Spear - Knowledge (XXG)

675: 1952: 810: 527: 1067: 415: 137: 666:, or continental contemporaries. Spears eventually evolved into lances; this is where the lance depiction comes from. With a good majority of Medieval weapons being spears they became integrated into many war tactics. Spears were very commonly used while providing a defensive block. When men on horses tried to get by these blocks, they would often be killed by the spears that could poke through the shield walls. Spears became more common than swords and axes because of how cheap, long, and fast spears were made. 1929: 1082: 2079: 451: 2306: 349: 1375: 1277: 1996: 2027: 330: 2170: 1617: 1488: 872: 40: 954: 938: 1549: 1678: 1754: 1152: 2261:) was made by the sons of Ivaldi. It had the special property that it never missed its mark. During the War with the Vanir, Odin symbolically threw Gungnir into the Vanir host. This practice of symbolically casting a spear into the enemy ranks at the start of a fight was sometimes used in historic clashes, to seek Odin's support in the coming battle. In 1363: 699:, which had two prominent wings at the base of the spearhead, either to prevent the spear penetrating too far into an enemy or to aid in spear fencing. Originally a Frankish weapon, the winged spear also was popular with the Vikings. It would become the ancestor of later medieval polearms, such as the 682:

Broadly speaking, spears were either designed to be used in melee, or to be thrown. Within this simple classification, there was a remarkable range of types. For example, M. J. Swanton identified thirty different spearhead categories and sub-categories in early Saxon England. Most medieval spearheads

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Typically, most spears made by Native Americans were created from materials surrounding their communities. Usually, the shaft of the spear was made with a wooden stick while the head of the spear was fashioned from arrowheads, pieces of metal such as copper, or a bone that had been sharpened. Spears

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era, when spearmen were used as especially highly disciplined soldiers in organized group attacks. When used in formation fighting, spearmen would line up their large rectangular or circular shields in a shieldwall manner. The Qin also employed long spears (more akin to a pike) in formations similar

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The thrusting spear also has the advantage of reach, being considerably longer than other weapon types. Exact spear lengths are hard to deduce as few spear shafts survive archaeologically, but 180–240 cm (6–8 ft) would seem to have been the average length. Some nations were noted for their

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into battle. The tepoztopilli was a polearm, and to judge from depictions in various Aztec codices, it was roughly the height of a man, with a broad wooden head about twice the length of the users' palm or shorter, edged with razor-sharp obsidian blades which were deeply set in grooves carved into

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in four categories: "一曰漆枪，二曰木枪，三曰白杆枪，四曰扑头枪。” Roughly translated the four categories are: Qi (a kind of wood) Spears, Wooden Spears, Bai Gan (A kind of wood) Spears and Pu Tou Qiang. The Qiang that were produced in the Song and Ming dynasties consisted of four major parts: Spearhead, Shaft, End

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Barred spears: A barred spear has a crossbar beneath the blade, to prevent too deep a penetration of the spear into an animal. The bar may be forged as part of the spearhead or may be more loosely tied by means of loops below the blade. Barred spears are known from the Bronze Age, but the first

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humans began to make complex stone blades with flaked edges which were used as spear heads. These stone heads could be fixed to the spear shaft by gum or resin or by bindings made of animal sinew, leather strips or vegetable matter. During this period, a clear difference remained between spears

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The Romans and their early enemies would force prisoners to walk underneath a 'yoke of spears', which humiliated them. The yoke would consist of three spears, two upright with a third tied between them at a height which made the prisoners stoop. It has been suggested that the arrangement has a

1983:, was when a runner would lead the animals towards a cliff. As the buffalo got close to the cliff, other members of the tribe would jump out from behind rocks or trees and scare the buffalo over the cliff. Other hunters would be waiting at the bottom of the cliff to spear the animal to death. 1721:. Sibat are typically made from rattan, either with a sharpened tip or a head made from metal. These heads may either be single-edged, double-edged or barbed. Styles vary according to function and origin. For example, a sibat designed for fishing may not be the same as those used for hunting. 796:

In the 14th century, tactical developments meant that knights and men-at-arms often fought on foot. This led to the practice of shortening the lance to about 150 cm (5 ft) to make it more manageable. As dismounting became commonplace, specialist polearms such as the

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invasion into Egypt, wooden spears were used, which were prone to splinter, but the influx of a new population brought innovations around bronze technology. Unlike other cultures who wielded spears at this time, the Egyptians did not treat their

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method to kill buffalo, which required a hunter to dress as a buffalo and lure one into a ravine where other hunters were hiding. Once the buffalo appeared, the other hunters would kill him with spears. A variation of this technique, called the

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wielded a type of spear for infantrymen which had a club integrated into the spearhead, and a pointed butt end. Other spears had forked blades, several spear-points, and numerous other innovations. One particular spear unique to India was the

1306:(approximately 320 cm or 10 ft), Litte-Flower Spears (Xiao Hua Qiang 小花枪) that are the length of one person and their arm extended above his head, double hooked spears, single hooked spears, ringed spears and many more. 625:

In the late period of the Roman Empire, the spear became more often used because of its anti-cavalry capacities as the barbarian invasions were often conducted by people with a developed culture of cavalry in warfare.

