117:– doubling the pixel density in both dimensions. The laptop shipped with a version of macOS that provided support to scale the user interface twice as big as it has previously been. This feature is called HighDPI mode in macOS and it uses a fixed scaling factor of 2 to increase the size of the user interface for high-DPI screens. Apple also introduced support for scaling the UI by rendering the user interface on higher or smaller resolution that the laptop's built-in native resolution and scaling the output to the laptop screen. One obvious downside of this approach is either a decreased performance on rendering the UI on a higher than native resolution or increased blurriness when rendering lower than native resolution. Thus, while the macOS's user interface can be scaled using this approach, the UI itself is not resolution-independent.
210:, the global setting to disable DPI virtualization (only use XP-style scaling) is removed. At pixel densities higher than 120 PPI (125%), DPI virtualization is enabled for all applications without a DPI aware flag (manifest) set inside the EXE. Windows 8.1 retains a per-application option to disable DPI virtualization of an app. Windows 8.1 also adds the ability for each display to use an independent DPI setting, although it calculates this automatically for each display. Windows 8.1 prevents a user from forcibly enabling DPI virtualization of an application. Therefore, if an application wrongly claims to be DPI-aware, it will look too small on high-DPI displays in 8.1, and a user cannot correct that.
257:
79:
244:
102:, which could be demonstrated with the developer tool Quartz Debug that included a feature allowing the user to scale the interface. However, the feature was incomplete, as some icons did not show (such as in System Preferences), user interface elements were displayed at odd positions and certain bitmap
216:
adds manual control over DPI for individual monitors. In addition, Windows 10 version 1703 brings back the XP-style GDI scaling under a "System (Enhanced)" option. This option combines GDI+'s text rendering at a higher resolution with the usual scaling of other elements, so that text appears crisper
272:
library, the font rendering library for the X11 system, has a dpi setting that defaults to 75. This is simply a wrapper around the FC_DPI system in fontconfig, but it suffices for scaling the text in Xft-based applications. The mechanism is also detected by desktop environments to set its own DPI,
176:
Windows Vista also adds support for programs to declare themselves to the OS that they are high-DPI aware via a manifest file or using an API. For programs that do not declare themselves as DPI-aware, Windows Vista supports a compatibility feature called DPI virtualization so system metrics and UI
50:
introduced resolution independence into the world of computers. The intended view can be rendered beyond the atomic resolution without any artifacts, and the automatic typesetting decisions are guaranteed to be identical on any computer up to an error less than the diameter of an atom. This
151:, the DPI setting is tied to the screen resolution, depending on the driver information file.) When a custom system DPI is specified, the built-in UI in the operating system scales up. Windows also includes APIs for application developers to design applications that will scale properly.
243:
359:, which used polygons to draw its 2D content and was later remade using the same polygons at a much higher resolution. 3D games are resolution-independent since the perspective is calculated every frame and so it can vary its resolution.
181:
then scales the resulting application window to match the DPI setting. Windows Vista retains the
Windows XP style scaling option which when enabled turns off DPI virtualization (blurry text) for all applications globally.
236:
or "dp" which is defined as one physical pixel on a 160 dpi screen. At runtime, the system transparently handles any scaling of the dp units, as necessary, based on the actual density of the screen in use.
319:
Gtk supports scaling all UI elements by integer factors, and all text by any non-negative real number factors. As of 2019, Fractional scaling of the UI by scaling up and then down is experimental.
292:
desktop environment began efforts to bring resolution independence ("hi-DPI" support) for various parts of the graphics stack. Developer
Alexander Larsson initially wrote about changes required in
195:
adds the ability to change the DPI by doing only a log off, not a full reboot and makes it a per-user setting. Additionally, Windows 7 reads the monitor DPI from the
70:
system. The content of such a file can be interpreted at any resolution without any artifacts, even at very high resolutions not currently in use.
232:(September 2009) Android has provided support for multiple screen sizes and densities. Android expresses layout dimensions and position via the
629:
428:
199:
and automatically sets the DPI value to match the monitor's physical pixel density, unless the effective resolution is less than 1024 x 768.
196:
106:
elements were not scaled smoothly. Because the scaling feature was never completed, macOS's user interface remained resolution-dependent.
165:
is not completely high-DPI aware as displays with very high resolutions and high pixel densities were not available in that time frame.
301:
206:, only the DPI scaling percentage is shown in the DPI changing dialog and the display of the raw DPI value has been removed. In
186:
459:
63:
684:"Bug #589485 "Ignores physical display size and calculates based ..." : Bugs : xorg-server package : Ubuntu"
492:
308:
2013, GTK+ developer
Matthias Clasen mentioned that hi-DPI support would be "pretty complete" in GTK 3.10 once work on
281:
functions. The latter has been rendered ineffective in Xorg Server 1.7; since then EDID information is only exposed to
785:
351:
256:
226:
537:
154:
132:
821:
413:
233:
103:
31:
240:
To aid in the creation of underlying bitmaps, Android categorizes resources based on screen size and density:
342:
font in order to scale some window controls (close, maximize, minimize, resize handles) to arbitrary sizes.
