1052:
178:
965:
274:
247:
233:
576:
47:
218:
824:
192:
918:
881:
944:—sympathized more or less openly with the Nationalists. But Mexican aid could mean relatively little in practical terms if the French border were closed and if Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy remained free to supply the Nationalists with a quality and quantity of weapons far beyond the power of Mexico. Mexico furnished $ 2,000,000 in aid and provided some material assistance, which included a small number of American-made aircraft such as the
633:
261:
400:
525:
not sign the
International Non-Intervention Committee, and therefore, it was the only country that officially gave aid in the Spanish Civil War. He sent some 28 million rounds of ammunition, 28,000 rifles, 70 antiaircraft guns, some 55 planes (mainly French) and food to Spain, and after the civil war gave asylum to thousands of exiled veterans and intellectuals from the Republican side.
687:
1896:
712:
1949:
1027:
The Soviet Union also sent a number of military advisers to Spain (2,000–3,000). While Soviet troops amounted to no more than 500 men at a time, Soviet volunteers often operated Soviet-made
Republican tanks and aircraft, particularly at the beginning of the war. In addition, the Soviet Union directed
978:
primarily provided material assistance to the
Republican forces. In total the USSR provided Spain with 806 planes, 362 tanks, and 1,555 artillery pieces. The Soviet Union ignored the League of Nations embargo and sold arms to the Republic when few other nations would do so; thus it was the Republic's
524:
assured that he was fully in solidarity with the
Spanish socialist government in the face of the disloyalty of the army. Besides that the workers' solidarity with Spain was immediate; workers and unions made donations to the Spanish ambassador. The Cárdenas government, unlike the other countries, did
1153:
Although the half-hearted and largely ineffective support by France to the
Republicans ended in December 1936, German intelligence reported to Franco and his faction that the French military was engaging in open discussions about intervention in the war. Allegedly in 1938 Franco feared an immediate
1003:
Many of the Soviet deliveries were lost, or were smaller than Stalin had ordered. He only gave short notice, which meant many weapons were lost in the delivery process. Lastly, when the ships did leave with supplies for the
Republicans, the journey was extremely slow. Stalin ordered the builders to
1105:
On 27 July 1936, British officials had discussed with Prime
Minister Blum their position on the war and convinced Blum not to send arms to the Republicans. Therefore, on 27 July, the French government declared that it would not send military aid, technology, or forces. However Blum made clear that
1061:
The French position towards the
Spanish Republic was characterized by its hesitant attitude and its ambivalence. Thus the government of France did not send direct support to the Spanish Republicans and towards the end of the beleaguered republic ended up turning against it, instead recognizing the
1004:
include false decks in the design of ships. Then, once the ship left shore it was required to change its flag and change the color of parts of the ship to avoid capture by the
Nationalists. However, in 1938, Stalin withdrew his troops and tanks as Republican government policy floundered. Historian
548:
to the Second
Spanish Republic (in part because of the agreements signed for the sale of weapons, because of the friendships between the governments and to get rid of the obsolete material from World War I). On July 30, the first consignment of arms for the Republic arrived from France through the
1125:
informed the French ambassador in Berlin that Germany would hold France responsible if it supported what it described as "the maneuvers of Moscow" by supporting the Spanish Republicans. Finally, on 21 August 1936, France, the UK, and Italy (under pressure from both France and the UK) signed the
1149:
from 7 August 1936 to December of that year. Often with their weapons removed, these almost useless and vulnerable planes rarely survived three months of air missions. Also, until 8 September 1936, aircraft could freely pass from France into Spain if they were bought in other countries.
1102:. Right-wing politicians, however, heard of the French government's intention to send military support to the Spanish Republicans in the war and opposed the French government's actions by means of a vicious campaign against the Blum government for its alleged support of the Republicans.
