20:
272:
argued that the formula represented a coherent programme for the restoration of the Roman Empire on a secular and universal basis. Knut Görich has written a riposte to
Schramm's thesis, arguing instead that Otto III and Pope
268:("golden Rome"). Otto III also built a palace in Rome, which none of his predecessors had done. Otto III's use of the formula has been assigned great weight in light of his enigmatic career and politics. The historian
851:
West-Harling, Veronica (2018). "The Roman Past in the
Consciousness of the Roman Elites in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries". In Walter Pohl; Clemens Gantner; Cinzia Grifoni; Marianne Pollheimer-Mohaupt (eds.).
213:, who was crowned emperor in 800. He was probably inspired, at least partly, by Roman coins. Evidence for the "renewal" of the city of Rome by Charlemagne comes largely from the
367:: "this formula sums up a complex group of ideas exalting, in the Middle Ages, the glory of the Roman Empire and its capital, and expressing the hope of its restoration."
538:; the cessation of the civil strife which was ravaging the fair body of Italy and rendering her easy prey to transalpine 'barbarians'; and the transference of the
173:), renewal was associated with the restoration of the empire's frontiers by reconquest. This policy appealed to the Roman aristocracy and to such writers as
522:, p. 340: "Petrarch's political system existed on three planes—the Roman, the Italian, and the imperial—and tended towards three objectives: the
814:
Kaiser, Rom und
Renovatio. Studien zur Geschichte des römischen Erneurungsgedankens vom Ende des karolingischen Reiches bis zum Investiturstreit
922:
669:
333:
317:
902:
653:
877:
19:
325:
321:
907:
679:
912:
237:
111:
onward, usually signifying the restoration of peace after a rebellion. The formula seems favoured especially by
897:
150:
917:
297:
228:
189:, who considered the end of Justinian's reign as a period of reckless spending and neglect. His poem
809:
269:
155:
131:
88:
56:
304:
believed that the renewal of the empire would be brought about by popular sovereignty and not the
788:
751:
619:
611:
305:
215:
734:
Maas, Michael (1986). "Roman
History and Christian Ideology in Justinianic Reform Legislation".
873:
697:
Otto III. Romanus
Saxonicus et Italicus. Kaiserliche Rompolitik und sächsische Historiographie
665:
31:
585:. Translated by Phyllis G. Jestice. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
865:
857:
830:
780:
743:
713:
657:
603:
242:
60:
542:
from
Germany to Rome, constituted a highly idealistic but integrated political program ..."
232:
145:), made use of the language of Roman renewal. The records of his reign in the writings of
683:
301:
274:
112:
64:
834:
891:
792:
704:
Ladner, Gerhart B. (1976). "On Roman
Attitudes toward Barbarians in Late Antiquity".
640:
623:
220:
289:
250:
224:
52:
784:
48:
185:: "To Rome Justinian restored what was Rome's". This was not enough for the poet
264:
in August 998. This seal was replaced in
January 1001 by one bearing the legend
210:
163:
146:
104:
68:
842:
Warner, David A. (2001). "Renovatio
Imperii Romanorum". In John M. Jeep (ed.).
631:
Bernhardt, John W. (2001). "Renovatio Regni
Francorum". In John M. Jeep (ed.).
861:
717:
178:
135:
120:
355::"a reference to efforts, real or rhetorical, to ‘revive the Roman Empire’."
194:
174:
124:
116:
27:
869:
313:
261:
186:
23:
821:
Warner, David A. (1998). "Ideals and Action in the reign of Otto III".
755:
643:(2005). "Charlemagne and the Renewal of Rome". In Joanna Storey (ed.).
615:
108:
227:, and there is also evidence for population growth and an increase of
329:
747:
607:
241:("renewal of the kingdom of the Franks"). When Louis's younger son,
159:
are replete with reference to renewing, repairing and rejuvenating.
854:
Transformations of Romanness: Early Medieval Regions and Identities
727:
Humanism and Empire: The Imperial Ideal in Fourteenth-century Italy
534:. The restoration of the city of Rome to its long-lost position as
55:. The formula (and variations) was used by several emperors of the
309:
18:
219:. There were major building and renovation programmes by Popes
771:. An Analysis of the Meaning of Otto III's First Lead Bulla".
87:("renewal of the city of Rome") had been used already during
491:
489:
377:
375:
373:
320:
would precede the renewal of the city and encouraged kings
245:, became emperor in 875 he adopted the combined formula
404:
402:
590:
Bayley, C. C. (1942). "Petrarch, Charles IV, and the
846:. New York and London: Garland. pp. 469–470.
