20:
2637:
2084:
247:
367:, specifically the bases. Interactions between nucleic acids and DNA-binding compounds such as drugs can be examined by selectively exciting either the nucleobases or the drug itself. The resonance Raman spectra of DNA can be used to identify bacterial DNA in living cells, and to quantitate DNA under different culture conditions, and even to distinguish different bacterial species.
2649:
2096:
127:. If the energy of the photon striking the sample is equal or close to that of an electronic transition in the sample, certain Raman-active vibrational modes—those producing nuclear displacement in the same direction as the electronic transition—will exhibit greatly enhanced scattering, up to 10-fold compared to nonresonance Raman. For totally
179:: By using pulsed lasers with a controllable delay between pulses, resonance Raman spectroscopy can be used to monitor changes in the sample over time, following a laser-induced photochemical change or temperature increase. This method has been used to examine the dynamics of excited electronic states, binding of oxygen or other gases to
236:
is used to focus the excitation laser onto a particular point in the sample, and spectra are collected for many such points. The Raman intensity at different points can then be assembled into a microscopic image of the sample. By appropriate choice of excitation wavelength, a microscopic map of the
151:
in that it occurs without vibrational relaxation during the lifetime of the excited electronic state. It thus exhibits much narrower line widths than fluorescence. However, fluorescence and resonance Raman scattering co-occur in many materials, and interference from fluorescence may complicate the
263:
Because of its selectivity and sensitivity, resonance Raman spectroscopy is typically used to study molecular vibrations in compounds that would have very weak and/or complex Raman spectra in the absence of resonance enhancement. Like ordinary Raman spectroscopy, resonance Raman is compatible with
61:
Resonance Raman spectroscopy has much greater sensitivity than non-resonance Raman spectroscopy, allowing for the analysis of compounds with inherently weak Raman scattering intensities, or at very low concentrations. It also selectively enhances only certain molecular vibrations (those of the
1281:
Mathies, Guinevere; van Hemert, Marc C.; Gast, Peter; Gupta, Karthick B. Sai Sankar; Frank, Harry A.; Lugtenburg, Johan; Groenen, Edgar J.J. (2011). "Configuration of spheroidene in the photosynthetic reaction center of
Rhodobacter spheroides: A comparison of wild-type and reconstituted R26".
135:
scattering, due to the nonzero Franck-Condon overlaps between ground and excited states. Nontotally symmetric modes may also be enhanced by B-term or
Herzberg-Teller scattering, if the symmetry of the mode is contained in the direct product of the two electronic state symmetries. Resonance
112:). Among the two phenomena, Stokes shift and anti-Stokes shift, the former is the most likely to occur. As a consequence, the relative intensity of Raman spectra acquired in Stokes mode is more intense than the other. For most materials, Raman scattering is extremely weak compared to
264:
samples in water, which has a very weak scattering intensity and little contribution to spectra. However, the need for an excitation laser with a wavelength matching that of an electronic transition in the analyte of interest somewhat limits the applicability of the method.
104:) than the incident photons. This difference in energy is caused by excitation of the sample to a higher or lower vibrational energy level: if the sample was initially in an excited vibrational state, the scattered photon may be higher in energy than the incident photon (
371:
have also been studied using UV resonance Raman spectroscopy; the method has the capability to separately interrogate the structure of the nucleic acid or capsid protein components of the virus, through the choice of the appropriate excitation wavelength.
272:
Dyes and pigments, all of which exhibit electronic transitions in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, were among the first substances to be studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Resonance Raman spectra of
1378:
Hirota, S.; Ogura, T.; Appelman, E.H.; Shinzawaitoh, K.; Yoshikawa, S.; Kitagawa, T. (1994). "Observation of a new oxygen-isotope-sensitive Raman band for oxyhemoproteins and its implication in heme pocket structures".
281:
in intact plant samples were reported in 1970. Since then, the method has been used to noninvasively measure levels of these nutrients in human skin. The resonance Raman spectra of other polyene pigments, such as
203:
in ordinary resonance Raman spectroscopy, with intensity enhancement due to resonance, and also simplifies collection of scattered light. It is especially useful for molecules that are both polar and polarizable.