931:
saw the war as similar to Mexico's own revolution, although a part of Mexican society and the people wanted a Nationalist victory. Mexico's attitude gave immense moral comfort to the Republic, especially since the major Latin American governments—those of
1114:
On 1 August 1936, a pro-Republican rally of 20,000 people confronted Blum demanding that he send aircraft to the Spanish Republicans at the same time as right-wing politicians attacked Blum for supporting the Republic and being responsible for provoking
468:. The support of the USSR stands out, fundamentally. At the beginning of the war, Mexico, France, and Poland contributed large amounts of military material and advisers to the Republicans. The support of what came to be called the
992:. However, while a new branch of the military was created especially for Spain, most of the weapons and artillery sent to Spain were antiques. Stalin also used weapons captured in past conflicts. However, modern weapons such as
1093:
The Blum government feared that the success of Francoist forces in Spain would result in the creation of an ally state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy that would allow German and Italian military forces to be based in the
1008:
comments "had they been able to purchase and transport good arms from US, British, and French manufacturers, the socialist and republican members of the Spanish government might have tried to cut themselves loose from
987:
but decided to break the pact. However, unlike Hitler and Mussolini who openly violated the pact, Stalin tried to do so secretly. He created a section X of the Soviet Union military to head the operation, coined
1089:
to Spain. Also upon the outbreak of civil war the Spanish Republican government and the government of France in diplomatic messages discussed a potential transfer of French aircraft to Spanish Republican forces.
492:
tank), hundreds of airplanes, several hundred thousand firearms and artillery pieces, as well as sending huge amounts of ammunition and several hundred Soviet professional pilots, tankers and sailors.
1024:). The cost of Soviet arms was more than US$ 500 million (in 1936 prices); 72% of Spain's gold reserve, the fourth-largest in the world. The remaining 27%, or 176 tonnes, was transferred to France.
1110:
We could have delivered arms to the Spanish Government , a legitimate government...We have not done so, in order not to give an excuse to those who would be tempted to send arms to the rebels.
927:
The Mexican government supported fully and publicly the claim of the Madrid government and the Republicans. Mexico refused to follow the Anglo-French non-intervention proposals. President
421:
1177:
and later handed over to the Francoist faction. Except for a few crewmen who were put on guard duty on the ships, the Spanish Republican seamen and their officers were interned in a
1832:
529:
2082:
1977:
1861:
1190:
1051:
2072:
818:
1903:
1684:
1728:
386:. At the beginning of the war, the Republicans outnumbered the Nationalists by ten-to-one, but by January 1937 that advantage had dropped to four-to-one.
2057:
1939:
1879:
1127:
2034:
1733:
465:
2029:
1077:
was sympathetic to the Republic. Blum considered both sending military aid and technology to the Republicans including aircraft and utilizing the
597:
359:
209:
144:
1651:
1915:
1800:
1454:
1281:
1233:
884:
855:
690:
677:
1824:
1788:
1804:
1783:
1708:
694:
681:
51:
1927:
833:
At least 40,000 individual volunteers from 52 nations, usually socialists, communists or anarchists, fought for the Republican side.
1723:
1718:
791:
447:
1604:
Igor Lukeš, Erik Goldstein (1999). The Munich crisis, 1938: prelude to World War II. London & Portland, OR: Frank Cass. p. 176.
1293:
1891:
1809:
715:
706:
1193:
which at one time held about 100,000 defeated Spanish Republicans. From there some managed to go into exile or went to join the
1133:
However, the Blum government provided military assistance to the Spanish Republicans through covert means by supplying obsolete
2062:
1982:
1677:
1350:
Academy of Sciences of the USSR, International Solidarity with the Spanish Republic, 1936–1939 (Moscow: Progress, 1974), 329–30
1186:
727:
2024:
1793:
1170:
425:
1106:
France reserved the right to provide aid should it wish, and indicated also indicated his support for the Republic, saying:
520:
The Mexican government maintained good relations with the Spanish republic at the beginning of the conflict, and President
1972:
1944:
901:
461:
1763:
1146:
802:
648:
71:
964:
480:
The Soviet Union was the main ally of the Second Spanish Republic, contributing tanks and armored cars (especially the
2067:
989:
742:
410:
1189:
who escaped were arrested by French authorities and interned in concentration camps in Southern France, such as the
2077:
2004:
1670:
984:
429:
414:
1713:
1298:(2002), "Exhibit documents volunteers' role in Spanish Civil War" (March 15), vol. 30, no. 22. (6 December 2012)"
781:
619:
653:
1814:
1773:
1626:
1418:
Graham, Helen. The Spanish Civil War. A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. New York. 2005. p. 92
1202:
1071:
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501:
1994:
1920:
1768:
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770:
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355:
1967:
1874:
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837:
827:
814:
541:
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266:
1758:
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114:
76:
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2017:
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tanks, and several bombers and fighters. In August 1936 the no-intervention pact ended this support.
159:
124:
1999:
860:
848:
787:
643:
378:(Reds) to refer to this faction due to its left-leaning ideology, including far-left communist and
134:
2012:
1988:
1558:. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press, Ltd; New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc, 1994. pp. 46–47.
