53:
172:
The condition presents with visual loss secondary to hypoperfusion of the eye structures. The patient presents with intractable pain or ocular angina. On dilated examination, there may be blot retinal hemorrhages along with dilated and beaded retinal veins. The ocular perfusion pressure is decreased.
185:
If carotid occlusive disease results in ophthalmic artery occlusion, general ocular ischemia may result in retinal neovascularization, rubeosis iridis, cells and flare, iris necrosis, and cataract. The condition leads to neovascularization in various eye tissues due to the ischemia. The eye pressure
306:
Retinal arterial occlusion is an ophthalmic emergency, and prompt treatment is essential. Completely anoxic retina in animal models causes irreversible damage in about 90 minutes. Nonspecific methods to increase blood flow and dislodge emboli include digital massage, 500 mg
332:
The visual prognosis for ocular ischemic syndrome varies from usually poor to fair, depending on speed and effectiveness of the intervention. However, prompt diagnosis is crucial as the condition may be a presenting sign of serious cerebrovascular and ischemic heart diseases.
274:: The presence of retinal hemorrhages, particularly in those who have diabetes, may also be caused by diabetic retinopathy. Given the bilateral nature of diabetic retinopathy, however, one should suspect ocular ischemic syndrome when retinal ischemia is unilateral.
868:
348:
may contribute to the improvement in vision. Prevention of vision loss requires that certain conditions be met: the treatment be started before irreversible damage has occurred (over 24 hours), the occlusion must not also occur at the
549:
Koz OG, Ates A, Numan Alp M, Gultan E, Karaaslan Y, Kural G (January 2007). "Bilateral ocular ischemic syndrome as an initial manifestation of
Takayasu's arteritis associated with carotid steal syndrome".
141:
Those with ocular ischemic syndrome are typically between the ages of 50 and 80 (patients over 65); twice as many men as women are affected. More than 90% of those presenting with the condition have
303:
or occlusion have the potential for further stroke by detachment of embolus and migration to an end-artery of the brain. Hence, proper steps to prevent such an eventuality need to be taken.
177:. A cherry-red spot may be seen in the macula, along with cotton-wool spots elsewhere, due to retinal nerve fiber layer hemorrhages. The retinal arteries may show spontaneous pulsations.
283:
Quick determination of the cause may lead to urgent measures to save the eye and life of the patient. High clinical suspicion should be kept for painless vision loss in patients with
1937:
1334:
716:
The
Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS), Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Committee. Guidelines: Indications for Hyperbaric Oxygen. Durham, NC: UHMS; 2009.
2006:
1932:
329:
At a later stage, pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) with an argon laser appears effective in reducing the neovascular components and their sequelae.
2487:
946:
337:
1954:
1949:
1774:
1814:
243:
Surgical interruption of anterior ciliary blood vessels supplying the eye, particularly during extensive strabismus surgery on 3 or more
113:). Consequently, those with transient blurring of vision are advised to urgently seek medical attention for a thorough evaluation of the
1927:
1922:
1809:
1376:
1537:
1677:
1642:
126:
2217:
1735:
1647:
130:
1637:
1366:
319:
266:
344:(HBO). When used as an adjunctive therapy, the edema reducing properties of HBO, along with down regulation of inflammatory
1730:
1621:
1487:
816:
764:
426:
206:
or occlusion is the most common cause of ocular ischemic syndrome. The syndrome has been associated with occlusion of the
2128:
1819:
1804:
1016:
974:
939:
1944:
1740:
1714:
1672:
1667:
1532:
1405:
1393:
1349:
2011:
1410:
779:
727:
2123:
1917:
1764:
1609:
1356:
353:, and treatment must continue until the inner layers of the retina are again oxygenated by the retinal arteries.
191:
318:(for possible arteritis). Additional measures include paracentesis of aqueous humor to decrease IOP acutely. An
1662:
1257:
1222:
2133:
1887:
1687:
1207:
1200:
222:
215:
211:
203:
158:
110:
106:
585:
Hamed LM, Guy JR, Moster ML, Bosley T (June 1992). "Giant cell arteritis in the ocular ischemic syndrome".
