650:
907:
848:
619:
48:
924:, he was preceded by only Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and Zhu De. In late November, Ren was diagnosed with serious illness by a doctor sent under the orders of Stalin, which reduced his participation in daily party politics. On 26 August 1946, Ren began drafting his proposal on establishing the Communist Youth.
942:
When violence against landlords as part of the land reform movement surged in early 1948, Ren was one of the party leaders who criticize the movement. Ren announced a policy shift in
January 1948, guaranteeing that targets of the movement would nonetheless be allowed to keep a share of property. This
745:
in
October, Mao was replaced by Zhou Enlai as the West Army Commander and was criticized by Ren during the same time. In lieu of his actions against Mao, in the 7th Plenary Session of the CCP, Ren admitted that his actions were wrong and the result of a "moment of sectarian activity".
677:
On 15 October 1928. Ren was arrested by the local warlord in
Nanling County, Anhui Province while attempting to attend a meeting by the Communist Youth League. Although Ren was released by the end of 1928, his son caught pneumonia and died.
2025:
2045:
990:
on 1 October. Afterwards, Ren was active in studying the situation of the Korean War but suffered a stroke due to fatigue. Three days after his stroke and following unsuccessful treatment, he died in
Beijing at 12:00 on October 27.
1784:
701:. He was detained again on 17 November when attending a municipal meeting organized by the CCP. Even under electrocution and torture, Ren did not provide any confession to the police. As a response to his detainment,
808:
adopted a multi-pronged conventional assault which forced the retreat of
Communist forces. By November, Ren, He Long and Guan Xiangying were able to break out of the military blockade established by Chiang's army in
705:
acted as the negotiator and was able to secure a prison term for Ren and even managed to reduce the term to secure his release by 25 December 1929. In April and
September, he was appointed as the party secretary in
2050:
721:
Ren was reelected as a
Politburo member on 7 January 1931 during the extended Fourth Plenary Session of the CCP. On 7 November, during the First Session, he was elected a member of the Central Executive of the
1015:
praised Ren as being the "party camel, who worked long and hard without rest, never seeking enjoyment, never borne grudges against anyone. He was our model and best party member, an outstanding revolutionary."
943:
policy change contributed to a shift away from economic struggle and to political struggle. The Party instructed that fewer landlords should be targeted and work teams should not beat or torture their targets.
977:
In
February 1949, he was appointed head of the Preparatory Committee for the Communist Youth League of China. He was made the honorary president of the Central Committee on 12 April during his recuperation at
894:
as members of the
Organizational Department of the CCP, became in charge of the northwest regions of Gansu-Ningxia and Shaanxi, and in the same month, was in charge of organizing the 8th Route Army based in
2030:
919:
During the
Seventh National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in March 1945, Ren was elected as a Politburo member of CPC Central Committee and the party's Central Secretary-General. As part of the
2020:
2060:
599:
In January 1925, Ren attended the Socialist Youth League of China's Third National People's Congress as the praesidium and changed the organization's name from "Socialist Youth League" to the "
921:
1777:
2015:
615:
in Shanghai. Ren left for Moscow to attend the Communist Youth International Executive Committee Sixth Plenum in October and stayed in the Soviet Union until March the following year.
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1716:
473:
132:
564:
as the translator of the history of Western revolutionary movements. After completing his studies on 23 July 1924, he arrived in Shanghai in August 1924 after a train ride through
788:, Ren organized a successful Westward march to retreat from the increasing unsuccessful defense in the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet. Ren met with the Red Third Army on 24 October 1934 in
1932:
1928:
1924:
1770:
2005:
757:'s left-leaning stance of party ideology, Ren was forced to transfer from his post in the Soviet Central Bureau of Organization Department to become the party secretary in the
738:
611:. Despite the failure of the movement, Ren was able to consolidate and utilise the Youth League to vastly expand its membership soon after. In early April 1926, he married
762:
2070:
532:
in 1915 and collaborated with Mao Zedong to set up the Russian Research Center at the school in 1920. In the same year, he also joined the youth wing of the soon-to-be
682:
501:
113:
557:
290:
1802:
2040:
669:
in August 1927 to support the idea of initiating a peasant-based revolution in China. Soon after, Ren was able to gain temporary membership of the Politburo.
