733:"violated the False Claims Act by facilitating and seeking federal payment for IP Relay calls by international callers who were ineligible for the service and sought to use it for fraudulent purposes. The complaint alleges that, out of fears that fraudulent call volume would drop after the registration deadline, AT&T knowingly adopted a non-compliant registration system that did not verify whether the user was located within the United States. The complaint further contends that AT&T continued to employ this system even with the knowledge that it facilitated use of IP Relay by fraudulent foreign callers, which accounted for up to 95 percent of AT&T’s call volume. The government’s complaint alleges that AT&T improperly billed the TRS Fund for reimbursement of these calls and received millions of dollars in federal payments as a result."
713:," where neither user requires the service and the caller is just attempting to have fun with a novel mode of communication. In December 2006, NBC ran another story where former operators alleged that "85 to 90 percent" of calls were scams. Since it is illegal for relay service companies to keep records, fraudulent users can operate with impunity. Fraudulent calls of both types have been cited as reasons for further relay regulation, and as causes for long hold times that must be endured by many legitimate users. Most businesses legally cannot have relay calls
367:(agent)), and vice versa. This allows callers who are unable to use a regular telephone to be able to place calls to people who use a regular telephone and vice versa. When the person who is hearing is ready for a response, it is customary to say "go ahead" or "GA" to indicate that it is the TTY (teletypewriter) user's turn to talk and "stop keying", "SK", or "ready to hang up" when ending the call and vice versa. This mode of communication has largely been superseded by other modes of communications, including the utilization of IP relay, VPs, VRS, and VRI.
81:
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to maintain "transparency", which is the belief that the operator and the mechanics of relay should generally go as unnoticed as possible in the call. This requires that TRS be as easy to use as normal telephones, which do not require their users to verify anything. Leaders in the deaf community defend this decision and generally retain strong support among service users with hearing and speech disabilities.
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the call. 2–Line captioned telephone can also be used with other relay services. For example, STS can be used with a 2–Line captioned telephone, for captioned telephone users with speech disabilities. 2–Line captioned telephone is only available to people in states that have 2–Line captioned telephone as part of their relay service or federal employees/contractors and
American Indians.
409:(HCO). HCO allows a person who is speech-disabled but can hear to use their hearing while sending responses to a person who is hearing via the HCO user's typed text. The operator voices the HCO user's typed messages, and then the HCO users picks up the handset and listens to the other voice user's response. There are many variations of HCO, including two-line HCO and HCO with privacy.
40:
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services can thus place their calls anonymously, which cannot certify that the user in question really needs operator assistance or not. Furthermore, fraudulent calls of any nature cost millions to the
American people yearly (based on the $ 1.293 per minute fee that is being paid for completed IP-based relay) to various relay providers for successfully completed calls.
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STS enables people with speech disabilities to call others (able-bodied speakers and other people with speech disabilities). It also enables people without speech disabilities to call people with speech disabilities. Anyone can call 711 in the U.S. and ask for Speech to Speech. STS is also available in
Australia, New Zealand and Sweden.
427:
is frequently used by people who are Speech-Disabled and like to use some of their residual speech as well not having to type "GA". With 2–Line HCO, the HCO user and the voice user can interrupt each other. HCO with
Privacy cannot be used with 2–Line HCO, because the operator, HCO user, and hearing person are on a three–way call.
397:
people who are hard of hearing and like to use some of their residual hearing as well not having to say "go ahead". With two-line VCO, the VCO user and the voice user can interrupt each other. VCO with
Privacy cannot be used with two-line VCO, because the operator, VCO user, and hearing person are on a three-way call.
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due to the need for legitimate users to be accommodated, although businesses that are repeatedly victimized by pranks and/or scams often stop trusting relay calls or hang up on them because it is difficult to distinguish legitimate users from illegitimate ones; this is another way that the abusers of
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Anyone can use 711; it is not limited to those who are deaf, hard of hearing, or speech impaired. As such, it has been used by those without hearing or speech disabilities to make long-distance calls free of charge with TRS providers who do not bill for them. Providers defend this as a necessary evil
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Video Remote
Interpreting (VRI) allows deaf or hard-of-hearing people who use sign language to communicate with hearing people in the same room. VRI addresses one limitation to VRS, which is that VRS cannot be used if the hearing person is in the same room with the deaf or hard-of-hearing person. VRI
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Many other call type variations are possible, including VCO to VCO, HCO to HCO, HCO to TTY, and VCO to TTY. Fundamentally, relay services have the ability to connect any two callers with different abilities over the telephone network. Voice callers in the United States can now access the service with
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Speech to speech (STS) exists for people who have speech disabilities. A specially–trained STS TRS operator revoices what the person with a speech disability says. STS is often used in combination with VCO for people who are deaf and have somewhat understandable speech, as well as two–Line HCO users.