1895:. This did not mean that they were less lethal, as obsidian may be sharpened to become many times sharper than steel. Meso-American spears varied greatly in shape and size. While the Aztecs preferred the sword-like 386:, may have developed the technology of hafted stone-tipped spears in Africa about 500,000 years ago. Wood does not preserve well, however, and Craig Stanford, a primatologist and professor of anthropology at the 841:

were beginning to make their mark. Cavalry armed with pistols and other lighter firearms, along with a sword, had virtually replaced lance armed cavalry in Western Europe by the beginning of the 17th century.

1579:. Medieval Japan employed spears again for infantrymen to use, but it was not until the 11th century in that samurai began to prefer spears over bows. Several polearms were used in the Japanese theatres; the 518:. The pike phalanx, supported by peltasts and cavalry, became the dominant mode of warfare among the Greeks from the late 4th century onward until Greek military systems were supplanted by the Roman legions. 312:, Senegal have been observed to create spears by breaking straight limbs off trees, stripping them of their bark and side branches, and sharpening one end with their teeth. They then used the weapons to hunt 468:. The use of both a single thrusting spear and two throwing spears are mentioned. It has been suggested that two styles of combat are being described; an early style, with thrusting spears, dating to the 1240:

can be loosely defined as a halberd) rose to prominence in the military. Interesting to note is that the amount of iron Mao-heads found exceeds the number of bronze heads. By the end of the Han dynasty

249:, it is one of the earliest and most widespread tools ever developed by early humans. As a weapon, it may be wielded with either one or two hands. It was used in virtually every conflict up until the 1403:

were used both in missile and non-missile form, both by cavalry and foot-soldiers. Mounted spear-fighting was practiced using with a 300 cm (10 ft), ball-tipped wooden lance called a

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to Swiss pikemen in order to ward off cavalry. The Han Empire would use similar tactics as its Qin predecessors. Halberds, polearms, and dagger axes were also common weapons during this time.

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The Handbook Of The SAS And Elite Forces. How The Professionals Fight And Win. Edited by Jon E. Lewis. p.502-Tactics And Techniques, Survival. Robinson Publishing Ltd 1997. ISBN 1-85487-675-9

1185:). In some archaeological examples two tiny holes or ears can be found in the blade of the spearhead near the socket, these holes were presumably used to attach tassels, much like modern day 785:, this allowed all the momentum of the horse and knight to be focused on the weapon's tip, whilst still retaining accuracy and control. This use of the spear spurred the development of the 1148:

Spears were also common weaponry for Warring States, Qin, and Han era cavalry units. During these eras, the spear would develop into a longer lance-like weapon used for cavalry charges.

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firearms in Renaissance Europe saw an ever-increasing focus on integrated infantry tactics. Those infantry not armed with these weapons carried variations on the polearm, including the

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After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the spear and shield continued to be used by nearly all Western European cultures. Since a medieval spear required only a small amount of

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Assyrian soldier holding a spear and wearing a helmet. Detail of a basalt relief from the palace of Tiglath-pileser III at Hadatu, Syria. 744–727 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul

2096:), but the later Middle Ages saw the development of specialised types, such as the boar-spear and the bear-spear. The boar-spear could be used both on foot or horseback. 769:

Cavalry spears were originally the same as infantry spears and were often used with two hands or held with one hand overhead. In the 12th century, after the adoption of

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Hunt, Peter. The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare: Volume 1, Greece, The Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome. Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 108

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noted the phallic nature of the spear and suggested that in the Arthurian legends the spear or lance functioned as a symbol of male fertility, paired with the

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were a preferred weapon by many since it was inexpensive to create, could more easily be taught to others, and could be made quickly and in large quantities.

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invented a shorter stabbing spear with a 30 cm (1 ft) shaft and a larger, broader blade one foot (0.3m) long. This weapon is otherwise known as the

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by which troops were directed. The half-pike, sometimes known as a boarding pike, was also used as a weapon on board ships until the late 19th century.

849:, a shortened version of the pike carried by officers of various ranks. While originally a weapon, this came to be seen more as a badge of office, or 1599:; the horseback samurai used shorter yari for his single-armed combat; on the other hand, ashigaru infantries used long yari (similar with European 2206:' bolts of lightning may be interpreted as a symbolic spear. Some would carry that interpretation to the spear that frequently is associated with 2230:

in classical Greek mythology, was an ashen spear as the nature of ashwood with its straight grain made it an ideal choice of wood for a spear.

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would be stiff. Scholars seem to lean toward the latter explanation more than the former. Because of the difference in the construction of the

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was that most of these animals were hunted to extinction by humans with spears. Even after the invention of other hunting weapons such as the

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The spear was used as the primary weapon in expeditions and battles against neighbouring island kingdoms and it became famous during the 1521

4232: 4199: 4148: 4086: 4007: 3647: 3622: 3597: 3572: 3511: 3430: 3405: 3380: 3311: 3286: 3261: 3101: 3040: 3005: 2978: 1006:". It is a polearm used for throwing or hurling, usually a light spear or javelin made of hard wood and pointed with a forged iron tip. The 1915:. Throwing spears were typically shorter and more stream-lined than the tepoztopilli, and some had obsidian edges for greater penetration. 2120:

Spear hunting fell out of favor in most of Europe in the 18th century, but continued in Germany, enjoying a revival in the 1930s. Spear

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along the sharpened edges (most of the spear-tip was wrought iron), it was an economical weapon. Quick to manufacture, and needing less

1818:, after the sound that was heard as it was withdrawn from the victim's wound. The traditional spear was not abandoned, but was used to 837:

with the heavy knightly lance and lighter cavalry with a variety of lighter lances. By the 1540s, however, pistol-armed cavalry called

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continues to this day as both a means of catching food and as a cultural activity. Some of the most common prey for early humans were

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clubs for fighting, the advantage of a far-reaching thrusting weapon was recognised, and a large portion of the army would carry the

1407:, the end of which was covered in dye so that hits may be confirmed. Spears were constructed from a variety of materials such as the 4279: 3770: 3699: 1664: 1535: 919: 387: 123: 719:. To resist cavalry, spear shafts could be planted against the ground. William Wallace drew up his schiltrons in a circle at the 390:, has suggested that the discovery of spear use by chimpanzees means that early humans may have used wooden spears before this. 567:, heavy javelins that were specifically designed to be thrown at an enemy to pierce and foul a target's shield. Originally the 1302:

Spike and Tassel. The types of Qiang that exist are many. Among the types there are cavalry Qiang that were the length of one

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in the 5th century BC. Examples also are shown in Roman art. In the Middle Ages, a winged or lugged war-spear was developed (

1642: 1513: 897: 340: 61: 3893: 1853:-tipped spear (dja) and shield (ikem), which were used in elaborate formations much like Greek and Roman forces. Before the 136: 3941: 3923: 1109:槍) is popularly known as the "king of weapons". The spear is listed in the group of the four major weapons (along with the 2481: 2415: 1136:

Spears were used first as hunting weapons amongst the ancient Chinese. They became popular as infantry weapons during the

195:. The most common design for hunting and/or warfare, since ancient times has incorporated a metal spearhead shaped like a 4065: 3997: 2950: 1102: 377: 289: 2156:

One of the gymnastic exercises performed by the ancient Greeks was the throwing of a spear, referred to as ἀκυντισμός.

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sometimes carry a spear even today. Spears were used in conflicts and training by armed paramilitary units such as the

1341:, the usage is also different, though there is no definitive answer as to what exactly the differences are between the 376:

document that wooden spears have been used for hunting since at least 400,000 years ago. A 2012 study from the site of

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was a longer polearm, with a straight-bladed spearhead, which became the weapon of choice of both the samurai and the

1030:, although these places already had their own variants of the spear. This javelin was the weapon of choice during the 742:

Throwing spears became rarer as the Middle Ages drew on, but survived in the hands of specialists such as the Catalan

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long spears, including the Scots and the Flemish. Spears usually were used in tightly ordered formations, such as the

610:, however, were equipped with a simple hasta and, perhaps, javelins or darts. During the 3rd century AD, although the 237:

The spear has been used throughout human history as a tool for hunting and/or fishing and as a weapon. Along with the

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would symbolically destroy a dead warrior's spear either to prevent its use by another or as a sacrificial offering.

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continued to be used, legionaries usually were equipped with other forms of throwing and thrusting spear, similar to

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or fire-hardened tip) were used throughout Africa and it was the most common weapon used before the introduction of

104: 4322: 4222: 4189: 2570: 2995: 1646: 1631: 1517: 1502: 1441:, it had a rope connecting the spear with the user's wrist, allowing the weapon to be thrown and pulled back. The 901: 886: 809: 76: 50: 4066:

A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Hasta

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and a high-cantled saddle, the spear became a decidedly more powerful weapon. A mounted knight would secure the

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period in which the Iliad is set, and, anachronistically, a later style, with throwing spears, from Homer's own

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Ultimately, the spear proper was rendered obsolete on the battlefield. Its last flowering was the half-pike or

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used by cavalry were fitted with much longer shafts, as is mentioned above. During this era, the use of the

24: 3142: 1951: 495:). The hoplite phalanx dominated warfare among the Greek City States from the 7th into the 4th century BC. 1638: 1509: 1011: 893: 723:

in 1298 to deter charging cavalry; this was a widespread tactic sometimes known as the "crown" formation.

57: 20: 4164: 163:, with a pointed head. The head may be simply the sharpened end of the shaft itself, as is the case with 3716: 3689: 2078: 1941: 1928: 1823: 1385: 1213: 834: 753:

that combined the thrusting properties of the spear with the cutting properties of the axe, such as the

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is also used (in a somewhat archaic manner) to describe the male line of a family, as opposed to the

1098: 736: 579:, but these gradually fell out of use, eventually being replaced by the gladius. The third line, the 382: 369: 276: 3166: 2862: 1081: 3028: 2955: 2530: 2396: 1118: 1027: 515: 696: 72: 2900: 2796: 2741: 2377: 2235: 1911:

Throwing spears also were used extensively in Meso-American warfare, usually with the help of an

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or plant resin as an adhesive. The tepoztopilli was able both to thrust and slash effectively.

