165:
Valentinian, who ruled in the west, seems to have only been a halfhearted
Christian as he avoided attending his inaugural ceremony by twenty-four hours in order to avoid an inauspicious day (the intercalary day of the bissextile year). Valentinian and Valens granted complete toleration for all cults at the beginning of their reign in 364. Valentinian even allowed the performance of nocturnal sacrifices, which had been previously prohibited due to the attempt of some people to practice unlawful divination under the cover of the night, after the proconsul of Greece appealed to him. Valentinian also confirmed the rights and privileges of the pagan priests and confirmed the right of pagans to be the exclusive caretakers of their temples. Valens, who ruled in the east, was an Arian and was too engaged with fighting against Orthodox Christians to bother much with the pagans. In both west and east, severe laws were once again passed prohibiting private divination. Due to the over-zealousness of the populace to stop harmful divination, the haruspices and augurs began to be afraid to show themselves in public. This led the emperors to formally authorize the practice of official and lawful divination by law in 371.
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80:
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144:"In the eighteen brief months that he ruled between 361 and 363, Julian did not persecute , as a hostile tradition contends. But he did make clear that the partnership between Rome and Christian bishops forged by Constantine and maintained, despite conflicts over goals, by his son Constantius II, was now at an end, replaced by a government that defined its interests and those of Christianity as antithetical."
141:
any chance they had of a professional career. He did not believe
Christians could honestly teach subjects replete with allusions to Greek deities whose existence they denied The Jewish historian and theologian Jacob Neusner writes: "It was only after the near catastrophe of Julian's reversion to paganism that the Christian emperors systematically legislated against paganism so as to destroy it."
140:
acknowledges that Julian did not compel
Christians to offer sacrifice nor did he allow the people to commit any act of injustice towards the Christians or insult them. However, no Christian was allowed to teach or study the ancient classical authors, "Let them keep to Matthew and Luke", thus ending
164:
Julian's successor – Jovian – seems to have instituted a policy of religious toleration which avoided the extremes of
Constantius and Julian. Under Valentinian and Valens, this period of religious toleration continued. Pagan writers praised both emperors for their liberal religious policies.
235:
Julian's training in
Christianity influenced his ideas concerning the revival and organisation of the old religion, shaping it into a more coherent body of doctrine, ritual and liturgy. with a hierarchy under the supervision of the emperor.: "FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS", Karl Hoeber, Catholic
133:. But Julian's religious open-mindedness did not extend to Christianity due to its belief that it had an exclusive perspective on religious truth. Believing itself to be the "only true religion", Christianity was fundamentally incompatible with syncretic paganism.
108:
and received a
Christian training. Following the death of Constantine, he witnessed the assassination of his father, brother and other family members by the guards of the imperial palace. Rightly or wrongly, he blamed this brutal act on the Emperor
635:
55:(reigned in 361—363) to restore pagan worship in the empire, while ultimately a policy failure, restored security to pagans. His immediate successors (from 363 until 375), under the reigns of
136:
As emperor, Julian sought to turn the tide in the attempted suppression of non-Christian religions. Julian allowed religious freedom and avoided any form of actual compulsion. The
Christian
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and by association, to
Christians in general. This antipathy deepened when Constantius executed Julian's only remaining brother in 354AD. After childhood, Julian was educated by
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226:"Julian the Apostate and His Plan to Rebuild the Jerusalem Temple", Jeffrey Brodd, Biblical Archaeology Society, Bible Review, October 1995.
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274:"Julian the Apostate and His Plan to Rebuild the Jerusalem Temple", Jeffrey Brodd, Biblical Archaeology Society, Bible Review, October 1995
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was Roman co-emperor since 355, and ruled solely for 18 months 361–363. Known to
Christians as "Julian the Apostate", he was a nephew of
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125:, while reforming it in the hope of making it the driving force behind the empire. Julian's religious beliefs were
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Hans Kung, "The
Catholic Church", Ch3 The Imperial Catholic Church", p45, 2001, Weidenfiled & Nicolson,
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181:"FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS", Karl Hoeber, Catholic Encyclopedia 1910, retrieved 13 May 2007.
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of the deified Augustus, disfigured by a Christian cross carved into the emperor's forehead.
