287:, a leader of BJP, condemned the "ghastly attack" and called for swift action to catch the killers. Published reports stated that church leaders alleged the attacks were carried out at the behest of hardline Hindu organisations. Hindu hardliners accused Christian missionaries of forcibly converting poor and low-caste Hindus and tribals. The convicted killer Dara Singh was treated as a hero by hardline Hindus and reportedly protected by some villagers. In an interview with the Hindustan Times, one of the accused killers, Mahendra Hembram, stated that the killers "were provoked by the "corruption of tribal culture" by the missionaries, who they claimed fed villagers beef and gave women brassieres and sanitary towels."
160:(acts replicated in numerous other parts through India). Odisha was the first provinces of independent India to enact legislation in regards to religious conversions. The Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967, mentions that no person shall "convert or attempt to convert, either directly or otherwise, any person from one religious faith to another by the use of force or by inducement or by any fraudulent means". Christian missions have been active in Odisha among the tribals and
418:
30:
293:"The Lord God is always with me to guide me and help me to try to accomplish the work of Graham, but I sometimes wonder why Graham was killed and also what made his assassins behave in such a brutal manner on the night of 22nd/23rd January 1999. It is far from my mind to punish the persons who were responsible for the death of my husband Graham and my two children. But it is my desire and hope that they would repent and would be reformed."
2053:
453:. It is estimated that more than 395 churches, 5600 homes and 13 educational institutes were set on fire, demolished or vandalized during the attacks and more than 90 killed (largely Christians) and 18,000 injured and 54,000 displaced. Another report said that around 11,000 people were still living in relief camps, as of October 2008. Some tribals even fled away to border districts in neighbouring states and 310 villages were affected.
2154:
350:, in its report, stated that this was "indicative of his desire to exacerbate communal tensions". Swami supporters, however, claimed that Christians at Brahmanigoan village wanted to install a Christmas gate in front of a Hindu temple. This was protested by the local Hindus questioning the motive of Christians in building a second gate near temple while one gate being already present at the place.
2900:
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conversions. The Orissa
Freedom of Religion Act, 1967, stipulates that 'no person shall "convert or attempt to convert, either directly or otherwise, any person from one religious faith to another by the use of force or by inducement or by any fraudulent means"'. Hindus claim the Christian missionaries were converting poor tribal people by feeding them beef, which is
201:, however, the prejudices remain. Conversion from untouchability has encouraged millions of such people to escape from their circumstances through joining other religions. The Panas have converted to Christianity in large numbers and prospered financially. Over the past several decades, most of the Panas have become
334:
to do so. On 24 December 2007 a group of 150–200 Hindus arrived at the town market and demanded that the arch be removed. The protesters argued that the arch along with a tent set up was erected on the very site used by the Hindus to celebrate the Durga Puja festival in
October. Protesters then
208:
Hindu nationalist groups have blamed the violence on the issue of religious conversion. Conversions have been legislated by the provisions of the
Freedom of Religion Acts, replicated in some of the states in India. Odisha was the first state of independent India to enact legislation on religious
93:
Major issues in
Kandhamal that have led to tensions are claims that "The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act" is violated. Such claims include the forcible occupation of tribal land, fake issuance of tribal and exploiting tribals for insurgent activities. This
216:
The missionaries would upgrade the mud houses of the converts into brick-lime. Hindus have further alleged that the increase in the number of
Christians in Odisha has been a result of exploitation of illiteracy and impoverishment by the missionaries. The Census of India shows that Christian
164:
from the early years of the twentieth century. Right-wing Hindus have alleged that the increase in the number of
Christians in Odisha has been a result of an exploitation of illiteracy and impoverishment by the missionaries in contravention of the law, instead of
89:
stated groups tend to recruit most of their leaders and cadre insurgents from tribal communities. He reiterated the
Maoists's religious position: "We do not believe in any religion or are attached to any religious groups. We are not in favour of any religion."
335:
sought to close the weekly market and attempted to close all the shops in the area. The
Christian shopkeepers refused to comply with this, leading to an outbreak of violence. More than 20 shops were looted and destroyed. Three persons were killed.
