47:
379:
320:
3752:
3727:
626:
2452:
1131:, is engaged in providing evidence based policy recommendations for policy formulation on science, technology and other fields ensuring the research/innovation eco-system of the country. Accordingly, the Division undertake science, technology and innovation policy research in the areas of importance to make recommendations for policy formulation.
857:. Research councils are funding bodies that are government-funded agencies engaged in the support of research in different disciplines and postgraduate funding. Funding from research councils is typically competitive. As a general rule, more funding is available in science and engineering disciplines than in the arts and social sciences.
335:
735:. Each X-project built an aircraft whose only purpose was to develop a particular technology. The plan was to build a few cheap aircraft of each type, fly a test series, often to the destruction of an aircraft, and never design an aircraft for a practical mission. The only mission was technology development.
1040:
Other funding authorities are the
Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO), the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the Department of Ocean Development (DOD), the Indian Council for Social Science Research (ICSSR), and the Ministry of
718:
In contrast, technology development is a policy in which engineering, the application of science, is supported rather than basic science. The emphasis is usually given to projects that increase important strategic or commercial engineering knowledge. The most extreme success story is undoubtedly the
485:
in China. General levies of labor and grain were collected to fund great public works in China, including the accumulation of grain for distribution in times of famine, for the building of levees to control flooding by the great rivers of China, for the building of canals and locks to connect rivers
449:, universities, and other research institutions. In addition, science policy is increasingly international as defined by the global operations of firms and research institutions as well as by the collaborative networks of non-governmental organizations and of the nature of scientific inquiry itself.
1036:
Research funding by the
Government of India comes from a number of sources. For basic science and technology research, these include the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Department of Science and Technology (DST), and University Grants Commission (UGC). For medical research,
501:
In Italy, Galileo noted that individual taxation of minute amounts could fund large sums to the State, which could then fund his research on the trajectory of cannonballs, noting that "each individual soldier was being paid from coin collected by a general tax of pennies and farthings, while even a
772:
In contrast, monumental science is a policy in which science is supported for the sake of a greater understanding of the universe, rather than for specific short-term practical goals. This designation covers both large projects, often with large facilities, and smaller research that does not have
801:
any existing knowledge, and to find new practical ways to apply the available knowledge. The classic success stories of this method occurred in the 19th century U.S. land-grant universities, which established a strong tradition of research in practical agricultural and engineering methods. More
768:
for larger numbers of people. This approach would mainly consider the numbers of people that can be helped by a research policy. Research is more likely to be supported when it costs less and has greater benefits. Utilitarian research often pursues incremental improvements rather than dramatic
702:
Basic science attempts to stimulate breakthroughs. Breakthroughs often lead to an explosion of new technologies and approaches. Once the basic result is developed, it is widely published; however conversion into a practical product is left for the free market. However, many governments have
440:
Science policy thus deals with the entire domain of issues that involve science. A large and complex web of factors influences the development of science and engineering that includes government science policymakers, private firms (including both national and multi-national firms),
773:
obvious practical applications and are often overlooked. While these projects may not always have obvious practical outcomes, they provide education of future scientists, and advancement of scientific knowledge of lasting worth about the basic building blocks of science.
417:. Science policy focuses on knowledge production and role of knowledge networks, collaborations, and the complex distributions of expertise, equipment, and know-how. Understanding the processes and organizational context of generating novel and innovative
776:
Practical outcomes do result from many of these "monumental" science programs. Sometimes these practical outcomes are foreseeable and sometimes they are not. A classic example of a monumental science program focused towards a practical outcome is the
789:. The breakthrough with the maser led to the creation of the laser in 1960 by Theodore Maiman. The delay between the theory of coherent light and the production of the laser was partially due to the assumption that it would be of no practical use.
1003:
addresses global challenges of pivotal importance for the well-being of
European citizens within the context of sustainable development and environmental protection. Research and innovation in Europe is financially supported by the programme
1182:, that decisions about what to spend research funds on should be made by researchers rather than politicians, is still influential in research policy. There are several university departments with a focus on science policy, such as the
835:). Much of this is not intended to provide concrete results that may be commercialisable, although research in scientific fields may lead to results that have such potential. Most university research is aimed at gaining publication in
730:
These exemplify two disparate approaches: The
Manhattan Project was huge, and spent freely on the most risky alternative approaches. The project members believed that failure would result in their enslavement or destruction by
1090:
The
Government of Pakistan has mandated that a certain percentage of gross revenue generated by all telecom service providers be allocated to development and research of information and communication technologies. The
1037:
these include the Indian
Council for Medical Research (ICMR), CSIR, DST and Department of Biotechnology (DBT). For applied research, these include the CSIR, DBT and Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC).
814:
Most developed countries usually have a specific national body overseeing national science (including technology and innovation) policy. Many developing countries follow the same fashion. Many governments of
753:. Many observers believe that the Japanese tried to force engineering beyond available science by brute investment. Half the amount spent on basic research rather might have produced ten times the result.
