550:
right to use the term "Baháʼí" in printed material. Remey then changed the name of his sect from "Baháʼís Under the
Hereditary Guardianship" to "Abha World Faith" and also referred to it as the "Orthodox Faith of Baháʼu'lláh". In 1966, Remey asked the Santa Fe assembly to dissolve, as well as the second International Baháʼí Council that he had appointed with Joel Marangella, residing in France, as president.
576:
the same appointment. In 1965 Remey activated the council, and in 1966 wrote letters passing the "affairs of the Faith" to the council, then later dissolving it. In 1969 Marangella made an announcement that the letter of 1961 was Remey's appointment of him as the third
Guardian, and that he had been the Guardian since 1964, invalidating Remey's pronouncements from that point forward.
1423:
51:
423:
565:
Remey died in 1974, having appointed a third
Guardian, but the number of adherents to the Orthodox faction remains extremely small. Although successful in Pakistan, the Remeyites seem to have attracted no followers in Iran. Other small groups have broken away from the main body from time to time, but
500:
Membership data of the
Orthodox Baháʼís is scarce. They are mostly located in the United States, with few members and no communal religious life. One source estimated them at no more than 100 members as of 1988, with the largest concentration being 11 in Roswell, New Mexico. In an Illinois court case
492:
Other than on the matter of leadership and organization, there are few differences between the
Orthodox and mainstream Baháʼís regarding their doctrine. As a group who believe that Mason Remey was the second Guardian of the Baháʼí Faith, they are excommunicated by the majority of Baháʼís and labelled
549:
In 1964 the Santa Fe assembly filed a lawsuit against the
National Spiritual Assembly (NSA) of the Baháʼís of the United States to receive the legal title to the Baháʼí House of Worship in Illinois, and all other property owned by the NSA. The NSA counter-sued and won. The Santa Fe assembly lost the
595:
The federal 7th
Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in 2008 that the 1966 decision against Mason Remey's use of Baha'i trademarks does not apply to any of the successor groups, such as, "Franklin D. Schlatter, Joel B. Marangella, the Provisional National Baha’i Council ("PNBC"), the Second International
579:
In 1970 Marangella appointed members to a "National Bureau of the
Orthodox Baháʼís in New York", which two years later was moved to New Mexico, and subsequently changed its name to "Mother Baháʼí Council of the United States" (1978) and "Provisional National Baháʼí Council" (2000), with all members
575:
In 1961 Joel
Marangella received a letter from Remey, and a note that, "... in or after 1963. You will know when to break the seal." In 1964 Remey appointed members to a second International Baháʼí Council with Marangella as president, significant due to Remey's claim to Guardianship being based on
553:
Beginning in 1966–67, Remey was abandoned by almost all of his followers due to his criticism of Shoghi
Effendi and other statements. The followers of Mason Remey were not organized until several of them began forming their own groups based on different understandings of succession, even before his
606:
Though the judges criticized the ruling from more than four decades ago as wrongfully trying to resolve an internal religious dispute, they determined it was a moot point since the 1966 defendants' denomination is now dissolved. Tuesday's ruling sidestepped questions about whether a religious
583:
Marangella gained the support of most of Remey's followers, who came to be known as Orthodox Baháʼís. Joel Marangella died in San Diego, California on Sept 1, 2013. A website claiming to represent Orthodox Baháʼís indicates followers in the United States and India, and a fourth Guardian named
525:
would decide on the situation after its first election. Charles Mason Remey, one of the Hands, declared himself the successor to Shoghi Effendi in 1960. Almost the whole Baháʼí world rejected his claim, which did not even address the requirements that Guardians be descendants of
808:, US District Court for Northern District Court of Illinois Eastern Division, Civil Action No. 64 C 1878: NSA's Reply Memorandum to the Response of Franklin D. Schlatter, Joel B. Marangella and Provisional National Baháʼí Council, p8 para 2 line 5
530:—making him ineligible—and that appointments must be clearly confirmed by the nine resident Hands of the Cause in Haifa. Initially the NSA of France and about 100 Baháʼís, mostly Americans, followed Remey. He was shunned as a Covenant-breaker.
501:
in 2007 they reported membership in the United States at 40, and a news agency reported them at "about 50" in 2010. Websites claiming to represent the Orthodox Baháʼís indicate followers in the United States and India.
533:
Initially, Remey had followers in Pakistan, India, the United States, and parts of Europe. He settled in Florence, Italy, until the end of his life. From there he appointed three local spiritual assemblies in
819:, US District Court for Northern District Court of Illinois Eastern Division, Civil Action No. 64 C 1878: Orthodox Baháʼí Respondents' Surreply Memorandum to NSA's Reply Memorandum, p2 para 2 line 15
592:
In 2006, the mainstream Baháʼí administration filed a lawsuit accusing the Orthodox Baháʼís of violating the order issued in 1966. The Orthodox Baháʼís denied that they were the same group.