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appeared to have a relatively short shaft as well as a relatively narrow shaft as opposed to

3865: 3732: 3031:(1999). "Chapter 2 : The Rise of the City State and the Invention of Western Warfare". 2882: 2874: 2833: 2780: 2723: 2294: 2062:, the spear continued to be used, either as a projectile weapon or used by hand, such as in 2026: 1849:

forces were centered around the use of the spear. In battle, spearmen would be armed with a

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Spears began to lose fashion among the infantry during the 14th century, being replaced by

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was a glaive-like weapon with a long, curved blade popularly among the samurai and the

1400: 1325:, others say that the main difference is between the stiffness of the shaft, where the 1137: 1114: 473: 164: 1995: 4311: 3762: 3750: 2904: 2658: 2643: 2603: 2501: 2386: 2055: 2039: 1975: 1846: 1819: 1702: 1600: 1293: 1193: 1186: 1174: 1165: 1106: 1087: 830: 818: 758: 575: 502:, light infantry armed with spear and javelins. The other was the development of the 491:) and a 210–270 cm (7–9 ft) spear with an iron head and bronze butt-spike ( 365: 336: 238: 227: 223: 3344:"'We have met Devils!': The Almogavars of James I and Peter III of Catalonia–Aragon" 2745: 2210:, interpreting her spear as a symbolic connection to some of Zeus' power beyond the 2038:

One of the earliest forms of killing prey for humans, hunting game with a spear and

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There are many words in Chinese that would be classified as a spear in English. The

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In the 7th century BC, the Greeks evolved a new close-order infantry formation, the

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spears, or it may be made of a more durable material fastened to the shaft, such as

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designed to be thrown and those designed to be used in hand-to-hand combat. By the

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Spears can be divided into two broad categories: those designed for thrusting as a

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continued to be the standard legionary spear until the end of the 2nd century AD.

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Spear manufacture and use is not confined to humans. It is also practiced by the

3949: 3927: 3343: 2518: 2382: 2365: 2169: 1805: 1789: 1757: 1694: 1616: 1487: 1448: 1254: 1242: 1220: 1141: 1110: 1037: 871: 712: 399: 394: 309: 39: 3817:"Ancient Egyptian Weapons: Spears, Bows, Axes, and More! | History Cooperative" 1548: 833:. At the start of the Renaissance, cavalry remained predominantly lance-armed; 731:. However, the rectangular schiltron was much more common and was used by King 683:

were generally leaf-shaped. Notable types of early medieval spears include the

329: 3755: 2728: 2711: 2575: 2434: 2320: 2283: 2279: 1896: 1876: 1182: 995: 953: 782: 743: 647: 639: 250: 3861: 3853: 2896: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2332: 2310: 2272: 2137: 2043: 1729: 1677: 1560: 822: 761:, which would be a dominant infantry weapon in the 16th and 17th centuries. 716: 593: 569: 551: 2847: 2737: 2218:. Athena was depicted with a spear prior to that change in myths, however. 1014:

as well as during later periods, well into the 20th century. A longer pole

937: 757:. Where spears were retained they grew in length, eventually evolving into 642:

skill than a sword, it remained the main weapon of the common soldier. The

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is still practiced in the United States. Animals taken are primarily wild

1753: 1151: 339:, a spear point from about 400,000 years ago, and the oldest known spear, 4271:

The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God

2638: 2536: 2526: 2444: 2406: 2324: 2089: 1892: 1830:. This weapon was typically used with one hand while the off hand held a 1718: 1592: 1584: 1580: 846: 790: 258: 196: 176: 16:

Polearm with a long shaft and pointed head used for thrusting or throwing

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had been rendered completely obsolete. After the Han dynasty toward the

746:. They were commonly used in Ireland until the end of the 16th century. 4294:

P. K. Ford, "On the Significance of some Arthurian Names in Welsh", in

2653: 2623: 2618: 2593: 2553: 2522: 2514: 2491: 2421: 2410: 2373: 2369: 2353: 2258: 2178: 2145: 2141: 2121: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2047: 1905: 1859: 1831: 1785: 1773: 1769: 1714: 1572: 1552: 1463: 1419: 1381: 1043: 1003: 987: 982: 964: 960: 944: 826: 798: 770: 754: 750: 643: 606: 581: 557: 545: 507: 503: 499: 484: 373: 254: 231: 156: 141: 3791:"9 Ancient Egyptian Weapons and Tools That Powered the Pharaoh's Army" 3718:Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils 1022:

was widely used. It existed in various forms in areas stretching from

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historical record of their use in Europe is found in the writings of

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Culhwch and Olwen. An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale

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The Arab presence in Sindh and the Mameluks of Delhi introduced the

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in Sudan. It is still being used by certain wandering Sufi ascetics

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Couch your lances ! Knights and tournaments in the Middle Ages

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tribes of South Africa were renowned for their use of the assegai.

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J. Wilkins et al. "Evidence for early hafted hunting technology".