1793:
508:
878:
In 1938, he attended the CPC Central Military Commission North Branch's meeting. In March, he was sent by the CCP Central Committee to negotiate with the
649:
789:
2055:
1688:
60:
2010:
1814:
661:, Ren was elected to become a member of the Central Committee while retaining his secretariat in the Communist Youth League. With the end of the
1643:
1579:
1537:
1508:
2035:
910:
Ren (leaning on railing) attending the first anniversary celebrations of the PRC at Tiananmen on October 1, 1950 - a month before his death
607:
being posted elsewhere in May 1925, Ren was appointed as the First Secretary of the Communist Youth League, in charge of leading the
507:
Ren was considered a rising figure within the CCP until his death at the age of 46. He was the fifth most senior party member of the
2065:
1230:
1205:
1058:
1007:
and Zhu De as the pall-bearers. Due to regulations against cremation, Ren was buried with a funeral service on 18 July 1951 in the
1008:
887:
871:. During August, he was a member of the Central Military Commission which oversaw the renaming of Communist forces to become the
982:. However, Ren's condition worsened and he had to be transferred to Moscow for further treatment. Following the outbreak of the
765:
and the rebuilding of party elements following counter-insurgency plans. He halted the counter-revolutionary plans and released
600:
1744:
731:
339:
173:
875:. By 16 October, Ren was head of the Political Department of the Eighth Route Army and the CPC Central Military Commission.
867:
went to Xi'an to plan the front line defense against the Japanese forces through mobilizing the Seventh Route Army and the
726:. Following the shift of communist influence from Shanghai to the Jiangxi region, Ren protected many party members such as
844:. By December, was a member of both the Revolutionary Military Commission of the CPC Central Committee and the Presidium.
658:
529:
424:
353:
928:
840:
were appointed as the Political Commissars for the Front Command of the CCP to resist Hu Zongnan's forces that were in
805:
1024:
886:
on 26 March 1940, serving in the Secretariat and the Organizational Department of the CCP. In April 1942, he led the
882:
in Moscow. In July, he officially replaced Wang Jiaxiang as the representative of CCP at Comintern. Ren returned to
836:. Ren was then the political commissar of the Red Second Army. With the end of the Long March in October, Ren and
686:
1571:
1529:
1000:
758:
484:. In the command structure of the new Second Front Army, He became the military commander and Ren served as its
1075:
879:
723:
533:
497:
454:
277:
1762:
899:. Ren was part of a team that concluded the leadership problems between the Fourth Plenary Session and the
608:
741:, Ren was a proponent of direct assault and was highly critical of Mao's guerrilla strategy. During the
20:
2000:
1995:
1048:
465:
1754:
208:
1246:
785:
714:. In the same year, he was recalled to Shanghai following the failure of the uprising initiated by
612:
573:
485:
662:
1300:
1071:
774:
623:
572:. Under the orders of the Party, Ren was appointed to be a lecturer of the Russian language at
1639:
1585:
1575:
1543:
1533:
1504:
1226:
1201:
1054:
963:
872:
868:
742:
1348:
1163:
1099:
979:
971:
967:
900:
689:. On 13 August, he was made the temporary secretary of the Jiangxi Soviet, tasked to set up
376:
906:
496:
in 1935. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ren was the representative of the CCP at the
1397:
801:
773:
and others to expand the Red Sixth Army to the Sixth Army Group. In December, he replaced
469:
453:; 30 April 1904 – 27 October 1950) was a military and political leader in the early
315:
986:, Ren returned to China on 28 May. Ren attended the first anniversary of the PRC held at
833:
813:, Hunan through a joint command of the Second and Sixth armies and proceeded on with the
442:
397:
820:
On 2 July 1936, Ren's Second and Sixth Army Groups met with the Red Fourth Army led by
810:
800:. Even though this army group managed to retain control over parts of Hunan and Hubei,
553:
267:
847:
1989:
1910:
1892:
1698:
643:
545:
320:
105:
1122:
1736:
936:
864:
825:
821:
770:
766:
727:
604:
549:
383:
311:
196:
1897:
1012:
854:
and Ren Bishi during the Seventh Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 1945
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233:
1864:
1830:
1825:
1810:
1726:
1589:
1547:
983:
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814:
702:
666:
639:
635:
541:
493:
489:
285:
165:
81:
1882:
1877:
1680:
1483:
Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and the Evolution of the Chinese Communist Leadership
1423:
Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and the Evolution of the Chinese Communist Leadership
1004:
987:
754:
561:
492:
troops, Ren and He were forced to retreat and went on to participate in the
93:
903:
in the "Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of the CCP" report.