402:
together with the Sangh-affiliated Kui Samaj and the local
Christians, which resulted in more than 100 churches, over 100 church institutions and about 700 houses and other structures were burnt down or damaged and at least three people killed.
267:
follower, was suspected of being involved in a larger conspiracy. However, the Wadhwa
Commission ruled out the involvement of any organization in the killings. In May 2005, the Odisha High Court commuted Singh's sentence to life imprisonment.
722:
A Narrative of the Mission to Orissa: (the Site of the Temple of Jugurnath): Supported by the New Connexion of General Baptists in England By Amos Sutton, Published by David Marks for the Free-will Baptist Connexion,
456:
In October 2008, a senior Maoist leader claimed responsibility for the murder of Laxmanananda and police officials also confirmed that the Maoists trained youth in the tribal community to murder Laxmanananda.
472:
In February 2019, a Christian evangelical who had converted to Christianity nine months earlier was murdered. It is believed that the 'Hindu fanatics' of the village incited Maoists to carry out the killing.
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1936:
343:
The violence escalated after news spread about Hindu monk Swami Laxmanananda Saraswati being attacked by a Christian fundamentalist mob en route to the spot of the confrontation.
782:
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74:. However, the socio-economic and political landscape of Kandhamal is dominated by its second-largest community, the non-tribal Pana caste. The region is also home to the
421:
A Christian girl who was bruised and burnt during the anti Christian violence in Orissa in August 2008. It occurred when a bomb was thrown into her house by extremists.
380:. The total number of security personnel deployed was about 2,500 police and paramilitary. The total number of people taking shelter in relief camps increased to 1200.
2923:
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564:
2015:
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1966:
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236:, an Australian missionary society that was engaged in the education of poor and illiterate indigenous tribes in Odisha. He also worked among the
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The Kandhamal district contains several tribal reservations where only tribal people can own land. The largest community in Kandhamal is the
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The authorities imposed a curfew in order to control the situation. Concerned with rising violence, after the assault on Saraswati, some
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began to be associated with an unstoppable force of such proportions that is capable of destroying everything in its path. Subsequently,
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in a journal which he later published in Europe. In the journal, Odoric wrote in detail about a huge chariot containing idols of
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tensions for political ends. The organisation said attacks against Christians increased "significantly" since the "
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in 1947 on aforementioned issue of religious conversion. Conversions have been legislated by the provisions of the
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The murders were widely condemned by religious and civic leaders, politicians, and journalists. The US-based
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when it was set afire. Graham and his two sons, ten-year-old Philip and six-year-old Timothy, were killed.
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492:
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In December 2007, Christians had installed a Christmas arch across the road in the town of Brahmanigaon,
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mob of 5,000 attacked Ranalai (PIN – 761 017) in Gajapati District and set houses on fire and engaged in
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Saraswati stated that he had left for Brahmanigaon to boost the "morale of the majority community". The
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In her affidavit before the Commission on the death of her husband and two sons, Gladys Staines stated:
275:
accused the then Indian Government of failing to prevent violence against Christians, and of exploiting
245:
198:
194:
1996:
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1992:"Blind Faith? Fragile Peace Blown to Bits", CNN-IBN debate, 26 August 2008, 10 p.m. broadcast time IST
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Volume 16 – Issue 8, 10 – 23 Apr 1999, India’s National Magazine from the publishers of The Hindu
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182:
153:
129:
52:
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1719:"In photos: Damaged churches, broken homes are the lingering scars of the 2008 Kandhamal riots"
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132:. Odoric's account of the ceremony spread throughout Europe and by the 19th century the word
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354:
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29:
2153:
1630:"Kandhamal: Hindutva's terror- Charting the history of sangh parivar violence in Orissa"
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Behind the clashes are long-simmering tensions between equally impoverished groups: the
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By 30 December, rioting was brought under control by the security forces such as the
253:
241:
2002:
Christians cower from Hindu backlash in India's east, Reuters article, Sept 03, 2008
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185:. Both are original inhabitants of the land. There has been an Indian tradition of
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people, are subject to social and economic discrimination. This is outlawed in the
113:
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sentenced Dara Singh to death and 12 others to life imprisonment for the murders.