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Starting in
November 2009, to help counter the problem of fraudulent use, the FCC began requiring all users of IP Relay to register their screen names with a default IP Relay provider. This, along with many IP Relay providers working to educate hearing users of the risks of fraudulent users (making
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Similar to 2-line VCO, 2-line HCO allows an HCO user using a TTY or computer to call a TRS operator, who in turn calls the HCO user on a second telephone line, which serves as the voice line. The user puts the operator on a brief hold to initiate a three-way call with the hearing person. This method
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Two-line VCO allows a VCO user using a TTY or computer to call a TRS operator, who in turn calls the VCO user on a second telephone line, which serves as the voice line. The user puts the operator on a brief hold to initiate a three-way call with the hearing person. This method is frequently used by
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Web-based captioned telephone enables telephone calls to be placed with captions, by utilizing the World Wide Web browser window of a computer or smart phone. It is similar to a traditional captioned phone call except the user's own telephone equipment is used, whilst the captions are viewed online
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Captioned telephone can also be used with two lines. This is especially useful for users who prefer to give out their home phone number alone, instead of both the captioning service number and the toll-free captioning service number or for users who prefer to turn captions on and off anytime during
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Captions are created by a communications assistant using a computer with voice recognition software. The communications assistant listens to and revoices the hearing party's side of the conversation into the microphone of a headset. A voice recognition program creates the captions and they are sent
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that displays real-time captions of what the hearing party speaks during a conversation. The captions are displayed on a screen embedded in the telephone base. A captioned telephone can also function exactly like a VCO when the user switches the device to VCO mode to do things like communicate with
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The operator will not hear the voice user's voiced messages and the voice user does not need to voice GA. The operator will voice for the person who is Speech-Disabled, and the person who is Speech–Disabled must give the GA each time to alert the operator it is the voice user's turn. The voice user
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In 2006, the FCC launched a campaign to gather feedback from the various
Internet Protocol relay-certified companies operating within the United States to fight the wave of relay scams and pranks being made over the service. As brought up in the FCC's released document, users on the IP-based relay
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or LVD (Large Visual
Display). A relay call of a user who is deafblind is directly related to a relay call of a TTY user, however, the text transmission speed is often reduced to increase the ability of the user who is deafblind to comprehend the moving braille on the braille TTY or large print on
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The operator will not hear the VCO user's voiced messages and the VCO user does not need to voice GA. The operator will hear the person who is hearing, and the person who is hearing must give the GA each time to alert the operator it is the VCO user's turn. The VCO user does not need to voice GA,
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IP CTS Requires an internet connection to deliver the captions to the user. Most also rely on their regular land-line telephone for the audio portion of the call, but some configurations of IP CTS allow the use of VOIP to carry the call audio. IP CTS has allowed captioned telephone service to be
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the LVD. Telebraille relay operators must be familiar with
Braille contractions that users who are deafblind may use. Due to its implementation of a smaller keyboard, some TTY users with mobile disabilities may prefer to use a Telebraille, regardless of a sight disability or lack thereof.
709:, ran stories of reported abuse of the relay system, such as users from international locations calling businesses in the United States to fraudulently purchase goods. This has also generated numerous complaints, particularly by those who were employed as relay operators, that so-called "
450:(AAC.) AAC users can set their device next to a speakerphone. They ask the STS CA set up the call, negotiate the menu, introduce the call explaining AAC and then go into the background. This enables AAC users to communicate independently once the other party is on the line.
379:, VCO. This allows a person who is hard of hearing or deaf but can speak to use their voice while receiving responses from a person who is hearing via the operator's typed text. There are many variations of VCO, including two-line VCO and VCO with privacy.
350:
Once the most common type of TRS call, TTY calls involve a call from a deaf or hard-of-hearing person who utilizes a TTY to a hearing person. In this type of call, typed messages are relayed as voice messages by a TRS operator, (also known as
259:
630:) uses a webcam or videophone to voice the deaf, hard-of-hearing or, speech-disabled person's signs to a hearing person and sign the hearing person's words to the deaf, hard-of-hearing or speech-impaired person.
445:
Many STS users have Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, ALS, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy or stroke. Other users stutter or have had a laryngectomy. STS also helps speech synthesizer users, users of
565:, the relay operator will ask for the street address, city, and state from which the call is originating. If this information is not provided, the relay operator will be unable to complete the emergency call.
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it less lucrative for fraudulent users who no longer have an uneducated population to target), and other efforts has greatly reduced the amount of fraudulent use of the IP Relay system.