647:. Manchester University Press. pp. 167–182.
51:declaring an intention to restore or revive the
277:were attempting a renewal of the papacy only.
235:, omitted the formula in favour of a new one:
193:has as its theme the renewal of the empire by
47:("renewal of the empire of the Romans") was a
8:
769:quando Crescentius decollatus suspensus fuit
635:. New York and London: Garland. p. 470.
480:
688:In Laudem Iustini Augusti Minoris Libri IV
280:The idea of the renewal of Rome the city (
63:dynasties, but the idea was common during
468:
456:
420:
260:reappears on a lead seal of the Emperor
495:
444:
345:
563:
519:
408:
393:
381:
364:
352:
209:was used first in a diploma issued by
30:, depicting on the reverse (at right)
247:renovatio imperii Romani et Francorum
16:Intention to restore the Roman Empire
7:
816:. Vol. 2 vols. Berlin: Teubner.
432:
551:
507:
300:thinking. The Roman popular leader
103:("restoration"), appeared on some
14:
844:Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia
633:Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia
191:In Laudem Iustini Augusti Minoris
856:. De Gruyter. pp. 173–194.
662:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
645:Charlemagne: Empire and Society
316:, believed that the renewal of
168:
140:
95:("renewal") and its relatives,
83:("renewal of the Romans") and
1:
835:10.1016/S0304-4181(98)00016-5
785:10.1080/03044181.2017.1285246
654:"Renovatio imperii romanorum"
923:Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
162:During the reign of Emperor
823:Journal of Medieval History
773:Journal of Medieval History
765:Renovatio imperii Romanorum
680:Flavius Cresconius Corippus
318:imperial authority in Italy
258:renovatio imperii Romanorum
231:. Charlemagne's successor,
207:renovatio Romanorum imperii
44:Renovatio imperii Romanorum
939:
903:Legacy of the Roman Empire
763:Marzocchi, Sauro (2017). "
729:. Oxford University Press.
38:, "renewal of the Romans".
862:10.1515/9783110598384-013
718:10.1484/j.viator.2.301582
699:. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke.
664:. James Clarke & Co.
652:Corbet, Patrick (2005) .
238:renovatio regni Francorum
34:surrounded by the legend
296:) were related in early
800:Moorhead, John (1992).
725:Lee, Alexander (2018).
308:. Most humanists, like
581:Althoff, Gerd (2003).
39:
736:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
695:Görich, Knut (1993).
85:renovatio urbis Romae
26:of the Roman usurper
22:
810:Schramm, Percy Ernst
690:. The Athlone Press.
229:Christian pilgrimage
99:("restitution") and
554:, pp. 130–133.
510:, pp. 116–117.
459:, pp. 170–174.
423:, pp. 252–253.
384:, pp. 469–470.
334:imperial coronation
306:Holy Roman Emperors
270:Percy Ernst Schramm
181:, who wrote in his
156:Anonymus Valesianus
132:Theoderic the Great
81:renovatio Romanorum
908:Carolingian Empire
804:. Clarendon Press.
802:Theoderic in Italy
284:), of the empire (
216:Liber pontificalis
134:, the king of the
107:from the reign of
40:
913:Holy Roman Empire
671:978-0-227-67931-9
592:Renovatio Imperii
532:renovatio imperii
528:renovatio Italiae
498:, pp. 83–89.
481:West-Harling 2018
286:renovatio imperii
37:
32:Romulus and Remus
930:
883:
847:
838:
817:
805:
796:
759:
730:
721:
700:
691:
675:
648:
636:
627:
586:
567:
561:
555:
549:
543:
517:
511:
505:
499:
493:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
454:
448:
442:
436:
430:
424:
418:
412:
406:
397:
391:
385:
379:
368:
362:
356:
350:
298:Italian humanist
243:Charles the Bald
183:De magistratibus
172:
170:
144:
142:
35:
938:
937:
933:
932:
931:
929:
928:
927:
888:
887:
886:
880:
850:
841:
820:
808:
799:
762:
748:10.2307/1291527
733:
724:
703:
694:
684:Cameron, Averil
678:
672:
651:
639:
630:
608:10.2307/2853305
589:
580:
576:
571:
570:
562:
558:
550:
546:
524:renovatio Romae
518:
514:
506:
502:
494:
487:
479:
475:
467:
463:
455:
451:
443:
439:
431:
427:
419:
415:
407:
400:
392:
388:
380:
371:
363:
359:
351:
347:
342:
330:journey to Rome
294:renovatio morum
282:renovatio Romae
233:Louis the Pious
203:
167:
139:
77:
17:
12:
11:
5:
936:
934:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
890:
889:
885:
884:
878:
848:
839:
818:
806:
797:
779:(2): 193–211.
