507:, where his men slaughtered every living thing they came across, including men, women, and children. If this is the case, then Rengua's annoyance at Kashenge's success may well account for the excessively harsh tactics used by his men in that battle. In any event, Kashenge's exploit represents the Kibosho's first symbolic commitment of retribution against Rengua for killing their initiates, a pledge that would later in the century be fully honored.
528:
technical superiority should be seen in its proper perspective: undoubtedly, it represented a development in the Kikafu basin region, but the length of its iron point shouldn't be overestimated, as there is every reason to believe that this was very small, no longer than one hand's span, and should not be confused with the long lethal spearhead that didn't appear until later on
Kilimanjaro and then in Kibosho.
571:
432:
ancient depressing songs in remembrance of this particular event, which they find too disturbing. Even though the episode occurred more than a century ago, it is one of those uncommon occurrences that men recall with tears in the history of the countries of
Kilimanjaro, numbering possibly less than ten in total.
336:, which was previously unknown in Machame, is added to the gift of the original spear handed to Rengua by the oral tradition. This club was given by Rengua to the warrior in charge of his raids. Both items were allegedly given special treatment by the Maasai, which gave them both black magic abilities.
531:
Rengua, the name he was given, means "the cutter-down," and he undoubtedly did chop down the
Kibosho. It is also remembered that his people admired him because of the cattle that they were able to obtain as a result of his raids. He was quite generous with his meat distribution because he was kind to
487:
of the Tarimo clan, who was then in charge of Mweka, the tiny nation immediately to the east of
Kibosho, between Kibosho and Uru. Rengua used this friendship as a weapon against the Kibosho. Kashenge and his father Kirenga were living in exile in lower Uru, which at the time was an open country. They
459:
Rengua's main goal in his attacks to the west was to steal livestock, but in his raids on
Kibosho to the east, he killed men, women, and children. The justifications offered for this excessive brutality include his desire to terrify the populace and his warrior brother Mwara's simple desire to engage
411:
They then descended along the Weru Weru's west bank. They had settled at Owaa in
Lyamungo on the eastern bank of the river after fording the large ravine at the river's only fordable point. From there, others traveled even further east to the region that would eventually become the Kibosho chiefdom's
249:
Rengua was born to Mangi
Kiwaria, a great warrior in the late 1790s in Machame. Bruno Gutmann, a German writer who visited Machame in the late 1840s, notes that Kiwaria had been ridiculed because he only had daughters. He sent Rengua to the Varoo on Mount Meru to the west of Kilimanjaro, dressed as a
240:
means king in
Kichagga. Rengua founded the Kombe dynasty, which ruled until the 1960s, including through times of anarchy and competing independent clans. He consolidated Machame as one of the most powerful kingdoms in Chaggaland and is considered one of the greatest leaders in Machame history. He is
475:
Rebmann would have discovered the land to be well settled had he arrived a few years earlier. It can only be explained in terms of its associations with the massacre at
Kimbushi in the minds of the people of Kibosho that Lyamungo remained empty until the end of the 19th century, and that when it was
439:. He forced the return of numerous people as slaves to Machame. All livestock and goats discovered in any Kibosho home were seized, and their owner was instructed to take care of them for Rengua. For him and his men to pass through it eastward without being spotted, he had a trench dug in Lyamungo.