1178:
797:
609:
379:
293:
154:
139:
1154:
French intervention against a potential Francoist victory in Spain through French occupation of
17:
1693:
1513:. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press, Ltd; New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., 1994. p. 23.
1450:
1277:
1229:
953:
351:
288:
163:
86:
1582:. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press, Ltd; New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc, 1994. p. 47.
1545:. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press, Ltd; New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc, 1994. p. 43.
1529:. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press, Ltd; New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc, 1994. p. 41.
1116:
1099:
917:
880:
746:
323:
129:
1637:
1020:, in an affair that would become a frequent subject of Francoist propaganda afterward (see
1884:
1655:
1248:
1086:
997:
949:
945:
738:
223:
658:
1474:. Hampshire and London, England: Macmillan Press; New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 14.
1301:
1095:
1028:
Communist parties around the world to organize and recruit the International Brigades.
308:
847:
About another 3,000 foreign volunteers fought as members of militias belonging to the
2051:
1908:
1221:
1067:
1017:
1010:
980:
869:
579:
493:
238:
94:
1122:
975:
968:
383:
372:) was mainly used by its members and supporters, while its opponents used the term
252:
183:
80:
1074:
1567:
1487:. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press; New York: St. Martin’s Press. pp. 14–15.
868:. Those fighting with POUM included one of the most famous veterans of the war,
1662:
1198:
1078:
1046:
1021:
891:
851:
776:
632:
399:
1274:
The Life and Death of the Spanish Republic: A Witness to the Spanish Civil War
554:
119:
1638:
24 au 26 août 1944 Libération de Paris par les chars... espagnols de la nueve
1500:. Hampshire and London: MacMillan Press; New York: St. Martin’s Press. p. 20.
836:
The vast majority of these, an estimated 32,000 men and women, served in the
1869:
1847:
1837:
1155:
1138:
1063:
933:
841:
741:
began a reorganization process of the fragmented army. The self-denominated
636:
509:
109:
104:
99:
686:
1932:
1842:
1182:
1142:
1134:
550:
545:
528:
However, many of the Mexican citizens and a group of peasants called the
278:
38:
27:
Side in the Spanish Civil War that supported the Second Spanish Republic
1166:
758:
596:
Not to be confused with "Nacionales", one of the names adopted by the
508:(Workers' Party of Marxist Unification), as well as the anarchists in
921:
485:
197:
711:
937:
497:
460:
The Republican faction hardly received external support from the
1778:
1016:
The Republic paid for Soviet arms with the gold reserves of the
993:
941:
864:
505:
489:
481:
1666:
1161:
Towards the end of the Civil War, most seagoing vessels of the
1537:
1535:
1521:
1519:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1360:
1358:
1356:
553:. It consisted of several hundred rifles with ammunition, six
393:
1070:
opposed direct assistance, but the left-wing government of
500:
of the communists that were anti-Stalinist. The Stalinist
1649:"Republicans deportats als camps de concentració nazis"
809:
The International Brigades and other foreign volunteers
956:. Not all of these aircraft reached the Republicans.
780:; one of the units of law enforcement where the 1936
354:
of 1936 to 1939 that supported the government of the
1580:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1556:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1543:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1527:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1511:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1498:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1485:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1472:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1321:
1319:
1261:
The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (2): Republican Forces
761:
members who were integrated into the new structure.
1960:
1860:
1823:
1749:
1742:
1701:
1593:
Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II
284:
205:
169:
153:
70:
58:
32:
757:units that had remained loyal to the Republic and
540:At the beginning of the war, France, also with a
1108:
1000:fighter aircraft were also supplied to Spain.
1678:
1185:. Defeated members of other branches of the
1158:, the Balearic Islands, and Spanish Morocco.
737:In October 1936 the republican government in
382:groups, and the support it received from the
367:
345:
335:
8:
819:Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War
428:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1746:
1685:
1671:
1663:
840:, organized in close conjunction with the
544:government, made the decision to send war
29:
448:Learn how and when to remove this message
1050:
979:only important source of major weapons.
963:
916:
879:
822:
710:
685:
631:
574:
466:International Non-Intervention Committee
1213:
1191:Camp de concentration d'Argelès-sur-Mer
92:
2083:Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)
790:(loyalist factions, later renamed the
1617:. Penguin Books. 2001. London. p. 877
1595:. Yale University Press, 2008. p. 28.
