304:). NLP modeling methods are designed to unconsciously assimilate the tacit knowledge to learn what the master is doing of which the master is not aware. As an approach to learning it can involve modeling exceptional people. As Bandler and Grinder state "the function of NLP modeling is to arrive at descriptions which are useful." Einspruch & Forman 1985 state that "when modeling another person the modeler suspends his or her own beliefs and adopts the structure of the physiology, language, strategies, and beliefs of the person being modeled. After the modeler is capable of behaviorally reproducing the patterns (of behavior, communication, and behavioral outcomes) of the one being modeled, a process occurs in which the modeler modifies and readopts his or her own belief system while also integrating the beliefs of the one who was modeled." Modeling is not confined to therapy, but can be, and is, applied to a broad range of human learning. Another aspect of modeling is understanding the patterns of one's own behaviors in order to 'model' the more successful parts of oneself.
370:
the location, texture, and movement of internally created sensations. A typical change process may involve manipulating the submodalities of internal representations. For example, someone may see their future as 'dark and cloudy' with associated emotions, but would seek through NLP to perceive, and feel it, as 'light and clear'. Other training exercises develop a person's ability to move around internal images, change the quality of sounds and find out how these affect the intensity of internal feelings or other submodalities. Although NLP did not discover submodalities, it appears that the proponents of NLP may have been the first to systematically use manipulation of submodalities for therapeutic or personal development purposes, particularly phobias, compulsions and addictions.
444:) between what we see, hear and feel; and our emotional states. While in an emotional state if a person is exposed to a unique stimulus (sight, sound or touch), then a connection is made between the emotion and the unique stimulus. If the unique stimulus occurs again, the emotional state will then be triggered. NLP teaches that anchors (such as a particular touch associated with a memory or state) can be deliberately created and triggered to help people access 'resourceful' or other target states.
319:
Memories are closely linked to sensory experience. When people are processing information they see images and hear sounds and voices and process this with internally created feelings. Some representations are within conscious awareness but information is largely processed at the unconscious level. When involved in any task, such as making conversation, describing a problem in therapy, reading a book, kicking a ball or riding a horse, their representational systems, consisting of
85:, which teaches that people are only able to directly perceive a small part of the world using their conscious awareness, and that this view of the world is filtered by experience, beliefs, values, assumptions, and biological sensory systems. NLP argues that people act and feel based on their perception of the world and how they feel about that world they subjectively experience.
25:
339:) are being activated at the same time. Moreover, the way representational systems are organised and the links between them impact on behavioral performance. Many NLP techniques rely on interrupting maladaptive patterns and replacing them with more positive and creative thought patterns which will in turn impact on behavior.
92:' or copied into a reproducible form. Using NLP a person can 'model' the more successful parts of their own behavior in order to reproduce it in areas where they are less successful or 'model' another person to effect belief and behavior changes to improve functioning. If someone excels in some activity, it can be
360:
Although there is some research that supports the notion that eye movements can indicate visual and auditory (but not kinesthetic) components of thought in that moment, the existence of a preferred representational system ascertainable from external cues (an important part of original NLP theory) was
356:
future for myself", the words "see" and "bright" would be considered visual predicates. In contrast "I can feel that we will be comfortable" would be considered primarily kinesthetic because of the predicates "feel" and "comfortable". These verbal cues could also be coupled with posture changes, skin
482:
Another technique, "reframing" functions through "changing the way you perceive an event and so changing the meaning. When the meaning changes, responses and behaviors will also change. Reframing with language allows you to see the world in a different way and this changes the meaning. Reframing is
378:
Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) uses the term 'meta-programs' specifically to indicate general, pervasive and usually habitual patterns used by an individual across a wide range of situations. Examples of NLP meta-programs include the preference for overview or detail, the preference for where to
473:
The swish pattern is a process that is designed to disrupt a pattern of thought from one that used to lead to an unwanted behavior to one that leads to a desired behavior. This involves visualizing a 'cue' which leads into the unwanted behavior, such as a smokers hand moving towards the face with a
369:
Submodalities are the fine details of representational systems. For example, the submodalities of sight include light/dark, colour/monochrome, sharp/blurred. Submodalities involve the relative size, location, brightness of internal images, the volume and direction of internal voices and sounds, and
347:
Originally, NLP taught that most people had an internal preferred representational system (PRS) and preferred to process information primarily in one sensory modality. The practitioner could ascertain this from external cues such as the direction of eye movements, posture, breathing, voice tone and
318:
The notion that experience is processed by the sensory systems or representational systems, was incorporated into NLP from psychology and gestalt therapy shortly after its creation. This teaches that people perceive the world through the senses and store the information from the senses in the mind.