1264:. Further decisions are made by the various federal agencies which spend the funds allocated by Congress, either on in-house research or by granting funds to outside organizations and researchers.
580:, director of the office of scientific research and development for the U.S. government in July 1945, wrote "Science is a proper concern of government" Vannevar Bush directed the forerunner of the
930:
742:
failed to meet its cost or flight schedule goals. Most observers explain the project as over constrained: the cost goals too aggressive, the technology and mission too underpowered and undefined.
551:, and State funding of universities of their respective nations. In the United States, a member of the National Academy of Sciences can sponsor a Direct Submission for publication in the
2954:
933:(CNPq, Portuguese: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientĂfico e TecnolĂłgico), an organization of the Brazilian federal government under the Ministry of Science and Technology, and
1066:
1200:
958:
1000:
806:
prevented mass famine over the last thirty years. The focus, unsurprisingly, is usually on developing a robust curriculum and inexpensive practical methods to meet local needs.
3760:
797:
This policy approach prioritizes efficiently teaching all available science to those who can use it, rather than investing in new science. In particular, the goal is not to
1212:
953:, a system which integrates the scientific resources of member nations and acts as a "common market" for research and innovation. The European Union's executive body, the
894:
3770:
3765:
2484:
2309:
1508:
1252:
has a long history of government support for science and technology. Science policy in the United States is the responsibility of many organizations throughout the
2313:
1620:
890:
553:
2305:
2126:
4172:
4192:
3907:
2947:
874:
4197:
1338:
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544:
516:
had a formative effect on science policy with his identification of "experiments of ... light, more penetrating into nature ", which today we call the
4082:
4062:
3087:
1230:
910:
746:
486:
of China, some of which flowed in opposite directions to each other, and for the building of bridges across these rivers. These projects required a
1124:
3755:
2940:
2921:
2632:
1363:
1253:
1104:
785:. Coherent light, the principle behind lasing, was first predicted by Einstein in 1916, but not created until 1954 by Charles H. Townes with the
389:
is concerned with the allocation of resources for the conduct of science towards the goal of best serving the public interest. Topics include the
4117:
3872:
2522:
898:
382:
Graphical summary of a position paper on proposed changes to science policy in the
Netherlands around academic incentive and reward structures
4147:
4122:
4067:
3987:
3805:
2346:
2281:
2248:
2215:
2182:
2149:
2069:
1343:
2036:
4202:
4157:
4017:
4007:
3887:
3847:
3837:
2477:
1839:
1224:
1206:
1194:
937:(FAPESP, Portuguese: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo), a public foundation located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
608:
have a commitment to public knowledge, access to this public knowledge in physics led directly to CERN's sponsorship of development of the
67:
46:
4207:
4132:
4027:
3967:
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1243:
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1278:
4212:
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3937:
3912:
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3832:
3822:
3157:
3150:
3133:
3012:
3002:
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2102:
1492:
1467:
1391:
1151:
1079:
665:
363:
1921:
1057:(IRCSET) and the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences (IRCHSS) were merged to form the IRC in March 2012.
4182:
4177:
4152:
4142:
4107:
4087:
4047:
4032:
4012:
4002:
3977:
3947:
3932:
3882:
3862:
3384:
1107:. Now science in Russia is supported by state and private funds. From the state: the Russian Humanitarian Scientific Foundation (
1082:(SOFA), a novel method of distributing research funds which proponents believe may have advantages compared to the grant system.
934:
902:
4137:
4127:
4097:
4057:
4042:
3997:
3982:
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3917:
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1929:
1017:
643:
378:
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989:
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developed risk-taking research and development organizations to take basic theoretical research over the edge into practical
647:
402:
72:
4242:
2517:
1714:
1284:
1218:
1092:
727:. Another remarkable success story was the "X-vehicle" studies that gave the US a lasting lead in aerospace technologies.
446:
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4257:
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3438:
3138:
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of science, begun in the nineteenth century, was partly enabled by the creation of scientific organizations such as the
918:
2625:
2554:
2544:
1328:
1290:
981:
870:
581:
139:
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1050:
478:
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3695:
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3580:
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3565:
2838:
2456:
1966:
1383:
1373:
1333:
970:
458:
3125:
3575:
3478:
3072:
1296:
692:
548:
434:
398:
4262:
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3374:
2763:
1128:
750:
636:
406:
2062:
Science, the endless frontier : a report to the
President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research
1267:
Research funding agencies in the United States are spread among many different departments, which include:
3605:
3590:
3550:
3322:
3145:
2891:
2618:
950:
696:
965:
provides independent scientific and technical advice to the
European Commission and Member States of the
3702:
3670:
3645:
3530:
3483:
3379:
3357:
3347:
3332:
3272:
3259:
3232:
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2792:
2756:
2599:
2564:
1313:
985:
962:
482:
356:
271:
87:
82:
980:
There are also
European science agencies that operate independently of the European Union, such as the
528:
which exists to this day. British prizes for research spurred the development of an accurate, portable
3791:
3617:
3560:
3463:
3443:
3401:
3317:
3312:
3287:
3212:
2979:
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2000:
1805:
1647:
1187:
1169:
525:
414:
228:
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3217:
3102:
2655:
1358:
1073:
954:
605:
540:
491:
426:
151:
100:
3726:
2144:. Smith, Tobin L., 1969-, McCormick, Jennifer B., 1966-. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
819:
provide considerable funds (primarily to universities) for scientific research (in fields such as
699:
is a newer concept that seeks to bridge the gap between basic science and practical applications.