339:
This still leaves the origin of the gift up for debate, as the Masai treatment might equally refer to people living in the plains or the Orio clan, which is said to have descended from the Maasai. As was customary for the mangi to do in other sections of
Kilimanjaro, Rengua maintained strict control
269:
A new era began with the appearance of Rengua. He was the first of his dynasty to be successful in elevating himself above all others in Foo, becoming the acknowledged head of not only his clan but also the nearby Lema and Nkya clans. The establishment of kingship in the area immediately east of the
523:
Additionally, it could be argued that at the height of his influence, Rengua was the dominant force in the region of western Kilimanjaro that stretched from the far west of the Shira plateau complex of countries eastward to Uru. However, this definition must be expanded to include local leaders who
499:
Kashenge fought and set fire to homes for three days in Machame. Then, he sent news to his father, requesting that he come back to Kibosho and send men to assist him in retrieving the livestock he had captured. According to Kibosho oral tales, Kashenge's successful raid may or may not have been the
455:
between the Machame and Kibosho peoples was sparked by his deed. There were two immediate repercussions. First of all, the practice of initiation rites following circumcision was discontinued in all the regions that recognized Rengua's leadership, i.e. in the entire Kikafu basin region and to Nguni
431:
The massacre of the Kibosho initiates is the name given to this act. Today, it is remembered with a particular terror; it was a deed unmatched on Kilimanjaro. The killing of foes in the past was considered part of the day's labor by the Chagga nowadays, but the Machame and Kibosho people still sing
352:
The Swai clan claims Mwara as a member of their clan and claims that he was responsible for getting the spears from the Maasai (Wakuavi) in Roo and giving them to Rengua, although Mwara is typically thought of as Rengua's brother. From Foo, the rest of the Kikafu basin region was the easy pickings;
296:
This practice can be compared to two ancient, now-extinct customs as an act of atonement for the spilling of human blood: taking a small amount of the victim's blood and either drinking it, as in Kibosho, or rubbing it on oneself, as in the chiefdoms of Rombo, to live in the afterlife not in enmity
515:
It has often been said that Rengua ruled half of Kilimanjaro, from the far west to as far east as the Nanga River, and that he met the great ruler from the farther east, Orombo, on the banks of the Nanga. They then divided Kilimanjaro into their two separate spheres of influence, west, and east of
467:
Second, Rengua's operation was successful in that the Orio clan and their adherents abandoned their estates at Owaa in Lyamungo and retreated further east after losing their confidence as a result of their defeat on the eastern bank of the Weru Weru. As a result, there were no people in Lyamungo's
442:
The Orio clan symbolized a wealthy, powerful group of people who were completely outside of Rengua's control, which is what drove him to execute such an unnatural deed. Because their sacred site Kinduchi was located there, he was worried that they might move in next door and take the land that was
407:
The Orio clan, the royal main clan of Kibosho, had already arrived at that point in a sizable company traveling eastward through the high savanna above the forest line from the west. They had stopped en route at a town called Kimbushi, which was located within the next major river system, the Weru
519:
Because it is believed that Mangi Rengua did not live to see his grandson, he must have passed away in his early middle years. He is regarded as the greatest Machame chief. The focal point of his reign was Foo, an area east of the Kikafu, from where he easily expanded his influence throughout the
495:
in Machame and Mruka Tobo in Kibosho (the mruka tree of the man Tobo whose land it stood). A large tree, maybe the same one, still exists there today on a little grass island where three paths converge. After a struggle broke out, Kashenge chased Rengua and his men back to Machame, which had also
300:
When the other strong competitor leaders in the Kombe, Lema, and Nkya clans saw Rengua with the spear, they were terrified and submitted to his authority. So Rengua changed into Mangi of Foo. Later, he learned how to wield iron spears and taught them to his supporters before being elected as the
265:
in the entire Kikafu basin by installing the Kombe clan as the reigning clan in Foo. Going forward, what happened in Foo had an impact on the others. The Kombe clan and other groups of other clans engaged in a long-lasting, vicious fight for dominance that eventually spilled over and plunged the
527:
Because Mangi Rengua's successful expeditions were an anomaly in the Kikafu basin region, whose peoples neither before nor after him were particularly warlike or distinguished in battle, Mangi Rengua's reputation stands out in memory in Machame. And here, the type of spear that gave Rengua his
390:
The leaders of the Nkya clan in Sonu, the Moro clan in Masama, the Nathai clan in Nguni, and the Munuo clan in Kyuu were to help him when he raided his neighbors to the east, the Kibosho people, who were more formidable because they knew how to use weapons and were extremely wealthy in cattle.
427:
and up to Kinduchi, a swampy area beneath the sounding pond Marushu that was chosen for the ritual because it was revered by the Orio clan as a resting place for the ancestors. This group of young lads was the target of Rengua's assault. They were playing together at Kinduchi two days after
253:
Rengua's rise and reign can be traced to the first half of the 19th century, most likely to between 1820 and 1842. Because Mamkinga's Swahili magician, Nesiri, to whom he owed power, told Rebmann that he had been living there for six years, and since Rebmann's accompanying Swahili guide,
520:
Kikafu basin region. The masumba acknowledge his leadership and his authority to demand payment in the form of livestock from them. His capture of Kibosho in the east was the key to his success. These are the two things that made him successful, and they are both important.
277:
in the Kikafu basin region who were unaware of such a weapon, Rengua rose to prominence. According to legend, Rengua was horrified to see the blood of the first man he murdered with this spear and, after ordering a fat goat to be cut, he gave one of his kids the name
488:
had spent well over six years there reconstructing themselves following the massacre at Kinduchi, Lyamungo. They were aware of Rengua's visits to Mweka and his custom of pausing to rest under a specific tree in the area that is now mtaa Nsinga, which is below Mweka.
