2402:
2390:
2414:
400:) and 1,045 tonnes (1,028 long tons; 1,152 short tons) of reprocessed uranium which is largely stockpiled. There are provisions in place for the storage of this reprocessed uranium for up to 250 years for potential future use. Given France's domestic uranium enrichment capabilities, this stockpile constitutes a
239:
and reused. It requires a higher enrichment level than natural uranium to compensate for its higher levels of U which is lighter than U and therefore concentrates in the enriched product. As enrichment concentrates lighter isotopes on the "enriched" side and heavier isotopes on the "depleted" side,
387:
In 2020, France, one of the countries with the biggest reprocessing capacity, held a stock of 40,020 tonnes (39,390 long tons; 44,110 short tons) of reprocessed uranium, up from 24,100 tonnes (23,700 long tons; 26,600 short tons) in 2010. Every year France processes 1,100 tonnes (1,100 long tons;
352:
reactors. CANDU is designed to use natural uranium as fuel; the U content remaining in spent PWR/BWR fuel is typically greater than that found in natural uranium, which is about 0.72% U, allowing the re-enrichment step to be skipped. Fuel cycle tests also have included the DUPIC (Direct Use of
353:
spent PWR fuel In CANDU) fuel cycle, where used fuel from a pressurized water reactor (PWR) is packaged into a CANDU fuel bundle with only physical reprocessing (cut into pieces) but no chemical reprocessing. Opening the cladding inevitably releases volatile fission products like
1165:
277:
in natural uranium but can become relevant after successive passes through an enrichment-burnup-reprocessing-enrichment cycle, depending on enrichment and burnup characteristics.
1353:
880:
1175:
2056:
860:
1182:
613:
948:
557:
1451:
875:
152:
1697:
1614:
573:
520:
468:
1690:
1160:
1125:
35:
2312:
1896:
976:
855:
2206:
2071:
606:
2149:
1983:
1821:
1585:
1463:
1120:
981:
2139:
1988:
1446:
2445:
1913:
1746:
1170:
1098:
425:
2418:
2256:
1993:
1702:
1456:
953:
543:
450:
38:' military plutonium production programs. This uranium makes up the bulk of the material separated during reprocessing.
2406:
2319:
2291:
2248:
2213:
2051:
1878:
1816:
1641:
1545:
1431:
899:
599:
377:
2440:
2099:
1778:
1296:
1253:
1105:
531:
1751:
2394:
2076:
1685:
1468:
381:
2324:
2166:
2066:
1978:
1187:
1073:
1033:
845:
1945:
2196:
2171:
1785:
1562:
1368:
1291:
1248:
1231:
1192:
1115:
393:
49:
2061:
1348:
892:
2355:
2091:
2046:
1508:
1436:
1363:
1358:
1323:
1110:
1078:
865:
792:
370:
369:
step whereby the fuel is heated to drive off semi-volatile fission products or subjected to one or more
124:
318:
there is a chance of a (n,2n) "knockout" reaction. Depending on the characteristics of the reactor and
303:, which needs to be taken into account if it reaches significant proportions of the fuel material. If
2266:
2240:
2041:
2026:
1343:
1301:
1137:
1043:
971:
366:
31:
2365:
2201:
2176:
1961:
1555:
1423:
1083:
850:
812:
645:
73:
42:
2345:
2081:
1918:
1845:
1656:
1306:
1276:
1260:
1243:
887:
777:
725:
675:
622:
475:
373:/ oxidation cycles to transform nonvolatile oxides into volatile native elements and vice versa.
