2649:, 'covenant of fate', the desire and willingness to be part of a people chosen by God to live a sacred mission in the world, and the fact that all those who live in this covenant share the same fate of persecution and oppression, even if they do not live by halakha. Soloveitchik held that non-Orthodox Jews were in violation of the covenant of destiny; yet, they are still bound together with Orthodox Jews in the covenant of fate. This approach permitted cooperation in matters effecting the covenant of fate, while recognizing differences, and limits, based on the covenant of destiny.
2845:; it believes that most Jewish denominations (including Orthodoxy and the Conservative movement) are valid expressions of Judaism. Historically, however, the Reform view of Orthodox Judaism had been negative. Early battles between Reform and Orthodox groups in Germany for control of communal leadership were fierce. Reform viewed Orthodoxy as overly focused on tradition and a literal interpretation of scripture that conflicted with modern science. Relations with the Conservative movement are much more cordial (although the two split due to such affairs as the
2830:, the Chancellor of the Jewish Theological Seminary, claimed that Orthodox organizations in Israel politically discriminate against non-Orthodox Jews, and called on Reform and Conservative Jews, as well as the Jewish Federations throughout the United States, to stop funding Orthodox organizations and institutions that disagree with the Conservative view of pluralism. Several weeks later, at the movement's annual Rabbinical Assembly conference in Boston, he called for the disintegration of Israel's chief rabbinate and its network of courts.
65:
2729:
non-Orthodox movements?" Rabbi Marc D. Angel replied that "we should be frightened by the possibility. With all our theological differences, yet we part of one Jewish people and work together in so many ways for the benefit of the Jewish community... It is not a happy prospect that the overwhelming majority of
American Jews will lose their Jewishness. It is also unlikely that the vast numbers of the non-Orthodox community will move into Orthodoxy in the relatively near future."
2734:
Orthodoxy. No such development appears imminent in statistically significant numbers." The message of other rabbis rings a similar note; no rabbis profiled in the symposium believed that most non-Orthodox Jews would ever convert to
Orthodoxy. Thus Orthodoxy should work together on some issues with non-Orthodox Judaism, and it is far better for Jews to be members of non-Orthodox Judaism than to assimilate and not be religious Jews at all.
127:
4933:
2656:. However, the relationship between Modern Orthodoxy and the non-Orthodox movements has worsened over the last few decades. The movements have seen a polarization of views. Haredi Judaism has seen a great resurgence in its popularity, and many formerly Modern Orthodox rabbis have been swayed to some degree by their views. As well, non-Orthodox movements have progressively moved to the "left".
4947:
24:
2760:. Edah's mission statement stated: "The Vision of Edah is an Orthodox Jewish community in which we, as members, leaders, and institutions ... reach out to and interact with Jews of all the movements as well as non-affiliated Jews as an expression of the wholeness of, and in an effort to strengthen, the entire Jewish people."
2907:
calendar, instead of beginning each month with the sighting of the New Moon from the horizon of Israel, and starting the year during the month when the barley reaches the stage of Aviv in the land of Israel. However, despite
Rabbinic Judaism deviating from the plain meaning of the Torah, Karaite Jews
2809:
Reform has asserted the right of interpretation but it rejected the authority of legal tradition. Orthodoxy has clung fast to the principle of authority, but has in our own and recent generations rejected the right to any but minor interpretations. The
Conservative view is that both are necessary for
2728:
published a symposium on the state of
Orthodox Judaism, with contributions by many leading Orthodox rabbis. The first question the editor asked the rabbis was: "Do you believe that recent developments warrant the triumphalism exhibited by segments of Orthodoxy which predict the total disappearance of
2784:
as conferring
Jewishness). Despite this disagreement, Conservative Judaism respects the right of Reform and Reconstructionist Jews to interpret Judaism in their own way(s). Thus, the Conservative movement recognizes the right of Jews to form denominations and recognizes Reform and Reconstructionist
2672:), this was seen as splitting the Jewish people into two mutually incompatible groups. The confluence of these two phenomena helped drive most of Modern Orthodoxy further to the right, and effectively ended all official cooperation between Modern Orthodoxy and all of the non-Orthodox denominations.
2616:
as heretical, less observant Jewish movements. As such, Orthodox authorities have strongly fought attempts by the Reform and
Conservative movements to gain official recognition and denominational legitimacy in Israel. Haredi groups and authorities will not work with non-Orthodox religious movements
2583:
as a construct of the liberal movements, and does not see their ideology as rooted in historic Jewish norms. While not recognizing Reform and
Conservative as valid expressions of Judaism, it recognizes most who are affiliated with these movements as full-fledged Jews, aside from those whose Judaism
2691:
leaders of Jewish religious communities, and it is both fatuous and self-defeating not to acknowledge this openly and draw the necessary consequences - for example, establishing friendly and harmonious and respectful relationships and working together, all of us, towards those Jewish communal and
2733:
replied, "I confess that I would not look forward to such a disappearance.... The Jewish loyalties and observances of non-Orthodox Jews are decidedly better than nothing.... The only weakening of
Conservatism and Reform for which Orthodoxy can legitimately hope would come through conversion to
2771:
holds that
Orthodox Judaism is a valid and legitimate form of normative rabbinic Judaism and respects the validity of its rabbis. Conservative Judaism holds that both Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism have made major and unjustifiable breaks with historic Judaism by their rejection of the
2679:...Reform, Conservative, and Reconstructionist communities are not only more numerous in their official memberships than the Orthodox community, but they are also vital, powerful, and dynamic; they are committed to Jewish survival, each according to its own lights; they are a part of
2789:
passed their 1983 resolution to recognize patrilineal descent, the Conservative movement has not accepted Reform converts to Judaism. Conservative denominational leadership has since agreed to recognize Reform converts who complete necessary rituals (i.e., appearing before a
2883:, which Karaite Judaism maintains, must not deviate from the plain meaning of the Hebrew Bible. Rabbinic laws which either allow Jews something the Torah forbids, or release Jews from a commandment the Torah requires, are seen as a break with the Torah, and transgression of
2600:, literally, "captured children", in a category analogous to Jewish children captured by non-Jews who were never taught Judaism, meaning that they do not act out of wrong intent or motives, but out of ignorance and poor upbringing (Iggeroth Moshe).