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Prior to 2005, captioned telephone service was only available to people in states that had captioned telephone service as part of their state relay program. In 2005, the
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an HCO user directly, without relay. Captioned telephone services can be provided in traditional telephone environments as well as in VOIP environments.
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has proven to be useful for deaf or hard-of-hearing people in business meetings, doctor appointments, minor surgical procedures, and court proceedings.
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relay services. Instead of using telephone lines and TDD/TTY devices, they use an Internet connection and software running on computers or smartphones.
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The open structure of relay services has led to a number of complaints regarding its use as a vehicle for fraud. In 2004, news outlets, such as
592:(ToIP). Support for these technologies has enabled many Internet-connected devices to be used with relay services, including desktop and laptop
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Depending on the technical and physical abilities and physical environments of users, different call types are possible via relay services.
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a universal number: 711. After the number is dialled, the caller will receive instructions to complete the call to reach deaf callers.
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In March 2012, the United States federal government announced a lawsuit against AT&T. The specific accusations state that
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1139:"After News Reports Reveal Widespread Fraud by Users of IP Relay Systems for the Deaf, Companies Mull Changes to the System"
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because the VCO user types it or presses the "VCO GA" button on the VCO phone when it's the voice user's turn to talk.
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users via a keyboard or assistive device. Originally, relay services were designed to be connected through a
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the service ultimately victimize the legitimate users, in addition to tying up the service from them.
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IP relay services, called Web-based text relay services in Europe, provide functionality similar to
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in 1964. The first relay service was established in 1974 by Converse Communications of Connecticut.
1969:
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310:(TTY) or other assistive telephone device. Services gradually have expanded to include almost any
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1040:"FCC Mandates Nationwide Implementation of 711 Access to Telecommunications Relay Services (TRS)"
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does not need to voice GA, because the HCO user can hear when the voice user finishes talking.
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2018:
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1291:"United States Files Lawsuit Against AT&T in Telecommunications Relay Services Fraud Case"
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1006:. Federal Communications Commission. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014
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282:, or Web-based relay service, is an operator service that allows people who are
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is a hybrid communication method that enables people who are hard of hearing,
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Myers, Lisa; Sandler, Tim; NBC News Investigative Unit (December 5, 2006).
783:. Federal Communications Commission. 2015-01-28. p. 1. Archived from
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2011:
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330:, and many other devices. The first TTY was invented by deaf scientist
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to speak directly to another party on a telephone call. Typically, a
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out to the captioned telephone where they are read by the user.
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1141:. City Paper. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012
872:. New Zealand Relay. 2006-05-28. p. 1. Archived from
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When using an IP relay service for an emergency call like
1306:
1066:"Disability Access Requirements Extend to VOIP Services"
511:
made IP CTS a part of the federally mandated services.
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instead of in the captioned telephone display screen.
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is required to connect persons who dial 711 to a TRS
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1968:
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1369:
1317:"How to purchase a CapTel phone" - February 9, 2009
168:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
665:is used for the Telecommunications Relay Service.
1245:. Federal Communications Commission. May 8, 2006
1104:. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012
945:. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007
844:. Verizon. 2006-08-24. p. 1. Archived from
618:Video relay service (VRS) allows people who use
27:"7‒1‒1" redirects here. For other topics, see
1347:
1181:. Archived from the original on June 12, 2013
88:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
781:Telecommunications Relay Service (TRS) Guide
2362:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1096:"Thieves exploit phone system for the deaf"
907:"Authorized Users of Federal Relay Service"
680:ruled that the 711 requirement extended to
458:Telebraille also exists for people who are
68:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2398:
1354:
1340:
1332:
1000:"711 for Telecommunications Relay Service"
896:Verizon information brochure GT016707SS-WS
448:Augmentative and Alternative Communication
676:from a working number. In July 2007, the
246:Learn how and when to remove this message
228:Learn how and when to remove this message
126:Learn how and when to remove this message
703:, and several newspapers, including the
1322:"Hamilton WebCapTel" - February 9, 2009
1240:"Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking"
812:. 2006-11-16. p. 1. Archived from
806:"Hamilton Relay - TTY (Text Telephone)"
777:"Telecommunication Relay Service (TRS)"
768:
1192:
1152:
1115:
1017:
981:. Ultratec, Inc. 2006-05-08. p. 1
956:
753:Telecommunications device for the deaf
1327:"Sprint WebCapTel" - February 9, 2009
515:provided on smartphones and tablets.
7:
2408:
1137:Erickson Jr., Edward (May 5, 2004).