1714:
378:
1781:
1786:
1047:
452:
1109:
A brief history of the violation of the Covenant of Baháʼuʼlláh at the World Center of the Bahá'í Faith following the passing of the first Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith
1456:
1451:
108:
103:
470:
1332:
596:
Baha’I Council (d/b/a Baha’is Under the Provisions of the Covenant) ("SIBC"), and the Baha’i Publishers Under the Provisions of the Covenant ("BPUPC")".
1655:
1379:
1719:
383:
477:, and subsequently was the name used by one of his disputed successors, Joel Marangella. The sect is defined by a belief that the Guardianship of
1280:
1076:
445:
1567:
1432:
230:
1608:
1536:
1466:
273:
192:
118:
1776:
817:
1314:
1256:
1193:
1013:
806:
1661:
323:
1739:
1651:
1446:
438:
318:
202:
98:
1582:
245:
1756:
1541:
426:
197:
34:
1372:
1683:
345:
1744:
408:
1546:
1336:
522:
486:
207:
1734:
1688:
1520:
403:
398:
350:
174:
1724:
1441:
388:
93:
1613:
1572:
1471:
1365:
1026:
278:
235:
123:
1514:
1335: (US District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division 2007), archived from
1300:
1149:
621:
What is the meaning of loyalty to the Covenant of Baháʼuʼlláh and who are the present-day covenant-breakers?
168:
1729:
1402:
422:
393:
65:
50:
1623:
1328:
The NSA of the Baha'is of the USA under the Hereditary Guardianship v. The NSA of the Baha'is of the USA
288:
1500:
1412:
1388:
1179:
510:
482:
154:
75:
42:
497:. Those who supported Mason Remey feel in turn that the majority strayed from the original teachings.
1673:
535:
335:
1461:
113:
1678:
871:
340:
1603:
1551:
1476:
518:
268:
212:
128:
1069:
Baha'is in Exile: An Account of followers of Baha'u'llah outside the mainstream Baha'i religion
642:. United States: National Bureau of the Orthodox Bahaʹi Faith of the United States and Canada.
521:, gathered and decided that he had died "without having appointed his successor," and that the
1310:
1286:
1276:
1273:
Citizens of the world: a history and sociology of the Bahaʹis from a globalisation perspective
1252:
1189:
1153:
1113:
1072:
1048:"Orthodox believers can keep calling themselves Baha'i, court rules, reversing earlier ruling"
1009:
1004:
662:
643:
625:
546:, then organized the election of two National Assemblies – in the united states and Pakistan.
527:
1493:
1165:
494:
147:
1628:
293:
1598:
1268:
1244:
1128:
658:
Daily observations of the Baha'i faith: made to the Hands of the Faith in the Holy Land
554:
death in 1974. The majority of them claimed that Remey was showing signs of senility.
514:
478:
263:
1770:
1228:
1169:
1088:
618:
Marangella, Joel Bray; Orthodox Bahaʹi Faith of the United States and Canada (1977).
639:
Extracts from the Kitáb-i-aqdas: the Most Holy Book of the revelation of Baháʹuʹlláh
1698:
1507:
1183:
1145:
599:
360:
161:
1304:
1092:
474:
1633:
539:
298:
1290:
1206:
1117:
666:
629:
1618:
1577:
874:
District Court, N.D. Illinois, E. Div. No. 64 C 1878. Decided June 28, 1966
647:
283:
240:
1107:
656:
619:
17:
637:
1422:
543:
481:(1921–1957) continued with further appointees, whereas the mainstream
1666:
328:
1407:
70:
1154:"The Baha'i Faith 1957–1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments"
1693:
355:
1351:
1361:
1357:
983:
485:
follow a line of leadership that transitioned to the elected
831:
829:
827:
825:
984:"The National Baháʼí Council of the Orthodox Baháʼí Faith"
702:
754:
752:
882:
880:
715:
713:
711:
686:
684:
1707:
1644:
1591:
1560:
1529:
1485:
1430:
1395:
1008:. London, UK: Cassell & Co. pp. 247–248.
489:in 1963 with no eligible appointees as Guardian.
566:none of these has attracted a sizeable following.
946:
604:
563:
1071:. Pittsburgh, PA: RoseDog Books. p. 202.
1373:
1027:"When religion splits, courts get a rare say"
607:organization can trademark its name or icons.