322:
complexes, can be examined by RRS with minimal spectral overlap from the rest of the molecule. This method has been used to examine gas binding in hemeproteins and the catalytic cycle of various enzymes. Using
223:
of the nanoparticles is used for excitation. If the wavelength of the surface plasmon matches that of an electronic transition in the sample, the Raman scattering will be greatly enhanced compared to ordinary
1932:
257:
on silicon. Note that excitation at 633 nm, near an electronic transition, causes appearance of bands that are too faint to be visible with excitation at 532 nm. Figure courtesy of David
Tuschel.
168:
is thus often used for resonance Raman spectroscopy, since a single laser can be used to generate many possible excitation wavelengths to match different samples. By using multiple lasers,
1416:"Rejigging Electron and Proton Transfer to Transition between Dioxygenase, Monooxygenase, Peroxygenase, and Oxygen Reduction Activity: Insights from Bioinspired Constructs of Heme Enzymes"
2468:
1246:
Senak, L.; Ju, Z.M.; Noy, N.; Callender, R.; Manor, D. (1997). "The interactions between cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP-I) and retinal: A vibrational spectroscopic study".
339:) to deduce the local environment and hydrogen-bonding interactions by these residues. With shorter-wavelength ("deep") ultraviolet excitation, it is also possible to excite the
164:
light source to excite the sample. The difference is the choice of the laser wavelength, which must be selected to match the energy of an electronic transition in the sample. A
100:
In Raman scattering, photons collide with a sample and are scattered with a difference in energy: The scattered photons may be higher or lower in energy (have a shorter or longer
86:. Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been used in the characterization of inorganic compounds and complexes, proteins, nucleic acids, pigments, and in archaeology and art history.
716:
Efremov, Evtem V.; Ariese, Freek; Gooijer, Cees (2008). "Achievements in resonance Raman spectroscopy: Review of a technique with a distinct analytical chemistry potential".
1111:
Smith, W.E. (2008). "Practical understanding and use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering/surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering in chemical and biological analysis".
2141:
1858:
1853:
2359:
2292:
2237:
2206:
1894:
2201:
2574:
2392:
2254:
1197:
Scarmo, Stephanie; Cartmel, Brenda; Lin, Haiqun; Leffell, David J.; Ermakov, Igor V.; Gellermann, Werner; Bernstein, Paul S.; Mayne, Susan T. (2013).
2523:
2342:
2186:
923:
Sahoo, Sangram
Keshari; Umapathy, Siva; Parker, Anthony W. (2011). "Time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy: Exploring reactive intermediates".
294:
to identify dyes and pigments in cultural artifacts, and the ability of RRS to distinguish different modern inks and dyes has found application in
2463:
2265:
2166:
1917:
559:
Hu, Songzhou; Smith, Kevin M.; Spiro, Thomas G. (January 1996). "Assignment of
Protoheme Resonance Raman Spectrum by Heme Labeling in Myoglobin".
424:
123:
Resonance Raman spectroscopy takes advantage of an increase in the intensity of Raman scattering when the incident photons match the energy of an
2409:
2387:
2134:
2475:
2397:
1793:
1698:
363:
Resonance Raman spectroscopy with ultraviolet excitation can be used to examine the chemistry, structure, and intermolecular interactions of
290:, have been used to identify differences in chromophore conformation in photoactive proteins. Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been used in
2227:
751:
Orlando, Andrea; Franceschini, Filippo; Muscas, Cristian; Pidkova, Solomiya; Bartoli, Mattia; Rovere, Massimo; Tagliaferro, Alberto (2021).
355:
have been examined using deep-UV resonance Raman spectroscopy of the polypeptide backbone, with excitation wavelengths shorter than 200 nm.
2332:
2277:
1568:"Raman Spectroscopy of Optical Transitions and Vibrational Energies of ~1 nm HgTe Extreme Nanowires within Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes"
1947:
1937:
872:
Buhrke, David; Hildebrandt, Peter (2020). "Probing structure and reaction dynamics of proteins using time-resolved Raman spectroscopy".