45:
1413:
1206:
1093:
1068:
1006:
963:
807:
802:
797:
640:
401:
263:
2450:
2261:
1316:
1281:
1038:
1028:
916:
904:
745:
740:
730:
720:
715:
342:
338:
236:
180:
104:
61:
1901:
1741:
1680:
2229:
2159:
2119:
1646:
1573:
1401:
1387:
1311:
1286:
1132:
925:
817:
782:
660:
650:
334:
289:
226:
65:
57:
1651:
235:
Given sufficiently high uranium prices, it is feasible for reprocessed uranium to be re-
2134:
2114:
2109:
2104:
1854:
1761:
1730:
1712:
1236:
1142:
1088:
1053:
986:
933:
787:
680:
665:
655:
405:
69:
404:
for the case of a major disruption of uranium supply as France does not have domestic
380:
in China. The first use of re-enriched uranium in a commercial LWR was in 1994 at the
376:
The direct use of recovered uranium to fuel a CANDU reactor was first demonstrated at
2434:
2299:
1590:
996:
837:
365:. Some variations of the DUPIC fuel cycle make deliberate use of this by including a
140:
120:
510:
Use of CANDU fuel from spent light water reactor fuel at
Qinshan nuclear power plant
493:"The Evolution of CANDU Fuel Cycles and Their Potential Contribution to World Peace"
119:
Around 0.001% at discharge, but half-life only 1 week. Produces soluble, long-lived
1865:
1001:
943:
870:
822:
692:
315:
222:
587:
Pyrochemically/Pyrometallurgically
Reprocessed Uranium Conversion and Disposition
509:
454:
2276:
1923:
1513:
1020:
991:
213:
200:
187:
172:
159:
111:
96:
68:, reuse of reprocessed uranium has not been common because of low prices in the
262:, which is a negligible effect in a once-through fuel cycle due to the low (55
389:
362:
2271:
1634:
1624:
752:
705:
670:
53:
2129:
429:
2360:
2154:
2003:
1998:
1938:
1607:
1535:
1518:
1503:
1478:
1221:
710:
492:
397:
348:
There have been some studies involving the use of reprocessed uranium in
2329:
2281:
2144:
2124:
1523:
1498:
938:
827:
769:
757:
735:
700:
532:
EDF plans to restart use of reprocessed uranium in some of its reactors
358:
27:
1933:
1928:
1908:
1888:
1873:
1756:
1493:
1473:
1441:
591:
319:
337:
ever come into widespread commercial use, reprocessed uranium, like
1483:
2350:
2307:
1970:
1826:
1629:
1619:
354:
349:
64:
by weight. Despite it often containing more fissile material than
1831:
1720:
1530:
1488:
2226:
1398:
1385:
595:
1804:
1668:
558:"Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel - World Nuclear Association"
544:"Recovered & depleted uranium stocks in France 2010-2030"
574:
Advanced Fuel Cycle Cost Basis - Idaho
National Laboratory
34:, as done commercially in France, the UK and Japan and by
581:
Aqueously
Reprocessed Uranium Conversion and Disposition
195:
Fertile material but can affect reactivity differently
72:
of recent decades, and because it contains undesirable
16:
Uranium recovered from spent nuclear fuel reprocessing
521:
Framatome to supply EDF with reprocessed uranium fuel
2338:
2290:
2247:
2189:
2090:
2020:
1969:
1960:
1887:
1853:
1844:
1803:
1796:
1776:
1729:
1711:
1667:
1572:
1554:
1422:
1336:
1269:
1214:
1205:
1153:
1061:
1052:
1019:
962:
924:
915:
836:
768:
691:
633:
251:will inevitably be enriched slightly stronger than
1354:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
428:. World Nuclear Association. 2013. Archived from
167:Neither fissile nor fertile. Affects reactivity.
