201:(IV) in each message packet. The RC4 key for that packet is the IV concatenated with the WEP key. WEP keys have to be changed manually and this typically happens infrequently. An attacker therefore can assume that all the keys used to encrypt packets share a single WEP key. This fact opened up WEP to a series of attacks which proved devastating. The simplest to understand uses the fact that the 24-bit IV only allows a little under 17 million possibilities. Because of the
2024:
237:(TKIP) to create new working keys frequently enough to thwart known attack methods. The working keys are then combined with a longer, 48-bit IV to form the RC4 key for each packet. This design mimics the WEP approach enough to allow WPA to be used with first-generation Wi-Fi network cards, some of which implemented portions of WEP in hardware. However, not all first-generation access points can run WPA.
29:
145:
whose values are initially unknown, but where some mathematical relationship connecting the keys is known to the attacker. For example, the attacker might know that the last 80 bits of the keys are always the same, even though they don't know, at first, what the bits are.
221:
One approach to preventing related-key attacks is to design protocols and applications so that encryption keys will never have a simple relationship with each other. For example, each encryption key can be generated from the underlying key material using a
255:, but unlike those against RC4, they're far from practical to implement, and WPA2's key generation functions may provide some security against them. Many older network cards cannot run WPA2.
289:
Kelsey, John, Bruce
Schneier, and David Wagner. "Key-schedule cryptanalysis of idea, g-des, gost, safer, and triple-des." Advances in Cryptology"CRYPTO’96. Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, 1996.
205:, it is likely that for every 4096 packets, two will share the same IV and hence the same RC4 key, allowing the packets to be attacked. More devastating attacks take advantage of certain
2064:
2004:
1834:
233:(WPA), uses three levels of keys: master key, working key and RC4 key. The master WPA key is shared with each client and access point and is used in a protocol called
1687:
1305:
2057:
1244:
325:
165:
were introduced by Biham and Shamir. Related key attacks were first introduced by Biham. Differential related key attacks are discussed in Kelsey et al.
1550:
2050:
1071:
427:
240:
Another, more conservative approach is to employ a cipher designed to prevent related-key attacks altogether, usually by incorporating a strong
1061:
555:
182:
962:
1224:
1198:
1066:
46:
1039:
2110:
1680:
1612:
1298:
197:. It is essential that the same key never be used twice with a stream cipher. To prevent this from happening, WEP includes a 24-bit
154:
KASUMI is an eight round, 64-bit block cipher with a 128-bit key. It is based upon MISTY1 and was designed to form the basis of the
112:
2098:
1208:
318:
93:
2140:
1087:
234:
210:
65:
2163:
1883:
1607:
1597:
1265:
50:
72:
1673:
1291:
355:
252:
245:
1999:
1954:
1767:
1151:
311:
79:
1878:
1581:
1440:
1168:
1078:
1056:
369:
39:
1994:
1173:
1029:
982:
457:
2115:
2105:
1984:
1974:
1829:
1576:
1239:
1121:
996:
365:
280:
Biham, Eli. "New types of cryptanalytic attacks using related keys." Journal of
Cryptology 7.4 (1994): 229-246.
174:
61:
2093:
1979:
1969:
1772:
1732:
1725:
1715:
1710:
1178:
967:
338:
223:
161:
Mark
Blunden and Adrian Escott described differential related key attacks on five and six rounds of KASUMI.
2122:
2088:
1720:
1270:
1146:
1141:
1093:
230:
213:
publicly demonstrated the ability to do this with widely available software tools in about three minutes.
942:
2027:
1873:
1819:
1648:
1622:
1475:
1260:
1083:
520:
198:
186:
1989:
1913:
1643:
1163:
1046:
972:
655:
635:
162:
2127:
1752:
1571:
1126:
1103:
422:
17:
1858:
1842:
1789:
1638:
1019:
731:
660:
630:
575:
142:
173:
An important example of a cryptographic protocol that failed because of a related-key attack is
86:
1918:
1908:
1779:
831:
530:
490:
485:
452:
412:
360:
209:
in RC4 and eventually allow the WEP key itself to be recovered. In 2005, agents from the U.S.