883:
618:
777:
and was appointed as the Political Commissar of the Hunan–Jiangxi Soviet.
1902:
1887:
1869:
1856:
1839:
1708:
896:
715:
577:
537:
461:
761:. Upon his appointment, he was faced with critical problems such as the
584:
District Committee in 1924 and was responsible for publications such as
947:
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851:
841:
829:
797:
793:
781:
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565:
481:
477:
253:
47:
2026:
Delegates to the 5th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
1820:
959:
927:
In 1947, he was appointed to head various land and economic reforms (
627:
432:
476:. In October 1934 Ren and his surviving troops joined the forces of
2046:
Members of the 6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
962:. Despite his illness, Ren assisted in the army command during the
905:
846:
750:
711:
707:
648:
617:
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525:
257:
229:
1636:
Mao's New World: Political Culture in the Early People's Republic
468:, but he was forced to abandon his base after being pressured by
1766:
556:
blockade. Arriving in August 1921, the six of them entered the
622:
November 1931 photo of the leaders of the CCP. Left to Right:
560:. Ren joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1922 and replaced
1198:
Choosing Revolution: Chinese Women Soldiers on the Long March
890:
in the Shaan-Gan-Ning border region. Ren, alongside Mao and
2051:
Members of the 7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
1386:. Vol. 59. Shaanxi, China: 陝西人民出版社. pp. 184, 194.
1019:
The CCP Central Committee agreed to the publishing of the
796:
and formed the Red Second Army Group under the command of
1568:
Land wars : the story of China's agrarian revolution
1526:
Land wars : the story of China's agrarian revolution
2031:
First secretaries of the Communist Youth League of China
780:
In August 1934, accompanying Red Sixth Army commanders
2021:
Communist University of the Toilers of the East alumni
1717:
Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party
133:
Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party
999:
Upon his death, his memorial service was held in the
402:
388:
1849:
1801:
1053:. United States of America: Scarecrow Press. 2002.
922:
Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party
739:
Fourth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet
396:
382:
375:
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352:
338:
329:
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111:
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77:
58:
27:
763:Fifth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet
681:In January 1929, he was appointed Minister of the
2061:People's Republic of China politicians from Hunan
16:Chinese military and political leader (1904–1950)
1247:"1931年11月7日 中华苏维埃第一次全国代表大会召开--中国共产党新闻--中国共产党新闻网"
502:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
114:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
915:During the Second Chinese Civil War (1945–1949)
863:In January 1931, Peng Dehuai and Ren alongside
859:During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1936–1945)
558:Communist University of the Toilers of the East
540:. In May 1921, Ren and five others - including
291:Communist University of the Toilers of the East
2016:Chinese Communist Party politicians from Hunan
1638:. Cornell University Press. pp. 228–229.
1050:Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War
1778:
552:, going around Nagasaki, Vladivostok and the
358:
344:
35:
8:
1794:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
1200:. University of Illinois Press. p. 68.
509:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
460:In the early 1930s, Ren commanded the Fifth
2006:Burials at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery
1785:
1771:
1763:
1669:
367:
46:
24:
790:Yinjiang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County
2071:Republic of China politicians from Hunan
1689:Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
61:Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
1040:
447:
1561:
1559:
1557:
935:but was relieved gradually due to his
548:- embarked on a chartered trip to the
326:
1629:
1627:
1494:
1492:
1378:
1376:
1353:People of the Chinese Communist Party
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1168:People of the Chinese Communist Party
1104:People of the Chinese Communist Party
7:
2041:Hunan First Normal University alumni
1301:"1933年任弼时曾因"打毛排弼"被调离苏区中央局--党史频道-人民网"
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1094:
1092:
1003:on 30 October, with Mao, Liu, Zhou,
126:July 1928 – 27 October 1950
1274:. Vol. 8. 陕西人民出版社. p. 28.