446:
8:
1354:National Baháʼí Council of the United States
835:
1782:Religious organizations established in 1960
1380:
1366:
1358:
1306:A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith
743:
731:
453:
439:
29:
1227:Universal House of Justice (1997-01-31).
1787:1960 establishments in the United States
1249:Baháʼí, Studies in Contemporary Religion
1229:"Mason Remey and Those Who Followed Him"
1185:The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963
1112:. United States: Orthodox Baháʹí Faith.
719:
958:
934:
922:
910:
898:
886:
859:
847:
782:
770:
690:
680:
41:
509:Following the unexpected death of the
1309:. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications.
970:
758:
7:
794:
1129:"The Covenant and Covenant-Breaker"
25:
1025:Brachear, Manya A. (2009-05-17).
1421:
661:. Washington, D.C.: C.M. Remey.
561:reported the following in 1988:
421:
49:
1333: Civil Action No. 64 C 1878
1207:"Bitter dispute divides Bahais"
703:Universal House of Justice 1997
1106:Marangella, Joel Bray (1975).
580:appointed by Joel Marangella.
1:
655:Remey, Charles Mason (1960).
1170:10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8
1220:– via Newspapers.com.
1046:Deseret News (2010-12-24).
872:Baháʼís vs New Mexico Group
588:Ruling on Baháʼí trademarks
473:that was formed in 1960 by
1803:
1547:Universal House of Justice
1205:Ryan, Nancy (1988-06-10).
523:Universal House of Justice
487:Universal House of Justice
208:Universal House of Justice
1753:
1715:Socioeconomic development
1419:
584:Nosrat’u’llah Bahremand.
379:Socioeconomic development
1213:. Chicago, IL. p. 7
1093:"Bahai and Babi Schisms"
1067:Johnson, Vernon (2020).
1537:Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh
1515:Some Answered Questions
1188:. Baháʼí World Centre.
1002:Barrett, David (2001).
517:in 1957, the 27 living
193:Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh
169:Some Answered Questions
1720:Progressive revelation
1127:Momen, Moojan (1995).
744:Momen & Smith 1989
609:
568:
469:is an extremely small
384:Progressive revelation
1662:Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh
1624:Letters of the Living
1352:Orthodox Baháʼí Faith
947:Findings of fact 2007
467:Orthodox Baháʼí Faith
324:Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh
289:Letters of the Living
1552:Spiritual Assemblies
1542:Administrative Order
1097:Encyclopædia Iranica
559:Encyclopædia Iranica
540:Rawalpindi, Pakistan
536:Santa Fe, New Mexico
213:Spiritual Assemblies
198:Administrative Order
27:Minority Bahá'í sect
1339: on 2012-02-19.
1251:. Signature Books.
1131:. bahai-library.com
1604:Hands of the Cause
1477:Nineteen Day Feast
602:reported in 2010:
519:Hands of the Cause
513:'s first Guardian
269:Hands of the Cause
129:Nineteen Day Feast
1764:
1763:
1674:Shrine of the Báb
1457:Unity of religion
1452:Unity of humanity
1282:978-90-474-0746-1
1275:. Leiden: Brill.
1180:Rabbani, Ruhiyyih
1078:978-1-6453-0574-3
1005:The New Believers
937:, pp. 60–65.
850:, pp. 28–30.
836:Deseret News 2010
495:covenant-breakers
463:
462:
336:Shrine of the Báb
109:Unity of religion
104:Unity of humanity
16:(Redirected from
1794:
1777:Bahá'í divisions
1652:House of Worship
1508:The Hidden Words
1425:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1340:
1330:
1320:
1294:
1262:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1199:
1173:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1121:
1100:
1082:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1019:
988:
987:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
820:
815:
809:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
706:
700:
694:
688:
670:
651:
633:
455:
448:
441:
425:
319:House of Worship
203:The Guardianship
162:The Hidden Words
53:
30:
21:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1749:
1703:
1640:
1587:
1556:
1525:
1481:
1426:
1417:
1396:Central figures
1391:
1386:
1348:
1343:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1299:
1283:
1269:Warburg, Margit
1267:
1259:
1245:Warburg, Margit
1243:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1211:Chicago Tribune
1204:
1196:
1178:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1105:
1089:MacEoin, Dennis
1087:
1079:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1031:Chicago Tribune
1024:
1016:
1001:
997:
992:
991:
982:
981:
977:
969:
965:
957:
953:
945:
941:
933:
929:
921:
917:
909:
905:
897:
893:
885:
878:
870:
866:
858:
854:
846:
842:
834:
823:
816:
812:
805:
801:
793:
789:
781:
777:
769:
765:
757:
750:
742:
738:
732:Marangella 1975
730:
726:
718:
709:
701:
697:
689:
682:
677:
654:
636:
617:
614:
590:
573:
571:Joel Marangella
507:
459:
414:
413:
374:
366:
365:
314:
306:
305:
259:
251:
250:
226:
218:
217:
188:
180:
179:
142:
134:
133:
89:
81:
80:
61:
60:Central figures
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1800:
1798:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1599:Shoghi Effendi
1595:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1568:Baháʼí history
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1346:External links
1344:
1342:
1341:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1296:
1295:
1281:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1240:
1239:
1223:
1222:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1182:, ed. (1992).
