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1911:...religion, politics, and sexuality are the primary stuff of literary satire. Among these sacret targets, matters costive and defecatory play an important part. ... from the earliest times, satirists have used scatological and bathroom humor. Aristophanes, always livid and nearly scandalous in his religious, political, and sexual references...
1950:
his satirists satirized: housing, food, and fuel supplies, poverty, inflation, "hooliganism", public services, religion, stereotypes of nationals (the
Englishman, German, &c), &c. Yet the truth of the matter is that no satirist worth his salt (Petronius, Chaucer, Rabelais, Swift, Leskov,
1707:
was initially banned in
Ireland, Norway, some states of the US, and some towns and councils of the United Kingdom. In an interesting case of life mirroring art, activist groups who protested the film during its release bore striking similarities to some bands of religious zealots within the film
1590:
contains things such as a commandment to "not believe anything that you read", and proposes that all statements are both true and false at the same time. There is some discourse as to whether
Discordianism should be regarded as a parody religion, and if so, to what
1484:
Boogyism is a fun loving cult that follows the teachings of The Great Booga, an 8 ft stuffed bunny look-alike who created the entire universe after an accident involving an unattended barbecue. It has its own
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Religious satire has been criticised by those who feel that sincerely held religious views should not be subject to ridicule. In some cases religious satire has been censored – for example, Molière's play
1267:" features a religious ceremony in which a priest chants, "Great Wall of Prophecy, reveal to us God's Will, that we might blindly obey!" and celebrants answer, "Free us from thought and responsibility."
1474:
plays a character called "America's Best
Christian". In the persona of a right-wing evangelical Christian, she references Bible verses, using the persona to point out the inconsistencies in the Bible
2112:...threatening calls and opposition from staunch religious followers... the social media religion, 'Dinkoists' here on Sunday. ... no official registration ... attention entirely through Facebook...
1045:
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was initially banned in
Ireland, Norway, some states of the US, and some towns and councils of the United Kingdom. This potential for censorship often leads to debates on the issue of
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1542:
pink. These attributes serve to satirize the apparent contradictions in properties which some attribute to a theistic God, specifically omniscience, omnipotence, and omnibenevolence.
291:, while religious satire is that which targets religious beliefs. Religious satire is also sometimes called philosophical satire, and is thought to be the result of agnosticism or
3137:
2433:
2320:
1345:", the Bishop of Bath and Wells comments "Never, in all my years, have I encountered such cruel and foul-minded perversity! Have you ever considered a career in the church?"
1742:, known as Rev. Magdalen in the SubGenius hierarchy, lost custody and contact with her son after a district court judge took offense at her participation in the Church's
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3243:
1341:" sees Edmund invested as Archbishop of Canterbury amid a Machiavellian plot by the King to acquire lands from the Catholic Church. In Series 2, in the episode "
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1636:, a street performance organization that uses Catholic imagery to call attention to sexual intolerance and satirize issues of gender and morality.
1548:
or
Dinkamatham is a parody religion and social movement that emerged and evolved on social networks organized by independent welfare groups. The
287:, religion has been one of the three primary topics of literary satire, along with politics and sex. Satire which targets the clergy is a type of
272:. Caption reads: "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears."
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1865:"Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere"
798:
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described
Dinkoism in 2016 as an atheist movement with significant growth on social media. With its own scripture Dinka Puranam and
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itself. Like much religious satire, the intent of the film has been misinterpreted and distorted by protesters. According to the
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is not a critique of religion so much as an indictment of the hysteria and bureaucratic excess that often surrounds it.
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109:
1951:
Grass) ever avoids man's habits and living standards, or scants those delicate desiderata: religion, politics, and sex.
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and can take the form of texts, plays, films, and parody. From the earliest times, at least since the plays of
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which satirizes, among other things, the hypocrisy inherent in an 18th-century rural
Ireland where
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1211:(2011) A broadway production about two young Mormon Missionaries sent to Uganda, written by
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2154:"Kerala's Dinkoists take on Akshaya Tritiya, hit the market with their brand of underwear"
1780:
1770:
1501:
1454:
1365:
1162:
908:
760:
516:
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1652:, traditional parodies of Jewish life written out, and/or acted out, for the holiday of
1426:, which stars God, his assistant, Jesus, Lucifer, and several other characters from the
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2385:
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1728:
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who was worshipped by a number of people. His name was used as a substitute for "God".
