108:
1492:
193:
202:
1342:– refused to return to Vietnam and take office as head of state until the country was fully reunited. On 14 March 1949, the French National Assembly voted a law permitting the creation of a Territorial Assembly of Cochinchina. This new Cochinchinese parliament was elected on 10 April 1949, with the Vietnamese representatives then becoming a majority. On 23 April, the Territorial Assembly approved the merger of the Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam with the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam. The decision was in turn approved by the French National Assembly on 20 May, and the merger was effective on 4 June. The
845:
620:
88:
606:
697:
1444:
1468:
1416:(then known as "Annamese people") were tried using the Nguyễn dynasty's laws alongside a new set of provisions that the French had introduced for their colonial subjects. The French courts applied their rulings based on the two different legal systems. After their consolidation of power the Nguyễn's laws were completely abolished in French Cochinchina and only French laws applied to everyone in the colony.
81:
1432:
677:
657:
1480:
1456:
1315:. Xuân and the French had agreed to reunite Vietnam, but Cochinchina posed a problem because of its ill-defined legal status. The reunification was opposed by the French colonists, who were still influential in the Cochinchinese council, and by Southern Vietnamese autonomists: they delayed the process of reunification by arguing that Cochinchina was still legally a
1225:. Already on 24 August the Viet Minh had declared a provisional government (a Southern Administrative Committee) in Saigon. When, for the declared purpose of disarming the Japanese, the Viet-Minh accommodated the landing and strategic positioning of their wartime "democratic allies", the British, rival political groups turned out in force including the syncretic
929:
1096:, a Socialist commented that he had sought "a wide consultation with all elements of the popular ," but with "Trotskyist-Communists intervening in the villages to menace and intimidate the peasant part of the population, taking all authority from the public officials," the necessary "formula" had not been found.
1104:
In April 1939 Cochinchina
Council elections Tạ Thu Thâu led a "Workers' and Peasants' Slate" into victory over both the moderate Constitutionalists and the Communists' Democratic Front. Key to their success was popular opposition to the war taxes ("national defence levy") that the Communist Party, in
1387:
Each
Cochinchinese province was headed by French official with the title of "Chủ tỉnh" (主省) or "Tỉnh trưởng" (省長), these French officials had similar roles and responsibilities as the equivalent French "Công sứ" (公使) had in the provinces of the Nguyễn dynasty. The provinces of French Cochinchina was
1167:
French troops and the civil administration were allowed to remain, albeit under
Japanese supervision. While the Japanese government's policy of “maintaining peace” in Indochina limited interactions between the Japanese and Vietnamese, the contradiction of mutual coexistence between France, as the
982:
The French authorities dispossessed
Vietnamese landowners and peasants to ensure European control of the expansion of rice and rubber production. By 1930, the French controlled more than a quarter of Cochinchina's farmlands. However, French-Vietnamese landlords remained intrinsic dominant in the
175:
174:
1419:
On 6 January 1903, the
Governor-General of French Indochina Jean Baptiste Paul Beau issued a decree that stated that offences for both French and indigenous laws would go to French courts and that offenders would only be tried against French Cochinchina's penal code. During this period the
156:
155:
154:
1041:. By 1930, 80% of riceland was owned by 25% of landowners, and 57% of the rural population were landless peasants working on large estates. This combination led to widespread and recurring unrest and to strikes. Of these the most significant, leading to armed confrontations, was the
157:
1113:: "the Trotskyists under the leadership of Ta Thu Thau, want to take advantage of a possible war in order to win total liberation." The Stalinists, on the other hand, are "following the position of the Communist Party in France" and "will thus be loyal if war breaks out."
1052:
In response to rural unrest and to growing labour militancy in Saigon, between 1930 and 1932 the French authorities detained more than 12,000 political prisoners, of whom 88 were guillotined, and almost 7000 sentenced to prison or to hard labour in penal colonies.
172:
152:
1595:, 2013) Quote: "Les légendes sont bien sûr modifiées. A gauche, les attributs de l'agriculture et des beaux-arts sont remplacés par des épis de riz et à droite figure une ancre symbolisant le ministère de la Marine et des Colonies. Hélas,
987:. Investment from metropolitan France was encouraged by large land grants allowing for rubber cultivation on an industrial scale. Virgin rainforests in eastern Cochinchina, the highly fertile 'red lands', were cleared for the new export crop.
983:
Mekong Delta, which controlled most of the region's farm ownership and rice productions. The French began rubber production in
Cochinchina in 1907 seeking a share of the monopoly profits that the British were earning from their plantations in
3241:
1151:
whereby French sovereignty over its army and administrative affairs was confirmed, while
Japanese forces were free to fight the war against the Allies from Indochinese soil. A large scale movement of troops did not occur until after the
107:
3686:
3234:
1124:
to return to direct confrontation with the French. Under the slogan "Land to the
Tillers, Freedom for the workers and independence for Vietnam", in November 1940 the Party in Cochinchina instigated a widespread
2986:
496:
1295:
replaced Lê and renamed the "Provisional
Government of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina" as the "Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam", suggesting that his aim was to reunite the whole country.
3483:
1491:
1168:“missionary of civilisation,” and Japan, as the “liberator of Asia” from Western colonialism, could not be concealed. The tensions contributed to nationalist, anti-colonial feeling. Drawing on the local
1252:(Nam Bộ kháng chiến) the Viet Minh defeated rival resistance forces, executing their leading cadres, but, by the end of 1945, had been pushed out of Saigon and major urban centres into the countryside.
3227:
201:
1191:, "wrecked a colonial enterprise that had been in existence for 80 years." In August 1945, as they faced defeat, the Japanese belatedly created a puppet state, incorporating Cochinchina in the
173:
4349:
4344:
1530:
1373:
340:
1248:
In Saigon, the violence of a French restoration assisted by
British and surrendered Japanese troops, triggered a general uprising on 23 September. In the course of what became known as the
153:
3679:
871:) in Annam. Early in 1859 he followed this up with an attack on Saigon, but as in Tourane was unable to seize territory outside of the defensive perimeter of the city. The Vietnamese
4319:
4314:
1384:. As French Cochinchina was a directly ruled colony the French colonial apparatus operated at every level of government including at the provincial, district, and communal levels.