3655:
3525:
3327:
3227:
3222:
3007:
2812:
2799:
2681:
2579:
2352:
2299:
2120:
1821:
1671:
1323:
974:
529:
517:
390:
104:
77:
781:. An example of a monumental science program that produces unexpected practical outcome is the
4252:
3743:
3707:
3342:
3277:
3247:
2852:
2737:
2716:
2709:
2512:
2342:
2287:
2277:
2254:
2244:
2221:
2211:
2188:
2178:
2155:
2145:
2108:
2098:
2075:
2065:
2018:
1761:
1689:
1663:
1601:
1520:
1293:: fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering.
1179:
816:
778:
720:
597:
569:
521:
513:
339:
286:
276:
166:
3660:
3635:
3535:
3396:
3391:
3172:
2886:
2817:
2745:
2589:
2574:
2534:
2332:
2008:
1813:
1751:
1655:
1111:), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (www.rfbr.ru), the Russian Science Foundation (
846:
839:
803:
688:
349:
281:
186:
127:
62:
1909:
769:
advancements in knowledge, or break-through solutions, which are more commercially viable.
532:, which directly enabled reliable navigation and sailing on the high seas, and also funded
3675:
3520:
3498:
3267:
3182:
3167:
2901:
2827:
2822:
2723:
2689:
2670:
2665:
2539:
2502:
1613:
1138:, the national experts, researchers, public universities and non-governmental bodies like
993:
533:
510:
442:
410:
251:
246:
236:
198:
134:
2408:
2004:
1809:
1651:
1582:
Howell, Elizabeth; April 30, Space com Contributor |; ET, 2015 12:46am (30 April 2015).
3733:
3640:
3433:
3369:
3282:
3242:
3082:
3042:
2916:
2906:
2807:
2781:
2702:
2584:
2549:
1537:
1487:
1175:
966:
946:
850:
761:
724:
684:
609:
589:
463:
324:
241:
117:
561:
serves as a channel to recognize research of importance to at least one member of the
4231:
3545:
3515:
3453:
3254:
3202:
3197:
3107:
2860:
2786:
2750:
2695:
2641:
2507:
2413:
2356:
1825:
1793:
1249:
906:
739:
708:
577:
573:
506:
487:
3783:
1675:
3505:
3364:
3302:
3037:
2845:
2569:
1525:
1318:
1154:(SNSF), the innovation promotion agency CTI (CTI/KTI), Ressortforschung des Bundes
1005:
732:
470:
319:
171:
144:
2932:
1659:
1583:
1548:
1433:
Dangerous Science: Science Policy and Risk Analysis for Scientists and Engineers
3540:
3237:
3207:
3192:
3057:
3052:
2776:
2675:
2329:
Dangerous Science Science: Policy and Risk Analysis for Scientists and Engineers
1895:
1353:
1348:
1308:
854:
836:
704:
625:
430:
422:
203:
191:
181:
122:
2013:
1988:
1817:
1740:"The (ir)rational consideration of the cost of science in transition economies"
17:
3473:
3468:
3413:
3077:
3047:
3029:
2911:
2730:
2241:
Frontiers of illusion : science, technology, and the politics of progress
1756:
1739:
1025:
495:
306:
156:
2291:
2258:
2225:
2192:
2159:
2079:
3650:
3117:
3092:
2971:
2112:
1635:
1561:
866:
828:
765:
585:
394:
296:
176:
2022:
1943:
1765:
1667:
749:
met every technological goal, but failed to produce commercially important
683:
The programs that are funded are often divided into four basic categories:
2451:
2462:
1427:
Frontiers Of Illusion: Science, Technology, and the Politics of Progress
473:
and science for thousands of years, dating at least from the time of the
425:
ideas is a core concern of science policy. Science policy topics include
301:
208:
161:
2434:
1155:
1049:
Irish funding councils include the Irish Research Council (IRC) and the
969:(EU) in support of EU policies. There is also the recently established
961:, which is responsible for the Union's science policy. In addition, the
2994:
2175:
The honest broker : making sense of science in policy and politics
1504:
1021:
832:
824:
820:
650: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
474:
418:
33:
3627:
2272:
Marburger, John H., III (John Harmen), 1941-2011 (10 February 2015).