3403:
3374:
3067:
3062:
2124:
2064:
1940:
Menippeans & Their Satire: Concerning
Monstrous Leamed Old Dogs and Hippocentaurs
1775:
1765:
1703:
1603:
1558:
1508:
1447:
1229:
1145:
876:
835:("The Teacher of Children") in his hand. Two men, respectively Tatar and Azerbaijani
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536:
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296:
65:
1727:
in
January 2006. Critics of the original version of the Bill (such as comedian
1451:, a site that purported to be a Christian Internet censorship site (2001–2008).
1065:
332:
in January 2006. Critics of the original version of the Bill (such as comedian
3283:
2292:"SubGenius vs The Conspiracy: Playfulness and sincerity in invented religions"
2269:"Making the Donkey Visible: Discordianism in the Works of Robert Anton Wilson"
2235:
1664:
1333:
1325:
1311:
has satirized elements of Christianity and other religions in several episodes
1307:
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1220:
1212:
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1115:
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315:
268:. Title: Kissing the Pope's Feet. German peasants respond to a papal bull of
2657:
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1422:
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959:
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1735:
making it clear that this was not the case was passed – by just one vote.
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is responsible for the creation of the universe. Its purpose is to mock
3288:
2230:
1574:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1400:
1292:
1232:, an autobiographical monologue taking aim at Catholicism and Mormonism
856:
789:
663:
304:
292:
2296:
Fiction, Invention and Hyper-reality: From Popular Culture to Religion
2747:
1731:) feared that satirists could be prosecuted, but an amendment by the
1610:
1578:
847:
841:
691:
280:
1613:. Ceiling Cat's enemy is Basement Cat, a black cat representing the
1642:, a project in which the stories of the Bible are illustrated with
2783:
1653:
1614:
1497:
1296:
1275:
has episodes that have satirized Orthodox Judaism and Christianity
1064:
872:
836:
824:
810:
561:
452:
243:
1723:
was hotly debated by the UK Parliament during the passing of the
2798:
1643:
1440:
1197:
2532:
2316:
1584:
of the 1950s and 1960s (respectively). Its main holy book, the
1994:
The Sum of All Heresies: The Image of Islam in Western Thought
1549:
1248:
402:
343:
161:
59:
18:
1856:
In Latin, the title reads "Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur"
1682:, a 1991 response to the then-current televangelism scandals
1329:, which lampooned the role of the Catholic Church in Ireland
248:
From a series of woodcuts (1545) usually referred to as the
1943:, in Scholia satyrica, Volume 6, 3/4, 1980 p.45 quotation:
432:
by adding inclusion criteria, or discuss this issue on the
2125:"The mouse messiah bringing salvation to India's atheists"
1046:
Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ's Childhood Pal
1606:(and its associated scandals), and other modern beliefs.
1461:
from a conservative Evangelical perspective (since 2016)
1170:
A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant
295:. Notable works of religious satire surfaced during the
429:
371:
1408:
that frequently stresses religious issues (since 2000)
1877:
Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531–46
1836:
Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531–46
1598:
pokes fun at many different religions, particularly
1457:, a parody news site, mainly focusing on satirizing
1188:(2005) Off-Broadway musical about Christian Boysband
461:
was well known for his routines satirizing religion.
3323:
3272:
3120:
2987:
2807:
2756:
2713:
2566:
2462:
2404:
2348:
1364:is a devout Christian who is often used to lampoon
851:decrees (on the left). From the satirical magazine
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
340:Notable examples of religious satire and satirists
314:Religious satire has been criticised and at times
2273:Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production
2215:, pp. 238–240. Trinity Press International, 2002
1888:
1886:
1125:, and his hunger for political power behind the
2250:"Votes on the Racial and Religious Hatred Bill"
1944:
1909:
3056:Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
2294:. In Cusack, Carole M.; Kosnáč, Pavol (eds.).