2895:. This is regarded as a violation of the Torah, which requires that tzitzit be made with tekhelet. The tzitzit worn by some in the rabbinic community, which does have tekhelet, is also seen as a violation of the Torah, because according to the
2603:
However, when dealing with the movement/philosophy, they perceive the generation of other denominations to have historically been engendered by heretical intent and the 1800s widespread denigration of religion. They view
2696:. If they are sincere, if they believe in God, if they are motivated by principle, and not by convenience or trendiness, if they endeavor to carry out the consequences of their faith in a consistent manner—then they are
37:
2810:
a living Judaism. Accordingly, Conservative Judaism holds itself bound by the Jewish legal tradition, but asserts the right of its rabbinical body, acting as a whole, to interpret and to apply Jewish law.
1208:
2675:
Some within the Orthodox world advocate that while non-Orthodox forms of Judaism are incorrect, they nonetheless have functional validity and spiritual dignity. Rabbi Norman Lamm writes:
2860:
views other forms of Judaism as valid from a traditional point of view, but itself emphasizes Jewish culture and history – rather than belief in God – as the sources of Jewish identity.
2969:
4978:
1786:
3042:
2617:
in any way, as they view this as lending legitimacy to those movements. The members of those movements who have been born of a Jewish mother are, however, still regarded as Jews.
1441:
1136:
149:
43:
1328:
2949:
2826:
The Conservative movement, however, has clashed with Orthodoxy over its refusal to recognize the Conservative and Reform movements as legitimate, and in February 1997, Rabbi
2536:
300:
2641:
was to approach the issue in subsequent decades. Soloveitchik developed the idea that Jews have historically been linked together by two distinct covenants. One is the
137:
2801:
The Conservative movement, while respecting the validity of Orthodox rabbis, believes that Orthodoxy has deviated from historical Judaism through an insistence on the
1323:
2903:. Karaite Jews also maintain that Rabbinic Jews are not observing Jewish holy days on their correct date, because the dates are fixed according to the pre-calculated
2565:
is the view that Conservative and Reform Judaism made major and unjustifiable breaks with historic Judaism - both by their skepticism of the verbal revelation of the
4827:
1571:
2805:
principle of binding legal precedent, in particular with respect to relatively recent codifications of Jewish law. A prominent Conservative spokesman has written:
3510:
1825:
4787:
810:
773:
3305:
3149:
Although focused on a modern Orthodox synagogue, this study examines inter-denominational issues, e. g., "Relations with Other Jewish Sects" pp. 12–24.
1749:
3334:
2875:
as a divine authority, maintaining that the Written Torah, and the subsequent prophets which God sent to Israel, whose writings are recorded in the
1772:
4833:
1122:
3933:
3387:
2987:
2529:
1699:
1634:
1516:
3928:
2973:
2786:
820:
2908:
recognize Rabbinic Jews who have unbroken matrilineal Jewish descent, as Jewish, and eligible to join Karaite Judaism without a conversion.
1258:
86:
4973:
3948:
3943:
3367:
3050:
1526:
1343:
1333:
573:
4760:
3637:
3069:
Reproach, recognition and respect: Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik and Orthodoxy's mid-century attitude toward non-Orthodox denominations
2645:, 'covenant of destiny', which is the covenant by which Jews are bound together through their adherence to halakha. The second is the
1922:
1872:
1837:
1531:
1396:
1263:
2737:
A small number of modern Orthodox rabbis cooperate with non-Orthodox rabbis on a regular basis through smaller organizations such as
3788:
3642:
2522:
1614:
1576:
1551:
1471:
1456:
1303:
1243:
1198:
189:
171:
108:
51:
2946:
2798:) and a full "introduction to Judaism" course without inquiring regarding the status of the sponsoring rabbi or deciding beth din.
