287:"At the core of NLP is the belief that, when people are engaged in activities, they are also making use of a representational system; that is, they are using some internal representation of the materials they are involved with, such as a conversation, a rifle shot, a spelling task. These representations can be visual, auditory, kinesthetic, or involve the other senses. In addition, a person may be creating a representation or recalling one. For example, a person asked to spell a word may visualize that word printed on a piece of paper, may hear it being sounded out, or may construct the spelling from the application of a series of logical rules." Daniel Druckman (Ed.) (1988),
871:). It was claimed that swifter and more effective results could be achieved by matching this preferred system. Although there is some research that supports the notion that eye movement can indicate visual and auditory (but not kinesthetic) components of thought in that moment, the existence of a preferred representational system ascertainable from external cues (an important part of original NLP theory) was discounted by research in the 1980s. Some still believe the PRS model to be important for enhancing rapport and influence. Others have de-emphasized its relevance and instead emphasize that people constantly use all representational systems. In particular,
119:) representational system in which they are more able to vividly create an experience (in their mind) in terms of that representational system, tend to use that representational system more often than the others, and have more distinctions available in that representation system than the others. So for example a person that most highly values their visual representation system is able to easily and vividly visualise things, and has a tendency to do this more often than recreating sounds, feelings, etc.
628:– in this case, a functional outline of the strategy used by the mind in answering that question. In a similar way, the process leading to a panic attack of the form "I see the clock, ask myself where the kids are, imagine everything that could be happening and feel scared" might be notated as having a subjective structure: V → A → V → K, signifying that an external sight leads to internal dialog (a question), followed by internal and constructed images, leading to a feeling.
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333:. This idea was later discredited and dropped within NLP by the early 1980s, in favor of the understanding that most people use all of their senses (whether consciously or unconsciously), and that whilst one system may seem to dominate, this is often contextualized – globally there is a balance that dynamically varies according to circumstance and mood.
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steps which explore various possible strategies to be used to obtain an answer and select one to be followed. The mental occurrence of these steps is often identified by deduction following skilled observation, or by careful inquiry, although their presence is usually self-apparent to the person concerned once noticed.
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When we think about the world, or about our past experiences, we represent those things inside our heads. For example, think about the holiday you went on last year. Did you see a picture of where you went, tell yourself a story about what you did, feel the sun on your back and the wind in your hair?
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A basic finding of cognitive psychology is that people have no conscious experience of most of what happens in the human mind. Many functions associated with perception, memory, and information processing are conducted prior to and independently of any conscious direction. What appears spontaneously
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in Santa Cruz, California, on July 9, 1986, the influence subcommittee... was informed that PRS was no longer considered an important component of NLP. He said that NLP had been revised." (p. 140) The NLP developers, Robert Dilts et al. (1980) proposed that eye movement (and sometimes bodily
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NLP also suggests that sometimes (again not universally) such processing is associated with sensory word use; for example, a person asked what they liked about the beach, may flick their eyes briefly in some characteristic direction (visual memory access, often upwards) and then also use words that
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Generally speaking, most human perceptual and cognitive processing occurs before conscious awareness. For example, few people would ordinarily be aware that between question and even considering an answer, there must be steps in which the mind interprets and contextualizes the question itself, and
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Representational systems are also relevant since some tasks are better performed within one representational system than by another. For example, within education, spelling is better learned by children who have unconsciously used a strategy of visualization, than an unconscious strategy of
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Eye movement to the left or right for many people seems to indicate if a memory was recalled or constructed. Thus remembering an actual image (V) is associated more with up-left, whilst imagining one's dream home (V) tends (again not universally) to be more associated with up-right.
488:
Putting these together, this is a very simplified example of some steps which might actually be involved in replying to a simple question such as "Do you like that dress?". The table below is useful for teaching how to identify and access each representational system in context:
840:, and allowed people to communicate more effectively. Certain studies suggest that using similar representational systems to another person can help build rapport whilst other studies have found that merely mimicking or doing so in isolation is perceived negatively.