974:
Within Indochina, Cochinchina was the territory with the greatest European presence. At its height, in 1940, it was estimated at 16,550 people, the vast majority living in Saigon.
3476:
1073:, sought to defuse the tense and expectant political situation by amnestying political prisoners, and by easing restrictions on the press, political parties, and trade unions.
192:
4359:
4354:
4309:
4304:
3672:
2271:
Namba, Chizuru. (2019). “The French Colonisation and Japanese Occupation of Indochina during the Second World War: Encounters of the French, Japanese, and Vietnamese.”
3196:
1147:
After a brief cross-border confrontation with French forces in September 1940, Japanese forces occupied Tonkin. On 9 December 1940, an agreement was reached with the
4279:
3469:
1420:
Governor-General of French Indochina also issued a decree that introduced new laws to fine people for a number of common offences outside of the French penal code.
1129:. The revolt did not penetrate Saigon (an attempted uprising in the city was quelled in a day). In the Mekong Delta fighting continued until the end of the year.
2976:
1184:
1142:
3163:
1381:
2991:
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known as "xã" (社), which were headed by a "Huong ca". Both the district and commune chiefs were salaried employees of the French colonial administration.
4339:
4334:
4229:
3962:
2760:
1033:
902:
along with the islands of Poulo Condore. In 1867, French Admiral Pierre de la Grandière forced the Vietnamese to surrender three additional provinces,
3930:
2851:
1300:
1106:
684:
525:
128:
4329:
4324:
1535:
2872:
4164:
3605:
2971:
2931:
2696:
2668:
1857:
1800:
1633:
1138:
483:
4294:
3189:
2951:
4108:
3646:
3495:
2437:
2207:
1560:
899:
2192:
Chonchirdsim, Sud (November 1997). "The Indochinese Communist Party and the Nam Ky Uprising in Cochin China November December 1940".
1092:
and by growing protest over the failure of the Communist-supported Popular Front to deliver constitutional reform. Colonial Minister
3800:
2419:
2351:
2142:
2038:
1968:
1912:
1666:
933:
1076:
Saigon witnessed further unrest culminating in the summer of 1937 in general dock and transport strikes. In April of that year the
994:. Insurgents attempted to storm Saigon central prison, and maintained a prolonged resistance in the Mekong Delta. 51 were hanged.
4284:
3790:
3107:
2961:
2597:
4289:
3760:
3182:
2836:
1245:), who had contributed to civil defence and policing under Japanese. They fired upon crowds demanding arms against the French.
788:
3810:
844:
4135:
3277:
3272:
3143:
2753:
1279:, a local territorial assembly proclaimed an "Autonomous Republic". War between France and the Viet Minh followed (1946–54).
1222:
940:
In 1871 all the territories ceded to the French in southern Vietnam were incorporated as colony of Cochinchina, with Admiral
2798:
1272:
768:
or Southern Vietnam from 1862 to 1946. The French operated a plantation economy whose primary strategic product was rubber.
817:, but became a name associated with the French colonial period and so Vietnamese, especially nationalists, prefer the term
3923:
2882:
2793:
800:
4022:
3783:
3536:
3097:
2826:
1523:
1308:
1037:—VNQDD). At the same time, the local peasantry were driven into debt servitude, and into plantation labour, by land and
956:
864:
359:
1431:
1117:
4274:
4103:
3778:
3765:
3022:
2841:
2831:
1518:
1304:
1010:
952:
4140:
3117:
2877:
2803:
886:. This ensured the free practice of the Catholic religion; opened the Mekong Delta (and three ports in the north, in
1088:
winning seats. The exceptional anti-colonial unity of the left, however, was split by the lengthening shadow of the
3448:
3153:
2941:
2921:
2887:
1567:, however the official name never entered everyday vernacular and the city continued to be referred to as ‘Saigon’.
1324:
1161:
1077:
1020:
772:
576:
291:
3883:
2783:
1292:
1283:, the first head of its government, died in an apparent suicide in November of the same year. He was succeeded by
1276:
411:
4027:
3888:
3651:
3077:
3052:
2936:
2746:
1126:
991:
859:
In 1858, under the pretext of protecting the work of French Catholic missionaries, which the imperial Vietnamese
3047:
3042:
3032:
1596:
895:
87:
3916:
3870:
3369:
1312:
1249:
1242:
968:
380:
99:
3087:
2631:
1443:
1280:
3148:
3082:
3037:
3027:
3001:
2946:
2926:
1849:
1742:
1625:
1121:
891:
883:
451:
1467:
1284:
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took the Europeans into custody and imposed their direct authority. The coup had, in the words of diplomat
3842:
3695:
3595:
3585:
3516:
3492:
3250:
3205:
3057:
2914:
2788:
2119:
Manfred McDowell, "Sky without Light: a Vietnamese Tragedy," New Politics, Vol XIII, No. 3, 2011, p. 1341
1814:
1592:
1327:– and that any territorial change therefore required the approval of the French parliament. Xuân issued a
1180:
1062:
1001:, the European plantations recruited, as indentured labour, workers from "the overcrowded villages of the
327:
907:
164:
4002:
3732:
3526:
1366:
1081:
80:
911:
3102:
3006:
2956:
2897:
2462:
1389:
1153:
1109:, had felt obliged to support. Brévié set the election results aside and wrote to Colonial Minister
1084:
ran a common slate for the municipal elections with both their respective leaders Nguyễn Văn Tạo and
1069:
was accompanied by promises of colonial reform. In Cochinchina the new governor-general of Indochina
941:
914:. With these three additions all of southern Vietnam and the Mekong Delta fell under French control.