149:. Those with ocular ischemic syndrome may also present with a history of other systemic diseases including
2402:
2372:
2307:
2302:
2029:
1307:
1172:
932:
288:
322:
should be drawn to detect possible giant cell arteritis. Improvement can be determined by visual acuity,
2345:
2021:
810:
758:
207:
150:
2118:
1704:
1699:
1657:
1472:
1388:
271:
227:
187:
52:
2423:
2297:
2097:
1980:
1972:
1760:
1724:
1709:
1564:
1344:
1124:
443:
Chen KJ, Chen SN, Kao LY, Ho CL, Chen TL, Lai CC, Wu SC (August 2001). "Ocular ischemic syndrome".
292:
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2034:
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1616:
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1381:
1317:
1302:
1162:
1111:
315:
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244:
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323:
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154:
41:
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2155:
2001:
1976:
1909:
1875:
1794:
1425:
1415:
1312:
1167:
1054:
1044:
780:"Clinical case report: treatment of a central retinal vein occlusion with hyperbaric oxygen"
691:
656:
594:
559:
521:
482:
122:
2232:
2196:
2160:
1779:
1604:
1591:
1525:
1482:
1400:
1212:
1144:
1064:
1049:
430:
284:
237:
102:
98:
82:
2462:
2314:
2259:
2102:
1870:
1799:
1581:
1551:
1497:
1451:
1322:
1195:
1129:
1119:
526:
509:
114:
695:
660:
598:
508:
Alizai AM, Trobe JD, Thompson BG, Izer JD, Cornblath WT, Deveikis JP (December 2005).
486:
409:
The Wills Eye Manual: Office and
Emergency Room Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Disease
378:
2481:
2382:
2237:
2177:
1894:
1842:
1789:
1719:
1628:
1515:
1492:
1420:
1329:
1134:
1039:
682:
Kaiboriboon K, Piriyawat P, Selhorst JB (May 2001). "Light-induced amaurosis fugax".
311:
133:) leads to rapid death of retinal cells, thereby resulting in severe loss of vision.
46:
2247:
2075:
1456:
1371:
1279:
1157:
1152:
1097:
1092:
340:
added "central retinal artery occlusion" to their list of approved indications for
166:
66:
912:
89:
caused by reduced blood flow to the eye; it may be a warning sign of an impending
2446:
2397:
2340:
2335:
2292:
2270:
2181:
2172:
2092:
2070:
1882:
1854:
1652:
1520:
1361:
1182:
1059:
1011:
958:
830:
Butler Jr, FK (2010). "Hyperbaric oxygen for central retinal artery occlusion".
308:
142:
86:
17:
888:
423:
2367:
2330:
2254:
2242:
2186:
2147:
2053:
1989:
1968:
1858:
1217:
1082:
563:
2418:
2392:
2266:
2212:
2200:
2085:
2080:
2065:
2061:
1599:
1297:
1274:
1087:
1034:
1029:
1006:
924:
907:
877:
510:"Ocular ischemic syndrome after occlusion of both external carotid arteries"
78:
795:
743:
703:
668:
633:
571:
535:
473:
Mizener JB, Podhajsky P, Hayreh SS (May 1997). "Ocular ischemic syndrome".
456:
394:
606:
494:
2457:
2222:
1756:
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1190:
345:
300:
74:
860:
2284:
2227:
1769:
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1507:
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1074:
174:
146:
125:
usually seen in post-surgical cases. Retinal artery occlusion (such as
70:
2387:
1289:
1266:
986:
872:
379:"Ocular ischemic syndrome: two case reports of bilateral involvement"
299:
or other previous embolic episodes. Those caused by a carotid artery
162:
90:
2359:
1439:
1001:
2444:
1840:
1243:
972:
928:
647:
Bigou MA, Bettembourg O, Hebert T, Cochener B (Jan 2006). "".
145:. Patients may report a dull, radiating ache over the eye and
173:
The corneal layers show edema and striae. There is mild
850:
2411:
2358:
2323:
2283:
2195:
2146:
2111:
2052:
2020:
1988:
1967:
1908:
1853:
1749:
1590:
1550:
1506:
1447:
1438:
1288:
1265:
1256:
1181:
1143:
1110:
1073:
994:
985:
898:
854:
40:
35:
1933:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
798:. Archived from the original on January 13, 2013
746:. Archived from the original on January 13, 2013
377:De Graeve C, Van de Sompel W, Claes C (1999).
940:
8:
2007:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
726:Butler FK, Hagan C, Murphy-Lavoie H (2008).