1566:
Spencer, Joseph; Nesbitt, John; Trewhitt, Harrison; Kashtiban, Reza; Bell, Gavin; Ivanov, Victor; Faulques, Eric; Smith, David (2014).
1998:
1679:
1812:
Chao, R.S.; Khanna, R.K.; Lippincott, E.R. (1975). "Theoretical and experimental resonance Raman intensities for the manganate ion".
1609:
2559:
2311:
2127:
995:
212:
1805:
Zhurnal
Russkogo Fiziko-khimicheskogo Obschestva, Chast Fizicheskaya (Journal of Russian Physico-Chemical Society, Physics Division
1259:
2564:
2382:
1887:
1859:
http://www.horiba.com/us/en/scientific/products/Raman-spectroscopy/Raman-academy/Raman-faqs/what-is-polarised-Raman-spectroscopy/
589:
Clark, Robin J.H.; Dines, Trevor J. (February 1986). "Resonance Raman spectroscopy, and its application to inorganic chemistry".
2579:
2549:
2480:
2414:
1957:
1952:
1854:
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Raman_Spectroscopy/Raman%3A_Interpretation
1154:
Vogt, Frederick G.; Strohmeier, Mark (2013). "Confocal UV and resonance Raman microscopic imaging of pharmaceutical products".
429:
2508:
2299:
2196:
1199:"Single v. multiple measures of skin carotenoids by resonance Raman spectroscopy as a biomarker of usual carotenoid status"
172:, and/or certain sample preparation techniques, a range of more sophisticated variants of RRS can be performed, including:
2306:
2211:
2061:
1942:
2100:
2440:
2287:
1803:
Landsberg, G.S; Mandelshtam, L.I. (1928). "Novoye yavlenie pri rasseyanii sveta. (New phenomenon in light scattering)".
2596:
160:
Typically, resonance Raman spectroscopy is performed in the same manner as ordinary Raman spectroscopy, using a single
2680:
2435:
2404:
2337:
2088:
1880:
2586:
2528:
2377:
2249:
23:
Energy level diagram showing relationship between
Rayleigh, Raman, and resonance Raman scattering and fluorescence.
2675:
2612:
2591:
2354:
2232:
1848:
524:
Morris, Michael D.; Wallan, David J. (1979). "Resonance raman spectroscopy: Current applications and prospects".
258:
220:
148:
1608:
Panda, Jaya Kumar; Roy, Anushree; Gemmi, Mauro; Husnau, Elena; Li, Ang; Ercolani, Daniele; Sorba, Lucia (2013).
2068:
2039:
419:
116:, in which light is scattered without loss of energy. Raman-scattered light, which contains information about
380:
Resonance Raman spectroscopy has also been used to characterize the structure and photophysical properties of
2653:
2485:
2181:
1610:"Electronic band structure of wurtzite GaP nanowires via temperature dependent resonance Raman spectroscopy"
1474:
Oladepo, Sulayman A.; Xiong, Kan; Hong, Zhenmin; Asher, Sanford A.; Handen, Joseph; Lednev, Igor K. (2012).
140:. Like ordinary Raman spectroscopy, RRS observes vibrational transitions producing a nonzero change in the
132:
62:
chemical group undergoing the electronic transition), which simplifies spectra. For large molecules such as
974:
Spiro, Thomas G. (1985). "Resonance Raman spectroscopy as a probe of heme protein structure and dynamics".
388:, it is possible to enhance structure-sensitive vibrational bands of the nanotubes. Nanowires of inorganic
2272:
1922:
199:, rather than by absorption of a single photon. This arrangement allows for excitation of modes that are
2641:
2513:
2244:
2158:
434:
196:
124:
47:
19:
1567:
842:
Spiro, T.G.; Stein, Paul (1977). "Resonance effects in vibrational scattering from complex molecules".