3697:
3605:
1907:
1889:
1795:
1689:
1541:
1536:
1461:
1426:
1293:
4862:
2692:
global goals that we share and that unite us inextricably and indissolubly.... ...non-Orthodox rabbis and laypeople may possess
4056:
2425:
2324:
1879:
1862:
1815:
1714:
1624:
1561:
1511:
1491:
1486:
1406:
1380:
1355:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1193:
1188:
3250:
3738:
3298:
3128:
This book examines Jewish denominationalism, especially Orthodox tolerance toward non-Orthodox Jews as exemplified by Rabbis
1898:
1884:
1852:
1832:
1800:
1744:
1719:
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1674:
1664:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1619:
1609:
1604:
1581:
1496:
1481:
1401:
1360:
1313:
1308:
1228:
1173:
2652:
Following this lead, until the 1970s, the Modern Orthodox and the non-Orthodox movements worked together in the now-defunct
4839:
4160:
3223:
2757:
2319:
1857:
1842:
1805:
1767:
1739:
1729:
1724:
1709:
1704:
1684:
1669:
1654:
1629:
1595:
1566:
1466:
1451:
1375:
1365:
1283:
1253:
1178:
1164:
4902:
800:
4770:
4765:
3953:
3938:
3702:
3657:
3402:
3264:, November 19, 1954. Letter by Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik warning Jews not to attend services in non-Orthodox synagogues.
3163:: Orthodox Insularity and Community Boundaries" on integration, intergroup friendship, permeability of group boundaries.
2653:
1927:
1847:
1810:
1734:
1679:
1546:
1521:
1446:
1421:
1411:
1350:
1273:
1268:
1248:
1238:
1218:
1203:
1096:
564:
559:
4867:
4852:
3733:
3593:
1917:
1912:
1867:
1820:
1506:
1476:
1436:
1431:
1288:
594:
153:
79:
73:
4821:
4715:
4366:
4260:
3968:
3901:
3462:
3352:
2917:
2391:
2236:
1944:
1338:
534:
524:
260:
3159:
A sociological study that compares non-Orthodox with nominal, centrist and traditional Orthodox. See esp. ch. 4, "
3108:"From Fluidity to Rigidity: The Religious Worlds of Conservative and Orthodox Jews in Twentieth Century America",
881:
4937:
4877:
4775:
4755:
4625:
4550:
4410:
4277:
3963:
3923:
3291:
3012:
2609:
2505:
2198:
2049:
1990:
90:
4857:
4688:
3987:
3862:
2746:
2730:
2208:
2188:
1298:
778:
319:
4810:
4799:
4393:
4314:
4019:
3918:
3857:
3837:
3743:
3716:
2638:
2349:
2339:
2304:
2183:
2173:
1956:
1127:
1069:
903:
582:
539:
254:
2553:
are complex and include a range of trends from the conciliatory and welcoming to hostile and antagonistic.
4846:
4816:
3879:
2634:
2630:
2468:
2203:
2117:
1183:
735:
354:
324:
3280:, November 23, 1999. IDF suspense officer who compared the conservative and reform movements to the Nazis
730:
4872:
4793:
4575:
4282:
4165:
3906:
3896:
3889:
3874:
3760:
3234:
3089:
2589:
2359:
2354:
2299:
2087:
1002:
717:
612:
329:
3226:, Prof. Shapiro discusses the complex relationships between Orthodox rabbis and a leading Talmudist at
4907:
4897:
4400:
3372:
3227:
2768:
2669:
2613:
2430:
2382:
2122:
1980:
793:
658:
647:
605:
3202:
2991:
4555:
4523:
4449:
4358:
4304:
3911:
3711:
3445:
3410:
3211:
Study includes a socio-historical overview and the shifting of adherents between the denominations.
2842:
2724:
A number of modern Orthodox rabbis advocate good relations with their non-Orthodox peers. In 1982,
2661:
2580:
2483:
856:
723:
626:
619:
549:
437:
312:
3238:
4887:
4882:
4693:
4415:
4292:
4287:
4272:
4242:
4195:
4118:
4024:
3884:
3457:
3362:
3329:
3096:
2857:
2334:
2284:
2231:
2226:
2140:
2010:
1278:
1107:
866:
786:
640:
206:
4170:
4046:
3175:
One People, Two Worlds: A Reform Rabbi and an Orthodox Rabbi Explore the Issues That Divide Them
3115:
Gurock, Jeffrey S. "Twentieth-Century American Orthodoxy's Era of Non-Observance, 1900–1960" in
2899:, a tekhelet string must be made of wool, and the white strings from linen, making the tzitzit
2785:
ordinations, but, in general, does not accept their decisions as valid. For example, since the
4671:
4602:
4484:
4469:
4252:
4123:
4088:
3377:
3105:
3080:
Exclusion and Hierarchy: Orthodoxy, Nonobservance, and the Emergence of Modern Jewish Identity
2665:
2478:
2420:
2400:
2217:
1777:
1416:
876:
747:
677:
554:
467:
334:
3257:
on the public disclosure of the relationship between these major Orthodox and Reform figures.