2057:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
607:
392:into 11 tonnes (11 long tons; 12 short tons)
8:
80:Isotopic composition of reprocessed uranium
474:. Idaho National Laboratory. Archived from
2223:
2034:
1966:
1850:
1800:
1793:
1569:
1395:
1382:
1211:
1058:
921:
630:
614:
600:
592:
78:
417:
396:(for immediate further processing into
138:is the feedstock for the production of
1984:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
153:radioisotope thermoelectric generators
1989:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
7:
2413:
1994:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
954:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
333:in spent fuel than enrichment. If
14:
977:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
876:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
426:"Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel"
322:, this can be a larger source of
2412:
2401:
2400:
2388:
2077:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
469:"Advanced Fuel Cycle Cost Basis"
221:Fertile material, decay product
1166:Historical stockpiles and tests
48:contains on average (excluding
2067:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
949:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
123:which is hard to contain in a
1:
2395:Nuclear technology portal
2257:Field-reversed configuration
1867:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
2214:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
1161:States with nuclear weapons
451:"Uranium from reprocessing"
378:Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant
2467:
2052:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
1176:Tests in the United States
341:, will be usable in their
229:making handling difficult
2382:
2237:
2177:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
2072:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
2037:
1879:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
1409:
1394:
1381:
629:
382:Cruas Nuclear Power Plant
2082:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
1698:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
1034:Electron-beam processing
292:and converts to fissile
2197:Organic nuclear reactor
1369:Nuclear power phase-out
1292:Nuclear decommissioning
1232:Reactor-grade plutonium
982:Targeted alpha-particle
861:Accidents and incidents
394:reactor grade plutonium
36:nuclear weapons states
1359:Anti-nuclear movement
388:1,200 short tons) of
335:fast breeder reactors
125:geological repository
2446:Nuclear reprocessing
2267:Reversed field pinch
2062:Traveling-wave (TWR)
1546:Supercritical (SCWR)
1044:Gemstone irradiation
52:) only four percent
32:nuclear reprocessing
1432:Aqueous homogeneous
1227:Reprocessed uranium
900:Safety and security
81:
74:isotopes of uranium
20:Reprocessed uranium
2346:Dense plasma focus
1261:Actinide chemistry
726:Isotope separation
623:Nuclear technology
79:
46:spent nuclear fuel
2441:Nuclear materials
2428:
2427:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2325:Magnetized-target
2222:
2221:
2185:
2184:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
1956:
1955:
1840:
1839:
1772:
1771:
1377:
1376:
1332:
1331:
1201:
1200:
1188:Weapon-free zones
1015:
1014:
1007:Radiopharmacology
402:strategic reserve
343:breeding blankets
314:interacts with a
233:
232:
208:Fissile material
151:which is used in
2458:
2416:
2415:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2303:
2262:Levitated dipole
2232:
2224:
2172:Helium gas (GFR)
2035:
2030:
1967:
1851:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1404:
1396:
1388:Nuclear reactors
1383:
1282:High-level (HLW)
1212:
1059:
1039:Food irradiation
1029:Atomic gardening
922:
905:Nuclear meltdown
731:Nuclear material
721:Fissile material
716:Fertile material
631:
616:
609:
602:
593:
562:
561:
554:
548:
547:
540:
534:
529:
523:
518:
512:
507:
501:
500:
489:
483:
482:
480:
473:
465:
459:
458:
453:. Archived from
447:
441:
440:
438:
437:
422:
339:depleted uranium
332:
330:
329:
313:
311:
310:
302:
300:
299:
290:thermal neutrons
288:readily absorbs
287:
285:
284:
276:
274:
273:
261:
259:
258:
250:
248:
247:
181:Fissile material
150:
147:
146:
137:
135:
134:
105:Fertile material
91:Characteristics
82:
62:fission products
30:recovered from
2466:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2389:
2387:
2370:
2334:
2301:
2286:
2243:
2233:
2228:
2218:
2181:
2086:
2031:
2024:
2023:
2008:
1952:
1883:
1858:
1836:
1808:
1790:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1768:
1734:
1725:
1707:
1672:
1663:
1577:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1464:Natural fission
1418:
1417:
1405:
1400:
1390:
1373:
1349:Nuclear weapons
1328:
1287:Low-level (LLW)
1265:
1197:
1149:
1048:
1011:
958:
911:
832:
764:
687:
625:
620:
571:
569:Further reading
566:
565:
556:
555:
551:
542:
541:
537:
530:
526:
519:
515:
508:
504:
491:
490:
486:
478:
471:
467:
466:
462:
449:
448:
444:
435:
433:
424:
423:
419:
414:
328:
326:
325:
324:
323:
309:
307:
306:
305:
304:
298:
296:
295:
294:
293:
283:
281:
280:
279:
278:
272:
270:
269:
268:
267:
257:
255:
254:
253:
252:
246:
244:
243:
242:
241:
227:gamma radiation
145:
143:
142:
141:
139:
133:
131:
130:
129:
128:
66:natural uranium
58:minor actinides
17:
12:
11:
5:
2464:
2462:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2356:Muon-catalyzed
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Integral (IFR)
2044:
2038:
2032:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1798:
1791:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1364:Uranium mining
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1237:Minor actinide
1234:
1229:
1218:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
968:
966:
960:
959:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
934:Autoradiograph
930:
928:
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
908:
907:
897:
896:
895:
885:
884:
883:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
842:
840:
834:
833:
831:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
774:
772:
766:
765:
763:
762:
761:
760:
755:
750:
749:
748:
743:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
697:
695:
689:
688:
686:
685:
684:
683:
678:
668:
663:
658:
656:Atomic nucleus
653:
648:
643:
637:
635:
627:
626:
621:
619:
618:
611:
604:
596:
590:
589:
583:
570:
567:
564:
563:
549:
535:
524:
513:
502:
484:
481:on 2009-01-24.
