262:, for example, were almost certainly Etruscan. In its ascendancy from local to Imperial power, Rome pragmatically embraced the local cults of its neighbouring villages and towns, then of city-states and provinces. Local cult became an instrument of Roman administration, run by locally elected official-priests. Their "foreign" gods never became gods of the Roman state as a whole, but were an essential feature of reciprocal relations between Rome and its provinces. In approximately 155 CE,
130:
might be modified by “higher truths” of doctrine or revelation. He concludes that even if the nature and existence of the gods cannot be proved beyond doubt, it is wise and pragmatic to honour them by piously offering the time-hallowed rites. Rome's continued success might depend on it. Cicero's
245:(Jupiter greatest and best) favoured “his” city because his own power and status were constructed by the Roman law, rites and sacrifice which elevated and honoured him. The same principles constructed the various powers and honours of all other gods of the state pantheon. Public cults (
214:
the natural theology of the philosophers, or theorizing on divinity (an elite activity to which ordinary people should not be exposed, lest they come to doubt the sacredness of social and religious institutions);
98:("heavenly honours") were offered to the gods, and very occasionally to mortals whose actions had earned great benefits for mankind. Earthly hierarchies reflected the celestial order.
451:
Gradel, 9-13: citing legal definitions from Festus (epitome of
Verrius Flaccus) “De verborum significatu” p.284 L: in Wissowa, 1912, 398ff: and Geiger, 1914).
416:
Gradel, 27-8: the "construction" of divinity as a relative category of status by the agency of honours and worship draws on the highly influential work of
175:
233:
The heart of Rome’s natural order was the city of Rome, home to the gods of state, their cults and their senior priest-officials, who in the
252:
Archaic Rome was part of a broader civilisation which included Latin, colonial Greek and possibly
Carthaginian elements, dominated by the
142:
86:
549:
535:
521:
47:
for "divine matters," that is, the service of the gods), were the laws that pertained to the religious duties of the state and its
405:
135:
definitions of religion as spiritual and godly in contrast — or opposition — to those things regarded as material and temporal.
576:
191:
for
Augustine, who incidentally preserves much of what is known about its content and structure. Varro devoted 25 books of the
307:
Gradel, 25-6, gives secular examples of “honours-for-benefactions” as the transactional relations between master and slave,
126:("On the nature of the gods"). He makes no attempt to develop an internally consistent system in which the rituals of
308:
81:
571:
321:
266:
would remark that his own favourite gods, Asclepius, Isis and
Serapis, were widely revered in the Empire
253:
188:
464:, Vol 1, 12: archaeological evidence in the city of Rome, dating to the 6th century BCE, equates Roman
65:, the divine and public or political spheres, the latter phrase being the origin of the English word "
338:
249:) were state funded, at least in principle, and most priesthoods occupied by high-ranking citizens.
566:
465:
146:
545:
531:
517:
48:
263:
132:
122:
74:
203:. His emphasis is deliberate; he treats cult and ritual as human constructs, and divides
433:
Presiding cult priest-magistrates provided a proportion of funding, as a duty of office.
294:
suggests that Romans of the 2nd century BCE were familiar with the "Greek" idea of the
234:
184:
560:
404:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994, originally published 1987 in Italian), p. 213
380:
295:
238:
225:
in origin, but Varro adapts it to the political and cultural concerns of his time.
105:
28:
183:(1st century BC), who was the major source on traditional Roman religion for the
61:
469:
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as originally mortal, elevated to posthumous godhead by honours and worship.
158:
52:
17:
217:
the civil theology concerned with the relation of the state to the divine.
145:
that was taken over and redefined for
Christian purposes, in this case by
258:
222:
66:
351:
291:
101:
421:
417:
355:
180:
109:
44:
420:, whose stress on the need to conceal such knowledge from the
320:
Cicero appears to be influenced by the works of his friend
211:
the mythic theology of the poets, or narrative elaboration;
424:
would lead to accusations of cynicism and manipulation.
516:, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
352:Some Etymologies in Augustine's De Civitate Dei X
290:, Vol. 1, 77-9: early, fragmentary evidence from
389:Religion and Law in Classical and Christian Rome
354:" Vigiliae Christianae 1979 p. 250. Accessed on
90:was the acknowledgement of superiors through
8:
544:, reprint, Wesleyan University Press, 1987.
131:reasoning offers a stark contrast to later
530:, Oxford (Oxford University Press), 2002.