265:
As an approach to personal development or therapy it claims that people create their own internal 'map' or world, recognizing unhelpful or destructive patterns of thinking based on impoverished maps of the world, then modifying or replacing these patterns with more useful or helpful ones. There is
507:
In NLP this is one of a number of 'frames' wherein the desired state is considered as to its achievability and effect if achieved. A positive outcome must be defined by the client for their own use, be within the clients power to achieve, retain the positive products of the unwanted behaviors and
529:
Largely derived from the ideas of
Bateson and the techniques of Erickson, 'metaphor' in NLP ranges from simple figures of speech to allegories and stories. It tends to be used in conjunction with the skills of the Milton model to create a story which operates on many levels with the intention of
357:
color or breathing shifts. The theory was that the practitioner by matching and working within the preferred representational system could achieve better communication with the client and hence swifter and more effective results. Many trainings and standard works still teach PRS
474:
cigarette in it, and reprogramming the mind to 'switch' to a visualization of the desired outcome, such as a healthy-looking person, energetic and fit. In addition to visualization, auditory sound effects are often imagined to enhance the experience.
96:
how specifically they do it by observing certain important details of their behavior. NLP embodies several techniques, including hypnotic techniques, which proponents claim can affect changes in the way people think, learn and communicate.
980:
622:
456:
and monitoring their reactions. It is typically used to check that a change process has been successful, by observing body language when the person imagines being in a difficult situation before and after an intervention. If the
546:(NLP) technique involving actively trying to control the emotional and mental state of an individual. One method to actively achieve state management anchoring where an individual associates a particular physical
261:
NLP claims that our mind-body (neuro) and what we say (language) all interact together to form our perceptions of the world, or maps (programming) and that said map of the world determines feelings and behavior.
516:
VK/D stands for 'Visual/Kinesthetic
Dissociation'. This is a technique designed to eliminate bad feelings associated with past events by re-running (like a film, sometimes in reverse) an associated memory in a
417:
A strategy is like a program in a computer. It tells you what to do with the information you are getting, and like a computer program, you can use the same strategy to process a lot of different kinds of
606:
As NLP became more popular, some research was conducted and reviews of such research have concluded that there is no scientific basis for its theories about representational systems and eye movements.
280:"Modeling" in NLP is the process of adopting the behaviors, language, strategies and beliefs of another person or exemplar in order to 'build a model of what they do. The original models were:
1184:
426:
which guide and direct other thought processes. Specifically they define common or typical patterns in the strategies or thinking styles of a particular individual, group or culture.
243:
499:, the beautiful creatures welcome and accept him; gazing at his reflection, he sees that he too is a swan. Reframing is common to a number of therapies and is not original to NLP.
491:
whenever she felt down about life, to remind herself of the things that she could do, and not worry about the things she couldn't. Alice Mills also says that this occurs in
1091:
453:
483:
the basis of jokes, myths, legends, fairy tales and most creative ways of thinking." There are examples in children's literature; for example, the fictional
215:
42:
236:
521:
state. It combines elements of
Ericksonian techniques, spatial sorting processes from Fritz Perls, reframing and 'changing history' techniques.
564:
Covert hypnosis is purportedly a method of using language patterns to hypnotise or persuade other people. Referred to as "sleight of mouth" by
1189:
229:
853:
Cooper; Seal (2006). "Theory and
Approaches - Eclectic-integrative approaches: Neuro-linguistic programming". In Feldtham; Horton (eds.).
266:
also an emphasis on ways to change internal representations or maps of the world with the intent of increasing behavioral flexibility.
1163:
1070:
882:
837:
752:
727:
698:
670:
599:
88:
NLP claims that language and behaviors (whether functional or dysfunctional) are highly structured, and that this structure can be '
64:
783:
402:
313:
124:
905:
Buckner, M.; Meara, N. M.; Reese, E. J.; Reese, M. (1987). "Eye movement as an indicator of sensory components in thought".
799:
Einspruch, Eric L.; Forman, Bruce D. (1985). "Observations
Concerning Research Literature on Neuro-Linguistic Programming".
46:
35:
543:
103:
82:
1105:
Masters, B; Rawlins, M; Rawlins, L; Weidner, J (1991). "The NLP swish pattern: An innovative visualizing technique".