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which were hunted with various kinds of spear. One theory for the

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as a distinct weapon that was perfected in the medieval sport of

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by holding it with one hand and tucking it under the armpit (the

4052: 3331:. New York: Peter Bedrick Books. pp. 148, 158–159, 202–203. 2505: 2425: 2254: 2203: 2174: 2129: 2125: 1935: 1781: 1777: 1733: 1588: 1126: 487:, who was equipped with a large, circular, bronze-faced shield ( 402:

period (c. 15,000–9500 BC), spear-throwers similar to the later

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30 (1983), pp.268–273 at p.71; R. Bromwich and D. Simon Evans,

2940:, Vol. 338, Nov. 16, 2012, p. 942. doi:10.1126/science.1227608. 2465:

referred to simply as Ron ("spear") in Geoffrey of Monmouth's

506:, a two-handed pike 550 cm (18 ft) in length, by the 2549: 2341: 2315: 1990: 1610: 1481: 1443: 865: 498:

The 4th century saw major changes. One was the greater use of

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Hunting Weapons from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century

2712:"Savanna Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, Hunt with Tools" 1317:, as they are obviously very similar. Some people say that a 1177:. This weapon was less prominent on the battlefield than the 207:. The heads of fishing spears usually feature multiple sharp 3447:

Rompez les lances ! Chevaliers et tournois au Moyen Age

3306:(2nd. ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 184–5. 2517:, a three-pronged fishing spear associated with a number of 1826:

with the iklwa. This tactical combination originated during

2822:"The age of the Lower Paleolithic occupation at Schöningen" 1555:

print of a samurai general holding a yari in his right hand

421:

spearmen advancing in close formation with large shields –

19:"Spears" and "Spearman" redirect here. For other uses, see 2271:, the haft of Gungnir is said to be from the "World-Tree" 735:

on the second day of the Battle of Bannockburn and in the

530:

Re-enactor outfitted as a Late Roman legionary carrying a

3506:. Guildford & London: Lutterworth Press. p. 56. 2552:, a flattened broad tipped spear used by the Hindu deity 1212:

from this era are heavily decorated as is evidenced by a

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Bronze spears, notice the ears on the side of the socket.

689:, a throwing spear with a long head similar to the Roman 3304:

The Art of Warfare in Western Europe in the Middle Ages

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Richter, Daniel; Krbetschek, Matthias (December 2015).

2007: 1693:) were used as both a weapon and a tool throughout the 1018:

was being used as a hunting weapon from horseback. The

253:, where even to this day, it lives on in the form of a 658:

in hand, were armed mostly with spears, as were their

3256:. Vol. 1. London: Greenhill Books. p. 451. 2539:, a three-pronged spear wielded by the Hindu deities 2399:

which could inflict wounds that none can recover from

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spear was used in ancient Japan sometime between the

1309:

There is some confusion as to how to distinguish the

2760: 4105:, Vol. 21, No. 3/4 (June–October 1927), pp. 122–127 3546:"Spear Training | Spear Fighting | 枪矛厹" 3425:. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 102–3. 3143:"The Ten Most Important Weapons of the Middle Ages" 64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3754: 801:were adopted by knights and this practice ceased. 727:used a circular schiltron on the first day of the 4191:Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 2919:"Stone-tipped spear may have much earlier origin" 2286:, believed by some to have vast mystical powers. 1273:can be likened to a pike or simply a long spear. 646:, for instance, although often portrayed with an 618:of the previous century. By the 4th century, the 543:Roman armies, the first two lines of battle, the 380:in South Africa suggests that hominids, possibly 4302:(Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992), p.64 2761:"Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany" 2437:, said to be the spear that pierced the side of 1474:as late as the second half of the 20th century. 980:Muslim warriors used a spear that was called an 458:The spear is the main weapon of the warriors of 2863:"The Clacton Spear: The Last One Hundred Years" 2278:Other spears of religious significance are the 2214:once he rose to replacing other deities in the 695:, used by the Franks and Anglo-Saxons, and the 1287:After the Tang dynasty, the popularity of the 2242:has its origins in this practice (from Latin 2238:origin, a way to trap evil spirits. The word 1960:, Crow (Native American), late 19th century, 817:The development of both the long, two-handed 622:had effectively disappeared from common use. 8: 3838:"Ancient technology in contemporary surgery" 3669:. Army Educational Stores. pp. 158. 281 3216:The Spearheads of the Anglo-Saxon Settlement 1871:West Mexico and South America (Pre-Colombia) 943:A Palestinian Sufi ascetic carrying a short 3400:. London: Cassel & Co. pp. 60–72. 1645:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1516:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1447:is a type of spear or lance, originated in 900:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 454:Athenian warrior wielding a spear in battle 3096:. Princes Risborough: Shire Publications. 2951:"Chimps Observed Making Their Own Weapons" 1269:(矟) was widespread among the footmen. The 4081:. London: Macdonald Phoebus. p. 89. 3869: 3218:. London: Royal Archaeological Institute. 3167:"Medieval Weapons That Maimed and Killed" 2886: 2837: 2727: 2710:Pruetz, Jill D.; Bertolani, Paco (2007). 2188:Like many weapons, a spear may also be a 1665:Learn how and when to remove this message 1536:Learn how and when to remove this message 1245:) the process of replacement of the iron 994:, but the English term, derived from the 920:Learn how and when to remove this message 124:Learn how and when to remove this message 4101:M. Cary and A. D. Nock. "Magic Spears". 1845:Similar to most armies of their period, 4296:Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 3233:. London: Herbert Jenkins. p. 226. 2680: 2447:could wield, inherited from his father 2132:, although trophy animals as large as 1822:enemy formations before closing in for 573:were armed with a short spear called a 226:) and those designed for throwing as a 3942:"Pre-columbian Atl Atl Spear Throwers" 3733:"TherionArms – Zulu 'Iklwa' war spear" 3281:. Edinburgh: John Donald. p. 80. 393:From circa 200,000 BC onwards, Middle 4143:. London: Penguin. pp. 51, 197. 3784: 3782: 3666:Studies in Indian Weapons and Warfare 3092:Bishop, M.C.; Coulston, J.C. (1989). 1938:native American man with his spear – 1904:the head, and cemented in place with 1736:fought against Spanish forces led by 1603:) for their massed combat formation. 963:Arab warrior carrying a long hunting 555:, often fought with a sword called a 7: 1643:adding citations to reliable sources 1514:adding citations to reliable sources 1010:played an important role during the 898:adding citations to reliable sources 483:. The key to this formation was the 62:adding citations to reliable sources 3894:"Precolumbian Mesoamerican Warfare" 3035:. London: Cassell. pp. 42–83. 3000:. London: Methuen. pp. 166–8. 2973:. London: Croom Helm. p. 192. 2302:(as a symbol of female fertility). 1571:, but it became unpopular as early 1399:in Indian languages. Spears in the 1121:(a single-edged blade similar to a 3926:. February 4, 2008. Archived from 2861:Allington-Jones, Lu (2015-07-03). 2395:Gáe Buide and Gáe Derg, spears of 2313:, holding his primary weapon, the 1587:, often used against cavalry; the 1411:made completely of steel, and the 1297:(枪). The Tang dynasty divided the 1249:had been completed and the bronze 725:Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray 592:From the late 2nd century BC, all 159:consisting of a shaft, usually of 14: 4221:MacKillop, James (January 2004). 3254:The Art of War in the Middle Ages 1291:declined and was replaced by the 781:technique) In combination with a 739:when he defeated English armies. 388:University of Southern California 4139:Crossley-Holland, Kevin (1982). 4049:"Spear Hunting Museum > Home" 2443:Pelian Spear, a spear that only 2339:in the form of the spear called 2309:Statue of the Hindu God of War, 1994: 1950: 1927: 1885:Western Mexico and South America 1615: 1486: 1373: 1361: 1080: 1065: 952: 936: 870: 347: 328: 38: 4188:E. A. Livingstone, ed. (2006). 3842:The Western Journal of Medicine 3449:, Paris, ed. Autrement, 2010. ( 3342:Morris, Paul (September 2000). 3329:Robert the Bruce, King of Scots 3141:Medievalists.net (2020-01-09). 2700:. The Career Press, 2005, p 12. 2698:50 Weapons That Changed Warfare 2345:, which is his primary weapon. 49:needs additional citations for 4257:– via Project Gutenberg. 4224:Dictionary of Celtic Mythology 3789:Roos, Dave (2 December 2020). 3761:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 3480:Arnold (2001), pp.66–72, 78–81 3375:. Oxford: Osprey. p. 36. 3033:The Wars of the Ancient Greeks 2759:Thieme, Hartmut (1997-02-27). 2136:have been hunted with spears. 1368:Razakars during Operation Polo 354:Hunting spear and knife, from 341:Natural History Museum, London 1: 3327:Scott, Ronald McNair (1988). 