2014:
1821:
1756:
1721:
1029:"Time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy and application to studies on ultrafast protein dynamics"
468:
439:
352:
137:
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1973:
414:
344:
117:
113:
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1903:
1772:
1647:
1621:
956:
905:
821:
805:
251:
128:
95:
39:
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laser excitation, it is possible to selectively excite the sidechains of aromatic amino acids (
2518:
2445:
2419:
1789:
1744:
1694:
1675:
1639:
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2019:
1988:
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476:
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184:
55:
1081:
348:
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200:
108:). Otherwise, the scattered photon has a lower module of energy than the incoming photon (
1825:
1760:
1725:
855:
472:
1523:
Thomas, George J. (1999). "Raman spectroscopy of protein and nucleic acid assemblies".
1500:
1475:
1448:
1415:
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1198:
400:
have also been shown to exhibit resonance Raman spectra with visible excitation light.
141:
987:
2669:
1978:
909:
667:
633:
389:
381:
364:
340:
328:
274:
216:
169:
165:
1672:
The Raman Effect: A Unified
Treatment of the Theory of Raman Scattering by Molecules
1651:
960:
2150:
2107:
2044:
1776:
1536:
825:
786:"Molecular geometry in an excited electronic state and a preresonance Raman effect"
306:
Proteins have been widely examined by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Protein-bound
109:
105:
1335:
Stanley, R.J. (2001). "Advances in flavin and flavoprotein optical spectroscopy".
1476:"UV resonance Raman investigations of peptide and protein structure and dynamics"
801:
384:. Using lasers tuned to the visible and near-infrared electronic transitions of
1983:
885:
769:
752:
324:
291:
283:
1865:
1849:
https://www.spectroscopyonline.com/view/exploring-resonance-raman-spectroscopy
1348:
1214:
729:
409:
336:
233:
101:
1643:
1544:
1439:
1400:
1356:
1313:
1267:
1175:
1132:
1089:
1068:
Kelley, Anne Myers (2010). "Hyper-Raman
Scattering by Molecular Vibrations".
1054:
1005:
944:
893:
675:
610:
545:
488:
459:
Strommen, Dennis P.; Nakamoto, Kazuo (1977). "Resonance raman spectroscopy".
131:
modes, this increased scattering intensity results from so-called A-term or
83:
51:
1833:
1594:
1552:
1509:
1457:
1431:
1364:
1321:
1232:
1183:
1140:
1097:
952:
901:
817:
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602:
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enhancement is most apparent in the case of π-π* transitions and least for
1045:
1028:
1013:
683:
641:
332:
278:
71:
63:
58:
of certain vibrational modes, compared to ordinary Raman spectroscopy.
1392:
1304:
537:
50:
of a compound or material under examination. This similarity in energy (
1993:
809:
368:
315:
287:
75:
1691:
Physical
Methods in Bioinorganic Chemistry: Spectroscopy and Magnetism
1635:
1586:
1491:
1295:
1260:
10.1002/(SICI)1520-6343(1997)3:2<131::AID-BSPY6>3.0.CO;2-A
1167:
785:
572:
480:
1872:
1768:
1734:
1709:
1124:
936:
43:
246:
1626:
161:
1784:
Skoog, Douglas A.; Holler, James F.; Nieman, Timothy A. (1998).
311:
180:
79:
2123:
2119:
1876:
626:
Protein Structure from ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy
1933:
Rotating-polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
1693:. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. pp. 59–120.
753:"A comprehensive review on Raman spectroscopy applications"
250:
Resonance (top) and nonresonance (bottom) Raman spectra of
662:. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 246. pp. 416–460.
628:. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 226. pp. 374–396.
237:
distribution only of a component of interest can be made.
120:, is therefore difficult to observe for many substances.
1525:
Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure
310:
that absorb in the visible wavelength range, such as
2605:
2542:
2501:
2494:
2456:
2428:
2370:
2320:
2220:
2157:
2053:
2007:
1966:
1910:
624:Austin, J.C.; Rodgers, K.R.; Spiro, T.G. (1993).
660:Resonance Raman spectroscopy of metalloproteins
837:
835:
784:Hirakawa, Akiko Y.; Tsuboi, Masamichi (1975).