932:
Sharpley, C. F. (1984). "Predicate matching in NLP: A review of research on the preferred representational system".
518:
462:
182:
492:
401:, which are specific sequences of mental steps, mostly indicated by their representational activity (using
981:"Mental imagery as revealed by eye movements and spoken predicates: A test of neurolinguistic programming"
441:
589:
275:
722:. Vol. I: The Study of the Structure of Subjective Experience. Meta Publications. pp. 3–4.
1011:
565:
410:
775:
Jacobson, S. (1994) Info-line: practical guidelines for training and development professionals,
660:
1039:
623:"Research findings on neurolinguistic programming: Nonsupportive data or an untestable theory?"
1159:
1066:
878:
833:
758:
748:
723:
694:
666:
595:
187:
1022:
Tosey, P. Jane
Mathison (2003) Neuro-linguistic Programming and learning theory: a response
992:
960:
941:
914:
827:
808:
634:
387:
172:
348:
the use of sensory-based predicates. If a person repeatedly used predicates such as "I can
787:
569:
559:
320:
301:
281:
149:
129:
1028:
Neuro-linguistic programming: its potential for learning and teaching in formal education
959:
Heap, M. (1988). "Neurolinguistic
Programming - An Interim Verdict". In Heap, M. (ed.).
572:", which refers to a magician's skills in making things happen which appear impossible.
1027:
293:
289:
93:
1178:
872:
716:
496:
488:
458:
380:
177:
285:
197:
192:
154:
743:
Bandler, Richard; Grinder, John (1983). Andreas, Steve; Andreas, Connirae (eds.).
780:
547:
530:
communicating with the unconscious and to find and challenge basic assumptions.
328:
297:
996:
945:
918:
812:
638:
484:
379:
place one's attention during conversation, habitual linguistic patterns and
336:
332:
413:& Judith Delozier explicitly refer to the mind as computer metaphor:
1062:
Encyclopedia of
Systemic Neuro-Linguistic Programming and NLP New Coding
745:
Reframing: Neurolinguistic programming and the transformation of meaning
422:
In their encyclopedia, Dilts and
Delozier then define metaprograms as
1089:"Neuro-linguistic programming treatment for anxiety: Magic or myth?"
1060:
1126:
NLP: A Practical Guide to
Achieving the Results You Want: Workbook
324:
89:
665:. Moab, UT: Real People Press. pp. 15, 24, 30, 45, 52, 149.
1012:
https://www.nlp-techniques.org/what-is-nlp/senses-submodalities/
762:
962:
Hypnosis: Current Clinical, Experimental and Forensic Practices
714:
Dilts, R.B.; Grinder, J.; Bandler, R.; DeLozier, J. A. (1980).
508:
produce an outcome that is appropriate for all circumstances.
405:), leading to a behavioral outcome. In the entry for the term
18:
866:
864:
829:
Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories, and Techniques
684:
682:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
747:. Moab, UT: Real People Press. pp. appendix II, p.171.
654:
652:
650:
648:
1156:
Sleight of Mouth: The Magic of Conversational Belief Change
691:
The Structure of Magic I: A Book About Language and Therapy
594:. Springer Publishing Company. pp. 56–57, 165–167.
81:
are the specific techniques used to perform and teach
45:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
588:
Thyer, Bruce A.; Pignotti, Monica G. (15 May 2015).
1026:Vol.14 No.3 p.371-388 See also (available online):
1010:Beale, M. NLP Techniques: Senses and Submodalities
386:Related concepts in other disciplines are known as
855:The SAGE Handbook of Counselling and Psychotherapy
715:
1185:Neuro-linguistic programming concepts and methods
591:Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice
662:Frogs into Princes: Neuro Linguistic Programming
979:Elich, M.; Thompson, R. W.; Miller, L. (1985).
826:Druckman, Daniel; Swets, John A., eds. (1988).
693:. Palo Alto, CA: Science & Behavior Books.
616:
614:
440:NLP teaches that we constantly make "anchors" (
424:
415:
1092:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
777:American Society For Training and Development
237:
8:
1059:Dilts, Robert B; DeLozier, Judith A (2000).
216:Association for Neuro Linguistic Programming
621:Sharpley, Christopher F. (1 January 1987).
832:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
244:
230:
99:
871:O'Connor, Joseph; Seymour, John (2002) .
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
689:Bandler, Richard; Grinder, John (1975).