344:
operated covertly and gave Rengua the spears so he could distribute them to the masumba. The masumba, residents who were wealthy, powerful, and essentially independent, as well as all the adult males, used to accompany him on his raids. While his brother
391:
Eventually, he made treaties with the masumba of the four old settled places west of the Kikafu. From that point on, he raided with these masumba from the west, and after each raid, they divided the cattle, with Rengua receiving a larger portion.
456:
and Kyuu, out of fear that the Kibosho might seek to avenge the slaughter at Kinduchi. Overall, it appears that initiation may have very recently arrived in the area, in which case its practice was transient because it was never picked up again.
403:
against the Kibosho, starting the process that would ultimately lead to his success and later notoriety. His first action not only set the stage for his subsequent successes but also for repercussions that would linger for more than a century.
357:
spears and more cattle-rich than Rengua's realm. He eliminated the cattle from the nation by raiding west of the Kikafu. He took some and left the rest to be sold off for the benefit of himself and his top lieutenants.
270:
Kikafu was sparked by this humble beginning. It began by being similar to the concurrent development of independent leaders, some of whom had the rank of mangi, in various areas of the region to the west of the river.
361:
In Kilimanjaro, it is common to see livestock being farmed out in a remote area; this indicates that one region of the country is rising while the other is falling. Rengua's warriors would have rarely traded dry
331:
As a result, Rengua made contact with the Maasai, supposedly Wakuavi, who was then residing on the plains below Roo. He obtained spears for himself and later imported the knowledge necessary to make them. The
386:
before this period. His ascendancy increased when he traveled further west, past the Kikafu basin proper, to the nearby little nations of Nguni and Kyuu, whose citizens came from very diverse backgrounds.
258:, had personally seen a frost-bitten survivor of Rengua's silver mission, we can infer from the record that Mamkinga had previously established himself as the ruler when he visited Machame in 1848.
293:
and drink the blood together. Then, each man chops a piece of meat and gives it to the other. Finally, each man fashions a piece of skin into a ring and places it on the finger of the other.
630:
443:
adjacent to him on the Weru Weru's near-side western bank. He might have been compelled by his relative weakness to such a harsh course of action because he could see no other path.
480:
farmers. Even though the Kibosho did not return to Lyamungo to take control of it, they carried on offering sacrifices to the shrines at Owaa and Kinduchi till the present.
516:
the Nanga. As a sign of the esteem in which the Machame people hold their late chief Rengua, this well-known and frequently told tale deserves consideration.
1540:
468:
bottom flat area, and it remained that way. The populace remained absent even after Kibosho's luck at the flood later turned for the better. Both
408:
Weru, between the tributary Warumu and the Weru Weru itself, a few miles east of the river Makoa, the eastern border of the Kikafu basin enclave.
464:
by Rengua's soldiers, who would press hot banana peel against a man's body until he revealed where the women, children, and cattle were hiding.
423:
The time had come for the ruler's and his men's sons to be circumcised and initiated. All the young men were afterward dispatched over the
289:" ceremony is common and is still carried out today. As a sign that neither man will remember the animosity, if two men fight, they kill a
320:
was wandering the plain, that they possessed cattle and iron, that they were highly skilled fighters, and that they had defeated the
1498:
1473:
1448:
1423:
1398:
1373:
1348:
1323:
1298:
1273:
1248:
1223:
1198:
1173:
1148:
1123:
1098:
1073:
1048:
1023:
998:
973:
948:
923:
898:
873:
848:
823:
798:
773:
748:
723:
698:
673:
601:
491:
On their way to buy some bananas in upper Uru one day, Kashenge and his men surprised Rengua under this tree. The tree is known as
472:
and von der Decken noted the emptiness of the "fine open champaign" when they passed through it in 1848 and 1861, respectively.
324:
people. They also told Rengua that they had iron. The only weapons the Machame people possessed were wooden sticks and wooden
189:
241:
also known for massacring Kibosho initiates at Kinduchi, Lyamuro, prompting the rivalry between Kibosho and Machame.
328:, so Rengua sent an agent from the Swai clan named Kyaama to them, who later returned bearing a spear as a present.
1530:
1535:
435:
Because of this, the Kibosho deeply feared Rengua. He owned all the animals, men, and women of Kibosho after the
524:
thrived without Rengua's knowledge and outside of his control but who were not on par with him in stature.
503:
The last raid, according to Machame oral traditions, was Rengua's victory over the Kibosho at the bloody
1525:
1520:
416:, were residing on the expansive flat open territory at Owaa in that region of Lyamungo in present-day
261:
Rengua was unique in that he lay the groundwork for what would eventually grow to be the most powerful
428:
circumcision as a warm-up to initiation when Rengua and his warriors charged them, killing them all.