1987:
1985:
1983:
2544:
2328:
2271:. In Cusack, Carole M.; Norman, Alex (eds.).
2030:Heretic and Hero: Muhammad and the Victorians
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1443:-based project by Martin Grondin (since 2007)
336:) feared that satirists could be prosecuted.
279:is a form of satire that refers to religious
8:
1937:Clark, John R. and Motto, Anna Lydia (1980)
1922:Clark, John R. and Motto, Anna Lydia (1973)
1808:Oberman, Heiko Augustinus (1 January 1994).
1738:In 2006, Rachel Bevilacqua, a member of the
1314:Satirical Australian documentary miniseries
997:, a parody and exposé of a false prophet by
871:("Paragraphs and Periods"), a parody of the
2059:
2057:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3215:The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster
2551:
2537:
2529:
2343:Religion and philosophy in popular culture
2335:
2321:
2313:
1161:, notable for its irreverent treatment of
2188:
2184:
1247:, 1982 television serial produced by the
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
2067:. Graphics Shelf.com. 23 November 2017.
720:Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs
175:This article includes a list of general
2092:"'Dinkoists' Gather Under a Troll Tree"
1800:
318:to avoid offence, for example the film
2090:Express News Service (21 March 2016).
1811:The Impact of the Reformation: Essays
16:Satire referring to religious beliefs
7:
1099:Le fanatisme, ou Mahomet le prophète
1079:Le fanatisme, ou Mahomet le Prophète
1015:Christian satire and humor magazine
831:("The Translator") and the textbook
424:Manual of Style for standalone lists
88:adding citations to reliable sources
1687:Reactions, criticism and censorship
1609:The worship of "Ceiling Cat" among
1569:, but draws much of its tone from
1255:novels satirizing Victorian clergy
656:Monty Python's The Meaning of Life
374:by removing the content or adding
181:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2434:New religious movements and cults
2166:from the original on 10 June 2021
2071:from the original on 10 June 2021
2065:"The Curious Case of Lord Dinkan"
1459:American Evangelical Christianity
1054:Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons
1052:The controversial "Islamophobic"
827:, depicted holding the newspaper
34:This article has multiple issues.
2619:Unification Church in Japan
2201:Vicar supports Life of Brian ban
1436:LOLCat Bible Translation Project
1137:(1955), which fictionalizes the
799:Hitchhikers' Guide to the Galaxy
407:
348:
166:
64:
23:
1667:includes a humorous version of
1634:Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence
1561:is centered around the ancient
632:Monty Python and the Holy Grail
370:Please help Knowledge (XXG) to
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
3244:Books critical of Christianity
1814:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1756:Anti-Catholic satire and humor
1108:critical depiction of Muhammad
954:(1785), which is an attack on
823:(on the right), leader of the
776:The First Temptation of Christ
1:
3410:Religious parodies and satire
3264:Books critical of Scientology
1974:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
1404:, an internet comic strip by
3173:Letter to a Christian Nation
2290:Robertson, David G. (2016).
2267:Robertson, David G. (2012).
792:is a legendary prophet from
640:Monty Python's Life of Brian
3420:Religious comedy and humour
3259:Books critical of Mormonism
2356:List of fictional religions
2275:. Brill. pp. 421–444.
2152:Megha Varier (6 May 2016).
1663:" by progressive rock band
1173:(2003), which makes fun of
995:Alexander the Oracle Monger
839:, are threatening him with
807:Literature and publications
735:and Matthew Robinson (2009)
569:, satirist behind the film
328:such as in the case of the
3436:
3166:God: The Failed Hypothesis
3152:God in the Age of Science?
2226:"The Secret Life of Brian"
2028:Almond, Philip C. (1989).
1530:which takes the form of a
1420:Comedic short film series
819:educator and intellectual
748:How to Lose Your Virginity
419:precise inclusion criteria
3254:Books critical of Judaism
2599:Latter Day Saint movement
2508:
1992:Quinn, Frederick (2008).