2668:
that had linked Reform and non-Reform movements. For practically all Orthodox Jews (and many
4737:
4705:
4666:
4637:
4620:
4570:
4371:
4180:
4113:
4066:
4014:
3982:
3973:
3958:
3832:
3807:
3783:
3667:
3598:
3515:
3382:
3198:
2562:
2448:
2329:
2289:
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1951:
1501:
1012:
768:
672:
587:
477:
269:
4647:
4642:
4454:
4381:
4214:
4185:
4108:
4098:
4061:
4036:
3852:
3847:
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3827:
3822:
3812:
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3472:
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3420:
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3133:
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2868:
2815:
2777:
2593:
2410:
2369:
2364:
2344:
2266:
2260:
2193:
2145:
1985:
1966:
1117:
846:
758:
741:
285:
4348:
2927:
232:
4951:
4926:
4747:
4654:
4612:
4592:
4580:
4560:
4474:
4464:
4432:
4425:
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4376:
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4309:
4219:
4143:
4133:
4071:
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3728:
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2605:
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2510:
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2164:
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2023:
2000:
1995:
1973:
1961:
1556:
1037:
971:
936:
914:
851:
689:
667:
529:
508:
484:
250:
4967:
4720:
4565:
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4206:
4155:
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3171:
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2846:
2458:
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1659:
1586:
1112:
961:
956:
951:
941:
919:
871:
633:
472:
377:
339:
290:
4700:
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4459:
4420:
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3753:
3692:
3672:
3632:
3615:
3583:
3571:
3532:
3450:
3425:
3248:
2752:
Some American Modern Orthodox rabbis created a new modern Orthodox advocacy group,
2488:
2314:
2155:
2150:
2108:
2061:
1155:
1022:
1007:
966:
931:
544:
386:
3185:
A House Divided: Orthodoxy and Schism in Nineteenth-Century Central European Jewry
2849:), and Conservative and Reform leaders cooperate on many areas of mutual concern.
2716:, strong. It is a factual, descriptive term. "Legitimacy" derives from the Latin
4710:
4225:
4150:
4128:
4031:
3625:
3554:
3549:
3537:
3527:
3129:
2957:
2473:
2415:
2080:
986:
981:
976:
946:
4804:
4511:
4093:
3687:
3435:
3357:
3180:
2884:
2131:
1145:
1074:
1032:
861:
841:
400:
307:
227:
4725:
4190:
4081:
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3610:
3544:
2904:
2626:
2294:
2279:
1369:
1317:
1079:
1027:
1017:
698:
694:
684:
599:
359:
3561:
3194:, Hill and Wang, 1993. Written from an Israeli modern Orthodox perspective.
1047:
2596:
is famously quoted as characterizing all current-day non-Orthodox Jews as
4444:
4386:
4331:
4326:
3997:
2892:
2872:
2802:
2791:
2592:
under Conservative or Reform auspices. When dealing with the individual,
2463:
2073:
2005:
836:
344:
295:
4659:
4543:
4538:
4528:
4516:
4336:
4321:
4265:
4200:
4175:
4138:
4002:
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3576:
3500:
3392:
3318:
2900:
2888:
2880:
2773:
2575:
2550:
2439:
2405:
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2068:
1057:
1052:
924:
815:
710:
706:
702:
451:
446:
423:
405:
280:
275:
265:
243:
218:
3020:
4730:
4597:
4533:
2896:
2876:
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2099:
2094:
2054:
2039:
1150:
1042:
462:
428:
414:
349:
3283:
4681:
4676:
4630:
4585:
4506:
4501:
3765:
3520:
3490:
2570:
2566:
1062:
491:
395:
364:
3043:"Conservative leader says 'gap' in observance is getting smaller"
4780:
3314:
2579:(Jewish law) as binding (although to varying degrees). It views
214:
3287:
3155:
Cosmopolitans & Parochials: Modern Orthodox Jews in America
3222:. University of Scranton, 2006. "Based on his lecture for the
120:
58:
17:
2820:
Tradition and Change: The Development of Conservative Judaism
3247:
See also "Facing the Truths of History" by Jacob Schachter
3100:
Jew vs. Jew: The Struggle for the Soul of American Jewry
2683:; and they consider their rabbis their leaders. From a
2549:
The relationships between the various denominations of
145:
2743:
The National Jewish Center for Learning and Leadership
3192:
Piety & Power: The World of Jewish Fundamentalism
2078:
2059:
482:
4746:
4611:
4483:
4357:
4251:
3782:
3471:
3401:
3343:
2637:developed the intellectual foundations for the way
2687:point of view, therefore, non-Orthodox rabbis are
3272:A People Divided: Judaism in Contemporary America
3207:Jewish Choices: American Jewish Denominationalism
3110:David W. Belin Lecture in American Jewish Affairs
2660:rejected the traditional definition of a Jew via
3084:Note: Focus on attitudes of Rabbis Hatam Sofer,
3145:Synagogue Life: A Study in Symbolic Interaction
2726:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought
2677:
3233:Shapiro, Mark D. "Scholars and Friends: Rabbi
4979:Relationships between religious denominations
3299:
2879:, are the only suitable sources for deriving
2720:, law. It is a normative and evaluative term.
2530:
134:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
4788:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
774:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3468:
3306:
3292:
3284:
2537:
2523:
2387:
2028:
1101:
908:
513:
382:
201:
190:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3335:Index of Jewish history-related articles
72:This article includes a list of general
4834:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2939:
2438:
2390:
2216:
2163:
2130:
2107:
2031:
1897:
1785:
1759:
1594:
1388:
1163:
1135:
994:
828:
757:
657:
572:
516:
436:
413:
385:
213:
2891:donned by Rabbinic Jews, which has no
3153:Heilman, Samuel and Steven M. Cohen.
2787:Central Conference of American Rabbis
7:
3197:Lazerwitz, Bernard, J. Alan Winter,
3102:New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000
2712:. "Validity" derives from the Latin
2631:relations with non-Orthodox Judaism
4781:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
4761:American Jewish Historical Society
2664:, effectively severing the united
78:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3049:. January 8, 1999. Archived from
565:Historical population comparisons
33:This article has multiple issues.