1249:Quiet fronts in the Spanish civil war
1173:where the fleet was impounded by the
532:favored Franco and the Nationalists.
7:
1119:intervention on the side of Franco.
426:adding citations to reliable sources
362:of the military rebellion. The name
2073:Anti-fascist organisations in Spain
969:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
52:Flag of the Second Spanish Republic
1272:Henry Buckley & Paul Preston,
952:that had previously served in the
678:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
25:
2058:Politics of the Spanish Civil War
1130:involving the Spanish Civil War.
1341:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 19.
782:coup of the pro-Fascist generals
751:Ejército Popular de la República
398:
272:
259:
245:
231:
216:
190:
176:
45:
1449:. Orion. (1982, revised 2006).
1187:Spanish Republican Armed Forces
732:
728:Spanish Republican Armed Forces
18:Republicans (Spanish Civil War)
1171:French protectorate of Tunisia
504:subsequently exterminated the
1:
707:Unión General de Trabajadores
682:Federación Anarquista Ibérica
462:Allied powers of World War II
1364:Arms for Spain Gerald Howson
1296:Yale Bulletin & Calendar
1147:Spanish Republican Air Force
803:Spanish Republican Air Force
649:Republican Left of Catalonia
1568:Air Aces – Semyon Desnitsky
1201:, while others ended up in
1081:to blockade the Franco-led
65:17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939
2099:
1627:Almirante Valdés (VS o AV)
1400:Beevor (2006). pp. 153–54.
1373:Beevor (2006). pp. 152–53.
1128:Non-Intervention proposals
1040:
985:Non-Intervention Agreement
902:People's Army of Catalonia
812:
753:, EPR) consisted of those
725:
704:
675:
654:Acció Catalana Republicana
595:
584:
1995:Government during the war
792:National Republican Guard
620:Basque Nationalist Action
301:
44:
37:
1203:Nazi concentration camps
784:found the least support.
743:People's Republican Army
733:People's Republican Army
615:Basque Nationalist Party
502:Communist Party of Spain
1743:Political organizations
1496:Michael Alpert (1994).
1483:Michael Alpert (1994).
1470:Michael Alpert (1994).
1163:Spanish Republican Navy
771:Spanish Republican Navy
755:Spanish Republican Army
356:Second Spanish Republic
350:), was the side in the
155:Political position
2063:Republicanism in Spain
1978:Evacuation of children
1875:International Brigades
1436:Thomas (1961). p. 637.
1427:Thomas (2003). p. 944.
1409:Beevor (2006). p. 163.
1382:Beevor (2006). p. 153.
1259:Alejandro de Quesada,
1112:
1083:Spanish Army of Africa
1058:
971:
924:
908:Direct foreign support
887:
861:anti-Stalinist Marxist
838:International Brigades
830:
828:International Brigades
815:International Brigades
750:
718:
697:
639:
582:
496:would later order the
470:International Brigades
368:
346:
336:
327:
1615:The Spanish Civil War
1391:Thomas (2003) p. 683.
1197:to fight against the
1072:French Prime Minister
1054:
967:
922:United Mexican States
920:
897:Basque Auxiliary Navy
883:
826:
714:
689:
635:
587:Popular Front (Spain)
578:
472:was also noteworthy.
330:), also known as the
115:Libertarian socialism
77:Spanish republicanism
1447:The Battle for Spain
1276:, I.B. Tauris, 2013
1226:The Battle for Spain
1195:armies of the Allies
422:improve this section
1973:Concentration camps
1862:Foreign involvement
1339:Homage to Catalonia
1085:from crossing from
849:anarcho-syndicalist
644:Catalan nationalism
360:Nationalist faction
347:Bando gubernamental
210:Nationalist faction
135:Catalan nationalism
2068:Communism in Spain
2005:Spanish Revolution
1654:2013-05-28 at the
1591:Stanley G. Payne.