94:
previously resulted in civil unrest and communal tensions in 1986, 1994 and 2001.
1414:
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429:, violence occurred from 25 August 2008 to 28 August 2008 between groups led by
264:
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patients in the region. On the night of 22 January 1999, he was sleeping in his
597:
309:. Three Christian people were injured. The then Chief Minister of Odisha, Sri
2824:
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2648:
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229:
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started during 24 December 2007 and ended after 4 days between groups led by
357:, a recent Christian convert and Congress Member of Parliament (Upper House)
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2638:
2628:
1913:
1830:
1502:
1323:
1297:
1076:. Frontline. 10 October 2003. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010
550:
256:, was arrested for the crime. On 22 September 2003 a court appointed by the
217:
population in Kandhamal grew from around 43,000 in 1981 to 117,950 in 2001.
166:
125:
82:
623:"Orissa tribal community accuses state government of bias - Thaindian News"
982:
Violent Gods: Hindu Nationalism in India's Present; Narratives from Orissa
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2688:
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71:
1933:"Christian killed in Orissa: the second in a month, the sixth in a year"
2751:
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237:
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67:
1432:"RSS wing blames Cong MP for triggering communal tension in Kandhamal"
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that allegedly led to further clashes between Hindus and Christians.
249:
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temple which is taken out annually in a procession known as the
117:
48:
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116:
visited India in the 14th century and wrote about his visit to
2007:
Violence in India Is Fueled by Religious and Economic Divide,
565:"Panel gives report on Kandhamal riots - India News - IBNLive"
1801:"Capturing the spark that led to communal riot in Kandhamal"
368:
leaders lodged a complaint with the Police for protection.
330:, having first received a permit from the police and sub-
825:"Caste, tribe, conversion make Orissa district volatile"
547:'Majority of Maoist supporters in Odisha are Christians'
1324:"Report of the NCM visit to Orissa, 6-8 January 2008"
1298:"Report of the NCM visit to Orissa, 6–8 January 2008"
1227:
Tehelka magazine Vol 5, Issue 36, Dated Sept 13, 2008
940:
Basic Data Sheet District Kandhamal (21), Orissa (21)
469:, other Christians were tortured and killed in 2012.
1555:"Sunday services held amid tight security in Orissa"
1211:"Tehelka - India's Independent Weekly News Magazine"
2795:
2707:
2574:
2509:
2448:
2387:
2372:
2324:
2221:
2161:
2079:
1458:"Violence continues at Orissa's Kandhamal district"
283:" BJP came to power. Then-Prime Minister of India,
66:tribe. Most Kandha tribal people follow tribal and
1909:"Maoists killed Lakshmanananda, say Orissa Police"
1506:. Chennai, India. 27 December 2007. Archived from
1110:"Staines murder: Dara Singh's death rap set aside"
1050:. India-today.com. 8 February 1999. Archived from
979:
1917:. Chennai, India. 17 October 2008. Archived from
1774:"Orissa priest injured in communal violence dies"
1272:"Tehelka:: Free. Fair. Fearless:Next Stop Orissa"
322:Incident at Brahmanigaon, Phulbani on 24 December
1603:"India: Stop Hindu-Christian Violence in Orissa"
1464:. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012
1370:"Kandhamal violence was due to localised factor"
1014:. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010
777:
775:
1748:"Plea in SC for SIT probe into Kandhamal riots"
140:missionaries came to Odisha in 1822 during the
1322:National Council for Minority (January 2008).
1048:"Cover Story: Staines' Killing: Burning Shame"
688:"Is 'juggernaut' derived from Lord Jagannath?"