673:First Chinese Civil War (1927–1936)
1662:. China: 湖南人民出版社. 1979. p. 3.
1620:. 《湖南党史月刊》编辑部. 1991. pp. 7–9.
665:Ren sided with Mao Zedong against
528:to a teacher's family. He entered
14:
1349:"1931-1940 Timeline of Ren Bishi"
1164:"1921-1930 Timeline of Ren Bishi"
1100:"1904-1920 Timeline of Ren Bishi"
1009:Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery
730:who were implicated during the "
464:and was a central figure in the
2056:People of the Chinese Civil War
1693:19 June 1945 – 27 October 1950
1369:. 中國社會科學出版社. 1983. p. 145.
946:Also in 1948, Ren attended the
2011:Chinese people of World War II
1745:Chinese Communist Youth League
732:Anti-Bolshevik League incident
685:and head of propaganda in the
601:Chinese Communist Youth League
488:. Under threat from advancing
437:
428:
403:
389:
359:
345:
174:Chinese Communist Youth League
73:19 June 1945 – 27 October 1950
36:
1:
1196:Helen Praeger, Young (2001).
888:Yan'an Rectification Movement
530:Hunan First Normal University
300:Military and Political Leader
1606:. 河北人民出版社. 1979. p. 49.
1566:DeMare, Brian James (2019).
1524:DeMare, Brian James (2019).
1029:Collected Works of Ren Bishi
524:Ren Bishi was born in rural
474:Fifth Encirclement Campaigns
2036:Changjun High School alumni
1185:. Hyweb Technology Co. Ltd.
1021:Selected Works of Ren Bishi
806:National Revolutionary Army
480:, who had set up a base in
2087:
1721:January 1933 - March 1933
1355:. Chinese Communist Party.
1170:. Chinese Communist Party.
1106:. Chinese Communist Party.
576:. He was appointed to the
568:and a chartered boat from
309:
18:
1922:
1751:
1741:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1705:
1695:
1687:Secretary-General of the
1685:
1677:
1672:
1572:Stanford University Press
1530:Stanford University Press
1440:. 中共中央党校出版社. p. 610.
1425:. NIAS Press. p. 93.
1123:"哪位中共将领四度旅居苏联 与莫斯科结下不解之缘"
1025:Reople's Publishing House
1001:Imperial Ancestral Temple
653:Ren during the Long March
500:and the Secretary of the
414:
366:
334:
304:
214:
179:
145:January 1933 - March 1933
138:
119:
66:
59:Secretary General of the
54:
45:
34:
2066:Politicians from Yueyang
1873:(committed suicide 1954)
1673:Party political offices
1570:. Stanford, California:
1528:. Stanford, California:
1503:. 中央文献出版社. p. 547.
340:Traditional Chinese
1634:Chang-tai Hung (2011).
1455:. 湖北人民出版社. p. 304.
1421:Kampen, Thomas (2000).
1324:中共汨罗县委宣传部, ed. (1979).
1047:Leung, Edward Pak-wah.
724:Chinese Soviet Republic
534:Chinese Communist Party
498:Communist International
455:Chinese Communist Party
354:Simplified Chinese
278:Chinese Communist Party
1485:. MAXRead. p. 78.
1328:. 湖南人民出版社. p. 95.
911:
855:
654:
646:
609:May Thirtieth movement
1860:(to Secretariat 1950)
1749:May 1927 - June 1928
1305:dangshi.people.com.cn
1289:. 人民出版社. p. 249.
1076:People's Daily Online
909:
850:
683:CCP Central Committee
652:
621:
21:Ren Bishi (TV series)
1470:. 红旗出版社. p. 18.
759:Hunan–Jiangxi Soviet
753:and others adopting
594:Friends of Civilians
466:Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet
186:May 1927 - June 1928
1743:First Secretary of
937:high blood pressure
657:Following the 1927
574:Shanghai University
486:political commissar
172:First Secretary of
1225:. China: 中国青年出版社.