4945:
4932:
4931:
3157:, Univ. of Chicago Press, 1989.
3147:. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1973.
2756:, which included members of the
1209:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1123:Historical population by country
125:
63:
22:
3112:, University of Michigan, 2000.
41:or discuss these issues on the
4853:Relations with other religions
3278:Israel Religious Action Center
3082:, Univ. of Penn. Press, 2005.
1:
4840:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
3224:Union for Traditional Judaism
2887:. An example being the white
2758:Rabbinical Council of America
780:Christianity and Judaism
4771:Leo Baeck Institute New York
4766:American Sephardi Federation
2990:. 2012-01-30. Archived from
2700:.... But neither functional
2654:Synagogue Council of America
2573:, and by their rejection of
3594:Constantinopolitan Karaites
3075:, June 2001 v89 i2 p193(23)
2079:
2060:
1787:Latin America and Caribbean
483:
148:, discuss the issue on the
4995:
4974:Jewish religious movements
4822:National Library of Israel
3463:Zionism, race and genetics
3092:, and Seligmann Bamberger.
2918:Jewish religious movements
2708:are identical with Jewish
2561:The essential position of
2392:Jewish political movements
2089:Conversion to Judaism
4920:
4776:Yeshiva University Museum
4756:Center for Jewish History
3325:
3243:The Torah u-Madda Journal
3124:The Boundaries of Judaism
2780:(e.g., the acceptance of
2610:Reconstructionist Judaism
795:Hinduism and Judaism
3368:Ancient Israel and Judah
2947:"Amen to Ahavat Yisrael"
2747:New York Board of Rabbis
621:Temple in Jerusalem
314:Bar and bat mitzvah
3744:North African Sephardim
3717:Jewish tribes of Arabia
3073:American Jewish History
2871:does not recognize the
2841:espouses the notion of
2639:Modern Orthodox Judaism
583:Twelve Tribes of Israel
93:more precise citations.
4847:Holocaust Encyclopedia
4817:Jewish Virtual Library
2824:
2722:
2635:Joseph B. Soloveitchik
4794:Encyclopaedia Judaica
4576:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
3761:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
3511:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
3262:Di Tog Morgen Journal
3235:Jehiel Jacob Weinberg
3117:Torah u-Madda Journal
3090:Samson Raphael Hirsch
2807:
2621:Modern Orthodox views
1329:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1324:Republic of the Congo
718:Second Temple Judaism
589:Kingdom of Judah
560:Modern historiography
3373:Second Temple period
3245:v. 7 (1997):105–21.
3228:Conservative Judaism
3183:'s works, including
2776:and redefinition of
2769:Conservative Judaism
2614:Conservative Judaism
2431:World Agudath Israel
1572:United Arab Emirates
659:Second Temple period
649:Babylonian captivity
154:create a new article
146:improve this article
136:may not represent a
4811:Jewish Encyclopedia
4556:Hekhalot literature
4367:Religious movements
3902:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3274:, Basic Books, 1993
3126:, Continuum, 2007.
3122:Hartman, Donielle.
3023:on 18 November 2005
2843:religious pluralism
2794:and immersing in a
2782:patrilineal descent
2662:matrilineal descent
2586:patrilineal descent
2581:religious pluralism
724:Hellenistic Judaism
302:Land of Israel
261:Principles of faith
4952:Judaism portal
4888:Jews and Halloween
4883:Jews and Christmas
4273:Rabbinic authority
4025:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3458:Xueta Christianity
3363:Origins of Judaism
3330:Outline of Judaism
3253:2007-09-28 at the
3106:Gurock, Jeffrey S.
3097:Samuel G. Freedman
3078:Ferziger, Adam S.
2952:2012-02-05 at the
2858:Humanistic Judaism
2764:Conservative views
2731:Rabbi David Berger
2285:Jewish Koine Greek
1827:Dominican Republic
1108:Judaism by country
787:Jews and Christmas
642:Assyrian captivity
4961:
4960:
4927:extinct languages
4828:YIVO Encyclopedia
4603:Hebrew literature
4571:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
4411:Reconstructionist
4089:Judaeo-Portuguese
3778:
3777:
3734:Eastern Sephardim
3378:Synagogal Judaism
3215:Shapiro, Mark D.
2694:spiritual dignity
2670:Conservative Jews
2598:Tinokot Shenishbu
2547:
2546:
2496:
2495:
2244:
2243:
1991:Reconstructionist
1935:
1934:
1087:
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894:
893:
731:Jewish–Roman wars
679:Hasmonean dynasty
595:Kingdom of Israel
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156:, as appropriate.
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4067:Judeo-Golpaygani
3668:Palestinian Jews
3643:Alexandrian Jews
3599:Crimean Karaites
3516:Unterlander Jews
3469:
3383:Rabbinic Judaism
3308:
3301:
3294:
3285:
3220:and the Orthodox
3199:Arnold Dashefsky
3055:
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3019:. Archived from
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2972:. Archived from
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2960:
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2853:Humanistic views
2698:religious people
2563:Orthodox Judaism
2557:Orthodox Judaism
2539:
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3954:Lishanid Noshan
3786:
3774:
3506:Oberlander Jews
3467:
3397:
3339:
3321:
3312:
3268:Jack Wertheimer
3255:Wayback Machine
3141:Heilman, Samuel
3134:Moshe Feinstein
3086:Jacob Ettlinger
3064:
3062:Further reading
3059:
3058:
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3013:"SEVENTY FACES"
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2970:"Confrontation"
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2954:Wayback Machine
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2869:Karaite Judaism
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2816:Mordecai Waxman
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2594:Moshe Feinstein
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759:Rabbinic period
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3259:
3237:and Professor
3231:
3218:Saul Lieberman
3213:
3209:. SUNY, 1998.