54:) leads to greatly increased intensity of the
2135:
1888:
1710:"A Change of Wave-Length in Light Scattering"
209:Surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy
144:of the molecule or material being studied.
8:
2207:Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules
1788:(5th ed.). Saunders. pp. 429–443.
1414:Mukherjee, Manjistha; Dey, Abhishek (2021).
2498:
2202:Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy
2142:
2128:
2120:
1895:
1881:
1873:
1469:
1467:
177:Time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy
2575:Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
2255:Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization
1733:
1625:
1499:
1447:
1303:
1222:
1044:
1033:Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan
867:
865:
768:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
658:Spiro, T.G.; Czernuszewicz, R.S. (1995).
2343:Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
1381:Journal of the American Chemical Society
561:Journal of the American Chemical Society
519:
517:
515:
513:
245:
147:Resonance Raman scattering differs from
18:
1918:Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
653:
651:
591:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
584:
582:
451:
425:Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
215:. The sample is applied to conducting
152:collection of resonance Raman spectra.
1082:10.1146/annurev.physchem.012809.103347
66:, this selectivity helps to identify
195:: Excitation of the sample occurs by
7:
2648:
2095:
1866:"Resonance hyper-Raman spectroscopy"
1743:Raman, C.V.; Krishnan, K.S. (1928).
1708:Raman, C.V.; Krishnan, K.S. (1928).
1948:Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
1938:Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy
1868:. University of California, Merced.
1786:Principles of Instrumental Analysis
1745:"A New Type of Secondary Radiation"
1070:Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
856:10.1146/annurev.pc.28.100177.002441
844:Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
1999:Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage
1337:Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
193:Resonance hyper-Raman spectroscopy
14:
2560:Deep-level transient spectroscopy
2312:Saturated absorption spectroscopy
343:of a protein in order to examine
213:surface-enhanced Raman scattering
2647:
2636:
2635:
2565:Dual-polarization interferometry
2094:
2083:
2082:
138:metal centered (d–d) transitions
96:Raman spectroscopy § Theory
46:energy is close in energy to an
2580:Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
2555:Circular dichroism spectroscopy
2550:Acoustic resonance spectroscopy
1958:Transmission Raman spectroscopy
1953:Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
1689:Que, Lawrence Jr., ed. (2000).
1284:Journal of Physical Chemistry A
430:Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
2509:Fourier-transform spectroscopy
2197:Vibrational circular dichroism
1537:10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.1
1:
2307:Cavity ring-down spectroscopy
2212:Thermal infrared spectroscopy
2062:Journal of Raman Spectroscopy
1943:Stimulated Raman spectroscopy
1814:Journal of Raman Spectroscopy
988:10.1016/S0065-3233(08)60064-9
976:Advances in Protein Chemistry
504:Physical Methods in Chemistry
461:Journal of Chemical Education
2441:Inelastic neutron scattering
1928:Resonance Raman spectroscopy
1203:British Journal of Nutrition
802:10.1126/science.188.4186.359
668:10.1016/0076-6879(95)46020-9
634:10.1016/0076-6879(93)26017-4
106:anti-Stokes Raman scattering
28:Resonance Raman spectroscopy
16:Raman spectroscopy technique
2502:Data collection, processing
2378:Photoelectron/photoemission
1027:Mizutani, Yasuhisa (2017).
886:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00429
770:10.3390/chemosensors9090262
2697:
2587:Photoacoustic spectroscopy
2529:Time-resolved spectroscopy
230:Resonance Raman microscopy
183:-containing proteins, and
93:
2631:
2613:Astronomical spectroscopy
2592:Photothermal spectroscopy
2078:
1349:10.1089/15230860152665028
1215:10.1017/S000711451200582X
730:10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.006
359:Nucleic acids and viruses
221:surface plasmon resonance
219:and a laser matching the
70:of specific parts of the
2069:Vibrational Spectroscopy
2040:Rule of mutual exclusion
1113:Chemical Society Reviews
506:. Saunders. p. 152.