181:tribe, who are 80% of the population, and the
2036:
840:"Hindu Threat to Christians: Convert or Flee"
8:
1959:"Orissa, a Christian beheaded for his faith"
690:. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008
234:Evangelical Missionary Society of Mayurbhanj
55:in the western parts of the Indian state of
51:in the remote forest region surrounding the
1997:Indian State Struck by Rioting, WSJ article
1858:"We killed Swami Laxmananda: Maoist leader"
1776:. NDTV.com. 29 October 2008. Archived from
1657:"BJP MLA convicted in Kandhamal riots case"
2384:
2043:
2029:
2021:
152:The communal disharmony arose even before
359:and chief of Christian group World Vision
1883:"Maoist leader claims they killed Swami"
1185:"Graham Stewart Staines: His Background"
783:"Orissa Freedom of Religion Rules, 1989"
416:
28:
2924:Religiously motivated violence in India
2016:Pictures of Violence in Orissa, Reuters
1498:"Curfew continues in four Orissa towns"
1135:"Missionary 'killer' arrested in India"
539:
1475:
1351:
1340:
1087:
1025:
865:"Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967"
764:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
757:
701:
1969:from the original on 20 February 2019
1742:
1740:
1687:
1685:
7:
1826:"Christmas brings no cheer for them"
1577:"3,706 acquitted in Kandhamal riots"
1160:"Thousands mourn missionary's death"
838:Sengupta, Somini (13 October 2008).
396:2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal
390:2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal
384:2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal
313:, visited the village the next day.
103:Historical background of conversions
1384:"Slain vhp man was conversion king"
986:. Three Essays Collective. p.
645:"Why Swami Laxmanananda was killed"
1628:Chatterji, Angana (January 2008).
348:National Commission for Minorities
124:deities from the grand and famous
25:
1939:from the original on 20 July 2019
1834:. 8 December 2008. Archived from
953:"Indian minister in Orissa visit"
445:. It started after the murder of
2898:
2152:
2051:
1935:. Agenzia Fides. 13 March 2012.
1799:Saju, M. T. (16 February 2017).
567:. Ibnlive.in.com. Archived from
513:Anti-Christian violence in India
2727:Dhalapathar Parda & Fabrics
353:In his statement, Swami blamed
258:Central Bureau of Investigation
1187:. 9 April 2011. Archived from
248:, a Hindu fundamentalist from
1:
1693:"It's still religion, stupid"
978:Chatterji, Angana P. (2009).
919:"Planning & Coordination"
465:According to the news agency
144:'s colonial rule over India.
625:. Thaindian.com. 12 May 2009
339:Attack on Swami Laxmanananda
228:was an Australian Christian
147:
41:Religious violence in Odisha
18:Religious violence in Orissa
503:Religious violence in India
2945:
2316:Maritime history of Odisha
1247:"Another attack in Orissa"
1074:"The Staines case verdict"
1012:"The Staines case verdict"
410:
387:
148:After India's independence
2895:
2150:
2067:
1482:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1274:. Tehalka. Archived from
1094:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1032:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
708:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
523:Persecution of Christians
498:Christianity and violence
488:Criticism of Christianity
263:Dara Singh, as an active
451:Lakshmanananda Saraswati
158:Freedom of Religion Acts
85:movement. Maoist leader
2762:Kotpad Handloom fabrics
2742:Gopalpur Tussar Fabrics
2359:Deomali (Highest point)
2301:Orissa Tributary States
2241:Mahameghavahana dynasty
2213:Human Rights Commission
1887:Business Standard India
427:2008 Kandhamal violence
413:2008 Kandhamal violence
407:2008 Kandhamal violence
1350:Cite journal requires
493:Christianity in Odisha
422:
173:Conversion controversy
37:
2286:Eastern Ganga dynasty
674:10 April 2009 at the
528:Religious intolerance
518:Criticism of Hinduism
508:Persecution of Hindus
447:Vishva Hindu Parishad
420:
162:backward Hindu castes
32:
2777:Pipili appliqué work
2757:Konark stone carving
2266:Shailodbhava dynasty
2181:Legislative Assembly
1965:. 20 February 2019.
1663:. 9 September 2010.