1031:followed in 1989.
1027:, after which the
912:
856:
663:First-United Front
655:
647:
511:before his death.
1983:
1982:
1761:
1760:
1752:Succeeded by
1724:Succeeded by
1696:Succeeded by
1645:978-0-8014-4934-5
1581:978-1-5036-0849-8
1539:978-1-5036-0849-8
1510:978-7-5073-1211-9
1251:cpc.people.com.cn
1127:Fenghuang History
972:Pingjin Campaigns
873:Eighth Route Army
743:Ningdu Conference
418:
417:
410:
409:
377:Standard Mandarin
308:
307:
112:Secretary of the
2078:
1915:
1907:
1874:
1861:
1787:
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1734:Preceded by
1706:Preceded by
1678:Preceded by
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1481:Kampen, Thomas.
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995:Death and legacy
980:Jade Spring Hill
950:Conference with
901:Zunyi Conference
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219:Personal details
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1574:. p. 114.
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1532:. p. 113.
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802:Chiang Kai-shek
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590:Mission Journal
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470:Chiang Kai-shek
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274:Political party
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243:27 October 1950
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1838:(died 1950) →
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1023:in 1987 under
996:
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869:Northeast Army
860:
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699:Shanghai Daily
695:Education Week
687:Jiangxi Soviet
674:
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554:White movement
521:
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1501:走向新中国: 中共五大书记
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1129:. May 6, 2015
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644:Wang Jiaxiang
641:
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629:
626:, Ren Bishi,
625:
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613:Chen Congying
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106:Deng Xiaoping
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57:
53:
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44:
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22:
1914:(added 1955)
1906:(added 1955)
1835:
1742:
1737:Zhang Tailei
1714:
1686:
1659:
1654:
1635:
1617:
1612:
1603:
1598:
1567:
1525:
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1500:
1482:
1476:
1467:
1466:叶心瑜 (2006).
1461:
1453:中国共产党八十年历史纪事
1452:
1451:张树军 (2001).
1446:
1438:中国共产党组织史资料汇编
1437:
1436:王健英 (1995).
1431:
1422:
1416:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:
1392:
1383:
1366:
1361:
1352:
1325:
1319:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:
1295:
1286:
1285:任弼时 (1987).
1280:
1271:
1265:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:
1241:
1222:
1216:
1197:
1191:
1182:
1176:
1167:
1133:November 27,
1131:. Retrieved
1126:
1103:
1079:. Retrieved
1066:
1049:
1043:
1028:
1020:
1018:
998:
976:
945:
941:
926:
918:
877:
865:Yang Hucheng
862:
826:Xu Xiangqian
822:Zhang Guotao
819:
779:
771:Zhang Qilong
767:Wang Shoudao
748:
736:
728:Zhang Aiping
720:
718:in Nanjing.
698:
694:
690:
680:
676:
659:White Terror
656:
605:Zhang Tailei
598:
593:
589:
585:
550:Soviet Union
523:
506:
459:
448:
446:
436:
420:
419:
384:Hanyu Pinyin
319:
312:Chinese name
204:Succeeded by
197:Zhang Tailei
181:
161:Succeeded by
140:
131:Minister of
121:
101:Succeeded by
68:
2001:1950 deaths
1996:1904 births
1898:Peng Dehuai
1803:Secretariat
1796:(1945–1956)
1499:冯蕙 (2002).
1221:穆欣 (2002).
1181:兰梦 (2006).