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215:"A History of the Church", Philip Hughes, Sheed & Ward, rev ed 1949, vol I chapter 6.
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Themistius Oration 5; Photius Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius 8.5
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Julian organized elaborate rituals and attempted to set forth a clarified philosophy of
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Ivory diptych of a priestess of Ceres, ca 400: it was defaced and thrown in a well at
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Grindle, Gilbert. The Destruction of Paganism in the Roman Empire. (1892): 17–18.
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and the old religions. Upon becoming emperor, Julian decided to restore
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was a brief period, from 361 until 375, of relative tolerance towards
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Restoration and tolerance of Paganism from Julian till Valens
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347:
345:
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Religious toleration under Jovian, Valentinian and Valens
283:
R. Kirsch, "God against the Gods", Viking Compass, 2004.
378:
Theodosian Code 9.16.7, 9.16.8, 9.16.10, 9.38.3, 9.38.4
243:
that might unite all Pagans.(Ammianus Res Gestae 22.12)
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533:
486:
450:
443:
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723:Julian Comstock: A Story of 22nd-Century America
330:Ammianus Res Gestae 30.9; Themistius Oration 12.
29:restoration of paganism from Julian until Valens
3638:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
1656:
757:
400:
8:
636:Saint Mercurius slaying Julian the Apostate
3623:370s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
2745:
2071:
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1663:
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1641:
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407:
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236:Encyclopedia 1910, retrieved 13 May 2007.
129:and he was an initiate of at least three
369:Theodosian Code 17.1.60, 17.1.75, 16.1.1
211:
209:
207:
3618:360s establishments in the Roman Empire
174:
117:and was attracted to the teachings of
47:and was followed by those of Emperor
7:
123:paganism, the ancient Roman religion
253:Sozomen Ecclesiastical History 5.5
39:, it was preceded by a period of
25:
631:(4th–6th-century prose account)
1:
3633:Religion in the Roman Empire
2235:Frontiers and fortifications
2294:Decorations and punishments
264:Ammianus Res Gestae 25.4.20
67:, had a policy of relative
3669:
3201:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1776:historiography of the fall
1259:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
1198:
90:
33:pagans in the Roman Empire
3582:External wars and battles
1706:
1679:
1254:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
800:
716:Julian: A Christmas Story
620:Coronation of Ardashir II
51:. The attempt of Emperor
1513:Rape of the Sabine Women
451:Roman–Alamannic conflict
3628:4th century in religion
3577:Roman–Iranian relations
2052:Optimates and populares
1518:Battle of Lacus Curtius
435:Restoration of paganism
158:Abbey of Montier-en-Der
3587:Civil wars and revolts
2853:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2500:Conflict of the Orders
1859:Legislative assemblies
1205:
773:Ancient Roman religion
351:Theodosian Code 9.16.9
161:
88:
3613:375 disestablishments
3296:Simplicius of Cilicia
3048:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2277:Siege in Ancient Rome
1886:Executive magistrates
1204:
652:The Death of the Gods
542:Against the Galileans
155:
106:Constantine the Great
91:Further information:
82:
3306:Stephanus Byzantinus
3211:Eusebius of Caesaria
3073:Sidonius Apollinaris
2763:Ammianus Marcellinus
2102:Tribune of the plebs
1398:Interpretatio graeca
644:Emperor and Galilean
69:religious toleration
3482:Distinguished women
3133:Velleius Paterculus
2973:Nicolaus Damascenus
2953:Marcellus Empiricus
2342:Republican currency
1598:Classical mythology
1419:Theology of victory
1264:Kings of Alba Longa
730:Worship of the Gods
660:Giuliano l'Apostata
639:(15th-century icon)
93:Constantinian shift
53:Julian the Apostate
3648:Pagan restorations
3608:361 establishments
3256:Phlegon of Tralles
3063:Seneca the Younger
2537:Naming conventions
2267:Personal equipment
1800:Later Roman Empire
1206:
710:Column of Julianus
692:The Dragon Waiting
584:Constantius Gallus
578:Julius Constantius
488:Persian expedition
444:Military campaigns
430:Chalcedon tribunal
162:
89:
71:towards paganism.