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some memory. By contrast, NLP views it as potentially of great importance for the same person, to discover that some auditory sounds presented almost out of consciousness along with the memory, may be how the brain presents to consciousness, and how consciousness
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Originally NLP taught that people preferred one representational system over another. People could be stuck by thinking about a problem in their "preferred representational system" (PRS). Some took this idea further and categorised people as
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on things". Taken together, NLP suggests such eye accessing cues (1) are idiosyncratic and habitual for each person, and (2) may form significant clues as to how a person is processing or representing a problem to themselves unconsciously.
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emphasizes individual calibration and sensory acuity, precluding such a rigidly specified model as the one described above. Responding directly to sensory experience requires an immediacy which respects the importance of context.
99:
According to
Bandler and Grinder our chosen words, phrases and sentences are indicative of our referencing of each of the representational systems. So for example the words "black", "clear", "spiral" and "image" reference the
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NLP's interest in the senses is not so much in their role as bridges to the outside world, but in their role as internal channels for cognitive processing and interpretation. In an NLP perspective, it is not very important
883:
In a review of research findings, Sharpley (1987) found little support for individuals to have a "preferred" representational system (PRS), whether in the choice of words or direction of eye movement, and the concept of a
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805:
The use of the various modalities can be identified based by learning to respond to subtle shifts in breathing, body posture, accessing cues, gestures, eye movement and language patterns such as sensory predicates.
464:
In documenting mental strategies and processing by the senses, NLP practitioners often use a simple shorthand for different modalities, with a letter indicating the representation system concerned, and often, a
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lovely", and so on). Likewise asked about a problem, someone may look in a different direction for a while (kinesthetic access, typically downwards) and then look puzzled and say "I just can't seem to
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The other two senses, gustatory (taste) and olfactory (smell), which are closely associated, often seem to be less significant in general mental processing, and are often considered jointly as one.
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phonetically "sounding out". When taught to visualize, previously poor spellers can indeed be taught to improve. NLP proponents also found that pacing and leading the various cues tended to build
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640:
Grinder and
Bandler believed they identified pattern of relationship between the sensory-based language people use in general conversation, and for example, their eye movement (known as
108:
representation system. Bandler and
Grinder also propose that ostensibly metaphorical or figurative language indicates a reference to a representational system such that it is actually
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of an imaginary event . Due to its importance in human cognitive processing, auditory internal dialogue, or talking in one's head, has its own shorthand: A.
240:
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Skinner, H. & Stephens, P. (2003). "Speaking the Same
Language: Exploring the relevance of Neuro-Linguistic Programming to Marketing Communications".
261:
295:
For many practical purposes, according to NLP, mental processing of events and memories can be treated as if performed by the five senses. For example,
96:. The central idea of this model is that experience is represented in the mind in sensorial terms, i.e. in terms of the putative five senses, qualia.
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take place somewhere in consciousness in order to cognitively make sense of the question and answer it. A sequence of this kind is known in NLP as a
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say it is 'always' this way, but rather that one should check whether reliable correlations seem to exist for an individual, and if so what they are
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NLP asserts that for most circumstances and most people, three of the five sensory based modes seem to dominate in mental processing:
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employed, is stated by NLP to play a critical part in the way mental processing takes place. This observation led to the concept of a
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Skinner and
Stephens (2003) explored the use of the model of representational systems in television marketing and communications.
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to a mental visualization strategy of "sitting on the end of a ray of light", and many people as part of decision-making
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Representational systems are one of the foundational ideas of NLP and form the basis of many NLP techniques and methods.
46:
35:
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128:
85:
726:
588:
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Sharpley, C. F. (1984). "Predicate matching in NLP: A review of research on the preferred representational system".
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gesture) correspond to accessing cues for representations systems, and connected it to specific sides in the brain.