153:is a "divine reality" as represented by a
176:Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum
279:
514:Religions of Rome: Volume 1, a History
324:, the prolific writer and philosopher.
7:
512:Beard, M., Price, S., North, J.,
391:(Franz Steiner, 2006), pp. 140–142.
311:, and cities and their benefactors.
143:ancient Roman religious terminology
528:Emperor Worship and Roman Religion
270:of the favour shown them by Rome.
25:
73:also means, as a technical term,
187:. It was a particular target of
120:(human affairs) in his treatise
542:On Pagans, Jews, and Christians
179:was one of the chief works of
1:
241:. Rome’s most powerful god,
112:, investigates the nature of
371:(Patmos, 1987, 1992), p. 45.
333:Gradel, 4-6: citing Cicero,
199:("human affairs") and 16 to
402:Latin Literature: A History
593:
157:("sacred sign") such as a
149:. In Augustinian usage,
337:2.3.82 and 2.28.72 and
243:Jupiter Optimus Maximus
577:Ancient Roman religion
82:Roman system of belief
540:Momigliano, Arnaldo,
55:was divided into the
507:Annotated References
369:Sacramental Theology
367:Herbert Vorgrimler,
274:Notes and references
229:Religious background
400:Gian Biagio Conte,
256:- the rites of the
207:into three kinds:
309:patron and client
141:is an example of
104:, who was both a
96:Caelestes honores
16:(Redirected from
584:
500:
499:Momigliano, 146.
497:
491:
488:
482:
481:Gradel, 8-9, 13.
479:
473:
458:
452:
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443:
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434:
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398:
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383:, "Religion and
378:
372:
365:
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348:
342:
331:
325:
318:
312:
305:
299:
284:
264:Aelius Aristides
237:were the ruling
173:The multivolume
133:Judaeo-Christian
123:De Natura Deorum
75:ritual sacrifice
21:
592:
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587:
586:
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526:Gradel, Ittai.
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350:J. Den Boeft. "
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281:
276:
231:
221:This schema is
171:
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22:
15:
12:
11:
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590:
588:
580:
579:
574:
572:Roman Republic
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524:
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185:Church Fathers
170:
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24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
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4:
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550:0-8195-6218-1
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536:0-19-815275-2
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422:common people
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386:
382:
381:Clifford Ando
377:
374:
370:
364:
361:
358:26 June 2007.
357:
353:
347:
344:
340:
339:Matthew 22:16
336:
335:Natura Deorum
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327:
323:
317:
314:
310:
304:
301:
297:
296:Olympian gods
293:
289:
283:
280:
273:
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269:
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261:
260:
255:
250:
248:
247:sacra publica
244:
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236:
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206:
202:
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182:
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155:sacrum signum
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148:
144:
140:
136:
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107:
103:
99:
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93:
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88:
83:
78:
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72:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:
36:
35:
30:
19:
554:
541:
527:
513:
495:
486:
477:
461:
456:
447:
438:
429:
412:
401:
396:
388:
385:ius publicum
384:
376:
368:
363:
346:
334:
329:
316:
303:
287:
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267:
257:
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196:
193:Antiquitates
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117:
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100:
95:
91:
85:
79:
70:
60:
56:
39:
38:
33:
32:
29:ancient Rome
26:
442:Gradel, 15.
205:res divinae
201:res divinae
197:res humanae
167:Res Divinae
128:res divinae
118:res humanae
114:res divinae
94:(honours).
62:res publica
37:, singular
34:res divinae
18:Res divinae
561:Categories
490:Brent, 46.
470:Hephaistos
151:res divina
139:Res divina
71:Res divina
57:res divina
40:res divina
567:Roman law
468:to Greek
254:Etruscans
159:sacrament
147:Augustine
53:Roman law
49:officials
259:haruspex
235:Republic
169:of Varro
67:republic
406:online.
268:because
239:consuls
189:polemic
106:senator
92:honores
87:religio
80:In the
548:
534:
520:
466:Vulcan
460:Beard
387:," in
292:Ennius
286:Beard
102:Cicero
462:et al
418:Varro
356:JSTOR
322:Varro
288:et al
223:Stoic
181:Varro
110:augur
45:Latin
546:ISBN
532:ISBN
518:ISBN
165:The
116:and
108:and
59:and
195:to
69:."
51:.
27:In
563::
161:.
84:,
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31:,
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43:(
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