839:
185:
4198:
4017:
3521:
3354:
3315:
3259:
3092:
2996:
2523:
1393:
1335:
1331:
reuniting Cochinchina with the rest of Vietnam, but it was overruled by the Cochinchinese council.
1196:
1176:
784:
739:
571:
332:
261:
61:
2733:
2120:
1479:
1455:
1085:
860:
814:
611:
454:
3863:
3722:
3628:
3615:
3546:
3344:
3295:
3287:
2569:
2322:
2314:
2175:
1723:
1715:
1600:
2634:. Vietnam Law and Legal Forum magazine, Vietnam News Agency – Your gateway to the law of Vietnam
2600:. Vietnam Law and Legal Forum magazine, Vietnam News Agency – Your gateway to the law of Vietnam
1070:
4150:
4145:
4093:
4032:
3837:
3820:
3443:
3438:
2981:
2692:
2664:
2658:
2561:
2415:
2347:
2306:
2138:
2034:
1964:
1908:
1853:
1796:
1707:
1662:
1629:
1413:
1408:
and Nguyễn dynasty laws applied and offenders of both faced trial in French courts. Initially
1334:
Cochinchina remained separated from the rest of Vietnam for over a year, while former Emperor
1269:
1208:
1192:
1160:" would solve the problems posed for Japan by the American-led oil embargo. To prepare for an
903:
664:
113:
2686:
2434:
2218:
4184:
4154:
4012:
3752:
3717:
3397:
3158:
2892:
2856:
2769:
2553:
2298:
2167:
1826:
1699:
1672:
1540:
1513:
1360:
1343:
948:
923:
867:, with the assistance of Spanish forces from the Philippines, attacked Tourane (present day
849:
822:
796:
765:
761:
644:
469:
399:
307:
269:
244:
233:
4203:
4174:
3939:
3832:
3815:
3349:
3327:
3112:
2966:
2909:
2902:
2719:
Encyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 4 (Vietnam) 1988. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
2441:
1604:
1002:
872:
731:
566:
438:
425:
257:
144:
47:
1767:
1311:: Xuân became its Prime minister and left office in Cochichina, where he was replaced by
1234:
875:
was not lifted until 1861 when additional French forces were able to advance across the
747:
303:
4190:
4130:
4124:
3727:
3578:
3569:
3531:
3407:
3332:
3300:
3267:
3127:
1603:
qui lui succède et mène à terme le projet. Les premières frappes sortent en 1879." (in
1110:
984:
795:
by the Viet Minh in 1949, Cochinchina was formally united with Annam and Tonkin in the
265:
94:
17:
810:
4268:
4179:
4085:
4052:
3972:
3827:
3420:
3337:
3310:
3122:
2480:
2326:
1727:
1409:
1405:
1188:
1093:
1089:
625:
500:
1658:
3858:
3712:
3704:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3305:
2846:
2171:
1164:, some 140,000 Japanese troops occupied southern French Indochina on 28 July 1941.
1148:
1042:
876:
283:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
1172:
sect, the Japanese began to encourage nationalist groups in Cohinchina from 1943.
1156:
in late June 1941. With the Soviets tied down, the high command concluded that a "
1015:
2341:
171:
151:
4042:
3590:
3377:
1703:
1508:
1369:
withdrew from Cochinchina, forcing the French to adopt a policy of direct rule.
1339:
1214:
1157:
1024:
998:
771:
After the end of Japanese occupation (1941–45) and the expulsion from Saigon of
207:
2660:
Rice Wars in Colonial Vietnam: The Great Famine and the Viet Minh Road to Power
1179:
in 1944, Japan increasingly suspected that the French authorities would assist
4241:
3992:
3982:
3977:
3564:
3503:
2557:
2302:
1338:– whom the French wanted to bring back to power as a political alternative to
1038:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2565:
2310:
1711:
4247:
1651:
1261:
1218:
1066:
776:
3425:
1830:
2542:"The Debate on a Legal Code for Colonial Cochinchina: The 1869 Commission"
1392:
known as "Tong" headed by a "Chanh tong", which were further divided into
3737:
3574:
3554:
3174:
1320:
1288:
1169:
1046:
299:
279:
2573:
2541:
2376:
2318:
2286:
2179:
1719:
1687:
4235:
3987:
3623:
3559:
3415:
3359:
1230:
1226:
959:(northern Vietnam), Cochinchina was ruled directly by the French, both
868:
715:
314:
295:
997:
As they expanded in response to the increased rubber demand after the
928:
3600:
3511:
3320:
1328:
1316:
1265:
1006:
887:
853:
757:
287:
227:
221:
2728:
1019:
efforts at political screening, brought south the influence of the
2738:
2377:"Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam"
1372:
The highest office in the government of French Cochinchina was the
3742:
3633:
2987:
Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
2244:
927:
843:
792:
2630:
Pham Diem (State and Law Research Institute) (24 February 2011).
2596:
Pham Diem (State and Law Research Institute) (24 February 2011).
2196:. 5 (3): 269–293. doi:10.1177/0967828X9700500304. JSTOR 23746947.
1793:
Indochine : la colonisation ambiguë 1858–1954, La Découverte
4073:
3950:
3912:
3668:
3465:
3223:
3178:
2742:
2435:
Concert to mark 66th anniversary of the Southern Resistance War
2287:"The Japanese Period in Indochina and the Coup of 9 March 1945"
2121:
https://newpol.org/review/sky-without-light-vietnamese-tragedy/
2052:
2050:
2514:, vol. I, Pygmalion – Gérard Watelet, Paris, 1988, pp. 399–406
2108:
Revolutionnaires Vietnamiens et pouvoir colonial en Indochine
2082:
Revolutionnaires Vietnamiens et pouvoir colonial en Indochine
2003:. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 33.