207:
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Neuro-linguistic programming, In M. Heap (Ed.) Hypnosis: Current
Clinical, Experimental and Forensic Practices
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Pennebaker, J.; Ireland, Molly; Slatcher, Richard; Eastwick, Paul; Scissors, Lauren & Finkel, Eli (2011).
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Some exercises in NLP training involve learning how to observe and respond to the various cues in real time.
1551:
1579:"Mental imagery as revealed by eye movement and spoken predicates: A test of neurolinguistic programming"
393:
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Buckner; Meara; Reese; Reese (1987). "Eye movement as an indicator of sensory components in thought".
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in NLP reference texts, to signify these three primary representational systems, as well as the term
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112:. For example, the comment "I see what you're saying" is taken to indicate a visual representation.
624:
311:
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Further, Bandler and
Grinder claim that each person has a "most highly valued" (now commonly termed
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representation system; similarly the words "tinkling", "silent", "squeal" and "blast" reference the
387:) if the author wishes to include all senses including taste/smell. The same term is also known as
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1650:"Research Findings on Neuro-linguistic Programming: Non supportive Data or an Untestable Theory"
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in specific directions often seem to tie into specific kinds of internal (mental) processing.
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Neuro-Linguistic
Programming: Volume I – The Study of the Structure of Subjective Experience
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Can you bring to mind the smell of your favourite flower or the taste of a favourite meal??
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found little support for the influence of PRS as presented in early descriptions of NLP,
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to indicate how that system is being used. Three key aspects are commonly notated: The
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being used (visual/V, auditory/A, kinesthetic/K, and occasionally, O/G), whether the
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Dilts, Robert B, Grinder, John, Bandler, Richard & DeLozier, Judith A. (1980).
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832:, whether this is a heart-warming pleasant memory, or a fearsome phobic one.
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The most common arrangement for eye accessing cues in a right-handed person.
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has stated that a representational system diagnosis lasts about 30 seconds.
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1323:. NLP University Press. pp. 75, 383, 729, 938–943, 1003, 1300, 1303.
1389:"Language Style Matching Predicts Relationship Initiation and Stability"
1320:
Encyclopedia of
Systemic Neuro-Linguistic Programming and NLP New Coding
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in consciousness is the result of thinking, not the process of thinking.
1656:. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1987 Vol. 34, No. 1: 103–107, 105.
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1208:. CA: J & C Enterprises. pp. 127, 171, 222, ch3, Appendix.
896:(1979) and Structure of Magic (1975). However, "at a meeting with
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379:
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Common (but not universal) Western layout of eye accessing cues:
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representational system, the classification of people into fixed
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992:. Grinder, John. Palo Alto, Calif.: Science and Behavior Books.
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990:
The structure of magic : a book about language and therapy
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The manner in which this is done, and the effectiveness of the
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feelings in the body, temperature, pressure, and also emotion.
18:
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Enhancing Human
Performance: Issues, Theories, and Techniques
351:(or linguistic) thoughts – sound, speech, dialog, white noise
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Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories, and Techniques
88:, a collection of models and methods regarding how the human
1475:. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 151–152.
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A common (but not universal) style of processing in the
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Frogs into princes : neuro linguistic programming
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create a mental image of the dress worn by the person
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is internal or external , and whether the event is a
45:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
1225:. Center for the Study of Intelligence. p. 1.
1204:Grinder, John & Carmen Bostic St Clair (2001).
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thoughts – sight, mental imagery, spatial awareness
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1674:Neuro-linguistic programming concepts and methods
1257:Frogs into Princes: Neuro Linguistic Programming
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1577:Elich, M.; Thompson, R. W.; Miller, L. (1985).
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1292:. Meta Publications. pp. 3–4, 6, 14, 17.
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8:
1343:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1317:Dilts, Robert B, DeLozier, Judith A (2000).
1302:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1254:Bandler, Richard & John Grinder (1979).