420:
below the river crossing at the time of Rengua's initial raid. The word Lyamungo means "flat land."
476:
then, significantly enough, it was resettled not by Kibosho clans but by clans from Machame and by
654:
Yonge, Brian. "The rise and fall of the Chagga empire." Kenya Past and Present 11.1 (1979): 43-48.
452:
349:, a tremendously skilled warrior, frequently led the raids, he occasionally took the lead alone.
97:
77:
412:
center. Part of the Orio clan, including the dominant figure Kirenga and his son and successor
1494:
1469:
1444:
1419:
1394:
1369:
1344:
1319:
1294:
1269:
1244:
1219:
1194:
1169:
1144:
1119:
1094:
1069:
1044:
1019:
994:
969:
944:
919:
894:
869:
844:
819:
794:
769:
744:
719:
694:
669:
597:
417:
117:
469:
221:
424:
213:
616:“Back Matter.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 6, no. 4, 1964. JSTOR,
382:
with the Wakuavi in Roo had the eastern Kikafu basin region (Foo, etc.) been richer in
313:
1514:
551:
333:
325:
317:
233:
304:
In the minds of his own and following generations, the Machame people gave Rengua's
225:
93:
73:
250:
girl. He developed there into a warrior and eventually went back home to Machame.
483:
Rengua himself had a tendency of traveling across the nation to visit his buddy
321:
309:
255:
316:
in Machame, Rengua discovered from hunting parties that a Masai tribe known as
546:
341:
273:
Due to the gift of an iron spear, which provided him a tactical edge over his
460:
in combat. The Kibosho people were also subjected to "a very bad way" of
436:
367:
312:. But it's not entirely obvious where it came from. According to current
541:
461:
274:
262:
229:
168:
89:
69:
56:
617:
477:
383:
363:
532:
them. His reign was one of the most glorious in Machame's history.
400:
371:
305:
379:
375:
354:
290:
301:
first Mangi of Machame and taking control of the Kikafu basin.
500:
last between the two nations during the reign of Rengua.
282:," or "Skin Ring," as a token of atonement for his deed.
572:"Chagga people- history, religion, culture and more"
185:
177:
167:
153:
116:
104:
83:
62:
51:
43:
33:
21:
394:
8:
1491:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1466:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1441:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1416:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1391:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1366:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1341:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1316:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1291:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1266:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1241:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1216:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1191:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1166:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1141:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1116:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1091:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1066:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1041:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1016:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
991:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
966:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
941:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
916:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
891:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
866:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
841:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
816:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
791:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
766:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
741:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
716:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
691:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
666:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
594:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
395:Rengua's massacre of the Kibosho initiates
18:
123:
563:
1493:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 108.
1468:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 108.
1443:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 107.
1418:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 107.
1393:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 107.
1368:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 108.
1343:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 107.
1318:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 107.
1293:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 106.
1268:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 107.
1243:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 106.
1218:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 107.
1193:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 106.
1168:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 106.
1143:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 106.
1118:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 104.
1093:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 104.
1068:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 104.
1043:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 104.
1018:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 104.
993:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 103.
968:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 103.
943:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 103.
918:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 101.
893:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 101.
868:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 101.
447:The impact of the massacre at Lyamungo
150:
843:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 99.
818:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 99.
793:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 99.
768:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 99.
743:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 99.
718:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 99.
693:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 93.
668:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 87.
596:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 87.
7:
574:. United Republic of Tanzania. 2021
297:with him but as his blood-brother.
618:http://www.jstor.org/stable/177937
14:
399:Then Rengua attempted to use his
266:entire region into civil wars.
47:Disputed probably Mangi Kiwaria
1541:People from Kilimanjaro Region
1:
285:Throughout Kilimanjaro, the "
190:Traditional African religions
28:Mangi of Machame, Kilimanjaro
16:Mangi of Machame, Kilimanjaro
245:Early life and rise to power
353:it was less fortified with
204:(1784–1837), also known as
202:Mangi Rengua Kiwaria Kombe
1557:
158:
149:
26:
1489:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1464:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1439:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1414:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1389:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1364:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1339:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1314:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1289:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1264:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1239:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1214:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1189:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1164:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1139:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1114:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1089:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1064:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1039:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1014:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
989:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
964:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
939:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
914:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
889:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
864:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
839:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
814:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
789:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
764:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
739:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
714:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
689:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
664:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
592:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
631:"Index of Sharp Things"
496:been caught off guard.
232:, one of the sovereign
206:Mangi Rengua of Machame
620:. Accessed 7 May 2023.
340:over the spears. The
236:in the early 1800s.