1815:"Land codes and the state in French Cochinchina c. 1900–1940"
1404:
During the early periods of French rule in Cochinchina both
863:
increasingly regarded as a political threat, French Admiral
779:
in 1946, the territory was established by the French as the
2135:
In the Crossfire: Adventures of a Vietnamese Revolutionary
2097:. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1959. p. 142
2031:
In the Crossfire: Adventures of a Vietnamese Revolutionary
1961:
In the Crossfire: Adventures of a Vietnamese Revolutionary
1531:
List of administrators of the French colony of Cochinchina
2598:"The state structure in French-ruled Vietnam (1858–1945)"
2158:
Tyson, James L. (1974). "Labor Unions in South Vietnam".
1741:
Llewellyn, Jennifer; Jim Southey; Steve Thompson (2018).
1599:
décède le 29 décembre 1878 et c'est alors son frère aîné
2346:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 23–35.
1120:
of 23 August 1939, the local Communists were ordered by
1768:"Marie–Jules Dupré | French naval officer | Britannica"
1233:
sects. On 7 and 8 September 1945, in the delta city of
1217:
and his new Front for the Independence of Vietnam, the
2725:
by Nguyễn Khắc Viện (1999). Hanoi, Thế Giới Publishers
2685:
Lockhart, Bruce McFarland; Duiker, William J. (2010).
947:
In 1887, the colony became a confederal member of the
2273:
Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review
2208:"Inequality and Insurgency in Vietnam: A re-analysis"
1846:
Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present
1622:
Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present
1027:), and of other underground nationalist parties (the
2414:. University of California Press. pp. 408–409.
2095:
Marxism in Southeast Asia; A Study of Four Countries
1346:
was then proclaimed, with Bảo Đại as head of state.
4163:
4102:
4084:
4041:
4001:
3961:
3905:
3851:
3799:
3751:
3703:
3614:
3545:
3502:
3406:
3368:
3286:
3258:
3212:
3136:
3066:
3015:
2865:
2812:
2776:
1365:Following the French colonial invasion, Vietnamese
1203:
The August Revolution and the return of French rule
783:, a controversial decision that helped trigger the
711:
562:
548:
539:
522:
512:
493:
480:
464:
448:
435:
421:
405:
393:
379:
365:
353:
339:
323:
313:
275:
253:
240:
216:
34:
27:
French colony in southern Vietnam from 1862 to 1949
1907:. Berkeley, California: University of California.
1650:
1615:
1613:
4350:1945 establishments in the French colonial empire
4345:1862 establishments in the French colonial empire
890:) to trade; and ceded to France the provinces of
751:
53:
2729:ArtHanoi Vietnamese money in historical context
2412:Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946)
2343:Legacies of World War II in South and East Asia
1563:on 27 April 1931 and was officially renamed to
882:The Vietnamese conceded in 1862 and signed the
2056:
787:. In a further move to deny the claims of the
4320:States and territories disestablished in 1949
4315:States and territories disestablished in 1945
3924:
3680:
3477:
3235:
3190:
2754:
2084:. François Maspero, Paris. 1975, Appendix 24.
8:
2992:French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon
2506:
2504:
2502:
1589:Monnaies et jetons de l'Indochine Française.
1239:Jeunesse d'Avant-Garde/Thanh Niên Tiền Phong
514:• "Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina"
126:
39:
2873:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820)
1380:), who after 1887 reported directly to the
4360:1949 disestablishments in French Indochina
4355:1945 disestablishments in French Indochina
4310:States and territories established in 1945
4305:States and territories established in 1862
4116:
4081:
4070:
3958:
3947:
3931:
3917:
3909:
3687:
3673:
3665:
3484:
3470:
3462:
3242:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3197:
3183:
3175:
2761:
2747:
2739:
1791:Pierre Brocheux and Daniel Hémery (2001),
1162:invasion of the oil-rich Dutch East Indies
200:
31:
2852:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
2463:"Phong Trào Truy Lùng Và Xử Án Việt Gian"
1301:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
1043:refusal of work by labourers Phu Rieng Do
967:, and was represented by a deputy in the
691:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
2977:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
2033:. Oakland CA: AK Press. pp. 54–55.
1657:. University Press of Kentucky. p.
1437:Cochinchina in 1829 under Nguyễn Dynasty
1185:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
1143:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
2663:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
2110:. François Maspero, Paris. 1975, p. 388
1688:"The French Colonial Regime in Vietnam"
1580:
1552:
1536:List of French possessions and colonies
1427:
1268:for negotiations, at the initiative of
1256:Incorporation into the State of Vietnam
1061:In 1936 the formation in France of the
538:
4280:Former countries in Vietnamese history
2657:Gunn, Geoffrey C. (21 February 2014).
1743:"Conquest and Colonisation of Vietnam"
1361:French Indochina § Administration
990:These developments contributed to the
2972:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
2632:"Legislation in French-ruled Vietnam"
2267:
2265:
1905:Vietnamese anticolonialism, 1885–1925
1139:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
547:
543:
521:
511:
492:
479:
463:
447:
434:
430:
404:
392:
388:
378:
364:
352:
348:
338:
7:
3164:Governor-General of French Indochina
2137:. Oakland CA: AK Press. p. 16.
2068:
1963:. Oakland CA: AK Press. p. 51.
1382:Governor-General of French Indochina
3647:French colonization of the Americas
2494:Histoire du viêt-nam de 1940 à 1952
1195:under the nominal authority of the
764:, encompassing the whole region of
4300:Former countries in Southeast Asia
2546:Journal of Southeast Asian History
2291:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
1303:was proclaimed with the merger of
934:six provinces of Lower Cochinchina
781:Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina
25:
4340:1949 disestablishments in Vietnam
4335:1945 disestablishments in Vietnam
1412:were tried using French laws and
1237:the committee had to rely on the
1154:Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union
2927:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936)
2410:Marr, David G. (15 April 2013).
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1275:and in violation of the 6 March
1100:War and the Insurrection of 1940
695:
675:
655:
618:
604:
371:Pierre Boyer De LaTour du Moulin
191:
169:
149:
106:
86:
79:
4141:French domains of the Holy Land
1819:Journal of Historical Geography
1323:had never been ratified by the
1213:On 2 September 1945, in Hanoi,
1057:Popular Front promise of reform
134:"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
4330:1945 establishments in Vietnam
4325:1862 establishments in Vietnam
4136:French domains of Saint Helena
3253:in Africa and the Indian Ocean
3144:Paris Foreign Missions Society
2898:Cochinchina campaign (1858–62)
2172:10.1080/00927678.1974.10587653
1931:'White Gold' or 'White Blood'?