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3594:
3557:Pontifices maximi
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3338:
3196:Diogenes Laërtius
3018:Pliny the Younger
2773:Asconius Pedianus
2733:Romance languages
2605:Civil engineering
2347:Imperial currency
2220:Political control
2181:
2180:
1815:
1814:
1638:
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1615:Etruscan religion
1229:Romulus and Remus
1212:Legendary figures
1196:
1195:
845:Castor and Pollux
739:
738:
529:
528:
193:Pope Benedict XVI
131:mystery religions
37:late Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
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3643:Julian (emperor)
3547:Magistri equitum
3462:Cities and towns
3455:
3381:Constantinopolis
3191:Diodorus Siculus
3123:Valerius Maximus
3058:Seneca the Elder
2978:Nonius Marcellus
2746:
2299:Hippika gymnasia
2262:Infantry tactics
2168:Consular tribune
2158:Magister equitum
2107:Military tribune
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2032:Pontifex maximus
2027:Princeps senatus
2017:Magister militum
1783:Byzantine Empire
1704:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1642:
1508:Founding of Rome
1278:Legendary beings
1239:Tullus Hostilius
1076:Abstract deities
935:Lares Familiares
798:
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623:(379–383 relief)
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3118:Valerius Antias
3078:Silius Italicus
3013:Pliny the Elder
2958:Marcus Aurelius
2833:Cornelius Nepos
2783:Aurelius Victor
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1244:Servius Tullius
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668:Second Thoughts
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2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2467:Toys and games
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2007:Vigintisexviri
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1967:Cursus honorum
1964:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1766:Western Empire
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1482:Pythagoreanism
1479:
1477:Peripateticism
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:The Golden Ass
1362:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1290:Barnacle goose
1287:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1234:Numa Pompilius
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
938:
937:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
801:
795:
781:
780:
771:
769:
768:
761:
754:
746:
737:
736:
734:
733:
726:
719:
712:
706:
704:
700:
699:
697:
696:
688:
680:
672:
664:
656:
648:
640:
632:
628:Julian Romance
624:
615:
613:
609:
608:
606:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
569:
562:
560:
556:
555:
553:
552:
545:
537:
535:
531:
530:
527:
526:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
492:
490:
484:
483:
481:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
454:
452:
445:
441:
440:
438:
437:
432:
426:
424:
420:
419:
414:
412:
411:
404:
397:
389:
381:
380:
371:
362:
353:
341:
332:
323:
314:
298:
285:
276:
267:
256:
245:
228:
219:
203:
185:
173:
172:
170:
167:
149:
146:
97:Edict of Milan
76:
73:
45:Constantius II
43:under Emperor
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3665:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Julius Paulus
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Fabius Pictor
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Amphitheatres
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Deforestation
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Siege engines
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Establishment
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:Extraordinary