1853:
1420:
1203:
1098:
977:
836:
716:
685:
379:
202:
1540:
1535:
1510:
1384:
1050:
1034:
1023:
957:
916:
881:
811:
791:
665:
545:
540:
495:
1928:
1848:
1809:
1757:
1742:
1602:
1455:
1410:
1188:
1136:
947:
932:
871:
866:
751:
500:
2157:
2077:
2009:
1964:
1923:
1903:
1799:
1762:
1737:
1555:
1515:
1495:
1485:
1450:
1314:
1183:
1131:
1010:
992:
781:
756:
746:
570:
560:
407:
194:
134:
2073:
1959:
1804:
1794:
1784:
1747:
1696:
1116:
937:
901:
766:
645:
600:
432:
384:
334:
248:
241:
126:
2042:
1938:
1490:
1348:
726:
721:
605:
28:
1898:
1868:
1863:
1824:
1617:
1158:
876:
816:
700:
695:
640:
510:
373:
1888:
1530:
1460:
1394:
891:
886:
776:
690:
585:
565:
1933:
1893:
1343:
1229:
1193:
987:
650:
525:
505:
417:
206:
189:
in a WEP-protected network shares the same WEP key. Encryption uses the
1389:
1363:
1338:
896:
846:
806:
796:
741:
736:
580:
389:
1814:
1480:
1445:
1415:
1379:
1234:
856:
851:
786:
771:
761:
706:
680:
675:
670:
550:
535:
138:
16:"Related key" redirects here. For the concept in music theory, see
1525:
952:
911:
861:
841:
826:
615:
595:
515:
480:
178:
1545:
1520:
1470:
1465:
1333:
1328:
801:
710:
625:
620:
610:
590:
462:
447:
2046:
1669:
1287:
307:
1505:
1500:
1353:
906:
821:
442:
437:
190:
22:
244:. A newer version of Wi-Fi Protected Access, WPA2, uses the
155:
271:
Matsui, M., "New block encryption algorithm MISTY", 1997
1835:
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
295:
1947:
1703:
1631:
1590:
1564:
1433:
1403:
1372:
1362:
1321:
1253:
1217:
1006:
925:
471:
398:
346:
251:instead of RC4, in part for this reason. There are
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
137:where the attacker can observe the operation of a
2058:
1681:
1299:
319:
8:
2065:
2051:
2043:
1688:
1674:
1666:
1369:
1306:
1292:
1284:
326:
312:
304:
300:
296:
158:confidentiality and integrity algorithms.
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
264:
7:
229:For example, a replacement for WEP,
51:adding citations to reliable sources
14:
2023:
2022:
181:wireless networks. Each client
27:
253:related-key attacks against AES
235:Temporal Key Integrity Protocol
211:Federal Bureau of Investigation
38:needs additional citations for
1884:Information-theoretic security
217:Preventing related-key attacks
1:
1598:block ciphers in stream mode
2000:Message authentication code
1955:Cryptographic hash function
1768:Cryptographic hash function
2180:
1879:Harvest now, decrypt later
1582:alternating step generator
15:
2084:
2018:
1995:Post-quantum cryptography
1665:
1283:
1209:Time/memory/data tradeoff
303:
299:
1985:Quantum key distribution
1975:Authenticated encryption
1830:Random number generation
1577:self-shrinking generator
997:Whitening transformation
175:Wired Equivalent Privacy
141:under several different
1980:Public-key cryptography
1970:Symmetric-key algorithm
1773:Key derivation function
1733:Cryptographic primitive
1726:Authentication protocol
1716:Outline of cryptography
1711:History of cryptography
968:Confusion and diffusion
224:key derivation function
1721:Cryptographic protocol
231:Wi-Fi Protected Access
2164:Cryptographic attacks
1874:End-to-end encryption
1820:Cryptojacking malware
1649:stream cipher attacks
1261:Initialization vector
199:initialization vector
187:wireless access point
183:Wi-Fi network adapter
1990:Quantum cryptography
1914:Trusted timestamping
1644:correlation immunity
1040:3-subset MITM attack
656:Intel Cascade Cipher
636:Hasty Pudding cipher
163:Differential attacks
62:"Related-key attack"
47:improve this article
1753:Cryptographic nonce
1572:shrinking generator
1322:Widely used ciphers
1079:Differential-linear
18:Closely related key
1859:Subliminal channel
1843:Pseudorandom noise
1790:Key (cryptography)
1639:correlation attack
1152:Differential-fault
370:internal mechanics
131:related-key attack
2151:
2150:
2106:Chosen-ciphertext