1824:– via Google Books.
1244:The Barchester Chronicles
1158:Jerry Springer: The Opera
973:Chronicles of Barsetshire
3222:Why I Am Not a Christian
2809:Religious discrimination
2391:Religion and video games
2298:. Taylor & Francis.
1964:"Al-Maʿarrī (Biography)"
1946:...classifying the very
1573:, Christianity, and the
1513:spaghetti with meatballs
1494:Flying Spaghetti Monster
1030:Job: A Comedy of Justice
855:, N. 17, 28 April 1908,
258:Depictions of the Papacy
3360:Criticism of monotheism
3249:Books critical of Islam
3236:The Demon-Haunted World
3093:Anti-Christian violence
2624:Westboro Baptist Church
2485:Humor about Catholicism
1998:Oxford University Press
1969:Encyclopædia Britannica
1925:Satire—that blasted art
1838:By Mark U. Edwards, Jr.
1740:Church of the SubGenius
1596:Church of the SubGenius
1504:, which asserts that a
1196:is a parody of life in
1072:of the 1753 edition of
579:Films and documentaries
196:more precise citations.
2680:New religious movement
2371:Philosophy of religion
2234:. 2007. Archived from
2096:The New Indian Express
1953:
1913:
1875:Mark U. Edwards, Jr.,
1840:Fortress Press, 2004.
1524:Invisible Pink Unicorn
1489:, The Spiritual Arghh.
1366:conservative Christian
1082:
985:Letters from the Earth
882:Collection of stories
864:
743:by Umesh Shukla (2012)
728:The Invention of Lying
575:
462:
273:
3415:Criticism of religion
3311:Nontheistic religions
3229:Why I Am Not a Muslim
3145:Christianity Unveiled
2609:Seventh-day Adventist
2560:Criticism of religion
2439:Seventh-day Adventism
1725:Religious Hatred Bill
1500:of the "Pastafarian"
1382:Evangelical Christian
1303:, and other religions
1265:A Pharaoh to Remember
1068:
1005:The Screwtape Letters
869:Al-Fuṣūl wa Al-Ghāyāt
814:
615:John and Roy Boulting
565:
456:
330:Religious Hatred Bill
247:
3355:Criticism of atheism
3187:The Blind Watchmaker
2769:Charles Taze Russell
2614:Unification movement
2238:on 28 November 2011.
1698:was banned in 1664.
1272:Curb Your Enthusiasm
988:, book of essays by
951:Holy Willie's Prayer
923:Cúirt An Mheán Óiche
885:The Canterbury Tales
552:The Kids in the Hall
430:improve this article
422:as described in the
372:improve this section
84:improve this article
2736:Mormon sacred texts
2594:Jehovah's Witnesses
2213:Screening Scripture
2038:Harrassowitz Verlag
1761:The Bible and humor
1640:The Brick Testament
1587:Principia Discordia
1139:Scopes Monkey Trial
1127:foundation of Islam
1018:The Wittenburg Door
897:The Praise of Folly
879:(10th–11th century)
384:independent sources
3138:Breaking the Spell
3080:Sectarian violence
2989:Religious violence
2937:Oriental Orthodoxy
2794:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
2653:Twelver Shia Islam
2361:Fictional religion
2040:. pp. 33–35.
2000:. pp. 62–64.