1890:'White Gold' or 'White Blood'?
1875:'White Gold' or 'White Blood'?
1223:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
951:. Unlike the protectorates of
789:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
752:
632:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
501:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1:
2883:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
1986:Vietnamese Tradition on Trial
1183:operations. In March 1945, a
1045:, a sprawling 5,500 hectares
809:originated from the reign of
3871:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
3098:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
2922:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
2878:Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35)
2691:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2524:Fac-similé JO du 5 juin 1949
2400:Ngo Van (2010), pp. 117–118.
2340:Hock, David Koh Wee (2007).
1009:and the coastal lowlands of
865:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
497:Proclamation of Independence
360:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
129:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
4295:French colonisation in Asia
4111: and Antarctic Lands
3023:Treaty of Versailles (1787)
2967:French–Thai War (1940–1941)
2910:Sino-French War (1884–1885)
2903:Tonkin campaign (1883–1886)
2540:Osborne, Milton E. (1969).
2123:(accessed 10 October 2019).
1946:Violence and Colonial Order
1704:10.1525/curh.1966.50.294.72
1649:Tucker, Spencer C. (1999).
1049:rubber plantation in 1930.
1013:". These migrants, despite
4376:
3154:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
2888:French conquest of Vietnam
2206:Paige, Jeffery M. (1970).
2057:Lockhart & Duiker 2010
1813:Cleary, Mark (July 2003).
1358:
1260:On 1 June 1946, while the
1206:
1136:
1082:Trotskyist left opposition
921:
837:
577:French Indochinese piastre
4224:
4119:
4080:
4069:
4028:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3957:
3946:
3889:French East India Company
3879:
3664:
3652:French West India Company
3642:
3461:
3434:
3219:
3078:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine
3053:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
2937:1916 Cochinchina uprising
2799:France–Thailand relations
2558:10.1017/S0217781100004385
2496:, Seuil, 1952, pp 418–419
2303:10.1017/S0022463400009784
1319:– as its new status as a
992:1916 Cochinchina uprising
949:Union of French Indochina
583:
558:
544:
535:
431:
417:
389:
375:
349:
249:Saigon–Cholon (1931–1949)
232:Constituent territory of
199:
184:Localised version of the
182:
139:
122:
75:
70:
4167: the Indian Ocean
3118:Ernest Doudart de Lagrée
3058:Geneva Conference (1954)
2794:France–Vietnam relations
2723:Vietnam – A Long History
2483:Random House 2012 p. 137
2452:Van (2010), pp. 128-129.
2440:19 December 2011 at the
2285:Smith, Ralph B. (1978).
2194:South East Asia Research
2001:Vietnam: A Country Study
1325:French National Assembly
4285:Former colonies in Asia
4075:Uninhabited territories
3586:Saint Kitts & Nevis
3149:Tirailleurs indochinois
3083:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
3038:Treaty of Saigon (1874)
3028:Treaty of Saigon (1862)
3002:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
2893:Siege of Tourane (1858)
2734:WorldStatesmen- Vietnam
2512:Les Guerres d'Indochine
2093:Frank N. Trager (ed.).
1903:Marr, David G. (1970).
1850:Oxford University Press
1626:Oxford University Press
1374:Governor of Cochinchina
1250:Southern Resistance War
944:as its first governor.
381:President of Government
328:Colonial administration
18:Republic of Cochinchina
4290:Former French colonies
4005: collectivities
3843:Sanjak of Alexandretta
3696:Former French colonies
3493:Former French colonies
3251:Former French colonies
3206:French overseas empire
2915:Pacification of Tonkin
2804:France–China relations
2789:French colonial empire
2381:historymatters.gmu.edu
1831:10.1006/jhge.2002.0465
1686:Cady, John F. (1966).
1593:Principality of Monaco
1524:Protectorate of Tonkin
1034:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
955:(central Vietnam) and
937:
918:Consolidation of power
856:
743:
735:
220:Occupied territory of
127:
54:
40:
3952:Inhabited territories
3884:France–Asia relations
3439:Somaliland (Djibouti)
3088:Jean-Baptiste Cécille
2784:France–Asia relations
2688:The A to Z of Vietnam
1844:Kiernan, Ben (2019).
1698:(294): (72–115), 73.
1620:Kiernan, Ben (2019).
1519:Protectorate of Annam
1388:further divided into
1277:Ho–Sainteny agreement
931:
922:Further information:
847:
736:Cochinchine française
524:• Merged to the
254:Common languages
41:Cochinchine française
36:Colony of Cochinchina
4230:overseas departments
4165:Scattered Islands in
4046: collectivity
3504:French North America
3048:Treaty of Huế (1884)
3043:Treaty of Huế (1883)
3033:Treaty of Huế (1863)
3007:Partition of Vietnam
2947:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
2942:Thái Nguyên uprising
2510:Philippe Franchini,
2492:Philippe Devillers,
2366:Smith (1978), p. 286
2297:(2): (268–301) 271.
1107:Franco-Soviet accord
840:Cochinchina Campaign
186:Great Seal of France
4199:Juan de Nova Island
4086:North Pacific Ocean
3698:in Asia and Oceania
3093:Charles de Montigny
2997:First Indochina War
2952:Bazin assassination
2530:Legifrance.gouv.fr.