1179:concentration camp
1175:French authorities
1165:were evacuated to
1059:
1043:Escuadrilla España
1032:Ambivalent support
972:
925:
888:
831:
798:Guardias de Asalto
719:
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640:
610:Basque nationalism
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342:Government faction
320:Republican faction
140:Basque nationalism
60:Dates of operation
33:Republican faction
2078:Far-left politics
2045:
2044:
1856:
1855:
1694:Spanish Civil War
1455:978-0-7538-2165-7
1304:on 20 August 2016
1282:978-1-78076-931-8
1235:978-0-7538-2165-7
1066:State. President
954:Mexican Air Force
852:labor/trade union
488:armoured car and
458:
457:
450:
352:Spanish Civil War
328:Bando republicano
316:
315:
305:Succeeded by
289:Spanish Civil War
87:Internal factions
39:Bando republicano
16:(Redirected from
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981:Joseph Stalin
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542:popular front
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494:Joseph Stalin
491:
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464:, due to the
463:
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407:This section
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36:
31:
19:
2018:White Terror
1987:
1961:Other topics
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1338:
1333:
1325:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1295:
1288:
1273:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1244:
1225:
1216:
1160:
1152:
1132:
1123:Nazi Germany
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1113:
1109:
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1092:
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1026:
1015:
1002:
976:Soviet Union
973:
960:Soviet Union
950:Spartan Zeus
926:
863:
854:
846:
835:
832:
775:
736:
659:Estat Català
592:Nationalists
561:Participants
539:
527:
519:
479:
476:Soviet Union
459:
444:
435:
420:Please help
408:
384:Soviet Union
374:
373:
369:republicanos
363:
358:against the
341:
331:
319:
317:
304:
184:Soviet Union
81:Anti-fascism
2000:Moscow gold
1948: [
1895: [
1825:Nationalist
1696:(1936–1939)
1199:Axis powers
1079:French Navy
1047:La Retirada
1022:Moscow Gold
1006:Hugh Thomas
990:Operation X
892:Basque Army
788:Civil Guard
777:Carabineros
438:August 2024
364:Republicans
160:Centre-left
145:Regionalism
2052:Categories
2013:Red Terror
1848:Alfonsists
1838:Falangists
1751:Republican
1709:Background
1702:Chronology
1308:6 December
1209:References
1041:See also:
996:tanks and
936:, Brazil,
555:Renault FT
337:Bando leal
294:Red Terror
125:Radicalism
120:Liberalism
1870:Comintern
1729:1938–1939
1228:. Orion.
1224:(2006) .
1156:Catalonia
1139:Dewoitine
1075:Léon Blum
1064:Francoist
934:Argentina
842:Comintern
637:Catalonia
530:Cristeros
510:Catalonia
409:does not
380:anarchist
340:) or the
206:Opponents
110:Anarchism
105:Socialism
100:Communism
2009:Terrors
1989:Guernica
1933:Viriatos
1928:Portugal
1843:Carlists
1652:Archived
1143:Loire 46
1135:Potez 54
859:and the
722:Military
551:Pyrenees
546:materiel
279:Holy See
267:Portugal
164:far-left
72:Ideology
2035:sidebar
1945:Belarus
1940:Ireland
1904:Germany
1263:, p. 36
1169:in the
1167:Bizerte
759:militia
747:Spanish
739:Vitoria
672:CNT/FAI
628:Catalan
430:removed
415:sources
324:Spanish
253:Germany
2030:navbox
1453:
1326:Thomas
1280:
1232:
1096:Canary
1037:France
1011:Stalin
940:, and
913:Mexico
667:Unions
604:Basque
536:France
516:Mexico
484:tank,
309:Maquis
264:
250:
236:
221:
198:Mexico
195:
181:
170:Allies
2025:Women
1983:Films
1952:]
1916:Italy
1899:]
938:Chile
498:purge
375:Rojos
239:Italy
1892:USSR
1833:CEDA
1789:PSUC
1784:PSOE
1779:POUM
1724:1937
1719:1936
1714:Coup
1451:ISBN
1310:2012
1278:ISBN
1230:ISBN
1141:and
1098:and
1045:and
998:I-16
994:BT-5
974:The
948:and
942:Peru
865:POUM
817:and
680:and
506:POUM
490:BT-5
486:BA-6
482:T-26
413:any
411:cite
318:The
1921:CTV
1815:PNV
1810:UGT
1805:FAI
1801:CNT
1774:PCE
1764:ERC
1181:at
1013:".
856:CNT
716:UGT
701:UGT
695:FAI
691:CNT
424:by
162:to
2054::
1950:be
1897:ru
1794:UR
1769:IR
1534:^
1518:^
1461:^
1355:^
1318:^
1205:.
1137:,
872:.
844:.
749::
512:.
326::
1803:/
1686:e
1679:t
1672:v
1312:.
1294:"
1238:.
794:)
745:(
693:-
600:.
451:)
445:(
440:)
436:(
432:.
418:.
366:(
344:(
334:(
322:(
89::
20:)
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