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Promagistrate
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Twelve Tables
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:Imperial cult
1402:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:and practices
1381:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1333:Metamorphoses
1330:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:Ancus Marcius
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:Tranquillitas
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
936:
933:
932:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
799:
796:
793:
792:
791:Dii Consentes
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
762:
760:
755:
753:
748:
747:
744:
732:
731:
727:
725:
724:
720:
718:
717:
713:
711:
708:
707:
705:
703:Miscellaneous
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19:
3527:Institutions
3391:Leptis Magna
3344:Major cities
3251:Philostratus
3038:Quadrigarius
2858:Rufus Festus
2721:Contemporary
2442:Romanization
2365:Architecture
1972:Collegiality
1821:Constitution
1672:Ancient Rome
1534:Gubernaculum
1503:Golden Bough
1472:Neoplatonism
1467:Epicureanism
1396:
1369:
1350:
1331:
1324:
1310:
815:Anna Perenna
789:
728:
721:
714:
695:(1983 novel)
690:
687:(1981 novel)
682:
679:(1964 novel)
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671:(1957 novel)
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655:(1895 novel)
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521:Peace treaty
501:Maiozamalcha
463:Durocortorum
434:
423:Major events
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201:(Encyclical)
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100:
41:persecutions
28:
26:
3522:Geographers
3206:Dioscorides
3186:Cassius Dio
2808:Cassiodorus
2711:Renaissance
2317:Agriculture
2289:Auxiliaries
2230:Engineering
2067:Magistrates
1919:Citizenship
1914:Mos maiorum
1849:Late Empire
1608:Persecution
1560:Gallo-Roman
1352:Res divinae
1224:Rhea Silvia
663:(1919 film)
647:(1873 play)
598:(physician)
360:Zosimus 4.3
292:H.A.Drake,
85:cult statue
3602:Categories
3411:Mediolanum
3351:Alexandria
3316:Themistius
3281:Porphyrius
3108:Tertullian
3043:Quintilian
3033:Propertius
2928:Lactantius
2878:Fulgentius
2813:Censorinus
2635:Sanitation
2620:Metallurgy
2577:Technology
2542:Demography
2490:Patricians
2457:Spectacles
2415:Literature
2410:Hairstyles
2247:Technology
1997:Praefectus
1949:Government
1939:Litigation
1924:Auctoritas
1869:Centuriate
1756:Principate
1751:Pax Romana
1711:Foundation
1553:Variations
1455:Philosophy
1434:Capitolium
1341:Propertius
1108:Averruncus
1093:Aeternitas
1083:Abundantia
1012:Proserpina
612:Depictions
496:Pirisabora
478:Strasbourg
169:References
115:Hellenists
75:Background
3567:Quaestors
3497:Empresses
3487:Dynasties
3477:Dictators
3452:and other
3441:Volubilis
3436:Vindobona
3396:Londinium
3321:Theodoret
3291:Procopius
3271:Polyaenus
3246:Pausanias
3148:Vitruvius
3093:Symmachus
3088:Suetonius
2998:Petronius
2983:Obsequens
2948:Macrobius
2943:Lucretius
2868:Frontinus
2843:Eutropius
2828:Columella
2778:Augustine
2768:Appuleius
2716:Neo-Latin
2691:Classical
2682:Versions
2590:Aqueducts
2532:Patronage
2452:Sexuality
2425:Mythology
2400:Education
2390:Cosmetics
2215:Campaigns
2210:Structure
2163:Decemviri
2022:Imperator
1721:overthrow
1580:Mithraism
1565:Mysteries
1414:Palladium
1392:Festivals
1168:Securitas
1118:Concordia
1062:Vertumnus
880:DÄ«s Pater
777:mythology
604:(adviser)
596:Oribasius
590:Mardonius
586:(brother)
549:Misopogon
506:Ctesiphon
127:syncretic
35:. In the
3572:Tribunes
3562:Praetors
3512:Generals
3492:Emperors
3401:Lugdunum
3386:Eboracum
3376:Carthage
3361:Aquileia
3276:Polybius