460:
457:on 2007-10-19.
442:
416:
415:
413:
410:
406:uranium mining
327:
308:
297:
282:
271:
256:
245:
231:
230:
219:
216:
210:
209:
206:
203:
197:
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193:
190:
184:
183:
178:
175:
169:
168:
165:
162:
156:
155:
144:
132:
117:
114:
108:
107:
102:
99:
93:
92:
89:
86:
70:uranium market
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2463:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2421:
2420:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:electrostatic
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2092:Generation IV
2089:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Breeder (FBR)
2040:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2019:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1344:Nuclear power
1342:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1324:Transmutation
1322:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:high-altitude
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:Proliferation
1109:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:Brachytherapy
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
967:
965:
961:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
929:
927:
923:
920:
918:
914:
906:
903:
902:
901:
898:
894:
891:
890:
889:
886:
882:
879:
878:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
841:
839:
835:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
793:Cross section
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
773:
771:
767:
759:
756:
754:
751:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
737:
734:
733:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
696:
694:
690:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
617:
612:
610:
605:
603:
598:
597:
594:
588:
584:
582:
578:
577:
576:
575:
568:
559:
553:
550:
545:
539:
536:
533:
528:
525:
522:
517:
514:
511:
506:
503:
498:
494:
488:
485:
477:
470:
464:
461:
456:
452:
446:
443:
432:on 2013-02-12
431:
427:
421:
418:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
385:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
321:
317:
291:
265:
238:
228:
225:emits strong
224:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
154:
149:
126:
122:
121:neptunium-237
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
90:
87:
84:
83:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2417:
2405:
2386:
2366:Pyroelectric
2320:Laser-driven
2100:Sodium (SFR)
2027:fast-neutron
1866:
1412:
1302:Reprocessing
1226:
1183:WMD treaties
1002:Radiosurgery
972:Fast-neutron
944:Scintigraphy
586:
580:
572:
552:
538:
527:
516:
505:
496:
487:
476:the original
463:
455:the original
445:
434:. Retrieved
430:the original
420:
386:
375:
367:voloxidation
347:
316:fast neutron
234:
223:thallium-208
40:
23:
19:
18:
2277:Stellarator
2241:confinement
2135:Superphénix
1962:Molten-salt
1914:VHTR (HTGR)
1691:HW BLWR 250
1657:R4 Marviken
1586:Pressurized
1556:Heavy water
1540:many others
1469:Pressurized
1424:Light water
1126:underground
1084:Disarmament
992:Tomotherapy
987:Proton-beam
851:Power plant
813:Temperature
646:Engineering
384:in France.