2479:Frederick Logevall
1597:Albert-Désiré Barre
1559:Saigon merged with
1497:Cochinchina in 1929
1485:Cochinchina in 1906
1473:Cochinchina in 1882
1461:Cochinchina in 1878
1449:Cochinchina in 1876
1299:The next year, the
1177:liberation of Paris
1133:Japanese occupation
1023:of Nguyen Ai Quoc (
785:First Indochina War
744:Xứ thuộc địa Nam Kỳ
726:(sometimes spelled
572:Cochinchina piastre
484:Japanese occupation
333:Autonomous Republic
165:Chinh phụ ngâm khúc
100:Autonomous Republic
55:Xứ thuộc địa Nam Kỳ
4275:French Cochinchina
4104:Overseas territory
3629:France Antarctique
3616:Equinoctial France
3579:Dominican Republic
2528:French Cochinchina
2245:"French Indochina"
1999:Cima, R.J (1987).
1772:www.britannica.com
1601:Auguste-Jean Barre
1287:, a member of the
1264:leadership was in
1118:Hitler-Stalin Pact
1065:government led by
978:Plantation economy
938:
857:
724:French Cochinchina
526:Central Government
4260:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4155:Amsterdam Islands
4146:Kerguelen Islands
4094:Clipperton Island
4065:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4033:Wallis and Futuna
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3801:Mandate for Syria
3791:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
3753:Indochinese Union
3660:
3659:
3457:
3456:
3370:Equatorial Africa
3172:
3171:
2982:August Revolution
2698:978-0-8108-7646-0
2670:978-1-4422-2303-5
2467:Phật Giáo Hòa Hảo
2224:on 25 August 2004
2133:Van, Ngo (2010).
2029:Van, Ngo (2010).
1959:Van, Ngo (2010).
1859:978-0-190-05379-6
1801:978-2-7071-3412-7
1795:, 2001, p. 178. (
1635:978-0-190-05379-6
1587:Lecompte, Jean –
1414:Vietnamese people
1270:High Commissioner
1221:, proclaimed the
1209:August Revolution
1193:Empire of Vietnam
969:National Assembly
775:-led nationalist
766:Lower Cochinchina
721:
720:
707:
706:
703:
702:
671:Empire of Vietnam
637:
636:
612:Empire of Đại Nam
439:Capture of Saigon
407:• 1947-1948
367:• 1947–1949
355:• 1858–1859
211:
176:
158:
16:(Redirected from
4367:
4185:Glorioso Islands
4166:
4117:
4110:
4106:
4082:
4071:
4045:
4018:Saint Barthélemy
4013:French Polynesia
4004:
3964:
3959:
3948:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3910:
3718:Coromandel Coast
3689:
3682:
3675:
3666:
3547:French Caribbean
3527:Terre Neuve
3486:
3479:
3472:
3463:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3221:
3217:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3176:
3159:Tonkinese Rifles
2857:State of Vietnam
2770:French Indochina
2763:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2627:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2593:
2578:
2577:
2537:
2531:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2282:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2217:. Archived from
2212:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2130:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1810:
1804:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1673:Internet Archive
1656:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1617:
1608:
1585:
1568:
1557:
1541:State of Vietnam
1514:French Indochina
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1378:Thống đốc Nam Kỳ
1344:State of Vietnam
1281:Nguyễn Văn Thinh
1149:Vichy government
924:French Indochina
884:Treaty of Saigon
823:Southern Vietnam
797:State of Vietnam
762:French Indochina
755:
754:
699:
698:
689:
679:
678:
669:
659:
658:
651:French Indochina
649:
641:
640:
630:
622:
621:
608:
607:
601:
600:
585:
584:
508:
507:2 September 1945
472:
470:French Indochina
444:17 February 1859
400:Nguyen Van Thinh
234:French Indochina
206:
204:
195:
178:
177:
160:
159:
132:
110:
90:
83:
65:
57:
51:
43:
32:
21:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4252:
4234:Claimed by the
4208:
4204:Tromelin Island
4175:Bassas da India
4159:
4109:French Southern
4098:
4076:
4057:
4037:
3997:
3965: regions
3953:
3942:
3940:Overseas France
3937:
3893:
3875:
3847:
3833:Greater Lebanon
3803:and the Lebanon
3802:
3795:
3747:
3699:
3693:
3656:
3638:
3610:
3541:
3498:
3496:in the Americas
3490:
3453:
3430:
3402:
3364:
3282:
3254:
3248:
3208:
3203:
3173:
3168:
3132:
3113:Francis Garnier
3071:
3069:
3062:
3011:
2861:
2814:
2808:
2772:
2767:
2716:
2714:Further reading
2703:
2701:
2699:
2684:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2581:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2474:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2442:Wayback Machine
2433:
2429:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2243:Cooper, Nikki.
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1852:. p. 331.
1843:
1842:
1838:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1692:Current History
1685:
1684:
1680:
1669:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1628:. p. 330.
1619:
1618:
1611:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1486:
1483:
1474:
1471:
1462:
1459:
1450:
1447:
1438:
1435:
1426:
1402:
1363:
1357:
1352:
1293:Nguyễn Văn Xuân
1291:sect. In 1947,
1258:
1211:
1205:
1145:
1137:Main articles:
1135:
1102:
1078:Communist Party
1059:
1021:Communist Party
1003:Red River Delta
999:First World War
980:
926:
920:
873:Siege of Saigon
842:
836:
834:French conquest
831:
696:
690:
685:
676:
670:
665:
656:
650:
645:
631:
626:
619:
605:
575:
570:
551:
528:
515:
506:
503:
486:
476:17 October 1887
473:
467:
457:
441:
426:New Imperialism
412:Nguyễn Văn Xuân
408:
396:
368:
356:
331:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
268:
264:
260:
248:
231:
225:
212:
190:
170:
161:
150:
145:La Marseillaise
135:
118:
117:
116:
111:
103:
102:
97:
91:
84:
66:
59:
52:
45:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4373:
4371:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4228:Also known as
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4191:Banc du Geyser
4182:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4131:Crozet Islands
4128:
4120:
4114:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4007:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3838:Jabal al-Druze
3835:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3811:State of Syria
3807:
3805:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3606:Virgin Islands
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3570:Saint-Domingue
3567:
3565:The Grenadines
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3532:French Florida
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3449:Isle de France
3446:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3128:Albert Sarraut
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3103:Amédée Courbet
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2957:Yên Bái mutiny
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2697:
2682:
2669:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2611:
2579:
2552:(2): 224–235.