2142:
Beyond Sputnik : U.S. science policy in the twenty-first century
1368:
1054:
914:
886:
466:
2095:
Pasteur's quadrant : basic science and technological innovation
572:, intellectual infrastructure for industrial research, by providing
2384:
1715:"Titanpointe: The NSA's Spy Hub in New York, Hidden in Plain Sight"
1142:, also provides expert advice on policy matters to the Government.
1127:, which was established as a statutory body, through an Act of the
1908:
See Horizon 2020 – the EU's new research and innovation programme
1421:
The Honest Broker: Making Sense of Science in Policy and Politics
1272:
1256:. Much of the large-scale policy is made through the legislative
786:
782:
764:
policies prioritize scientific projects that significantly reduce
738:
A number of high-profile technology developments have failed. The
712:
593:
377:
1135:
2610:
2337:
601:
3787:
2936:
2614:
2466:
1882:"FAPESP - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo"
1415:
Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation
1158:
584:, and his writings directly inspired researchers to invent the
1076:
1055:
Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology
619:
931:
National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
1881:
1123:
Science and Technology Policy Research Division (STPRD) of
889:, the three main research councils ("Tri-Council") are the
502:
million of gold would not suffice to pay the entire army."
477:, who inspired the study of logic during the period of the
2064:(Repr ed.). Washington: National Science Foundation.
1549:
Vannevar Bush (July 1945), "Science, the Endless Frontier"
901:(CIHR). Additional research funding agencies include the
1910:
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-1085_en.htm
1863:
1418:
Beyond Sputnik: U.S. Science Policy in the 21st Century
827:) as well as social science research (in fields such as
600:
stack. In the same way that scientific consortiums like
596:
initiative to support computing was the impetus for the
1967:"NETHERLANDS: A radical new way do fund science | BIEN"
1067:
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
481:, and the study of defensive fortifications during the
2370:
1201:
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
1139:
1001:
European environmental research and innovation policy
397:, and the translation of scientific discoveries into
1108:
1103:
Under the Soviet Union, much research was routinely
3626:
3412:
3181:
3116:
3028:
2993:
2970:
2869:
2648:
2037:"Science & Technology Policy Research Division"
929:In Brazil, two important research agencies are the
1794:"Reform retractions to make them more transparent"
1213:Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
1140:National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka (NASSL)
1112:
1070:
1008:, which is also open to participation worldwide.
895:Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
568:Public policy can directly affect the funding of
977:set up to support investigator-driven research.
845:A funding body is an organisation that provides
891:Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council
554:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2276:. Crease, Robert P. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
2210:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
1713:Gallagher, Ryan; Moltke, Henrik (2016-11-16).
3799:
2948:
2626:
2478:
2385:"Science and Public Policy | Oxford Academic"
1016:German research funding agencies include the
494:, some of whom demonstrated great mastery of
357:
8:
1150:Swiss research funding agencies include the
1078:. In 2016, the Netherlands began trials for
875:National Health and Medical Research Council
757:Utilitarian versus monumental science policy
2308:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1562:"R&D in the President's FY 2011 Budget"
1339:List of books about the politics of science
1271:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (
3806:
3792:
3784:
2955:
2941:
2933:
2633:
2619:
2611:
2485:
2471:
2463:
2435:"Journal of Science Policy and Governance"
2312:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2304:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2125:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2097:. Brookings Institution. Washington, D.C.
576:to those organizations who fund research.
364:
350:
111:
29:
2336:
2243:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
2177:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2012:
1755:
1450:Journal of Science Policy and Governance
1231:Science and Technology Facilities Council
911:Sustainable Development Technology Canada
869:, the two main research councils are the
747:fifth generation computer systems project
666:Learn how and when to remove this message
1989:"Who would you share your funding with?"
1619:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1065:Dutch research funding agencies include
1690:"Ground X-Vehicle Technologies (GXV-T)"
1458:
1364:Office of Science and Technology Policy
1157:, and Eidgenössische Stiftungsaufsicht
32:
2297:
2118:
1896:"EU Science Hub - European Commission"
1609:
1599:
899:Canadian Institutes of Health Research
612:and standard Internet access for all.
2041:National Science Foundation Sri Lanka
1738:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (January 1, 2018).
1344:List of funding opportunity databases
1125:the National Science Foundation (NSF)
7:
1511:, Salviati, first day of the dialogs
1225:Natural Environment Research Council
1207:Economic and Social Research Council
1195:Arts and Humanities Research Council
648:adding citations to reliable sources
3449:Digital media use and mental health
3163:Sociology of the history of science
1244:Science policy of the United States
1041:Environment and Forests (MEF) etc.