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
1919:Key-based routing
1909:Trapdoor function
1780:Digital signature
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1429:
1428:
1279:
1278:
1266:Mode of operation
943:Lai–Massey scheme
123:
122:
115:
97:
2171:
2132:Open key models
2094:Chosen-plaintext
2067:
2060:
2053:
2044:
2026:
2025:
1854:Insecure channel
1690:
1683:
1676:
1667:
1370:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1285:
1137:Power-monitoring
978:Avalanche effect
686:Khufu and Khafre
339:security summary
328:
321:
314:
305:
301:
297:
290:
287:
281:
278:
272:
269:
203:birthday paradox
118:
111:
107:
104:
98:
96:
55:
31:
23:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2123:Known-plaintext
2089:Ciphertext-only
2080:
2071:
2041:
2032:
2014:
1943:
1699:
1694:
1653:
1627:
1586:
1560:
1425:
1399:
1358:
1317:
1312:
1275:
1249:
1218:Standardization
1213:
1142:Electromagnetic
1094:Integral/Square
1051:Piling-up lemma
1035:Biclique attack
1024:EFF DES cracker
1008:
1002:
933:Feistel network
921:
546:CIPHERUNICORN-E
541:CIPHERUNICORN-A
473:
467:
400:
394:
348:
342:
332:
294:
293:
288:
284:
279:
275:
270:
266:
261:
219:
171:
152:
133:is any form of
119:
108:
102:
99:
56:
54:
44:
32:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2005:Random numbers
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1929:Garlic routing
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1849:Secure channel
1846:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1810:Key stretching
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1758:Cryptovirology
1755:
1750:
1745:
1743:Cryptocurrency
1740:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1603:shift register
1600:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1315:Stream ciphers
1313:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1084:Distinguishing
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1027:
1016:
1014:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
948:Product cipher
945:
940:
935:
929:
927:
923:
922:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
576:Cryptomeria/C2
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
477:
475:
469:
468:
466:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
404:
402:
396:
395:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
363:
358:
352:
350:
344:
343:
333:
331:
330:
323:
316:
308:
292:
291:
282:
273:
263:
262:
260:
257:
218:
215:
177:(WEP) used in
170:
167:
151:
148:
121:
120:
103:September 2014
35:
33:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2176:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2078:cryptanalysis
2075:
2074:Attack models
2068:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2010:Steganography
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Stream cipher
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:Onion routing
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:Shared secret
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1800:Key generator
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:Hash function
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:Cryptanalysis
1736:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:Other ciphers
1432:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:Interpolation
1162:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
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1011:cryptanalysis
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993:Key whitening
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782:New Data Seal
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193:algorithm, a
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135:cryptanalysis
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64: –
63:
59:
58:Find sources:
52:
48:
42:
41:
36:This article
34:
30:
25:
24:
19:
2135:
2128:Side-channel
1960:Block cipher
1805:Key schedule
1795:Key exchange
1785:Kleptography
1748:Cryptosystem
1697:Cryptography
1169:Partitioning
1127:Side-channel
1111:
1105:
1072:Higher-order
1057:Differential
938:Key schedule
285:
276:
267:
249:block cipher
242:key schedule
239:
228:
220:
172:
160:
153:
130:
127:cryptography
124:
109:
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
45:Please help
40:verification
37:
2136:Related-key
1948:Mathematics
1939:Mix network
1254:Utilization
1240:NSA Suite B
1225:AES process
1174:Rubber-hose
1112:Related-key
1020:Brute-force
399:Less common
1899:Ciphertext
1869:Decryption
1864:Encryption
1825:Ransomware
1618:T-function
1565:Generators
1441:Achterbahn
1204:Chi-square
1122:Rotational
1062:Impossible
983:Block size
877:Spectr-H64
701:Ladder-DES
696:Kuznyechik
641:Hierocrypt
511:BassOmatic
474:algorithms
401:algorithms
374:Triple DES
349:algorithms
259:References
73:newspapers
2141:Known-key
2116:Lunchtime
1889:Plaintext
1531:SOBER-128
1461:KCipher-2
1395:SOSEMANUK
1366:Portfolio
1179:Black-bag
1099:Boomerang
1088:Known-key
1067:Truncated
892:Threefish
887:SXAL/MBAL
777:MultiSwap
732:MacGuffin
691:KN-Cipher
631:Grand Cru
586:CS-Cipher
566:COCONUT98
207:weak keys
2158:Category
2111:Adaptive
2099:Adaptive
2028:Category
1934:Kademlia
1894:Codetext
1837:(CSPRNG)
1404:Hardware
1373:Software
1344:Crypto-1
1230:CRYPTREC
1194:Weak key
1147:Acoustic
988:Key size
832:Red Pike
651:IDEA NXT
531:Chiasmus
526:CAST-256
506:BaseKing
491:Akelarre
486:Adiantum
453:Skipjack
418:CAST-128
413:Camellia
361:Blowfish
1704:General
1632:Attacks
1421:Trivium
1390:Salsa20
1364:eSTREAM
1271:Padding
1189:Rebound
897:Treyfer
847:SAVILLE
807:PRESENT
797:NOEKEON
742:MAGENTA
737:Madryga
717:Lucifer
581:CRYPTON
390:Twofish
380:Serpent
87:scholar
1815:Keygen
1591:Theory
1541:Turing
1536:Spritz
1511:Scream
1481:Phelix
1476:Panama
1446:F-FCSR
1416:MICKEY
1385:Rabbit
1380:HC-128
1339:ChaCha
1235:NESSIE
1184:Davies
1132:Timing
1047:Linear
1007:Attack
926:Design
917:Zodiac
882:Square
857:SHACAL
852:SC2000
812:Prince
792:Nimbus
787:NewDES
772:MULTI2
762:MISTY1
705:LOKI (
681:KHAZAD
676:KeeLoq
671:KASUMI
666:Kalyna
551:CLEFIA
536:CIKS-1
496:Anubis
347:Common
150:KASUMI
139:cipher
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
1845:(PRN)
1613:NLFSR
1526:SOBER
1456:ISAAC
1411:Grain
1117:Slide
973:Round
958:P-box
953:S-box
912:XXTEA
872:Speck
867:Simon
862:SHARK
842:SAFER
827:REDOC
752:Mercy
711:89/91
661:Iraqi
626:G-DES
616:FEA-M
596:DES-X
561:Cobra
516:BATON
501:Ascon
481:3-Way
472:Other
179:Wi-Fi
94:JSTOR
80:books
1608:LFSR
1556:WAKE
1551:VMPC
1546:VEST
1521:SNOW
1516:SEAL
1506:RC4A
1501:RC4+
1496:QUAD
1486:Pike
1471:ORYX
1466:MUGI
1451:FISH
1334:A5/2
1329:A5/1
1245:CNSA
1104:Mod
1030:MITM
802:NUSH
757:MESH
747:MARS
621:FROG
611:FEAL
591:DEAL
571:Crab
556:CMEA
463:XTEA
448:SEED
428:IDEA
423:GOST
408:ARIA
185:and
143:keys
129:, a
66:news
2076:in
1354:RC4
1199:Tau
1159:XSL
963:SPN
907:xmx
902:UES
837:S-1
822:RC2
767:MMB
646:ICE
601:DFC
458:TEA
443:RC6
438:RC5
433:LEA
385:SM4
366:DES
356:AES
246:AES
191:RC4
169:WEP
125:In
49:by
2160::
1623:IV
1491:Py
1349:E0
727:M8
722:M6
709:,
707:97
606:E2
372:,
226:.
156:3G
2066:e
2059:t
2052:v
1689:e
1682:t
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1307:e
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1293:v
1106:n
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1086:(
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368:(
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337:(
327:e
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313:v
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110:(
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101:(
91:·
84:·
77:·
70:·
43:.
20:.
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