3266:Plutarch
3236:Libanius
3226:Josephus
3221:Herodian
3113:Tibullus
3028:Priscian
3003:Phaedrus
2963:Manilius
2908:Jordanes
2893:Hydatius
2823:Claudian
2803:Catullus
2793:Boëthius
2788:Ausonius
2706:Medieval
2678:Alphabet
2650:Theatres
2625:Numerals
2610:Concrete
2600:Circuses
2567:Bagaudae
2557:Adoption
2552:Marriage
2525:Assembly
2430:Religion
2405:Folklore
2385:Clothing
2380:Calendar
2337:Currency
2327:Commerce
2225:Strategy
2187:Military
2173:Triumvir
2153:Dictator
2148:Interrex
2127:Governor
2112:Quaestor
2075:Ordinary
2057:Province
2047:Tetrarch
2037:Augustus
2002:Vicarius
1992:Officium
1929:Imperium
1879:Plebeian
1839:Republic
1761:Dominate
1728:Republic
1689:Timeline
1620:Glossary
1591:See also
1487:Stoicism
1462:Cynicism
1424:Pomerium
1383:Concepts
1365:Apuleius
1285:She-wolf
1269:Hersilia
1188:Victoria
1088:Aequitas
1042:Summanus
1032:Silvanus
1017:Quirinus
947:Libertas
910:Hercules
855:Cloacina
840:Carmenta
835:Bona Dea
810:Angerona
805:Agenoria
684:Fireball
602:Salutius
580:(father)
568:(mother)
566:Basilina
3542:Legions
3502:Fiction
3472:Consuls
3467:Climate
3421:Ravenna
3416:Pompeii
3406:Lutetia
3371:Bononia
3366:Berytus
3356:Antioch
3331:Zosimus
3326:Zonaras
3301:Sozomen
3286:Priscus
3261:Photius
3103:Terence
3098:Tacitus
3083:Statius
3068:Servius
3053:Sallust
3008:Plautus
2988:Orosius
2968:Martial
2923:Juvenal
2898:Hyginus
2883:Gellius
2742:Writers
2673:History
2655:Thermae
2645:Temples
2595:Bridges
2562:Slavery
2510:Equites
2482:Society
2462:Theatre
2435:Deities
2395:Cuisine
2375:Bathing
2357:Culture
2332:Finance
2309:Economy
2200:Borders
2195:History
2097:Tribune
2092:Praetor
1982:Legatus
1977:Emperor
1864:Curiate
1834:Kingdom
1829:History
1805:History
1788:decline
1746:History
1716:Kingdom
1699:History
1684:Outline
1603:Decline
1527:Objects
1429:Temples
1409:Charity
1143:Laverna
1133:Fortuna
1123:Feronia
1052:Veritas
1022:Salacia
1007:Priapus
992:Penates
972:Neptune
967:Minerva
962:Mercury
925:Jupiter
865:Dea Dia
830:Bellona
785:Deities
592:(tutor)
516:Samarra
511:Maranga
473:Senonae
468:Brumath
195:(2006)
138:Sozomen
49:Gratian
3653:Valens
3552:Nomina
3537:Legacy
3517:Gentes
3454:topics
3450:Lists
3431:Smyrna
3311:Strabo
3241:Lucian
3231:Julian
3181:Arrian
3176:Appian
3166:Aelian
3143:Vergil
2918:Justin
2903:Jerome
2888:Horace
2873:Fronto
2863:Florus
2838:Ennius
2818:Cicero
2798:Caesar
2696:Vulgar
2520:Tribes
2447:Romans
2257:Legion
2240:castra
2117:Aedile
2087:Censor
2082:Consul
2042:Caesar
2012:Lictor
1934:Status
1874:Tribal
1854:Senate
1844:Empire
1738:Empire
1674:topics
1570:Cybele
1496:Events
1444:Celtic
1312:Aeneid
1306:Virgil
1219:Aeneas
1153:Pietas
1138:Fontus
1113:Caelus
1103:Annona
1098:Africa
1067:Vulcan
1027:Saturn
1002:Pomona
905:Genius
895:Faunus
885:Egeria
825:Aurora
820:Apollo
676:Julian
574:(wife)
572:Helena
559:People
416:Julian
309:
296:, p.33
102:Julian
61:Valens
57:Jovian
3216:Galen
3158:Greek
3128:Varro
2938:Lucan
2750:Latin
2665:Latin
2640:Ships
2630:Roads
2615:Domes
2547:Women
2495:Plebs
2420:Music
1962:Forum
1957:Curia
1439:Cella
1346:Varro
1326:Fasti
1299:Texts
1183:Terra
1163:Salus
1128:Fides
1057:Vesta
1047:Venus
997:Pluto
987:Orcus
942:Liber
930:Lares
915:Janus
900:Flora
890:Fauna
870:Diana
860:Cupid
850:Ceres
534:Works
458:Autun
3532:Laws
3507:Film
3426:Roma
2993:Ovid
2933:Livy
2701:Late
2515:Gens
2472:Wine
2284:Navy
2252:Army
1891:SPQR
1793:fall
1771:fall
1575:Isis
1320:Ovid
1173:Spes
1158:Roma
957:Mars
952:Luna
920:Juno
875:Dies
775:and
307:ISBN
95:and
63:and
27:The
2686:Old
2370:Art
2143:Rex
1987:Dux
1901:Law
1148:Pax
1037:Sol
982:Ops
977:Nox
3604::
344:^
206:^
83:A
59:,
1664:e
1657:t
1650:v
794:)
788:(
765:e
758:t
751:v
408:e
401:t
394:v
160:.
20:)
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