2532:
2516:
2498:
2485:
2472:
2454:
2445:
2427:
2420:
2402:
2393:
2368:
2359:
2352:
2332:
2277:
2261:
2235:
2198:
2185:
2150:
2143:
2125:
2112:
2106:Daniel Hemery
2099:
2086:
2080:Daniel Hemery
2073:
2071:, p. 119.
2061:
2046:
2039:
2021:
2006:
1991:
1976:
1969:
1951:
1948:. p. 145.
1936:
1921:
1913:
1895:
1880:
1865:
1858:
1836:
1825:(3): 356–375.
1805:
1784:
1759:
1733:
1678:
1667:
1641:
1634:
1609:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1401:
1398:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:Administration
1348:
1257:
1254:
1243:Vanguard Youth
1204:
1201:
1175:Following the
1134:
1131:
1111:Georges Mandel
1105:the spirit of
1101:
1098:
1058:
1055:
979:
976:
919:
916:
861:Nguyễn dynasty
838:Main article:
835:
832:
830:
827:
815:Nguyễn dynasty
719:
718:
713:
709:
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
693:
681:
680:
673:
661:
660:
653:
638:
635:
634:
623:
615:
614:
609:
597:
596:
591:
581:
580:
567:Vietnamese văn
564:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
537:
536:
533:
532:
529:
523:
520:
519:
516:
513:
510:
509:
504:
494:
491:
490:
487:
481:
478:
477:
474:
465:
462:
461:
458:
449:
446:
445:
442:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
423:
422:Historical era
419:
418:
415:
414:
409:
406:
403:
402:
397:
394:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
366:
363:
362:
357:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
337:
336:
325:
321:
320:
317:
311:
310:
277:
273:
272:
255:
251:
250:
242:
238:
237:
218:
214:
213:
205:
197:
196:
180:
179:
167:" (1946-1949)
148:
137:
136:
133:
120:
119:
112:
105:
104:
92:
85:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
68:
67:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4372:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4263:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:Europa Island
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4068:
4054:
4053:New Caledonia
4051:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3973:French Guiana
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Alawite State
3826:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Saint Vincent
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3421:Grande Comore
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3338:Four Communes
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3321:Arguin Island
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Côte d'Ivoire
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:Organisations
3135:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:Auguste Pavie
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Henri Rivière
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3070:personalities
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2633:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2481:Embers of War
2476:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2421:9780520274150
2417:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2353:9789812304681
2349:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2220:
2216:
2215:cambridge.org
2209:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:Asian Affairs
2154:
2151:
2146:
2144:9781849350136
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2059:, p. 48.
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:9781849350136
2036:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2016:The Red Earth
2010:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1970:9781849350136
1966:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1933:. p. 50.
1932:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1914:0-520-01813-3
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1892:. p. 47.
1891:
1884:
1881:
1877:. p. 46.
1876:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1748:
1747:Alpha History
1744:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1668:0-8131-0966-3
1664:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1565:Saigon–Cholon
1562:
1556:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1410:French people
1407:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:Jean Sainteny
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1094:Marius Moutet
1091:
1090:Moscow Trials
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:Popular Front
1056:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
988:
986:
977:
975:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
943:
935:
930:
925:
917:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
851:
846:
841:
833:
828:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
717:
714:
712:Today part of
710:
694:
692:
688:
683:
682:
674:
672:
668:
663:
662:
654:
652:
648:
643:
642:
639:
633:
629:
624:
617:
616:
613:
610:
603:
602:
599:
598:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
582:
578:
573:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
534:
530:
527:
517:
505:
502:
498:
488:
485:
475:
471:
459:
456:
453:
443:
440:
427:
424:
420:
416:
413:
410:
401:
398:
384:
382:
374:
370:
361:
358:
344:
342:
334:
329:
326:
322:
319:Cochinchinese
318:
316:
312:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:
274:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
252:
246:
243:
239:
235:
229:
223:
219:
215:
209:
203:
198:
194:
189:
187:
181:
168:
166:
146:
142:
138:
131:
130:
125:
121:
115:
109:
101:
96:
95:Colonial flag
89:
82:
74:
69:
63:
56:
49:
42:
33:
30:
19:
4262:
4189:
4123:
4023:Saint Martin
3859:New Hebrides
3773:
3713:Chandernagor
3705:French India
3537:French Texas
3393:Ubangi-Shari
3388:Middle Congo
3355:James Island
3260:North Africa
2962:World War II
2847:Guangzhouwan
2821:
2722:
2702:. Retrieved
2687:
2674:. Retrieved
2659:
2636:. Retrieved
2602:. Retrieved
2549:
2545:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2493:
2488:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2430:
2411:
2405:
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:
2371:
2362:
2342:
2335:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2272:
2252:. Retrieved
2248:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2219:the original
2214:
2201:
2193:
2188:
2166:(2): 70–82.
2163:
2159:
2153:
2134:
2128:
2115:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2064:
2030:
2024:
2018:. p. x.
2015:
2009:
2000:
1994:
1988:. p. 5.