2879:10.1080/00665983.2015.1008839 2482:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 2416:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 2202:In classical Greek mythology 2093: 1740:who was subsequently killed. 1681:A Filipino warrior holding a 967: 426: 3815:Dhar, Rittika (2023-01-09). 3694:. Finnish Oriental Society. 2839:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.003 2253:In Norse mythology, the god 813:German reenactors of pikemen 4120:Online Etymology Dictionary 3946:www.precolumbianweapons.com 3898:www.precolumbianweapons.com 3663:Pant, Gayatri Nath (1970). 3642:. 上海: 上海文化出版社. p. 22. 3617:. 上海: 上海文化出版社. p. 21. 3592:. 上海: 上海文化出版社. p. 20. 3567:. 上海: 上海文化出版社. p. 19. 3504:European Weapons and Armour 2469:, the spear of King Arthur. 2403:Green Dragon Crescent Blade 2052:Quaternary extinction event 1685:(spear) in the Boxer Codex. 257:fixed onto the muzzle of a 218:(including weapons such as 4351: 4029:Blackmore (2003), pp.88–91 3996:Blackmore, Howard (2003). 3302:Verbruggen, J. F. (1997). 2826:Journal of Human Evolution 2571:Viking Age arms and armour 2226:when he married the nymph 2034:with a multi-pronged spear 1974:Native Americans used the 1415:which had a bamboo shaft. 1329:would be flexible and the 1163:is the predecessor of the 284:, from the Proto-Germanic 18: 4268:Clothey, Fred W. (1978). 4038:Blackmore (2003), pp92-3. 3715:Subrahmanian, N. (1996). 3421:Nicholson, Helen (2004). 2729:10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.042 2521:, including the Etruscan 1768:The various types of the 805:Introduction of gunpowder 368:found in England and the 211:, with or without barbs. 29:Spearman (disambiguation) 4077:Connolly, Peter (1981). 4002:. Dover. pp. 83–4. 3972:"Native American Spears" 3688:Nikkilä, Pertti (1997). 3489:Arnold (2001), pp.92–100 3462:Nicholson (2004), p. 102 3373:The Irish Wars 1485–1603 3191:"Hurstwic: Viking Spear" 3094:Roman Military Equipment 3073:Hanson (1999), pp149-150 2994:Webster, T.B.L. (1977). 1828:Shaka's military reforms 1072:Spear with inscription, 697:winged (or lugged) spear 356:Mesa Verde National Park 230:(usually referred to as 4103:The Classical Quarterly 3836:Buck, BA (March 1982). 3396:Arnold, Thomas (2001). 3277:Fisher, Andrew (1986). 3064:Hanson (1999), pp.147–8 2566:List of types of spears 2290:Sir James George Frazer 2082:A boar-spear with a bar 1879:was largely unknown in 1226:In the Han dynasty the 1204:in the later Shang and 596:were equipped with the 585:, continued to use the 25:Spears (disambiguation) 4079:Greece and Rome at War 3535:Oakeshott (1980), p.56 3526:Oakeshott (1980), p.55 3471:Nicholson (2004), p101 3398:The Renaissance at War 3214:Swanton, M.J. (1973). 2867:Archaeological Journal 2328: 2185: 2083: 2035: 1765: 1728:, where the chieftain 1697:. It is also called a 1686: 1585:Buddhist warrior-monks 1556: 1420:Middle Eastern javelin 1384:soldier with spear by 1284: 1156: 1036:as well as during the 814: 679: 536: 455: 432: 148: 21:Spear (disambiguation) 4274:. Walter de Gruyter. 3924:"Precolumbian Spears" 3229:Martin, Paul (1968). 2997:From Mycenae to Homer 2331:The Hindu god of war 2308: 2177:, carrying the spear 2172: 2081: 2029: 1942:Edward Sheriff Curtis 1891:were made of wood or 1881:pre-Columbian America 1824:close quarters battle 1756: 1680: 1595:(footmen) during the 1551: 1279: 1214:Warring States period 1154: 812: 729:Battle of Bannockburn 677: 529: 453: 423:Stele of the Vultures 417: 372:found in present-day 316:sleeping in hollows. 139: 4227:. Oxford Reference. 4194:. Oxford Reference. 3550:Imperial Combat Arts 3055:Hanson (1999), p. 59 3029:Hanson, Victor Davis 2971:The Palaeolithic Age 2969:Wymer, John (1982). 2676:Notes and references 2490:, the spear used by 2455:from an ash tree on 1639:improve this section 1510:improve this section 1451:, primarily used by 1395:Spears are known as 1099:Chinese martial arts 894:improve this section 737:Battle of Old Byland 383:Homo heidelbergensis 58:improve this article 3737:www.therionarms.com 3445:* Sébastien Nadot, 3371:Heath, Ian (1993). 2959:, February 22, 2007 2956:The Washington Post 2927:, November 16, 2012 2777:1997Natur.385..807T 2475:wielded by General 2409:wielded by General 2397:Diarmuid Ua Duibhne 2222:'s wedding-gift to 2030:Peruvian fisherman 1169:. The first bronze 1028:Indian subcontinent 516:Alexander the Great 441:Classical antiquity 308:. Chimpanzees near 290:Proto-Indo-European 4255:"The Golden Bough" 3952:on 4 February 2008 3904:on 4 February 2008 3231:Armour and weapons 2467:History of Britain 2378:Japanese mythology 2376:, creator gods in 2329: 2186: 2160:In myth and legend 2084: 2036: 2006:. You can help by 1934:A photograph of a 1887:, most weapons in 1772:(a light spear or 1766: 1738:Ferdinand Magellan 1713:in the islands of 1687: 1597:Warring States Era 1557: 1285: 1157: 815: 680: 537: 512:Phillip of Macedon 456: 433: 306:western chimpanzee 149: 146:Greco-Persian Wars 4323:Primitive weapons 4234:978-0-19-860967-4 4201:978-0-19-861442-5 4150:978-0-14-006056-0 4088:978-0-356-06798-8 4009:978-0-486-40961-0 3649:978-7-80740-220-6 3624:978-7-80740-220-6 3599:978-7-80740-220-6 3574:978-7-80740-220-6 3513:978-0-7188-2126-5 3432:978-0-333-76331-5 3407:978-0-304-35270-8 3382:978-1-85532-280-6 3313:978-0-85115-630-9 3288:978-0-85976-154-3 3263:978-1-85367-100-5 3250:Oman, Sir Charles 3245:Battle of Steppes 3103:978-0-7478-0005-7 3042:978-0-304-35982-0 3007:978-0-416-70570-6 2980:978-0-7099-2710-5 2924:Los Angeles Times 2771:(6619): 807–810. 2496:King Fuchai of Wu 2335:is worshipped by 2024: 2023: 1780:and pointed with 1689:Filipino spears ( 1675: 1674: 1667: 1577:horseback archers 1546: 1545: 1538: 1434:or corded lance. 