PDF)
1673:Artsy
1551:2 May
1352:p. 59
1197:Notes
969:from
805:, by
714:arson
495:, at
333:Spree
2068:In:
2043:ISBN
2030:2020
2011:OCLC
2003:ISSN
1944:ISBN
1927:2023
1909:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1778:2023
1716:2023
1685:2023
1654:2009
1615:2023
1585:2023
1553:2020
1443:2023
1344:ISBN
1326:2013
1295:2021
1277:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1223:2019
1069:Dome
971:Bonn
784:The
718:Nazi
706:and
648:The
568:and
462:Diet
414:diet
323:The
290:lit.
237:The
164:1894
1972:doi
762:AEG
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