912:U.S. General Services Administration
695:Fraudulent uses in the United States
262:A typical relay service conversation
166:adding citations to reliable sources
1219:Federal Communiacations Commission
939:"CapTel - The Captioned Telephone"
743:Communication assistance in Israel
626:instead of typing. The VI (video
177:"Telecommunications relay service"
25:
1269:Federal Communications Commission
1175:"The IP relay-scam on television"
1073:Federal Communications Commission
1044:Federal Communications Commission
678:Federal Communications Commission
49:This article has multiple issues.
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1997:Free-space optical communication
268:telecommunications relay service
142:
79:
38:
568:Most IP relay services support
153:needs additional citations for
57:or discuss these issues on the
1:
842:Verizon Global Relay Services
528:Web-based captioned telephone
462:with the use of a TTY with a
314:capable technology such as a
2383:Telecommunication portal
2164:Telecommunications equipment
825:Communication Assistant (CA)
519:Two–line captioned telephone
1900:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1265:"2012 TRS History Document"
546:IP/web-based relay services
468:refreshable braille display
405:A less common call type is
338:Types of services available
298:to place calls to standard
102:, discuss the issue on the
2465:
2444:Telecommunication services
1604:Telecommunications history
637:
611:
466:or regular keyboard and a
434:
26:
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2212:Public Switched Telephone
2024:telecommunication circuit
1985:Fiber-optic communication
1730:Francis Blake (telephone)
1525:Optical telecommunication
1199:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1159:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1122:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1024:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
963:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
640:Video Remote Interpreting
634:Video remote interpreting
375:A common type of call is
346:TTY to voice/voice to TTY
2123:Orbital angular-momentum
1560:Satellite communications
1399:Communications satellite
838:"Verizon Relay Services"
622:to place phone calls by
2002:Molecular communication
1825:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1654:Undersea telegraph line
1389:Cable protection system
661:, the telephone number
353:Communication Assistant
2144:Communication protocol
1930:Charles Sumner Tainter
1745:Walter Houser Brattain
1690:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1498:Information revolution
748:Relay (disambiguation)
263:
2118:Polarization-division
1850:Narinder Singh Kapany
1815:Erna Schneider Hoover
1735:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1715:Alexander Graham Bell
1446:online video platform
261:
2434:Assistive technology
1960:Vladimir K. Zworykin
1920:Almon Brown Strowger
1890:Charles Grafton Page
1545:Prepaid mobile phone
1473:Electrical telegraph
979:"CapTel - WebCapTel"
885:Relay Assistant (RA)
706:Baltimore City Paper
162:improve this article
108:create a new article
100:improve this article
29:711 (disambiguation)
1910:Johann Philipp Reis
1669:Wireless revolution
1631:The Telephone Cases
1488:Hydraulic telegraph
870:"New Zealand Relay"
857:Relay Operator (RO)
668:In the U.S., every
614:Video Relay Service
608:Video relay service
480:Captioned telephone
475:Captioned telephone
454:Deafblind variation
2449:Telephone services
2108:Frequency-division
2085:Telephone exchange
1955:Charles Wheatstone
1885:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
1860:Innocenzo Manzetti
1795:Reginald Fessenden
1530:Optical telegraphy
1363:Telecommunications
1312:FCC Consumer Facts
943:CapTel by Ultratec
919:on August 13, 2007
594:personal computers
407:hearing carry over
401:Hearing carry over
264:
2421:
2420:
2159:Store and forward
2154:Data transmission
2068:Network switching
2019:Transmission line
1865:Guglielmo Marconi
1830:Internet pioneers
1695:Mohamed M. Atalla
1664:Whistled language
586:instant messaging
574:mobile phone apps
332:Robert Weitbrecht
316:personal computer
256:
255:
248:
238:
237:
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135:
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110:, as appropriate.
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16:(Redirected from
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2252:Notable networks
2242:Wireless network
2182:Cellular network
2174:Types of network
2149:Computer network
2036:Network topology
1950:Thomas A. Watson
1805:Oliver Heaviside
1790:Philo Farnsworth
1765:Daniel Davis Jr.
1740:Charles Bourseul
1700:John Logie Baird
1409:Data compression
1404:Computer network
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1293:. 22 March 2012.