655:
178:
517:
615:
403:
247:
Illustration of how
Android roughly maps actual sizes and densities to generalized sizes and densities.
669:
683:
189:. WPF applications are vector-based, not pixel-based and are designed to be resolution-independent.
701:
78:
383:
715:
585:
571:
467:
368:
332:
136:
34:
that is displayed at a consistent physical size, regardless of the resolution of the screen.
309:
297:
433:
135:
system in
Windows is pixel-based and thus not resolution-independent. To scale up the UI,
23:
786:"How To Enable HiDPI Fractional Scaling For Wayland Or X11 On Ubuntu 19.04 Disco Dingo"
729:
408:
327:
Although not related to true resolution independence, some other operating systems use
59:, which provides suitable fonts of the same high standards of resolution independence.
815:
229:
166:
161:
adds resolution-independent text rendering however, the UI in
Windows versions up to
140:
126:
771:
757:
743:
86:
10.8.5 System
Preferences dialog, non-scaled UI (left) and scaled HighDPI UI (right)
438:
398:
47:
346:
from version 2.04 (1991) was able to adapt its window controls to any font size.
313:
207:
177:
elements are presented to applications as if they are running at 96 DPI and the
148:
110:
806:
213:
162:
158:
144:
95:
471:
603:
373:
264:
3.10 Control Center's printer settings, non-scaled (left) and scaled (right)
203:
192:
170:
559:
548:
393:
388:
378:
339:
56:
343:
336:
312:
would be completed. As of
January 2014, hi-DPI support for Clutter and
98:
included some support for resolution independence in early versions of
418:
305:
282:
27:
560:
Windows XP and
Windows 2000 do not natively support high-DPI screens
293:
423:
349:
Video games are often resolution-independent; an early example is
289:
261:
114:
99:
83:
278:
52:
460:"Will Resolution Independent Interfaces Ever Come to the Mac?"
356:
328:
269:
127:
Dots per inch § How
Microsoft Windows handles DPI scaling
67:
43:
630:"Improving the high-DPI experience in GDI based Desktop Apps"
549:
Why text appears different when drawn with GDIPlus versus GDI
493:"Resolution Independent UI Release Notes for Mac OS X v10.4"
242:
304:
and the GNOME themes. At the end of the BoF sessions at
807:
Declaration of resolution-independence by John Siracusa
772:"Bug 705411 – hi-dpi support: Scale window decorations"
66:(DVI) is the file format of Donald Knuth's pioneering
616:"Scaling Windows - The DPI Arms Race - Print View"
217:than in the normal "System" virtualization mode.
331:that are able to adapt to changed font sizes.
730:"ThreePointNine/Features/Hidpi - GNOME Wiki!"
8:
702:"HiDPI support in Gnome – Alexander Larsson"
599:
597:
595:
109:On June 11, 2012, Apple introduced the 2012
273:usually in conjunction with the EDID-based
26:are rendered at sizes independent from the
42:As early as 1978, the typesetting system
744:"Bug 705915 – Support high dpi displays"
255:
77:
758:"Bug 705410 – hi-dpi support: Scale UI"
538:Where does 96 DPI come from in Windows?
450:
113:with a resolution of 2880×1800 or 5.2
51:pioneering system has a corresponding
716:"GTK+ meeting notes | Goings on"
518:"MacBook Pro Retina Display Analysis"
429:Vector-based graphical user interface
7:
572:"Win32 SetProcessDPIAware Function"
516:Anand Lal Shimpi (June 11, 2012).
139:has supported specifying a custom
14:
656:"Android 1.6 Platform Highlights"
670:"Screen compatibility overview"
187:Windows Presentation Foundation
185:Windows Vista also introduces
64:device independent file format
1:
634:Windows Developer Blog (MSDN)
173:scale better at higher DPIs.
143:from the Control Panel since
604:High DPI Settings in Windows
586:"Windows Vista DPI Settings"
838:
497:Apple Developer Connection
124:
234:density-independent pixel
491:Apple (April 29, 2005).
414:Scalable Vector Graphics
32:graphical user interface
16:Computer display feature
22:is where elements on a
20:Resolution independence
265:
248:
179:Desktop Window Manager
87:
404:Responsive Web Design
259:
246:
81:
335:95 onwards used the
790:Linux Uprising Blog
588:. 10 December 2006.
688:bugs.launchpad.net
384:Display PostScript
266:
249:
88:
369:Adobe Illustrator
333:Microsoft Windows
316:is ongoing work.