703:Level (left/right) – Auditory (A) – "Let's
241:Association for Neuro Linguistic Programming
1164:. Science and behavior Books Inc. pp.
1029:. Science and behavior Books Inc. pp.
850:The preferred representational system (PRS)
692:Upwards (left/right) – Visual (V) – "I can
580:get an internal feeling from looking at it
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1131:. Science and behavior Books Inc. p.
1098:. Science and behavior Books Inc. p.
1065:. Science and behavior Books Inc. p.
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636:Sensory predicates and eye accessing cues
596:ask oneself 'Do I like that impression?'
372:For this reason, one often sees the term
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
1472:Neuro-linguistic Programming For Dummies
1260:. Moab, UT: Real People Press. pp.
1156:Bandler, Richard; Grinder, John (1976).
1123:Bandler, Richard; Grinder, John (1976).
1090:Bandler, Richard; Grinder, John (1976).
1057:Bandler, Richard; Grinder, John (1976).
1021:Bandler, Richard; Grinder, John (1976).
659:describe it in a visual sense ("The sea
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41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1609:Joseph O'Connor; John Seymour (2002) .
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759:instructions, advice, or how-to content
422:instructions, advice, or how-to content
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16:Pseudoscientific neuro-linguistic model
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651:is shown in the attached chart, where
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1559:. London: Croom Helm. Archived from
1469:Kate Burton; Romilla Ready (2010).
1436:Journal of Marketing Communications
1222:Psychology of Intelligence Analysis
768:so that it is more encyclopedic or
431:so that it is more encyclopedic or
282:Representational systems within NLP
959:. Norman, Susan. London: Saffire.
618:Logically, these or similar steps
14:
1366:. Moab, Utah: Real People Press.
714:Down-right—Kinesthetic (K) – "to
1583:Journal of Counseling Psychology
1525:Journal of Counseling Psychology
1498:Journal of Counseling Psychology
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409:
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1599:note: "psychological fad" p.625
957:In your hands : NLP in ELT
886:preferred representation system
729:(A) – talking to oneself inside
1:
84:) is a postulated model from
1219:Heuer Jr., Richards (1999).
911:Neuro-linguistic programming
481:of an actual past event or
86:neuro-linguistic programming
1654:Communication and Cognition
1448:10.1080/1352726032000129926
890:National Research Committee
560:visual internal constructed
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1595:10.1037/0022-0167.32.4.622
1537:10.1037/0022-0167.31.2.238
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1442:(3 / September): 177–192.
727:Auditory internal dialogue
299:credited his discovery of
1615:. London: HarperCollins.
1358:Bandler, Richard (1979).
1160:The Structure of Magic II
1127:The Structure of Magic II
1094:The Structure of Magic II
1061:The Structure of Magic II
1025:The Structure of Magic II
988:Bandler, Richard (1975).
506:What it's being used for
1405:10.1177/0956797610392928
589:auditory internal dialog
150:Representational systems
78:Representational systems
534:picture to oneself the
401:Notation and strategies
1648:Sharpley C.F. (1987).
1206:Whispering in the Wind
888:(PRS). Similarly, The
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475:direction of attention
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1393:Psychological Science
955:Revell, Jane (1997).
674:
471:representation system
92:processes and stores
80:(also abbreviated to
738:Subjective awareness
574:kinesthetic internal
34:factual accuracy is
766:rewrite the content
722:you've understood."
429:rewrite the content
391:(John Grinder), or
1638:Grinder, J. (1996)
1399:(January): 39–44.
1262:15, 24, 30, 45, 52
894:Frogs into Princes
718:a concept" or "to
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642:eye accessing cues
552:look at the dress
520:Hear the question
394:primary experience
305:talk to themselves
301:special relativity
1550:Heap, M. (1988).
1239:on May 29, 2012.
1191:Druckman (1988),
819:whether a person
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679:Note: – NLP does
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131:programming
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