266:) share of
214:uranium-232
201:uranium-233
188:uranium-234
173:uranium-235
160:uranium-236
112:uranium-237
97:uranium-238
41:Commercial
2435:Categories
2302:(acoustic)
1919:PBR (PBMR)
1307:Spent fuel
1297:Repository
1277:Fuel cycle
1244:Activation
1021:Processing
888:Propulsion
846:by country
778:Activation
585:Module K3
579:Module K2
436:2014-02-16
412:References
390:spent fuel
363:krypton-85
88:Proportion
2272:Spheromak
1971:Fluorides
1635:IPHWR-700
1630:IPHWR-540
1625:IPHWR-220
1414:Moderator
1094:Explosion
1069:Arms race
856:Economics
808:Reflector
803:Radiation
798:Generator
753:Plutonium
706:Deuterium
671:Radiation
641:Chemistry
371:reduction
192:>0.02%
54:plutonium
26:) is the
2407:Category
2361:Polywell
2292:Inertial
2249:Magnetic
2004:TMSR-LF1
1999:TMSR-500
1979:Fuji MSR
1939:THTR-300
1779:Graphite
1642:PHWR KWU
1608:ACR-1000
1536:IPWR-900
1519:ACPR1000
1514:HPR-1000
1504:CPR-1000
1479:APR-1400
1270:Disposal
1222:Actinide
1215:Products
1074:Delivery
917:Medicine
746:depleted
741:enriched
711:Helium-3
676:ionizing
398:MOX fuel
237:enriched
177:0.5–1.0%
164:0.4–0.6%
50:cladding
2451:Uranium
2419:Commons
2330:Z-pinch
2300:Bubble
2282:Tokamak
2145:FBR-600
2125:CFR-600
2120:BN-1200
1786:coolant
1713:Organic
1598:CANDU 9
1595:CANDU 6
1563:coolant
1524:ACP1000
1499:CAP1400
1437:Boiling
1402:Fission
1249:Fission
1193:Weapons
1133:Warfare
1116:Testing
1106:History
1099:effects
1054:Weapons
964:Therapy
939:RadBall
926:Imaging
818:Thermal
783:Capture
770:Neutron
758:Thorium
736:Uranium
701:Tritium
681:braking
661:Fission
651:Physics
634:Science
359:tritium
85:Isotope
28:uranium
2230:Fusion
2190:Others
2130:Phénix
2115:BN-800
2110:BN-600
2105:BN-350
1934:HTR-PM
1929:HTR-10
1909:UHTREX
1874:Magnox
1869:(UNGG)
1762:Lucens
1757:KS 150
1494:ATMEA1
1474:AP1000
1457:Kerena
1337:Debate
1089:Ethics
1079:Design
1062:Topics
893:rocket
871:Fusion
866:Policy
828:Fusion
788:Poison
666:Fusion
320:burnup
2351:Migma
2339:Other
2308:Fusor
2207:Piqua
2202:Arbus
2160:PRISM
1902:MHR-T
1897:GTMHR
1827:EGP-6
1822:AMB-X
1797:Water
1742:HWGCR
1681:HWLWR
1620:IPHWR
1591:CANDU
1452:ESBWR
1207:Waste
1171:Tests
1154:Lists
1138:Yield
881:MMRTG
838:Power
497:DUPIC
479:(PDF)
472:(PDF)
355:xenon
350:CANDU
218:trace
205:trace
101:98.5%
2167:Lead
2150:CEFR
2140:PFBR
2022:None
1832:RBMK
1817:AM-1
1747:EL-4
1721:WR-1
1703:AHWR
1647:MZFR
1615:CVTR
1604:AFCR
1531:VVER
1489:APWR
1484:APR+
1447:ABWR
1317:cask
1312:pool
1254:LLFP
1143:TNTe
823:Fast
693:Fuel
60:and
24:RepU
2239:by
2155:PFR
1946:PMR
1924:AVR
1846:Gas
1784:by
1752:KKN
1686:ATR
1601:EC6
1561:by
1509:EPR
1442:BWR
361:or
264:ppm
43:LWR
2437::
1889:He
1855:CO
1731:CO
1652:R3
495:.
408:.
357:,
345:.
148:Pu
136:Np
127:.
116:0%
76:.
56:,
2029:)
2025:(
1857:2
1809:O
1807:2
1805:H
1733:2
1673:O
1671:2
1669:H
1578:O
1576:2
1574:D
615:e
608:t
601:v
560:.
546:.
499:.
439:.
331:U
312:U
301:U
286:U
275:U
260:U
249:U
22:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.