760:
731:
722:
701:
692:
676:
670:
649:
641:Christie, Neil
637:
628:
602:(3): 323–341.
587:
577:
575:
572:
569:
568:
566:, p. 324.
556:
544:
512:
500:
485:
483:, p. 173.
473:
469:Bernhardt 2001
461:
449:
437:
425:
413:
398:
386:
369:
357:
344:
343:
341:
338:
302:Cola di Rienzo
202:
199:
171: 527–565
143: 493–526
76:
75:Late Antiquity
73:
65:Late Antiquity
36:RENOVAT ROMANO
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
935:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
893:
881:
879:9783110598384
875:
871:
870:10278/3702393
867:
863:
859:
855:
849:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:(17): 17–31.
741:
737:
732:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
667:
663:
659:
658:André Vauchez
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
584:
579:
578:
573:
565:
560:
557:
553:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
513:
509:
504:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
477:
474:
470:
465:
462:
458:
457:Christie 2005
453:
450:
446:
441:
438:
435:, p. 26.
434:
429:
426:
422:
421:Moorhead 1992
417:
414:
411:, p. 14.
410:
405:
403:
399:
396:, p. 11.
395:
390:
387:
383:
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
361:
358:
354:
349:
346:
339:
337:
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311:
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98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
74:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:
33:
29:
25:
21:
898:Latin mottos
853:
843:
826:
822:
813:
801:
776:
772:
768:
764:
739:
735:
726:
709:
705:
696:
687:
661:
644:
632:
599:
595:
591:
582:
574:Bibliography
559:
547:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
515:
503:
496:Althoff 2003
476:
464:
452:
447:, p. 6.
445:Cameron 1976
440:
428:
416:
389:
360:
348:
328:to make the
293:
290:Roman virtue
285:
281:
279:
265:
257:
256:The formula
255:
246:
236:
214:
206:
204:
190:
182:
161:
154:
129:
100:
96:
92:
84:
80:
79:The phrases
78:
53:Roman Empire
43:
42:
41:
918:Charlemagne
564:Bayley 1942
536:caput mundi
520:Bayley 1942
409:Ladner 1976
394:Ladner 1976
382:Warner 2001
365:Corbet 2005
353:Warner 2001
211:Charlemagne
201:Middle Ages
164:Justinian I
147:Cassiodorus
105:Roman coins
91:. The word
69:Middle Ages
57:Carolingian
892:Categories
530:, and the
326:Charles IV
266:aurea Roma
179:John Lydus
138:in Italy (
136:Ostrogoths
121:Magnentius
115:, such as
97:restitutio
793:159689533
624:161483821
433:Maas 1986
322:Henry VII
288:) and of
275:Gregory V
221:Hadrian I
205:The form
195:Justin II
175:Procopius
125:Decentius
117:Carausius
101:reparatio
93:renovatio
89:Antiquity
28:Carausius
829:: 1–18.
812:(1929).
712:: 1–26.
682:(1976).
596:Speculum
583:Otto III
552:Lee 2018
540:imperium
508:Lee 2018
314:Petrarch
262:Otto III
249:for his
187:Corippus
153:and the
151:Ennodius
113:usurpers
67:and the
61:Ottonian
24:Denarius
756:1291527
686:(ed.).
660:(ed.).
616:2853305
225:Leo III
109:Hadrian
49:formula
876:
791:
754:
706:Viator
668:
622:
614:
526:, the
789:S2CID
752:JSTOR
656:. In
620:S2CID
612:JSTOR
340:Notes
310:Dante
130:Even
874:ISBN
666:ISBN
332:for
324:and
312:and
251:seal
223:and
177:and
123:and
59:and
866:hdl
858:doi
831:doi
781:doi
744:doi
714:doi
604:doi
594:".
894::
872:.
864:.
827:25
825:.
787:.
777:43
775:.
767::
750:.
740:40
738:.
708:.
618:.
610:.
600:17
598:.
488:^
401:^
372:^
336:.
253:.
197:.
169:r.
149:,
141:r.
127:.
119:,
71:.
882:.
868::
860::
837:.
833::
795:.
783::
758:.
746::
720:.
716::
710:7
674:.
626:.
606::
471:.
292:(
166:(
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