420:X-ray Raman spectroscopy
396:and carbon-encapsulated
2597:Pump–probe spectroscopy
2486:Ferromagnetic resonance
2278:Laser-induced breakdown
1614:Applied Physics Letters
1156:Molecular Pharmaceutics
118:vibrational transitions
110:Stokes Raman scattering
2293:Glow-discharge optical
2273:Raman optical activity
2187:Rotational–vibrational
1923:Raman optical activity
1834:10.1002/jrs.1250030203
1670:Long, Derek A (2002).
1432:10.1021/jacsau.1c00100
718:Analytica Chimica Acta
603:10.1002/anie.198601311
260:
211:: A hybrid of RRS and
42:in which the incident
24:
2514:Hyperspectral imaging
1046:10.1246/bcsj.20170218
435:Vibronic spectroscopy
249:
197:two-photon absorption
125:electronic transition
48:electronic transition
22:
2266:Coherent anti-Stokes
2221:UV–Vis–NIR "Optical"
2015:Depolarization ratio
925:Applied Spectroscopy
526:Analytical Chemistry
502:Drago, R.S. (1977).
440:Depolarization ratio
392:materials including
2570:Hadron spectroscopy
2360:Conversion electron
2321:X-ray and Gamma ray
2228:Ultraviolet–visible
2035:Rayleigh scattering
1974:Raman amplification
1826:1975JRSp....3..121C
1761:1928Natur.121..501R
1726:1928Natur.121..619R
1393:10.1021/ja00102a025
1387:(23): 10564–10570.
538:10.1021/ac50038a001
473:1977JChEd..54..474S
415:Rayleigh scattering
345:secondary structure
114:Rayleigh scattering
2681:Raman spectroscopy
2618:Force spectroscopy
2543:Measured phenomena
2534:Video spectroscopy
2238:Cold vapour atomic
1904:Raman spectroscopy
261:
40:Raman spectroscopy
38:) is a variant of
25:
2663:
2662:
2627:
2626:
2519:Spectrophotometry
2446:Neutron spin echo
2420:Beta spectroscopy
2333:Energy-dispersive
2117:
2116:
1795:978-0-03-002078-0
1755:(3048): 501–502.
1700:978-1-891389-02-3
1636:10.1063/1.4813625
1587:10.1021/nn5023632
1492:10.1021/cr200198a
1296:10.1021/jp112413d
1290:(34): 9552–9556.
1168:10.1021/mp400314s
1162:(11): 4216–4228.
1039:(12): 1344–1371.
931:(10): 1087–1115.
796:(4186): 359–361.
573:10.1021/ja962239e
481:10.1021/ed054p474
398:mercury telluride
394:gallium phosphide
268:Pigments and Dyes
68:vibrational modes
2688:
2676:Raman scattering
2651:
2650:
2639:
2638:
2499:
2410:phenomenological
2159:Vibrational (IR)
2144:
2137:
2130:
2121:
2098:
2097:
2086:
2085:
2030:Raman scattering
2025:Nonlinear optics
2020:Four-wave mixing
1989:Raman microscope
1897:
1890:
1883:
1874:
1869:
1837:
1820:(2–3): 121–131.
1808:
1799:
1780:
1769:10.1038/121501c0
1739:
1737:
1735:10.1038/121619b0
1704:
1685:
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1655:
1629:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1572:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1486:(5): 2604–2628.
1480:Chemical Reviews
1471:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1426:(9): 1296–1311.
1411:
1405:
1404:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1332:
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1325:
1307:
1278:
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1125:10.1039/b708841h
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1024:
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1017:
971:
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937:10.1366/11-06406
920:
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880:(7): 3577–3630.
874:Chemical Reviews
869:
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586:
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567:(50): 12638–46.
556:
550:
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532:(2): 182A–192A.