2371:"Issues in Science and Technology"
1279:United States Department of Energy
917:and several Tri-Council supported
25:
3814:Science and technology by country
3158:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3003:History and philosophy of science
2985:Economics of scientific knowledge
1493:Science and Civilisation in China
1468:Science and Civilisation in China
1441:Issues in Science and Technology
1392:Self-Organized Funding Allocation
1186:. There are seven grant-awarding
1152:Swiss National Science Foundation
1095:was established in January 2007.
1080:Self-Organized Funding Allocation
919:Networks of Centres of Excellence
695:, and facilities and equipment.
3751:
3750:
3725:
2450:
2327:Rozell, Daniel J. (2020-02-04).
959:Directorate-General for Research
903:Canada Foundation for Innovation
711:, this function is performed by
624:
333:
318:
45:
1987:Bollen, Johan (8 August 2018).
1018:Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
635:needs additional citations for
2964:Science and technology studies
2530:Patient and public involvement
1412:Science the Endless Frontier.
990:European Higher Education Area
616:Philosophies of science policy
469:has influenced the funding of
447:non-governmental organizations
403:commercial product development
1:
2518:Participatory action research
2173:Pielke, Roger A. Jr. (2007).
1965:Coelho, Andre (16 May 2017).
1424:How Economics Shapes Science
1285:National Institutes of Health
935:SĂŁo Paulo Research Foundation
679:Basic versus applied research
3511:Normalization process theory
3068:Philosophy of social science
2239:Sarewitz, Daniel R. (1996).
2208:How economics shapes science
1660:10.1126/science.220.4597.576
1397:Intellectual property policy
1379:Right to science and culture
1184:Science Policy Research Unit
563:National Academy of Sciences
545:National Academy of Sciences
520:. Governmental approval of
2555:Science by press conference
2545:Public awareness of science
2409:"Research Policy | Journal"
1782:Harry N. Abrams Inc, 58-63.
1780:Physics In The 20th Century
1329:History of military science
1291:National Science Foundation
982:European Science Foundation
973:, the first European Union
949:is carried out through the
871:Australian Research Council
582:National Science Foundation
4284:
3134:construction of technology
2206:Stephan, Paula E. (2012).
2093:Stokes, Donald E. (1997).
2014:10.1038/d41586-018-05887-3
1818:10.1038/d41586-020-01694-x
1792:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2020).
1538:PNAS Submission Guidelines
1444:Science and Public Policy
1241:
1167:
1051:Science Foundation Ireland
945:The science policy of the
479:Hundred Schools of Thought
456:
3819:
3721:
3666:Politicization of science
2498:
1757:10.1038/s41562-017-0281-4
1384:Science of science policy
1374:Politicization of science
1334:History of science policy
1093:National ICT R&D Fund
971:European Research Council
459:History of science policy
3073:Philosophy of technology
2922:Public policy by country
2060:Bush, Vannevar. (1960).
1946:. Irish Research Council
1636:"Technology Development"
1430:Science Policy Up Close
1297:Office of Naval Research
1219:Medical Research Council
549:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
435:environmental monitoring
399:technological innovation
2274:Science policy up close
2140:Neal, Homer A. (2008).
1840:"Public funding bodies"
1465:Francesca Bray (1984),
1260:of enacting the yearly
1129:Parliament of Sri Lanka
793:Scholastic conservation
751:artificial intelligence
3146:Sociology of knowledge
2892:Public policy doctrine
2493:Science and the public
1744:Nature Human Behaviour
1634:Gomory, Ralph (1983).
951:European Research Area
697:Translational research
383:
3713:Transition management
3703:Technology assessment
3671:Regulation of science
3646:Evidence-based policy
3531:Sociotechnical system
3380:Traditional knowledge
3260:Psychology of science
3233:Mapping controversies
3139:shaping of technology
3098:Social constructivism
3063:Philosophy of science
3020:History of technology
2882:Public administration
2877:Evidence-based policy
2600:The Amateur Scientist
2565:Science communication
1314:Evidence-based policy
1287:: biomedical research
986:European Space Agency
963:Joint Research Centre
483:Warring States period
381:
340:Philosophy portal
272:Science communication
4243:Innovation economics
3618:Women in engineering
3464:Financial technology
3444:Digital anthropology
3213:Criticism of science
3126:Actor–network theory
3088:Religion and science
2980:Economics of science
2897:Public policy school
2459:at Wikimedia Commons
1778:Suplee, Curt (1999)
1170:Research Councils UK
1020:, which covers both
644:improve this article
526:scientific community
415:economic development
229:Scientific integrity
152:Behavioural sciences
4268:Research management
4258:Politics of science
4173:Trinidad and Tobago
3459:Engineering studies
3429:Cyborg anthropology
3218:Demarcation problem
3103:Social epistemology
2005:2018Natur.560..143B
1922:"Interdisciplinary"
1810:2020Natur.582..149V
1652:1983Sci...220..576G
1359:Operations research
955:European Commission
817:developed countries
606:high-energy physics
541:professionalization
427:weapons development
3739:History of science
3656:Funding of science
3526:Skunkworks project
3223:Double hermeneutic
3008:History of science
2580:Science journalism
2331:. Ubiquity Press.