224:) was a king of the
159:Rengua Kiwaria Kombe
637:. Oxford reference
98:Kilimanjaro Region
78:Kilimanjaro Region
1531:Tanzanian royalty
635:Oxford references
451:The long-running
418:Machame Mashariki
195:
194:
163:
162:
1548:
1536:Tanzanian chiefs
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1504:
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1038:
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449:
397:
326:bows and arrows
314:oral traditions
247:
145:
121:
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88:
67:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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603:0-520-06698-7
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595:
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557:
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552:Chagga states
550:
548:
545:
543:
542:Mangi Ngalami
540:
539:
535:
533:
529:
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517:
510:
508:
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308:the power of
307:
302:
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292:
288:
283:
281:
276:
271:
267:
264:
259:
257:
251:
244:
242:
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234:Chagga states
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
170:
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157:
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141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
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125:
119:
115:
107:
103:
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91:
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82:
79:
75:
71:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
36:
32:
29:
25:
20:
1526:1840s deaths
1521:1790s births
1490:
1484:
1465:
1459:
1440:
1434:
1415:
1409:
1390:
1384:
1365:
1359:
1340:
1334:
1315:
1309:
1290:
1284:
1265:
1259:
1240:
1234:
1215:
1209:
1190:
1184:
1165:
1159:
1140:
1134:
1115:
1109:
1090:
1084:
1065:
1059:
1040:
1034:
1015:
1009:
990:
984:
965:
959:
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934:
915:
909:
890:
884:
865:
859:
840:
834:
815:
809:
790:
784:
765:
759:
740:
734:
715:
709:
690:
684:
665:
659:
650:
639:. Retrieved
634:
625:
612:
593:
587:
576:. Retrieved
566:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
504:
502:
498:
492:
490:
485:Mangi Ntesha
484:
482:
474:
466:
458:
450:
441:
434:
430:
422:
413:
410:
406:
398:
389:
360:
351:
346:
338:
330:
303:
299:
295:
286:
284:
279:
272:
268:
260:
252:
248:
237:
217:
210:Mangi Rengua
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
122:
111:Foo, Machame
94:Hai District
74:Hai District
55:Mamkinga of
27:
493:Mruka Renga
370:flour, and
342:blacksmiths
310:black magic
256:Bwana Kheri
218:Mfalme Meli
44:Predecessor
1515:Categories
641:2023-05-09
578:2023-04-08
558:References
547:Mangi Meli
425:Weru Weru
52:Successor
38:1808–1837
536:See also
478:European
453:conflict
437:conquest
414:Kashenge
368:eleusine
287:Kishongu
280:Kishongu
214:Kichagga
186:Religion
136:Kishongu
133:Mamkinga
470:Rebmann
462:torture
364:bananas
318:Wakuavi
263:dynasty
230:Machame
222:Swahili
181:Kiwaria
169:Dynasty
142:Samanya
90:Machame
70:Machame
57:Machame
1497:
1472:
1447:
1422:
1397:
1372:
1347:
1322:
1297:
1272:
1247:
1222:
1197:
1172:
1147:
1122:
1097:
1072:
1047:
1022:
997:
972:
947:
922:
897:
872:
847:
822:
797:
772:
747:
722:
697:
672:
600:
511:Legacy
401:spears
384:cattle
275:rivals
198:Rengua
178:Father
105:Burial
22:Rengua
372:honey
347:Mwara
306:spear
238:Mangi
226:Chaga
173:Kombe
154:Names
139:Kileo
118:Issue
108:1840s
68:Foo,
34:Reign
1495:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1095:ISBN
1070:ISBN
1045:ISBN
1020:ISBN
995:ISBN
970:ISBN
945:ISBN
920:ISBN
895:ISBN
870:ISBN
845:ISBN
820:ISBN
795:ISBN
770:ISBN
745:ISBN
720:ISBN
695:ISBN
670:ISBN
598:ISBN
380:milk
378:and
376:meat
374:for
355:iron
334:club
322:Pare
291:goat
87:1837
84:Died
66:1784
63:Born
228:in
220:in
216:; (
212:in
200:or
1517::
633:.
366:,
96:,
92:,
76:,
72:,
1503:.
1478:.
1453:.
1428:.
1403:.
1378:.
1353:.
1328:.
1303:.
1278:.
1253:.
1228:.
1203:.
1178:.
1153:.
1128:.
1103:.
1078:.
1053:.
1028:.
1003:.
978:.
953:.
928:.
903:.
878:.
853:.
828:.
803:.
778:.
753:.
728:.
703:.
678:.
644:.
606:.
581:.
278:"
208:(
100:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.