1175:
1174:
1141:
1140:
1123:
1122:
1102:
1101:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1063:
1062:
1042:
1041:
1021:
1020:
1014:
998:
996:
993:
990:
989:
975:
973:, p. 292.
963:
951:
939:
927:
915:
903:
891:
876:
864:
852:
840:
821:
810:
799:
787:
785:, p. 206.
775:
773:, p. 247.
763:
748:
736:
724:
707:
695:
679:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
652:
634:
613:
610:
589:
586:
572:
569:
544:Lucknow, India
515:Shoghi Effendi
506:
503:
479:Shoghi Effendi
461:
460:
458:
457:
450:
443:
435:
432:
431:
430:
429:
416:
415:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
332:
331:
321:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
302:
301:
296:
291:
281:
276:
271:
266:
264:Shoghi Effendi
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
243:
238:
233:
231:Baháʼí history
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
172:
165:
158:
151:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1799:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Other Baháʼís
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1494:Kitáb-i-Aqdas
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:Key scripture
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1316:1-85168-184-1
1312:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1258:1-56085-169-4
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1195:0-85398-350-X
1191:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
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1629:Mullá Husayn
1530:Institutions
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1501:Kitáb-i-Íqán
1499:
1492:
1447:Unity of God
1413:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
1389:Baháʼí Faith
1337:the original
1327:
1305:
1301:Smith, Peter
1272:
1248:
1232:. Retrieved
1215:. Retrieved
1210:
1184:
1161:
1157:
1150:Smith, Peter
1133:. Retrieved
1108:
1096:
1068:
1055:. Retrieved
1052:Deseret News
1051:
1034:. Retrieved
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978:
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959:Johnson 2020
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935:Johnson 2020
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923:Johnson 2020
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911:Warburg 2004
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899:Barrett 2001
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373:Other topics
346:World Centre
294:Mullá Husayn
187:Institutions
167:
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155:Kitáb-i-Íqán
153:
146:
99:Unity of God
76:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
43:Baháʼí Faith
1745:Orthography
1583:Persecution
1521:Other Texts
1403:Baháʼu'lláh
528:Baha'u'llah
475:Mason Remey
471:Baháʼí sect
409:Orthography
246:Persecution
175:Other Texts
66:Baháʼu'lláh
1771:Categories
1740:Statistics
1735:Prophecies
1689:Pilgrimage
1679:Síyáh-Chál
1234:2020-10-31
1217:2020-12-19
1135:2022-03-06
1057:2020-09-21
1036:2022-03-06
995:References
971:Smith 2000
759:Momen 1995
404:Statistics
399:Prophecies
351:Pilgrimage
341:Síyáh-Chál
1725:Cosmology
1442:Teachings
1291:234309958
1118:852532044
1091:(1988) .
795:Ryan 1988
761:, §G.2.e.
667:233997461
630:852522886
389:Cosmology
94:Teachings
18:Remeyites
1757:Category
1609:Apostles
1573:Timeline
1472:Calendar
1431:Basics (
1303:(2000).
1271:(2006).
1247:(2004).
1158:Religion
1152:(1989).
427:Category
274:Apostles
236:Timeline
124:Calendar
35:a series
33:Part of
1730:Symbols
1634:Táhirih
1561:History
1433:outline
1408:The Báb
648:2089855
505:History
483:Baháʼís
394:Symbols
299:Táhirih
225:History
71:The Báb
1667:Qiblih
1645:Places
1592:People
1578:Bábism
1467:Prayer
1331:,
1313:
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1192:
1164:: 63.
1116:
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628:
542:, and
329:Qiblih
313:Places
258:People
241:Bábism
119:Prayer
88:Basics
37:on the
1694:Haifa
1619:Bábis
675:Notes
356:Haifa
284:Bábis
1699:Acre
1656:List
1462:Laws
1311:ISBN
1287:OCLC
1277:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1114:OCLC
1073:ISBN
1010:ISBN
663:OCLC
644:OCLC
626:OCLC
557:The
465:The
361:Acre
114:Laws
1166:doi
1773::
1285:.
1209:.
1162:19
1160:.
1156:.
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454:e
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440:v
20:)
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