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
16:Pseudo-scientific intellectual framework
580:
495:'s story where, to the surprise of the
102:
79:methods of neuro-linguistic programming
1095:. August 1985, Vol. 53(4) pp. 526–530.
877:(revised ed.). London: Thorsons.
454:imagine doing something in the future
361:discounted by research in the 1980s.
7:
1107:Journal of Mental Health Counseling
1141:Pollyanna and the not so glad game
452:A technique of asking a person to
343:Preferred representational systems
14:
659:Bandler, R.; Grinder, J. (1979).
1001:note: "psychological fad" p. 625
985:Journal of Counseling Psychology
934:Journal of Counseling Psychology
907:Journal of Counseling Psychology
801:Journal of Counseling Psychology
781:Adapted version available online
627:Journal of Counseling Psychology
256:
23:
314:Representational systems (NLP)
1:
1190:Neuro-linguistic programming
1040:"Working with Submodalities"
718:Neuro-Linguistic Programming
544:neuro-linguistic programming
257:Internal 'maps' of the world
83:neuro-linguistic programming
568:. building off the phrase "
1206:
1143:. Storrs. pp. 87, 18.
997:10.1037/0022-0167.32.4.622
946:10.1037/0022-0167.31.2.238
919:10.1037/0022-0167.34.3.283
813:10.1037/0022-0167.32.4.589
639:10.1037/0022-0167.34.1.103
557:
311:
273:
1124:O'Connor, Joseph (2001).
465:has not been successful.
397:is used as a synonym for
1065:. NLP University Press.
308:Representational systems
125:Representational systems
493:Hans Christian Andersen
409:in their encyclopedia,
1154:Dilts, Robert (1999).
1024:The Curriculum Journal
461:is the same, then the
442:classical conditioning
428:
420:
1158:. Meta Publications.
1139:Mills, Alice (1999).
968:. London: Croom Helm.
276:Modeling (psychology)
1042:. landsiedel.com/en/
390:or thinking styles.
34:factual accuracy is
503:Well-formed outcome
786:2007-06-10 at the
1128:. Harper Collins.
1085:Krugman, Martin,
538:Sometimes called
393:In NLP, the term
254:
253:
188:Fazal Inayat-Khan
75:
74:
67:
1197:
1170:
1169:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1102:
1096:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1056:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
1000:
976:
970:
969:
967:
956:
950:
949:
929:
923:
922:
902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
868:
859:
858:
850:
844:
843:
823:
817:
816:
796:
790:
779:Alexandria, VA.
773:
767:
766:
740:
734:
733:
721:
711:
705:
704:
686:
677:
676:
656:
643:
642:
618:
609:
608:
585:
534:State management
388:cognitive styles
246:
239:
232:
183:Charles Faulkner
173:Connirae Andreas
104:Neuro-linguistic
100:
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
47:reliably sourced
27:
26:
19:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1058:
1057:
1046:
1038:Landsiedel, S.
1037:
1033:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
978:
977:
973:
965:
958:
957:
953:
931:
930:
926:
904:
903:
899:
889:
887:
885:
874:Introducing NLP
870:
869:
862:
857:(2nd ed.).
852:
851:
847:
840:
825:
824:
820:
798:
797:
793:
788:Wayback Machine
774:
770:
755:
742:
741:
737:
730:
713:
712:
708:
701:
688:
687:
680:
673:
658:
657:
646:
620:
619:
612:
602:
587:
586:
582:
578:
570:sleight of hand
562:
560:Covert hypnosis
556:
554:Covert hypnosis
514:
505:
480:
471:
450:
438:
433:
376:
316:
310:
302:gestalt therapy
282:Milton Erickson
278:
272:
259:
250:
221:
220:
211:
203:
202:
168:
160:
159:
150:Richard Bandler
145:
137:
136:
130:Covert hypnosis
115:
105:
71:
60:
54:
51:
40:
32:This article's
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1146:
1131:
1116:
1097:
1078:
1071:
1044:
1031:
1015:
1003:
991:(4): 622–625.
971:
951:
940:(2): 238–248.
924:
913:(3): 283–287.
897:
883:
860:
845:
838:
818:
807:(4): 589–596.
791:
768:
753:
735:
728:
706:
699:
678:
671:
644:
633:(1): 103–107.