1844:Graduate Prospects
1612:has generic name (
1560:Clemins, Patrick.
1324:Funding of science
1254:federal government
518:crucial experiment
391:funding of science
384:
325:Science portal
4248:Politics by issue
4225:
4224:
3781:
3780:
3708:Technology policy
3439:Dematerialization
3248:black swan events
2930:
2929:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2802:
2795:
2766:
2759:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2684:
2608:
2607:
2513:March for Science
2455:Media related to
2348:978-1-911529-88-0
2283:978-0-674-41709-0
2250:978-1-4399-0372-8
2217:978-0-674-04971-0
2184:978-0-511-27948-5
2151:978-0-472-02745-3
2071:978-1-59740-026-8
1646:(4597): 576–580.
1521:Sir Francis Bacon
1281:Office of Science
1188:Research Councils
1180:Haldane principle
1109:http://www.rfh.ru
992:, created by the
840:academic journals
779:Manhattan project
721:Manhattan Project
676:
675:
668:
598:Internet Protocol
570:capital equipment
522:the Royal Society
514:Sir Francis Bacon
393:, the careers of
374:
373:
287:Scientific method
277:Science education
218:
217:
16:(Redirected from
4275:
4078:Papua New Guinea
3808:
3801:
3794:
3785:
3754:
3753:
3729:
3681:Right to science
3661:Horizon scanning
3636:Academic freedom
3536:Technical change
3397:Women in science
3392:Unity of science
3173:Strong programme
2957:
2950:
2943:
2934:
2887:Public budgeting
2851:
2844:
2837:
2798:
2791:
2764:Renewable energy
2762:
2755:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2680:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2612:
2590:Science outreach
2575:Science festival
2535:Physics outreach
2487:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2454:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2340:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2303:
2295:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2124:
2116:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2016:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1928:. Archived from
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1898:. 12 March 2024.
1892:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1860:
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1853:
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1836:
1830:
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1776:
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1759:
1735:
1729:
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1726:
1725:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1584:"What Is DARPA?"
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1518:
1512:
1509:Two New Sciences
1502:
1496:
1485:
1479:
1463:
1447:Research Policy
897:(NSERC) and the
847:research funding
804:Green Revolution
740:US Space Shuttle
689:applied research
671:
664:
660:
657:
651:
628:
620:
443:social movements
366:
359:
352:
338:
337:
336:
323:
322:
282:Research funding
199:Applied sciences
135:Natural sciences
112:
49:
30:
21:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4221:
3815:
3812:
3782:
3777:
3717:
3676:Research ethics
3622:
3521:Reverse salient
3415:
3408:
3184:
3177:
3168:Sociotechnology
3112:
3024:
2989:
2966:
2961:
2931:
2926:
2902:Policy analysis
2865:
2644:
2639:
2609:
2604:
2540:Popular science
2523:Community-based
2503:Citizen science
2494:
2491:
2447:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2349:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2296:
2284:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2251:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2218:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2185:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2152:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2117:
2105:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2072:
2059:
2058:
2054:
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2030:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1949:
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1942:
1941:
1937:
1920:
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1862:
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1857:
1848:
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1838:
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1833:
1791:
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1786:
1777:
1773:
1737:
1736:
1732:
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1712:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1696:
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1608:
1598:
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1576:
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1547:
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1532:
1519:
1515:
1503:
1499:
1486:
1482:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1439:
1410:
1405:
1403:Further reading
1305:
1246:
1240:
1172:
1166:
1148:
1121:
1101:
1088:
1063:
1061:The Netherlands
1047:
1034:
1014:
994:Bologna process
943:
927:
883:
863:
851:research grants
849:in the form of
812:
795:
759:
725:nuclear weapons
723:that developed
681:
672:
661:
655:
652:
641:
629:
618:
511:Lord Chancellor
461:
455:
411:economic growth
407:competitiveness
370:
334:
332:
317:
312:
311:
267:
266:
257:
256:
252:Research ethics
247:Logical fallacy
237:Reproducibility
232:
231:
220:
219:
172:Anthropological
118:Formal sciences
109:
108:
92:
68:Article indexes
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
28:
23:
22:
18:Research policy
15:
12:
11:
5:
4281:
4279:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4263:Public finance
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4238:Science policy
4230:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4193:United Kingdom
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
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4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3908:Czech Republic
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3686:Science policy
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3641:Digital divide
3638:
3632:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:Technological
3555:
3554:
3553:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:Design studies
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3377:
3372:
3370:Scientometrics
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3243:Paradigm shift
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3083:Postpositivism
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3043:Antipositivism
3040:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3013:and technology
3005:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2917:Youth services
2914:
2909:
2907:Policy studies
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2796:
2793:Pharmaceutical
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2757:Nuclear energy
2748:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2661:Climate change
2658:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2595:Science policy
2592:
2587:
2585:Science museum
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Public science
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2457:Science policy
2446:
2445:External links
2443:
2441:
2440:
2426:
2400:
2376:
2362:
2347:
2319:
2282:
2264:
2249:
2231:
2216:
2198:
2183:
2165:
2150:
2132:
2103:
2085:
2070:
2052:
2028:
1979:
1957:
1935:
1932:on 2010-08-29.