3203:Ephraim Tabory
3195:
3190:David Landau.
3188:
3178:
3177:Schocken, 2003
3165:
3151:
3138:
3120:
3113:
3103:
3094:
3076:
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3057:
3056:
3053:on 2007-09-30.
3034:
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2979:
2976:on 2013-04-23.
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2923:Jewish schisms
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2839:Reform Judaism
2835:
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2828:Ismar Schorsch
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2704:nor spiritual
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162:September 2016
140:of the subject
138:worldwide view
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4878:Protestantism
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4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4566:Sefer HaBahir
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4493:Sifrei Kodesh
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4349:Who is a Jew?
4347:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:Chosen people
4276:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4235:
4234:Scots-Yiddish
4232:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4207:Klezmer-loshn
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4077:Judeo-Shirazi
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4052:Judeo-Persian
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4042:Judeo-Marathi
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4020:Judeo-Italian
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:Judeo-Amazigh
3873:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:Hadhrami Jews
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3663:Mountain Jews
3661:
3659:
3658:Egyptian Jews
3656:
3654:
3653:Bukharan Jews
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:Lists of Jews
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3230:'s seminary."
3229:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3172:Yosef Reinman
3169:
3168:Ammiel Hirsch
3166:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:Seth Farber,
3066:
3065:
3061:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
2994:on 2012-01-30
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2933:
2929:
2928:Who is a Jew?
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2864:Karaite views
2863:
2861:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2847:Trefa Banquet
2844:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2569:and the Oral
2568:
2564:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Judeo-Aramaic
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Judeo-Italian
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:Denominations
1941:
1940:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:United States
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1259:Guinea-Bissau
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:Lists of Jews
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:
993:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
916:
913:
912:
911:
910:
905:
900:
899:
888:
880:
878:
875:
873:
872:The Holocaust
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
833:
832:
827:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
799:
797:
792:
788:
782:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
764:
760:
756:
749:
743:
737:
732:
729:
725:
719:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
664:
663:
660:
656:
651:
646:
644:
639:
635:
631:
628:
623:
618:
614:
610:
607:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
586:
584:
581:
580:
579:
578:
575:
571:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
504:
493:
490:
487:
486:
481:
479:
476:
474:
473:Mishneh Torah
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
458:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
443:
442:
439:
435:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
420:
419:
416:
412:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
391:
388:
384:
379:
374:
373:
366:
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4809:
4792:
4626:perspectives
4460:Samaritanism
4437:
4421:Neo-Hasidism
4401:Conservative
4315:Names of God
4224:
4205:
4015:Judaeo-Greek
4010:Judeo-Gascon
3949:Lishán Didán
3944:Lishana Deni
3912:Judeo-Yemeni