1415:"Kandhamal (Orissa)"
942:Census of India 2001
372:Intervention by CRPF
285:Atal Behari Vajpayee
2732:Ganjam Kewda Flower
2271:Bhauma-Kara dynasty
2102:Bande Utkala Janani
1921:on 20 October 2008.
1838:on 11 December 2008
1530:"Vandals in Orissa"
1217:on 21 February 2014
1054:on 22 November 2008
897:"Conversion debate"
877:on 26 February 2009
746:on 26 February 2009
301:On 16 March 1999 a
199:Indian constitution
154:Indian independence
2364:Abdul Kalam Island
2281:Somavamshi dynasty
2261:Pitrbhakta dynasty
2009:The New York Times
1805:The Times of India
1780:on 1 December 2008
1725:. 5 September 2018
1635:Communalism Combat
1609:. 29 December 2007
1607:Human Rights Watch
1557:. 30 December 2007
1438:. 27 December 2007
1413:Justice on trial.
844:The New York Times
651:. 31 December 2004
439:Kandhamal district
433:organizations and
423:
328:Kandhamal district
273:Human Rights Watch
81:, a revolutionary
53:Kandhamal district
38:
2929:History of Odisha
2911:
2910:
2737:Ganjam Kewda Rooh
2570:
2569:
1754:. 18 January 2020
1583:. 24 January 2020
1510:on 3 January 2008
1394:on 4 January 2013
483:Forced conversion
281:Hindu Nationalist
232:working with the
16:(Redirected from
2936:
2905:India portal
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2902:
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2144:Mahanadi mahseer
2093:Emblem of Odisha
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1889:. 6 October 2008
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959:. 2 January 2008
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554:- 5 October 2008
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297:Ranalai incident
203:Dalit Christians
87:Sabyasachi Panda
33:Indian state of
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2256:Mathara dynasty
2246:Murunda dynasty
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2011:, Sept 03, 2008
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921:. Orissa.gov.in
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795:on 21 July 2011
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734:"Archived copy"
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603:on 21 July 2011
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366:Dalit Christian
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341:
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311:Giridhar Gamang
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221:Staines killing
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1986:External links
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1900:
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1862:www.rediff.com
1849:
1817:
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1697:Indian Express
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1352:|journal=
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1164:news.bbc.co.uk
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571:on 4 July 2009
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2619:Bhawanipatna
2354:Chilika Lake
2344:Utkal Plains
2296:Bhoi dynasty
2251:Nala dynasty
2070:
2008:
1971:. Retrieved
1962:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1927:
1919:the original
1912:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1886:
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1865:. Retrieved
1861:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:the original
1829:
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1804:
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1784:19 September
1782:. Retrieved
1778:the original
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1508:the original
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1442:29 September
1440:. Retrieved
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1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1392:the original
1387:
1378:
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1343:cite journal
1331:. Retrieved
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1292:
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1276:the original
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1129:
1119:19 September
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1080:18 September
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1052:the original
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1016:. Retrieved
1006:
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913:
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901:. Retrieved
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881:18 September
879:. Retrieved
872:the original
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847:. Retrieved
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819:
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799:18 September
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790:the original
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741:the original
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692:. Retrieved
682:
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655:19 September
653:. Retrieved
648:
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629:19 September
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114:Friar Odoric
106:
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45:civil unrest
43:consists of
40:
39:
26:
2772:Pattachitra
2767:Odisha Ikat
2722:Bomkai sari
2709:GI products
2624:Bhubaneswar
2072:Bhubaneswar
1752:Orissa Post
1581:Orissa Post
1436:The Pioneer
1282:8 September
1256:28 December
1221:22 February
1195:28 December
1169:28 December
1144:28 December
425:During the
265:Bajrang Dal
195:lower caste
2918:Categories
2860:Literature
2664:Kendrapara
2649:Jharsuguda
2552:Nabrangpur
2547:Malkangiri
2491:Mayurbhanj
2481:Kendrapara
2440:Sundergarh
2435:Subarnapur
2420:Jharsuguda
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