1072:"Ren Bishi"
1013:Ye Jianying
929:land reform
838:Peng Dehuai
737:During the
586:China Youth
570:Vladivostok
449:Jen Pi-shih
404:Jen Pi-shih
316:family name
280:(1922–1950)
264:Nationality
234:Qing Empire
192:Preceded by
151:Preceded by
89:Preceded by
1990:Categories
1865:Kang Sheng
1831:Zhou Enlai
1826:Liu Shaoqi
1811:Mao Zedong
1727:Kang Sheng
1590:1048940018
1548:1048940018
1407:2015-12-26
1402:www.gmw.cn
1310:2015-12-23
1256:2015-12-20
1035:References
1011:. Marshal
984:Korean War
892:Liu Shaoqi
815:Long March
775:Cai Huiwen
703:Zhou Enlai
691:Today News
667:Chen Duxiu
640:Mao Zedong
636:Xiang Ying
542:Liu Shaoqi
520:Early life
494:Long March
490:Kuomintang
443:Wade–Giles
398:Wade–Giles
297:Occupation
286:Alma mater
247:1950-10-28
166:Kang Sheng
82:Mao Zedong
19:See also:
1883:Dong Biwu
1878:Peng Zhen
1836:Ren Bishi
1681:Qu Qiubai
1398:"开国元勋任弼时"
1223:隐蔽战线统帅周恩来
1081:April 21,
1005:Peng Zhen
988:Tiananmen
880:Comintern
786:Wang Zhen
755:Wang Ming
624:Guzuo Lin
562:Qu Qiubai
515:Biography
438:Rén Bìshí
421:Ren Bishi
390:Rén Bìshí
330:Ren Bishi
182:In office
141:In office
122:In office
94:Qu Qiubai
69:In office
29:Ren Bishi
1903:Lin Biao
1888:Lin Boqu
1870:Gao Gang
1857:Chen Yun
1840:Chen Yun
1815:Chairman
1715:Head of
1709:Huang Li
964:Liaoshen
716:Li Lisan
603:". With
578:Zhejiang
538:Shanghai
462:Red Army
310:In this
155:Huang Li
78:Chairman
1660:怀念任弼时同志
1326:怀念任弼时同志
1272:中共党史人物传
1061:. p.50.
968:Huaihai
948:Xibaipo
933:Shanbei
852:He Long
842:Shaanxi
830:Sichuan
811:Sangzhi
798:He Long
794:Guizhou
782:Xiao Ke
749:Due to
632:Deng Fa
566:Siberia
482:Guizhou
478:He Long
457:(CCP).
425:Chinese
268:Chinese
254:Beijing
245: (
1842:(1950)
1821:Zhu De
1642:
1618:湖南党史月刊
1604:西柏坡的故事
1588:
1578:
1546:
1536:
1507:
1229:
1204:
1057:
960:Zhu De
958:, and
884:Yan'an
628:Zhu De
445::
435::
433:pinyin
427::
314:, the
1468:放眼看长征
1367:近代史硏究
1287:任弼时选集
1183:强烈驱动者
931:) in
897:Xi'an
834:Garzê
751:Bo Gu
712:Wuhan
708:Hubei
582:Anhui
526:Hunan
258:China
230:Hunan
1977:20th
1973:19th
1969:18th
1965:17th
1961:16th
1957:15th
1953:14th
1949:13th
1945:12th
1941:11th
1937:10th
1640:ISBN
1586:OCLC
1576:ISBN
1544:OCLC
1534:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1384:陝西省志
1270:胡华.
1227:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1135:2015
1083:2011
1055:ISBN
970:and
952:Zhou
824:and
784:and
710:and
697:and
592:and
580:and
544:and
240:Died
224:Born
1933:9th
1929:8th
1925:7th
956:Liu
939:.
828:in
804:'s
734:".
536:in
472:'s
429:任弼时
360:任弼时
346:任弼時
321:Ren
318:is
38:任弼时
1992::
1626:^
1584:.
1556:^
1542:.
1491:^
1400:.
1375:^
1351:.
1334:^
1303:.
1249:.
1166:.
1143:^
1125:.
1112:^
1102:.
1091:^
1074:.
974:.
966:,
954:,
832:,
817:.
792:,
769:,
693:,
642:,
638:,
634:,
630:,
596:.
588:,
504:.
441:;
431:;
256:,
232:,
1975:→
1971:→
1967:→
1963:→
1959:→
1955:→
1951:→
1947:→
1943:→
1939:→
1935:→
1931:→
1927:→
1817:)
1813:(
1786:e
1779:t
1772:v
1648:.
1592:.
1550:.
1513:.
1410:.
1313:.
1259:.
1235:.
1210:.
1137:.
1085:.
423:(
324:.
249:)
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