610:
600:
579:
577:
574:
558:Main article:
555:
552:
536:
535:
527:
526:
513:
510:
504:
501:
479:
476:
470:
467:
449:
446:
437:
434:
432:
429:
375:
372:
367:
366:
345:
344:
331:(and possibly
312:Main article:
309:
306:
294:family therapy
290:Virginia Satir
271:
268:
258:
255:
252:
251:
249:
248:
241:
234:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:
152:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
133:
132:
127:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
73:
72:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1202:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1167:
1165:0-916990-43-5
1161:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1072:0-9701540-0-3
1068:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1004:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
972:
964:
963:
955:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
901:
898:
886:
884:1-85538-344-6
880:
876:
875:
867:
865:
861:
856:
849:
846:
841:
839:0-309-03787-5
835:
831:
830:
822:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
792:
789:
785:
782:
778:
772:
769:
764:
760:
756:
754:0-911226-24-9
750:
746:
739:
736:
731:
729:0-916990-07-9
725:
720:
719:
710:
707:
702:
700:0-8314-0044-7
696:
692:
685:
683:
679:
674:
672:0-911226-19-2
668:
664:
663:
655:
653:
651:
649:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
601:9780826177698
597:
593:
592:
584:
581:
575:
573:
571:
567:
561:
553:
551:
549:
545:
541:
540:state control
533:
532:
531:
524:
523:
522:
520:
511:
509:
502:
500:
498:
497:ugly duckling
494:
490:
489:The Glad Game
486:
477:
475:
468:
466:
464:
460:
459:body language
455:
448:Future pacing
447:
445:
443:
435:
430:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
384:
383:, and so on.
382:
381:body language
374:Meta-programs
373:
371:
365:Submodalities
364:
363:
362:
358:
355:
351:
342:
341:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
315:
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
277:
269:
267:
263:
247:
242:
240:
235:
233:
228:
227:
225:
224:
217:
214:
213:
210:Organisations
207:
206:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
178:Steve Andreas
176:
174:
171:
170:
167:Practitioners
164:
163:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
141:
140:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
111:
110:
107:
101:
98:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
69:
66:
58:
48:
44:
38:
37:
30:
21:
20:
1155:
1149:
1140:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1061:
1034:
1023:
1018:
1006:
988:
984:
974:
961:
954:
937:
933:
927:
910:
906:
900:
888:. Retrieved
873:
854:
848:
828:
821:
804:
800:
794:
776:
771:
744:
738:
717:
709:
690:
661:
630:
626:
605:
590:
583:
566:Robert Dilts
563:
539:
537:
528:
515:
506:
481:
472:
463:intervention
451:
439:
425:
421:
418:information.
416:
411:Robert Dilts
406:
398:
394:
392:
385:
377:
368:
359:
353:
349:
346:
317:
286:hypnotherapy
279:
264:
260:
198:Tony Robbins
193:Paul McKenna
155:John Grinder
119:
87:
78:
76:
61:
55:January 2022
52:
33:
1113:(1): 79–90.
519:dissociated
487:would play
298:Fritz Perls
106:programming
1179:Categories
576:References
431:Techniques
274:See also:
144:Developers
485:Pollyanna
478:Reframing
436:Anchoring
43:talk page
890:30 April
784:Archived
763:82-16609
548:stimulus
525:Metaphor
407:strategy
399:strategy
395:programs
329:feelings
270:Modeling
36:disputed
542:, is a
296:), and
120:Methods
94:learned
90:modeled
1162:
1087:et al.
1069:
881:
836:
761:
751:
726:
697:
669:
598:
354:bright
325:sounds
321:images
114:Topics
966:(PDF)
469:Swish
403:VAKOG
337:taste
333:smell
1160:ISBN
1067:ISBN
892:2007
879:ISBN
834:ISBN
759:LCCN
749:ISBN
724:ISBN
695:ISBN
667:ISBN
596:ISBN
512:VK/D
335:and
77:The
993:doi
942:doi
915:doi
809:doi
635:doi
350:see
288:),
1181::
1111:13
1109:.
1047:^
989:32
987:.
983:.
938:31
936:.
911:34
909:.
863:^
805:32
803:.
757:.
681:^
647:^
631:34
629:.
625:.
613:^
604:.
550:.
352:a
327:,
323:,
1168:.
1075:.
999:.
995::
948:.
944::
921:.
917::
894:.
842:.
815:.
811::
765:.
732:.
703:.
675:.
641:.
637::
300:(
292:(
284:(
245:e
238:t
231:v
68:)
62:(
57:)
53:(
49:.
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.