521:
508:
507:
499:
493:
492:
456:
386:carbon nanotubes
320:transition metal
296:forensic science
185:protein dynamics
56:Raman scattering
2696:
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1248:Biospectroscopy
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32:RR spectroscopy
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1843:External links
1841:
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390:semiconductor
387:
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382:nanoparticles
376:Nanomaterials
375:
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365:nucleic acids
358:
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341:peptide bonds
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329:phenylalanine
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170:pulsed lasers
167:
166:tunable laser
163:
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133:Franck-Condon
130:
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41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2652:
2640:
2620:(a misnomer)
2606:Applications
2524:Time-stretch
2415:paramagnetic
2233:Fluorescence
2176:
2151:Spectroscopy
2108:Spectroscopy
2106:
2099:
2087:
2067:
2060:
2045:Stokes shift
1967:Applications
1927:
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1813:
1804:
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1305:1887/3570972
1287:
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1247:
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1206:
1202:
1192:
1159:
1155:
1149:
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1106:
1076:(1): 41–61.
1073:
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1036:
1032:
1022:
979:
975:
969:
928:
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918:
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757:Chemosensors
756:
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353:denaturation
305:
271:
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242:Applications
229:
208:
192:
176:
159:
149:fluorescence
146:
122:
99:
82:unit within
60:
35:
31:
27:
26:
2192:Vibrational
1984:Raman laser
982:: 111–159.
850:: 501–521.
325:ultraviolet
292:archaeology
284:spheroidene
2670:Categories
2398:Two-photon
2300:absorption
2182:Rotational
1911:Techniques
763:(9): 262.
467:(8): 474.
446:References
410:Scattering
337:tryptophan
234:microscope
102:wavelength
2476:Terahertz
2457:Radiowave
2355:Mössbauer
1674:. Wiley.
1644:0003-6951
1627:1303.7058
1545:1056-8700
1440:2691-3704
1401:0002-7863
1357:1523-0864
1314:1089-5639
1268:1075-4261
1176:1543-8384
1133:1460-4744
1090:0066-426X
1055:0009-2673
1006:0065-3233
945:0003-7028
910:208954659
894:0009-2665
676:0076-6879
611:0570-0833
546:0003-2700
489:0021-9584
308:cofactors
201:forbidden
129:symmetric
84:myoglobin
52:resonance
2642:Category
2371:Electron
2338:Emission
2288:emission
2245:Vibronic
2089:Category
2054:Journals
1652:93629086
1595:25163005
1575:ACS Nano
1553:10410793
1531:: 1–27.
1510:22335827
1458:34604840
1365:11761332
1322:21604722
1233:23351238
1184:24050305
1141:18443681
1098:20055673
961:20448809
953:21986070
902:31814387
818:17807877
738:18082644
404:See also
333:tyrosine
302:Proteins
279:lycopene
156:Variants
72:molecule
64:proteins
2654:Commons
2481:ESR/EPR
2429:Nucleon
2257:(REMPI)
2101:Commons
1994:SHERLOC
1822:Bibcode
1807:: 60–4.
1777:4128161
1757:Bibcode
1722:Bibcode
1501:3349015
1449:8479764
1420:JACS Au
1224:3696054
1014:2998161
826:7686714
810:1739341
790:Science
684:7752933
642:8277873
469:Bibcode
369:Viruses
316:flavins
288:retinal
76:protein
2495:Others
2283:Atomic
2008:Theory
1792:
1775:
1749:Nature
1714:Nature
1697:
1678:
1650:
1642:
1593:
1551:
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1508:
1498:
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994:
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951:
943:
908:
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892:
824:
816:
808:
736:
682:
674:
640:
609:
544:
487:
335:, and
90:Theory
44:photon
2436:Alpha
2405:Auger
2383:X-ray
2350:Gamma
2328:X-ray
2261:Raman
2172:Raman
2167:FT-IR
1773:S2CID
1648:S2CID
1622:arXiv
1571:(PDF)
957:S2CID
906:S2CID
822:S2CID
806:JSTOR
318:, or
162:laser
1790:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1640:ISSN
1591:PMID
1549:PMID
1541:ISSN
1506:PMID
1454:PMID
1436:ISSN
1397:ISSN
1361:PMID
1353:ISSN
1318:PMID
1310:ISSN
1264:ISSN
1229:PMID
1180:PMID
1172:ISSN
1137:PMID
1129:ISSN
1094:PMID
1086:ISSN
1051:ISSN
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1002:ISSN
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