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537:Other variations
431:Speech to speech
413:HCO with privacy
383:VCO with privacy
377:voice carry over
371:Voice carry over
270:, also known as
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179: –
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173:Find sources:
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151:This article
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36:
35:
30:
19:
2095:Multiplexing
1970:Transmission
1935:Nikola Tesla
1925:Henry Sutton
1880:Samuel Morse
1810:Robert Hooke
1775:Amos Dolbear
1710:John Bardeen
1629:
1609:Telautograph
1513:Mobile phone
1468:Edholm's law
1451:social media
1384:Broadcasting
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1268:
1259:
1247:. Retrieved
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1183:. Retrieved
1178:
1169:
1143:. Retrieved
1132:
1106:. Retrieved
1099:
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1034:
1008:. Retrieved
1003:
994:
983:. Retrieved
973:
947:. Retrieved
942:
933:
921:. Retrieved
917:the original
910:
901:
892:
884:
878:. Retrieved
874:the original
864:
856:
850:. Retrieved
846:the original
841:
832:
824:
818:. Retrieved
814:the original
809:
800:
789:. Retrieved
785:the original
780:
771:
728:
724:
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698:
689:
667:
662:
652:
643:
617:
590:Text over IP
570:Web browsers
567:
556:
549:
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506:
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395:
392:Two-line VCO
386:
376:
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364:
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349:
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324:mobile phone
294:, or have a
279:
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271:
267:
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215:
205:
198:
191:
184:
172:
160:Please help
155:verification
152:
122:
113:
89:
65:
58:
52:
51:Please help
48:
2295:NPL network
2007:Radio waves
1945:Alfred Vail
1855:Hedy Lamarr
1840:Dawon Kahng
1800:Elisha Gray
1760:Yogen Dalal
1685:Nasir Ahmed
1619:Teleprinter
1483:Heliographs
1010:22 February
758:Text-to-911
711:prank calls
674:call center
628:interpreter
365:relay agent
2428:Categories
2341:Antarctica
2300:Toasternet
2222:Television
1705:Paul Baran
1637:Television
1621:(teletype)
1614:Telegraphy
1592:transistor
1570:Phryctoria
1540:Photophone
1518:Smartphone
1508:Mass media
1275:January 6,
1249:January 6,
1224:January 6,
1185:January 6,
1145:January 6,
1108:January 6,
985:2007-01-29
949:January 6,
923:January 6,
880:2007-02-01
852:2007-02-01
820:2007-02-01
791:2015-02-01
764:References
422:2-line HCO
218:April 2018
188:newspapers
54:improve it
2325:Americas
2314:Locations
2285:Internet2
2046:Bandwidth
1750:Vint Cerf
1647:streaming
1625:Telephone
1565:Semaphore
1456:streaming
1155:cite news
685:telephony
492:telephone
484:oral deaf
460:deafblind
437:STS Relay
363:(RA), or
300:telephone
292:deafblind
104:talk page
60:talk page
2439:Deafness
2393:Category
2280:Internet
2270:CYCLADES
2187:Ethernet
2137:Concepts
2061:terminal
2012:wireless
1835:Bob Kahn
1678:Pioneers
1503:Internet
1394:Cable TV
1195:cite web
1118:cite web
1101:NBC News
1020:cite web
959:cite web
737:See also
731:AT&T
657:and the
280:IP-relay
98:You may
2413:Commons
2403:Outline
2356:Oceania
2275:FidoNet
2260:ARPANET
2073:circuit
1642:digital
1371:History
1071:. U.S.
1042:. U.S.
1004:fcc.gov
715:blocked
624:signing
552:TDD/TTY
464:braille
202:scholar
2351:Europe
2321:Africa
2305:Usenet
2265:BITNET
2202:Mobile
2078:packet
1587:MOSFET
1582:device
1379:Beacon
1307:CapTel
1271:. 2012
1079:May 1,
1050:May 1,
655:Canada
600:, and
588:, and
503:IP CTS
359:(RO),
355:(CA),
320:laptop
204:
197:
190:
183:
175:
2334:South
2329:North
2290:JANET
2227:Telex
2217:Radio
2056:Nodes
2051:Links
1972:media
1550:Radio
1535:Pager
1463:Drums
1429:video
1424:image
1414:audio
1243:(DOC)
1069:(PDF)
701:MSNBC
278:, or
209:JSTOR
195:books
106:, or
2346:Asia
2232:UUCP
2192:ISDN
1277:2024
1251:2024
1226:2024
1201:link
1187:2024
1161:link
1147:2024
1124:link
1110:2024
1081:2012
1052:2012
1026:link
1012:2015
965:link
951:2024
925:2024
682:VOIP
602:PDAs
284:deaf
181:news
2237:WAN
2207:NGN
2197:LAN
1478:Fax
1419:DCT
663:711
653:In
582:WAP
563:112
561:or
559:911
509:FCC
486:or
328:PDA
304:TDD
272:TRS
164:by
2430::
1267:.
1217:.
1197:}}
1193:{{
1177:.
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274:,
266:A
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2360:(
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