1565:goddess of chaos,
1517:intelligent design
1317:John Safran vs God
1208:The Book of Mormon
1106:, notable for its
1083:
1061:Plays and musicals
1025:Robert A. Heinlein
999:Lucian of Samosata
967:Church of Scotland
956:self-righteousness
940:Christian morality
928:The Midnight Court
902:Desiderius Erasmus
888:(14th century) by
865:
815:Caricature of the
576:
507:Lucian of Samosata
463:
457:American comedian
274:
264:, commissioned by
99:"Religious satire"
3397:
3396:
3180:The Age of Reason
3131:Atheist Manifesto
2932:Eastern Orthodoxy
2895:Jehovah's Witness
2854:post–Cold War era
2757:Religious figures
2636:Swaminarayan sect
2526:
2525:
2518:Philosophy portal
2429:Latter Day Saints
2419:EST and The Forum
2305:978-1-317-13549-4
2282:978-90-04-22187-1
2007:978-0-19-532563-8
1996:. New York City:
1846:978-0-8006-3735-4
1721:freedom of speech
1676:Jesus He Knows Me
1411:Semiweekly comic
1226:Letting Go of God
1193:Saturday's Voyeur
1119:religious fanatic
1110:, described as a
1037:Christopher Moore
821:Ismail Gasprinsky
768:The Last Hangover
623:The Holy Mountain
451:
450:
416:This list has no
401:
400:
326:freedom of speech
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
214:
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
3427:
3208:The God Delusion
3201:The End of Faith
3194:The Caged Virgin
3159:God Is Not Great
2553:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2396:Religious satire
2381:Pseudophilosophy
2337:
2330:
2323:
2314:
2309:
2286:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2222:
2216:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2189:Robertson (2016)
2185:Robertson (2012)
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:on 25 March 2016
2098:. Archived from
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2025:
2012:
2011:
1989:
1978:
1977:
1960:
1954:
1935:
1929:
1920:
1914:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1866:
1863:
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1479:Parody religions
1253:Anthony Trollope
1134:Inherit the Wind
978:Anthony Trollope
890:Geoffrey Chaucer
861:Oskar Schmerling
591:Yakov Protazanov
586:St. Jorgen's Day
557:Porta dos Fundos
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289:political satire
277:Religious satire
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2133:. 11 April 2016
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1771:Humour in Islam
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1678:" by rock band
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1582:countercultures
1538:both invisible
1502:parody religion
1481:
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1455:The Babylon Bee
1396:
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1323:British sitcom
1239:
1163:Judeo-Christian
1063:
931:) (c.1780), an
909:A Tale of a Tub
853:Molla Nasreddin
809:
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761:Rajkumar Hirani
740:OMG – Oh My God
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517:Hannibal Buress
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2741:Book of Mormon
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2705:Zoroastrianism
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1384:who practices
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1361:Drawn Together
1356:Princess Clara
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1339:The Archbishop
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833:Khoja-i-Sübyan
825:Jadid movement
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2949:Protestantism
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2604:Protestantism
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1766:Discordianism
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1719:The issue of
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1714:Life of Brian
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1704:Life of Brian
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1559:Discordianism
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2849:Christianity
2827:Bahá'i Faith
2584:Christianity
2574:Baháˈí Faith
2449:Spiritualism
2424:Hare Krishna
2414:Bahá'í Faith
2407:philosophies
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1554:Balamangalam
1506:supernatural
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82:Please help
77:verification
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33:
3306:New Atheism
3279:Agnosticism
3084:By country
3051:Persecution
2964:Sunni Islam
2927:Neopaganism
2915:Persecution
2888:Persecution
2876:Persecution
2837:Catholicism
2774:Ellen White
2690:Scientology
2685:Neopaganism
2567:By religion
2444:Scientology
2261:Works cited
1908:quotation:
1650:Purim Torah
1600:Scientology
1563:Greco-Roman
1511:resembling
1301:Scientology
1251:, from the
1217:Trey Parker
1179:Scientology
1123:manipulator
1021:(1971–2008)
1010:C. S. Lewis
962:within the
685:Kevin Smith
669:Trey Parker
537:Tim Minchin
502:Lenny Bruce
497:Pat Condell
297:Renaissance
194:introducing
3404:Categories
3284:Antitheism
3073:In Judaism
2969:Shia Islam
2866:Falun Gong
2675:Monotheism
2137:12 October
2106:12 October
1795:References
1746:festival.