1985:
1979:
1960:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1904:
1898:
1889:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1845:
1839:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1792:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1771:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:
1736:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1671:– via
1652:
1644:
1621:
1588:
1583:
1564:
1555:
1418:
1403:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1333:
1313:Trần Văn Hữu
1298:
1285:Lê Văn Hoạch
1259:
1247:
1238:
1212:
1174:
1166:
1158:strike south
1146:
1127:insurrection
1115:
1103:
1075:
1071:Jules Brévié
1060:
1051:
1032:
1028:
1014:
996:
989:
981:
973:
964:
960:
946:
939:
881:
877:Mekong Delta
858:
821:to refer to
818:
806:
805:
801:French Union
791:declared in
780:
770:
728:Cochin-China
727:
723:
722:
686:
666:
646:
627:
594:Succeeded by
593:
588:
550:• 1920
489:28 July 1941
395:• 1946
284:Confucianism
183:
162:
140:
124:Motto:
123:
114:Coat of arms
29:
4246:Claimed by
4240:Claimed by
4125:Adélie Land
4043:Sui generis
3774:Cochinchina
3591:Saint Lucia
3345:Upper Volta
3288:West Africa
2932:World War I
2822:Cochinchina
2815:territories
2813:Constituent
2651:Works cited
2254:11 November
1919:pp. 230-231
1509:Cochinchina
1406:French laws
1340:Ho Chi Minh
1273:d'Argenlieu
1215:Ho Chi Minh
1086:Tạ Thu Thâu
1025:Ho Chi Minh
848:Capture of
799:within the
589:Preceded by
579:(1885–1949)
574:(1878–1885)
569:(1862–1945)
531:4 June 1949
518:1 June 1946
460:5 June 1862
335:(1946–1949)
330:(1858–1946)
292:Catholicism
247:(1862–1931)
236:(1887–1949)
230:(1862–1949)
224:(1858–1862)
208:Cochinchina
4269:Categories
4242:Madagascar
4151:Saint Paul
3983:Martinique
3978:Guadeloupe
3733:Pondichéry
3444:Madagascar
3316:Mauritania
2777:Background
2704:27 October
2676:27 October
2275:32: 74–96.
2228:9 November
1777:6 December
1575:References
1359:See also:
1355:Government
1207:See also:
1080:and their
1039:poll taxes
971:in Paris.
900:Định Tường
740:Vietnamese
540:Population
324:Government
315:Demonym(s)
262:Vietnamese
226:Colony of
62:Vietnamese
4248:Mauritius
4107: (
3517:Louisiana
3398:Cameroons
2638:10 August
2604:10 August
2566:0217-7811
2327:162631136
2311:0022-4634
2069:Gunn 2014
1728:248394508
1712:0011-3530
1390:districts
1367:mandarins
1262:Viet Minh
1219:Viet Minh
1116:With the
1067:Leon Blum
912:Vĩnh Long
811:Minh Mạng
777:Viet Minh
773:Communist
554:3,800,000
276:Religion
71:1862–1949
4003:Overseas
3963:Overseas
3821:Damascus
3770:Vietnam
3761:Cambodia
3738:Karaikal
3555:Dominica
3350:Togoland
3016:Treaties
2837:Cambodia
2574:20067743
2438:Archived
2386:2 August
2319:20062728
2249:Academia
2180:30171359
1944:Thomas.
1929:Murray.
1888:Murray.
1873:Murray.
1752:4 August
1720:45311437
1503:See also
1394:communes
1321:Republic
1289:caodaist
1170:Coadaist
1047:Michelin
1029:Tan Viet
965:de facto
904:Châu Đốc
896:Gia Định
892:Biên Hòa
819:Nam Phần
756:) was a
563:Currency
468:Part of
452:Ceded by
341:Governor
300:Caodaism
280:Buddhism
98:Bottom:
4236:Comoros
3993:Réunion
3988:Mayotte
3906:Present
3864:Vanuatu
3852:Oceania
3624:Berbice
3560:Grenada
3416:Anjouan
3408:Comoros
3360:Albreda
3333:Senegal
3301:Dahomey
3278:Tunisia
3273:Morocco
3268:Algeria
2469:. 2005.
1653:Vietnam
1561:Chợ Lớn
1424:Gallery
1376:(統督南圻,
1336:Bảo Đại
1235:Cần Thơ
1231:Cao Dai
1227:Hoa Hao
1197:Bảo Đại
961:de jure
936:in 1863
908:Hà Tiên
869:Da Nang
829:History
813:of the
748:chữ Hán
716:Vietnam
499:of the
495:•
482:•
466:•
455:Đại Nam
450:•
437:•
304:Hòa Hảo
296:Animism
270:Chinese
241:Capital
210:in 1920
143: "
141:Anthem:
3816:Aleppo
3784:Tonkin
3743:Yanaon
3723:Madras
3601:Tobago
3522:Canada
3512:Acadia
3426:Mohéli
3311:Guinea
3213:Former
3068:French
2866:Events
2827:Tonkin
2695:
2667:
2572:
2564:
2418:
2350:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2178:
2141:
2037:
2014:Marr.
1984:Marr.
1967:
1911:
1856:
1799:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1665:
1632:
1605:French
1329:by-law
1317:colony
1309:Tonkin
1266:France
1181:Allied
1122:Moscow
1016:Sûreté
1007:Tonkin
985:Malaya
957:Tonkin
888:Tonkin
854:France
850:Saigon
807:Nam Kỳ
758:colony
732:French
385:
345:
288:Taoism
258:French
245:Saigon
228:France
222:France
217:Status
58:
48:French
44:
3779:Annam
3634:Inini
3575:Haïti
3383:Gabon
3328:Niger
3306:Sudan
2832:Annam
2570:JSTOR
2323:S2CID
2315:JSTOR
2222:(PDF)
2211:(PDF)
2176:JSTOR
1724:S2CID
1716:JSTOR
1547:Notes
1305:Annam
1011:Annam
953:Annam
942:Dupré
793:Hanoi
753:處屬地南圻
687:1949:
667:1945:
647:1887:
628:1945:
308:Islam
266:Khmer
93:Top:
4153:and
3766:Laos
3728:Mahé
3378:Chad
2842:Laos
2706:2015
2693:ISBN
2678:2015
2665:ISBN
2640:2021
2606:2021
2562:ISSN
2416:ISBN
2388:2020
2348:ISBN
2307:ISSN
2256:2021
2230:2018
2139:ISBN
2035:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1779:2021
1754:2019
1708:ISSN
1663:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1400:Laws
1307:and
1229:and
1141:and
1031:and
963:and
932:The
910:and
898:and
2554:doi
2299:doi
2168:doi
1827:doi
1700:doi
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852:by
760:of
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