1321:is longer than a 930: 929: 922: 721:Battle of Falkirk 370:Schöningen spears 134: 133: 126: 108: 4340: 4303: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4169:Dlib.indiana.edu 4165:"Score: BHR0215" 4161: 4155: 4154: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4112: 4106: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4074: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4051:. Archived from 4045: 4039: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3948:. Archived from 3938: 3932: 3931: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3900:. Archived from 3890: 3884: 3883: 3873: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3786: 3777: 3776: 3760: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3500:Oakeshott, Ewart 3496: 3490: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3454: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3423:Medieval Warfare 3418: 3412: 3411: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3358: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3195:www.hurstwic.org 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3147:Medievalists.net 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2966: 2960: 2947: 2941: 2934: 2928: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2890: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2841: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2785:10.1038/385807a0 2756: 2750: 2749: 2731: 2707: 2701: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2356:or female line. 2295:The Golden Bough 2284:Lúin of Celtchar 2257:'s spear (named 2019: 2016: 1998: 1991: 1954: 1931: 1919:Native Americans 1847:Ancient Egyptian 1837:for protection. 1726:Battle of Mactan 1670: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1619: 1611: 1541: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1490: 1482: 1377: 1365: 1173:appeared in the 1084: 1069: 1012:Islamic conquest 972: 969: 956: 940: 925: 918: 914: 911: 905: 874: 866: 733:Robert the Bruce 431: 428: 351: 332: 129: 122: 118: 115: 109: 107: 66: 42: 34: 4350: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4173: 4171: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4141:The Norse Myths 4138: 4137: 4133: 4124: 4122: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4060: 4055:on 9 July 2012. 4047: 4046: 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3068: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2931: 2916: 2912: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2805: 2803: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2716:Current Biology 2709: 2708: 2704: 2696:Weir, William. 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2584: 2582:Related weapons 2562: 2510:Irish mythology 2494:'s arch-rival, 2488:Spear of Fuchai 2430:Norse mythology 2391:Irish mythology 2362: 2181:on his ride to 2167: 2162: 2154: 2144:with a type of 2118: 2076: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2004:needs expansion 1989: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1962:Brooklyn Museum 1955: 1947: 1946: 1932: 1921: 1873: 1868: 1843: 1751: 1746: 1671: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1636: 1620: 1609: 1575:often acted as 1542: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1507: 1491: 1480: 1472:Hyderabad State 1393: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1380:Engraving of a 1378: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1355: 1280:A later period 1095: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1077: 1076: 1070: 1059: 1054: 1024:Southern Africa 978: 977: 976: 975: 974: 970: 957: 949: 948: 941: 926: 915: 909: 906: 891: 875: 864: 859: 807: 767: 672: 632: 630:Medieval period 524: 448: 443: 438: 429: 412: 362: 361: 360: 359: 358: 352: 344: 343: 333: 322: 302: 296:"spear, pole". 275:comes from the 267: 130: 119: 113: 110: 67: 65: 55: 43: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4348: 4347: 4344: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4287: 4280: 4260: 4246: 4233: 4213: 4200: 4180: 4156: 4149: 4131: 4107: 4094: 4087: 4069: 4058: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4008: 3988: 3963: 3933: 3930:on 2008-02-04. 3915: 3885: 3848:(3): 265–269. 3828: 3807: 3778: 3771: 3751:McBride, Angus 3742: 3724: 3707: 3700: 3680: 3655: 3648: 3638:郑, 轶伟 (2007). 3630: 3623: 3613:郑, 轶伟 (2007). 3605: 3598: 3588:郑, 轶伟 (2007). 3580: 3573: 3563:郑, 轶伟 (2007). 3555: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3512: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3438: 3431: 3413: 3406: 3388: 3381: 3363: 3334: 3319: 3312: 3294: 3287: 3269: 3262: 3236: 3221: 3206: 3182: 3158: 3133: 3118:"Viking Spear" 3109: 3102: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3041: 3020: 3006: 2986: 2979: 2961: 2942: 2929: 2910: 2873:(2): 273–296. 2853: 2812: 2751: 2722:(5): 412–417. 2702: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2547: 2534: 2512: 2504:, named after 2499: 2485: 2470: 2460: 2441: 2432: 2419: 2400: 2393: 2380: 2361: 2358: 2173:The Norse god 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2140:are hunted in 2117: 2116:Modern revival 2114: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2075: 2072: 2022: 2021: 2001: 1999: 1988: 1985: 1956: 1949: 1948: 1933: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1842: 1839: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1673: 1672: 1623: 1621: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1544: 1543: 1494: 1492: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1449:Southern India 1401:Indian society 1379: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1261:dynasties the 1138:Warring States 1086: 1079: 1078: 1071: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 990:pronounced it 958: 951: 950: 942: 935: 934: 933: 932: 931: 928: 927: 878: 876: 869: 863: 860: 858: 855: 806: 803: 766: 763: 671: 668: 631: 628: 523: 522:Ancient Romans 520: 447: 446:Ancient Greeks 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 430: 2450 BC 411: 408: 353: 346: 345: 334: 327: 326: 325: 324: 323: 321: 318: 301: 298: 266: 263: 132: 131: 46: 44: 37: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4346: 4345: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4283: 4281:9789027976321 4277: 4273: 4272: 4264: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4236: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4217: 4214: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4184: 4181: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4132: 4121: 4117: 4116:"subjugation" 4111: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4011: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3992: 3989: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3903: 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