1665:Pink Floyd
1394:On the web
1368:viewpoints
1350:Characters
1334:Blackadder
1326:Father Ted
1308:Family Guy
1280:South Park
1237:Television
1221:Matt Stone
1213:South Park
1185:Altar Boyz
1149:(1969) by
1102:(1736) by
1091:(1664) by
990:Mark Twain
936:comic poem
912:(1704) by
900:(1509) by
877:Al-Maʿarri
784:Characters
713:Bill Maher
704:Religulous
673:Matt Stone
572:Religulous
567:Bill Maher
512:Dave Allen
482:Bill Hicks
472:Bill Maher
361:irrelevant
177:references
110:newspapers
39:improve it
3365:Sexuality
3294:Criticism
3273:Movements
3098:In Odisha
3029:Christian
3024:Terrorism
3007:Mormonism
2954:Rastafari
2922:Mormonism
2817:Ahmadiyya
2700:Yazdânism
2658:Wahhabism
2211:Dyke, C:
2034:Wiesbaden
1976:May 2018.
1701:The film
1423:Mr. Deity
1337:episode "
1289:Mormonism
1263:episode "
1215:creators
1116:perverted
1041:absurdist
1027:'s novel
980:(1855–67)
964:Calvinist
960:hypocrisy
442:June 2023
434:talk page
392:June 2023
376:citations
45:talk page
3343:In Islam
3338:Apostasy
3110:Pakistan
3068:In Islam
2997:Buddhism
2871:Hinduism
2832:Buddhism
2789:Muhammad
2648:Islamism
2631:Hinduism
2589:Catholic
2579:Buddhism
2495:Muhammad
2164:Archived
2130:BBC News
2069:Archived
1906:pp.116–8
1750:See also
1695:Tartuffe
1669:Psalm 23
1628:Voltaire
1546:Dinkoism
1534:that is
1260:Futurama
1228:(2004),
1151:Dario Fo
1104:Voltaire
1088:Tartuffe
1076:'s play
1074:Voltaire
848:sharīʿah
829:Terjuman
380:reliable
316:censored
3370:Slavery
3301:Cārvāka
3289:Atheism
3105:Nigeria
3039:Islamic
3014:Judaism
2959:Sikhism
2900:Judaism
2822:Atheism
2695:Sikhism
2670:Judaism
2665:Jainism
2252:. 2006.
2231:YouTube
1710:Pythons
1680:Genesis
1611:Lolcats
1591:degree.
1575:beatnik
1532:unicorn
1528:goddess
1509:creator
1496:is the
1401:Sinfest
1293:Judaism
1093:Molière
948:' poem
857:Tbilisi
790:Zarquon
664:Orgazmo
648:Pray TV
428:Please
305:Erasmus
293:atheism
281:beliefs
190:improve
124:scholar
3385:Jewish
3380:Muslim
3044:Jewish
2974:Sufism
2748:Talmud
2731:Hadith
2454:Voodoo
2302:
2279:
2170:9 June
2075:9 June
2044:
2004:
1948:topics
1844:
1818:
1579:hippie
1466:People
1380:is an
1320:(2004)
1165:themes
1056:(2005)
1049:(2002)
1043:novel
1033:(1984)
1012:, 1943
906:Novel
894:Essay
842:takfīr
779:(2019)
771:(2018)
763:(2014)
751:(2013)
723:(2008)
715:(2008)
699:(2004)
692:Saved!
687:(1999)
675:(1997)
659:(1983)
651:(1980)
643:(1979)
635:(1975)
627:(1973)
617:(1963)
605:(1961)
593:(1930)
179:, but
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
3333:Abuse
3122:Books
3088:India
3034:Hindu
3019:Islam
2942:Copts
2883:Islam
2861:Druze
2784:Moses
2779:Jesus
2764:Aisha
2726:Quran
2721:Bible
2643:Islam
2490:Jesus
2470:Devil
1744:X-Day
1661:Sheep
1654:Purim
1615:devil
1526:is a
1498:deity
1428:Bible
1343:Money
1297:Islam
1008:, by
873:Quran
680:Dogma
613:, by
601:, by
589:, by
131:JSTOR
117:books
2799:Saul
2480:Hell
2300:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2172:2021
2139:2020
2108:2020
2077:2021
2042:ISBN
2002:ISBN
1928:p.20
1894:p.39
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