3880:Judeo-Arabic
3754:Meshuchrarim
3673:Persian Jews
3606:Kurdish Jews
3584:Kaifeng Jews
3533:Beta Abraham
3496:Galitzianers
3451:Antisemitism
3426:Israeli Jews
3411:Assimilation
3277:
3271:
3261:
3246:
3242:
3239:Samuel Atlas
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3127:
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3119:, v. 9, 2000
3116:
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3083:
3079:
3072:
3068:
3051:the original
3047:jewishsf.com
3046:
3037:
3025:. Retrieved
3021:the original
3016:
3007:
2996:. Retrieved
2992:the original
2982:
2974:the original
2964:
2942:
2867:
2856:
2837:
2834:Reform views
2825:
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2681:Klal Yisrael
2680:
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2646:
2642:
2625:In his 1964
2624:
2602:
2597:
2588:or who were
2574:
2560:
2548:
2489:Post-Zionism
2360:Judeo-Berber
2355:Judeo-Arabic
2315:Judeo-Gascon
2062:Pidyon haben
1981:Conservative
1527:Saudi Arabia
1345:South Africa
1334:Sierra Leone
1156:Israeli Jews
1070:Mosaic Arabs
1023:Kaifeng Jews
884:Arab–Israeli
857:Emancipation
736:Great Revolt
545:Anti-Judaism
540:Antisemitism
535:Name "Judea"
330:Baal teshuva
186:
168:
159:
135:
105:
99:October 2011
96:
77:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
4868:Catholicism
4450:Hellenistic
4288:Eschatology
4226:Lachoudisch
4151:Lotegorisch
4129:Lachoudisch
4119:Koiné Greek
4032:Judeo-Latin
3969:Palestinian
3863:Palestinian
3712:MustaĘżravim
3638:Afghan Jews
3626:Berber Jews
3550:Bene Israel
3538:Falash Mura
3528:Beta Israel
3446:Persecution
3388:Middle Ages
3130:Hatam Sofer
2958:Avi Shafran
2484:Revisionist
2474:Neo-Zionism
2081:Zeved habat
1874:Puerto Rico
1700:Netherlands
1532:South Korea
1517:Philippines
1397:Afghanistan
1264:Ivory Coast
1038:Crypto-Jews
1003:Bnei Anusim
982:Bene Israel
947:Beta Israel
904:Communities
811:Middle Ages
550:Persecution
325:Bereavement
91:introducing
4968:Categories
4863:Anabaptism
4805:Jew (word)
4672:Leadership
4485:Literature
4470:Secularism
4416:Humanistic
4283:Conversion
4253:Philosophy
4094:Judeo-Urdu
3858:Babylonian
3703:Saada Jews
3688:Adeni Jews
3481:Ashkenazim
3436:Samaritans
3403:Population
3358:Israelites
3181:Jacob Katz
3027:12 January
3017:www.yu.edu
2998:2021-08-24
2934:References
2885:Divine Law
2778:Jewishness
2745:) and the
2710:legitimacy
2685:functional
2666:peoplehood
2647:brit goral
2643:brit yi'ud
2469:Maximalism
2421:Secularism
2401:Autonomism
2218:Literature
2011:Humanistic
1615:Azerbaijan
1577:Uzbekistan
1552:Tajikistan
1472:Kyrgyzstan
1457:Kazakhstan
1304:Mozambique
1279:Madagascar
1199:Cape Verde
1151:New Yishuv
1146:Old Yishuv
1097:Population
1075:Subbotniks
1033:Samaritans
972:Romanyotim
915:Ashkenazim
862:Old Yishuv
842:Sabbateans
829:Modern era
821:Golden Age
748:Bar Kokhba
468:Beit Yosef
335:Philosophy
74:references
38:improve it
4925:indicate
4873:Mormonism
4858:Christian
4738:Symbolism
4726:Synagogue
4706:Mythology
4667:Education
4638:Astronomy
4621:Astrology
4438:relations
4243:Zarphatic
4191:Galitzish
3993:Yeshivish
3870:Catalanic
3833:Samaritan
3808:Ashkenazi
3789:Diasporic
3784:Languages
3729:Sephardim
3724:Romaniote
3611:Krymchaks
3545:Desi Jews
3421:Buddhists
2956:by Rabbi
2905:Hillel II
2627:responsum
2590:converted
2479:Religious
2335:Zarphatic
2325:Bukharian
2295:Judeo-Tat
2280:Yeshivish
2254:Languages
2209:Sephardic
2199:Israelite
2189:Ethiopian
2179:Ashkenazi
2118:Religious
1908:Australia
1890:Venezuela
1796:Argentina
1778:Greenland
1690:Lithuania
1542:Sri Lanka
1537:Singapore
1462:Kurdistan
1427:Indonesia
1417:Hong Kong
1370:Abayudaya
1294:Mauritius
1028:Igbo Jews
1018:Krymchaks
937:Sephardim
805:relations
699:Sadducees
695:Pharisees
685:Sanhedrin
600:Jerusalem
360:Synagogue
228:Etymology
150:talk page
44:talk page
4938:Category
4908:Hinduism
4898:Buddhism
4800:Genetics
4716:Politics
4689:Marriage
4648:Holidays
4643:Calendar
4524:Rabbinic
4500:/Hebrew
4445:Haymanot
4372:Orthodox
4359:Branches
4332:Kabbalah
4327:Haskalah
4305:Holiness
4181:dialects
4161:Shassagh
4124:Krymchak
4104:Kayliñña
3998:Yinglish
3974:Galilean
3964:Talmudic
3959:Biblical
3934:Betanure
3853:Biblical
3848:Mishnaic
3843:Medieval
3828:Tiberian
3823:Yemenite
3813:Sephardi
3749:Paradesi
3693:Ḥabbanim
3683:Teimanim
3648:Baghdadi
3621:Maghrebi
3589:Karaites
3567:GruzĂnim
3555:Kochinim