1926:www.unom.ac.in
1913:
1901:
1887:
1873:
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1831:
1784:
1771:
1730:
1705:
1681:
1626:
1574:
1552:
1541:
1530:
1513:
1497:
1488:Joseph Needham
1480:
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1316:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1262:federal budget
1258:budget process
1242:Main article:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1176:United Kingdom
1168:Main article:
1165:
1164:United Kingdom
1162:
1147:
1144:
1120:
1117:
1113:http://rscf.ru
1100:
1097:
1087:
1084:
1062:
1059:
1046:
1043:
1033:
1030:
1013:
1010:
967:European Union
947:European Union
942:
941:European Union
939:
926:
923:
882:
879:
862:
859:
811:
808:
802:recently, the
794:
791:
758:
755:
685:basic research
680:
677:
674:
673:
632:
630:
623:
617:
614:
610:World Wide Web
590:computer mouse
574:tax incentives
457:Main article:
454:
451:
387:Science policy
372:
371:
369:
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361:
354:
346:
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314:
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242:Cognitive bias
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27:Form of policy
26:
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4280:
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4198:United States
4196:
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3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3546:Technoscience
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:Media studies
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:Early adopter
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:Co-production
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:communication
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:Pseudoscience
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Boundary-work
3201:
3199:
3198:Bibliometrics
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3108:Transhumanism
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:Environmental
2770:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:Public policy
2636:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Conversazione
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2416:
2415:
2414:ScienceDirect
2410:
2404:
2401:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2104:0-8157-8178-4
2100:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:(7717): 143.
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1804:(7811): 149.
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1720:
1719:The Intercept
1716:
1709:
1706:
1695:
1694:www.darpa.mil
1691:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1610:|first2=
1603:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:Small Science
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:United States
1245:
1238:United States
1237:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1074:Agentschap NL
1071:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
940:
938:
936:
932:
924:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:Genome Canada
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
880:
878:
876:
872:
868:
860:
858:
856:
852:
848:
843:
841:
838:
837:peer reviewed
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
809:
807:
805:
800:
792:
790:
788:
784:
780:
774:
770:
767:
763:
756:
754:
752:
748:
745:The Japanese
743:
741:
736:
734:
728:
726:
722:
716:
714:
710:
706:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
678:
670:
667:
659:
656:November 2010
649:
645:
639:
638:
633:This section
631:
627:
622:
621:
615:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:Vannevar Bush
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
555:
550:
546:
542:
537:
536:'s computer.
535:
531:
527:
524:recognized a
523:
519:
515:
512:
508:
507:Great Britain
503:
499:
497:
493:
489:
488:civil service
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:
460:
452:
450:
448:
444:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
380:
376:
367:
362:
360:
355:
353:
348:
347:
345:
344:
341:
330:
326:
321:
316:
315:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
261:
260:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
230:
224:
223:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
200:
197:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
157:Psychological
155:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:Life sciences
143:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
113:
106:
102:
96:
95:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
58:
57:
48:
39:
38:
35:
31:
19:
4118:South Africa
3873:Burkina Faso
3761:Associations
3685:
3596:criticism of
3506:Leapfrogging
3489:linear model
3375:Team science
3365:Scientocracy
3288:Neo-colonial
3038:Anthropocene
2870:Other topics
2832:
2656:Agricultural
2594:
2570:Science fair
2560:Science Café
2429:
2418:. Retrieved
2412:
2403:
2392:. Retrieved
2389:OUP Academic
2388:
2379:
2365:
2328:
2322:
2273:
2267:
2240:
2234:
2207:
2201:
2174:
2168:
2141:
2135:
2094:
2088:
2061:
2055:
2044:. Retrieved
2040:
2031:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1960:
1948:. Retrieved
1938:
1930:the original
1925:
1916:
1904:
1890:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1847:. Retrieved
1843:
1834:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1722:. Retrieved
1718:
1708:
1697:. Retrieved
1693:
1684:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1591:. Retrieved
1587:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1555:
1544:
1533:
1526:New Atlantis
1524:
1516:
1500:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1319:Funding bias
1266:
1247:
1173:
1149:
1133:
1122:
1102:
1089:
1064:
1053:. The prior
1048:
1039:
1035:
1015:
1006:Horizon 2020
998:
979:
975:funding body
944:
928:
893:(SSHRC) the
884:
864:
855:scholarships
844:
813:
798:
796:
775:
771:
760:
744:
737:
733:Nazi Germany
729:
717:
701:
682:
662:
653:
642:Please help
637:verification
634:
567:
558:
552:
538:
504:
500:
471:public works
462:
439:
386:
385:
375:
328:
291:
177:Sociological
123:Mathematical
4148:Switzerland
4123:South Korea
4083:Philippines
4068:New Zealand
4063:Netherlands
3988:Ivory Coast
3606:theories of
3591:and society
3587:Technology
3581:transitions
3571:determinism
3566:convergence
3541:Technocracy
3323:controversy
3309:Scientific
3293:post-normal
3238:Metascience
3208:Consilience
3193:Antiscience
3058:Neo-Luddism
3053:Fuzzy logic
2813:Immigration
2800:Vaccination
2338:10.5334/bci
1476:Agriculture
1354:Open access
1349:Metascience
1309:Big Science
1146:Switzerland
762:Utilitarian
705:engineering
693:development
530:chronometer
431:health care
423:engineering
401:to promote
265:Instruments
204:Engineering
4232:Categories
4203:Uzbekistan
4158:Tajikistan
4018:Kyrgyzstan
4008:Kazakhstan
3888:Cape Verde
3848:Bangladesh
3838:Azerbaijan
3744:Technology
3696:science of
3691:history of
3576:revolution
3484:disruptive
3474:Innovation
3469:Hype cycle
3414:Technology
3385:ecological
3358:skepticism
3348:misconduct
3333:enterprise
3151:scientific
3078:Positivism
3048:Empiricism
3030:Philosophy
2912:Regulation
2853:Technology
2717:Investment
2710:Industrial
2420:2020-04-08
2394:2020-04-08
2046:2024-05-24
1950:16 January
1944:"About Us"
1849:2007-02-19
1724:2019-02-08
1699:2019-02-08
1593:2019-02-08
1454:References
1105:suppressed
1026:humanities
988:, and the
810:By country
707:. In the
496:hydraulics
395:scientists
307:Technology
192:Linguistic
88:Philosophy
83:Literature
73:Glossaries
4208:Venezuela
4133:Sri Lanka
4028:Lithuania
3968:Indonesia
3828:Argentina
3651:Factor 10
3479:diffusion
3318:consensus
3313:community
3278:education
3118:Sociology
3093:Scientism
2972:Economics
2839:Stem cell
2818:Knowledge
2746:Education
2357:213952232
2300:cite book
2292:875999943
2259:646068257
2226:709670355
2193:162145073
2160:671654179
2121:cite book
2080:635336648
1868:nce.gc.ca
1826:219529301
1588:Space.com
1567:20 August
1119:Sri Lanka
867:Australia
861:Australia
829:economics
766:suffering
586:hyperlink
445:, media,
297:Scientist
167:Political
4253:Research
4218:Zimbabwe
4168:Thailand
4163:Tanzania
4113:Slovakia
4093:Portugal
4073:Pakistan
4038:Malaysia
3923:Ethiopia
3903:Colombia
3878:Cambodia
3868:Bulgaria
3858:Botswana
3771:Scholars
3766:Journals
3756:Category
3730:Portals
3611:transfer
3601:dynamics
3551:feminist
3353:priority
3338:literacy
3298:rhetoric
3264:Science
3228:Logology
2828:Military
2823:Language
2724:Monetary
2690:Economic
2671:Domestic
2666:Cultural
2113:36656380
2023:30089925
1766:30980055
1750:(1): 5.
1676:40692163
1668:17749515
1602:cite web
1523:(1624).
1437:Journals
1303:See also
1134:Besides
1086:Pakistan
957:, has a
873:and the
588:and the
492:scholars
302:Research
209:Medicine
187:Military
162:Economic
140:Physical
128:Computer
63:Category
4213:Vietnam
4188:Ukraine
4103:Romania
4053:Morocco
4023:Lebanon
3993:Jamaica
3958:Iceland
3953:Hungary
3938:Germany
3913:Denmark
3853:Belgium
3843:Bahrain
3833:Armenia
3823:Albania
3734:Science
3416:studies
3328:dissent
3268:citizen
3185:studies
3183:Science
3130:Social
2995:History
2833:Science
2808:Housing
2782:Foreign
2703:Incomes
2001:Bibcode
1806:Bibcode
1648:Bibcode
1640:Science
1507:(1638)
1505:Galileo
1215:(EPSRC)
1203:(BBSRC)
1174:In the
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833:history
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592:. The
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1952:2014
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2333:doi
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1997:560
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