137:Microsoft Windows
121:Microsoft Windows
30:, resulting in a
829:
794:
793:
782:
776:
775:
768:
762:
761:
754:
748:
747:
740:
734:
733:
726:
720:
719:
712:
706:
705:
698:
692:
691:
680:
674:
673:
666:
660:
659:
652:
646:
645:
643:
641:
626:
620:
619:
612:
606:
601:
590:
589:
582:
576:
575:
568:
562:
557:
551:
546:
540:
535:
529:
528:
526:
525:
513:
507:
506:
504:
503:
488:
482:
481:
479:
478:
455:
276:
62:The terminology
837:
836:
832:
831:
830:
828:
827:
826:
822:Digital imaging
812:
811:
803:
798:
797:
784:
783:
779:
770:
769:
765:
756:
755:
751:
742:
741:
737:
728:
727:
723:
714:
713:
709:
700:
699:
695:
682:
681:
677:
668:
667:
663:
654:
653:
649:
639:
637:
628:
627:
623:
614:
613:
609:
602:
593:
584:
583:
579:
570:
569:
565:
558:
554:
547:
543:
536:
532:
523:
521:
515:
514:
510:
501:
499:
490:
489:
485:
476:
474:
457:
456:
452:
447:
434:Vector graphics
365:
325:
274:
254:
252:X Window System
223:
129:
123:
93:
76:
40:
24:computer screen
17:
12:
11:
5:
835:
833:
825:
824:
814:
813:
810:
809:
802:
801:External links
799:
796:
795:
777:
763:
749:
735:
721:
707:
693:
675:
661:
647:
621:
607:
591:
577:
563:
552:
541:
530:
508:
483:
458:Carmody, Tim.
449:
448:
446:
443:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
409:Retina display
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
364:
361:
324:
321:
275:DisplayWidthMM
253:
250:
222:
219:
122:
119:
92:
89:
75:
74:Implementation
72:
39:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
834:
823:
820:
819:
817:
808:
805:
804:
800:
791:
787:
781:
778:
773:
767:
764:
759:
753:
750:
745:
739:
736:
731:
725:
722:
717:
711:
708:
703:
697:
694:
689:
685:
679:
676:
671:
665:
662:
657:
651:
648:
636:. 19 May 2017
635:
631:
625:
622:
617:
611:
608:
605:
600:
598:
596:
592:
587:
581:
578:
573:
567:
564:
561:
556:
553:
550:
545:
542:
539:
534:
531:
519:
512:
509:
498:
494:
487:
484:
473:
469:
465:
461:
454:
451:
444:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
362:
360:
358:
354:
353:
352:Another World
347:
345:
341:
338:
334:
330:
322:
320:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:In 2013, the
286:
284:
280:
271:
263:
258:
251:
245:
241:
238:
235:
231:
228:
220:
218:
215:
211:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
188:
183:
180:
174:
172:
168:
167:Windows Vista
164:
160:
156:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
128:
120:
118:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
90:
85:
80:
73:
71:
69:
65:
60:
58:
54:
49:
45:
37:
35:
33:
29:
25:
21:
789:
780:
766:
752:
738:
724:
710:
696:
687:
678:
664:
650:
638:. Retrieved
633:
624:
610:
580:
566:
555:
544:
533:
522:. Retrieved
511:
500:. Retrieved
496:
486:
475:. Retrieved
463:
453:
439:Video scaler
399:Page zooming
350:
348:
326:
318:
287:
267:
239:
224:
212:
201:
191:
184:
175:
153:
130:
108:
94:
61:
48:Donald Knuth
41:
19:
18:
640:20 February
520:. AnandTech
314:GNOME Shell
230:1.6 "Donut"
208:Windows 8.1
149:Windows 3.1
111:MacBook Pro
524:2012-06-12
502:2007-03-25
477:2022-05-06
445:References
277:family of
214:Windows 10
163:Windows XP
159:Windows XP
145:Windows 95
125:See also:
115:megapixels
28:pixel grid
472:1059-1028
374:CorelDRAW
204:Windows 8
193:Windows 7
171:Windows 7
816:Category
394:Inkscape
389:Himetric
379:Direct2D
363:See also
340:TrueType
57:Metafont
55:system,
344:AmigaOS
337:Marlett
302:Wayland
227:Android
221:Android
46:due to
38:Concept
470:
419:Synfig
306:GUADEC
283:XRandR
225:Since
147:. (In
464:Wired
424:Twips
323:Other
310:Cairo
298:Cairo
290:GNOME
262:GNOME
100:macOS
96:Apple
91:macOS
84:macOS
642:2020
468:ISSN
355:for
329:GUIs
294:GTK+
279:Xlib
268:The
260:The
197:EDID
169:and
155:GDI+
131:The
82:The
53:font
357:DOS
270:Xft
202:In
157:in
141:DPI
133:GDI
104:GUI
68:TeX
44:TeX
818::
788:.
686:.
632:.
594:^
495:.
466:.
462:.
300:,
296:,
285:.
792:.
774:.
760:.
746:.
732:.
718:.
704:.
690:.
672:.
658:.
644:.
618:.
574:.
527:.
505:.
480:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