3473:Diaspora
3431:Karaites
3416:Atheists
3353:Timeline
3251:Archived
3161:Kehillah
2950:Archived
2912:See also
2893:tekhelet
2873:Oral Law
2803:halachic
2792:beth din
2702:validity
2506:Category
2464:Kahanism
2411:Feminism
2383:Politics
2267:Biblical
2237:American
2184:Bukharan
2174:American
2074:Shidduch
2050:Clothing
2006:Haymanot
1952:Orthodox
1880:Suriname
1863:Paraguay
1816:Colombia
1715:Portugal
1625:Bulgaria
1562:Thailand
1512:Pakistan
1492:Mongolia
1487:Malaysia
1407:Cambodia
1381:Zimbabwe
1356:Tanzania
1234:Eswatini
1224:Ethiopia
1214:Djibouti
1194:Cameroon
1189:Botswana
1118:Diaspora
1080:Noahides
1053:Marranos
977:Cochinim
962:Bukharim
952:Gruzinim
942:Teimanim
932:Mizrahim
920:Galician
886:conflict
847:Hasidism
837:Haskalah
742:Diaspora
613:timeline
525:Timeline
438:Rabbinic
345:Kabbalah
320:Marriage
296:Tzedakah
286:Holidays
244:Religion
207:a series
205:Part of
144:You may
4923:Italics
4748:Studies
4694:Divorce
4660:Kashrut
4655:Cuisine
4613:Culture
4544:Midrash
4539:Tosefta
4529:Mishnah
4517:Ketuvim
4512:Nevi'im
4475:Schisms
4465:Science
4455:Karaite
4426:Renewal
4387:Litvaks
4382:Hasidic
4337:Sefirot
4322:Halakha
4293:Messiah
4266:Mitzvah
4261:Beliefs
4215:Western
4201:Poylish
4196:Litvish
4186:Eastern
4176:Yiddish
4171:Shuadit
4156:Qwareña
4144:Tetuani
4139:Haketia
4114:Knaanic
4109:Kivruli
4057:Bukhori
4003:Heblish
3939:Hulaulá
3929:Barzani
3885:Yahudic
3818:Mizrahi
3678:Urfalim
3633:Mizrahi
3577:Neofiti
3572:Italkim
3501:Lita'im
3393:Zionism
3345:History
3319:Judaism
2901:shatnez
2889:tzitzit
2881:halakha
2774:Halakha
2714:validus
2706:dignity
2576:halakha
2567:Written
2551:Judaism
2449:General
2440:Zionism
2416:Leftism
2406:Bundism
2330:Knaanic
2290:Yevanic
2275:Yiddish
2232:Yiddish
2227:Israeli
2204:Mizrahi
2194:Israeli
2165:Cuisine
2141:Ancient
2123:Secular
2069:Kashrut
2045:Wedding
2032:Customs
2024:Culture
2001:Science
1996:Renewal
1986:Karaite
1967:Hasidic
1899:Oceania
1885:Uruguay
1853:Jamaica
1833:Ecuador
1801:Bolivia
1745:Ukraine
1720:Romania
1695:Moldova
1675:Hungary
1665:Germany
1660:Georgia
1650:Finland
1645:Estonia
1640:Denmark
1635:Czechia
1620:Belarus
1610:Austria
1605:Armenia
1582:Vietnam
1497:Myanmar
1482:Lebanon
1402:Bahrain
1361:Tunisia
1339:Somalia
1314:Nigeria
1309:Namibia
1299:Morocco
1229:Eritrea
1174:Algeria
1058:Neofiti
967:Italkim
957:Juhurim
867:Zionism
816:Khazars
711:Sicarii
707:Zealots
703:Essenes
690:Schisms
555:Leaders
517:General
509:History
452:Tosefta
447:Midrash
424:Mishnah
406:Ketuvim
401:Nevi'im
350:Customs
281:Shabbat
276:Halakha
268: (
266:Mitzvot
253: (
219:Judaism
87:improve
4731:Hazzan
4721:Prayer
4598:Siddur
4534:Talmud
4498:Tanakh
4433:Neolog
4406:Reform
4394:Modern
4377:Haredi
4300:Ethics
4166:Shassi
4134:Ladino
4099:Karaim
4082:Juhuri
3924:Targum
3838:Signed
3803:Modern
3798:Hebrew
3766:Xuetes
3562:Dönmeh
3521:Yekkes
3241:", in
3187:(1998)
2897:Talmud
2877:Tanakh
2796:mikveh
2612:, and
2584:is of
2511:Portal
2370:Domari
2300:Shassi
2261:Hebrew
2156:Humour
2100:Hiloni
2095:Aliyah
2055:Niddah
2040:Minyan
1975:Reform
1962:Haredi
1957:Modern
1858:Mexico
1843:Guyana
1806:Brazil
1768:Canada
1740:Sweden
1730:Serbia
1725:Russia
1710:Poland
1705:Norway
1685:Latvia
1670:Greece
1655:France
1630:Cyprus
1596:Europe
1567:Turkey
1557:Taiwan
1467:Kuwait
1452:Jordan
1442:Israel
1376:Zambia
1366:Uganda
1284:Malawi
1254:Guinea
1244:Gambia
1179:Angola
1165:Africa
1048:Dönmeh
1043:Anusim
987:Berber
925:Litvak
877:Israel
783:
720:
634:Second
602:
463:Targum
429:Gemara
415:Talmud
387:Tanakh
340:Ethics
291:Prayer
76:, but
4903:Islam
4711:Names
4701:Music
4682:Rebbe
4677:Rabbi
4631:Monen
4586:Zohar
4507:Torah
4502:Bible
3616:Lemba
3491:Chuts
2689:valid
2571:Torah
2459:Labor
2454:Green
2151:Dance
2109:Music
1928:Palau
1848:Haiti
1811:Chile
1735:Spain
1680:Italy
1587:Yemen
1547:Syria
1522:Qatar
1502:Nepal
1447:Japan
1422:India
1412:China
1351:Sudan
1274:Libya
1269:Kenya
1249:Ghana
1239:Gabon
1219:Egypt
1204:Benin
1063:Xueta
1008:Lemba
627:First
492:Zohar
396:Torah
378:Texts
365:Rabbi
355:Rites
255:names
152:, or
3317:and
3315:Jews
3201:and
3170:and
3132:and
3029:2022
2754:Edah
2739:CLAL
1918:Guam
1913:Fiji
1868:Peru
1821:Cuba
1507:Oman
1477:Laos
1437:Iraq
1432:Iran
1389:Asia
1318:Igbo
1289:Mali
308:Brit
217:and
215:Jews
4310:God
2718:lex
2629:on
2132:Art
478:Tur
270:613
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