1335:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
372:
370:
368:
366:
2441:
2205:
1994:
1985:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1444:
1262:
1253:
1240:
991:
982:
969:
947:
933:
925:
851:
51:
32:
525:
468:
466:
728:"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and the eye"
362:
338:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
808:
778:Wright JK, Franklin B, Zant E (2007).
756:
419:
417:
326:, and by ophthalmoscopic examination.
7:
1815:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
832:Wound Care & Hyperbaric Medicine
1938:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
1775:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
620:Munch IC, Larsen M (Aug 2005). "".
121:is a similar ischemic condition of
1810:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
732:Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine
527:10.1097/01.wno.0000189831.92504.2d
249:anterior segment ischemic syndrome
186:may become high due to associated
119:Anterior segment ischemic syndrome
25:
1538:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
684:American Journal of Ophthalmology
587:American Journal of Ophthalmology
27:Lack of blood flow within the eye
1643:Central retinal artery occlusion
784:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine
202:Severe ipsilateral or bilateral
127:central retinal artery occlusion
2488:Disorders of choroid and retina
1648:Branch retinal artery occlusion
1377:Terrien's marginal degeneration
131:branch retinal artery occlusion
105:elsewhere in the body (such as
65:is the constellation of ocular
1678:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
1638:Central retinal vein occlusion
1367:Pellucid marginal degeneration
514:Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology
267:Central retinal vein occlusion
1:
1731:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
1622:Posterior vitreous detachment
1488:Persistent pupillary membrane
696:10.1016/S0002-9394(00)00874-6
661:10.1016/s0181-5512(06)73751-2
599:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)74798-1
487:10.1016/s0161-6420(97)30221-8
73:secondary to severe, chronic
2218:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2129:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
1820:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
1805:Persistent fetal vasculature
1736:Leber's congenital amaurosis
1017:Meibomian gland dysfunction
424:"Ocular Ischemic Syndrome."
2509:
1741:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
1715:Central serous retinopathy
1533:Focal choroidal excavation
1406:Corneal neovascularization
1223:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
552:Rheumatology International
445:Chang Gung Medical Journal
433:Accessed October 25, 2006.
407:Friedberg MA, Rapuano CJ.
214:, and less frequently the
2453:
2440:
2208:
2124:Convergence insufficiency
1997:
1866:
1849:
1836:
1765:Primary juvenile glaucoma
1610:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
1252:
1239:
1025:
981:
968:
959:Diseases of the human eye
815:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
763:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
564:10.1007/s00296-006-0194-4
297:pulmonary thromboembolism
192:ischemic optic neuropathy
1634:Ocular ischemic syndrome
411:, J.B. Lippincott, 1994.
383:Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol
218:. Other causes include:
95:retinal artery occlusion
63:Ocular ischemic syndrome
36:Ocular ischemic syndrome
2134:One and a half syndrome
1888:Foster Kennedy syndrome
216:external carotid artery
212:internal carotid artery
204:carotid artery stenosis
159:coronary artery disease
111:carotid atherosclerosis
107:coronary artery disease
2373:Argyll Robertson pupil
1173:Periorbital cellulitis
289:deep venous thrombosis
261:Differential diagnoses
194:may eventually occur.
75:arterial hypoperfusion
2346:Scintillating scotoma
2012:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
1955:Toxic and nutritional
1928:posterior (PION)
1411:Kayser–Fleischer ring
622:Ugeskrift for Lægerer
208:common carotid artery
151:arterial hypertension
93:, as both stroke and
2119:Conjugate gaze palsy
1990:Paralytic strabismus
1923:anterior (AION)
1705:Retinitis pigmentosa
1700:Macular degeneration
1473:Intermediate uveitis
1389:Keratoconjunctivitis
324:visual field testing
272:Diabetic retinopathy
228:Giant cell arteritis
223:Takayasu's arteritis
188:neovascular glaucoma
2424:Childhood blindness
2403:Parinaud's syndrome
1973:Extraocular muscles
1761:Ocular hypertension
1725:Epiretinal membrane
1710:Retinal haemorrhage
1565:Congenital cataract
314:and 100 mg IV
293:atrial fibrillation
85:is a form of acute
1950:Leber's hereditary
1617:Retinal detachment
1570:Childhood cataract
1382:Post-LASIK ectasia
1163:Orbital cellulitis
1112:Lacrimal apparatus
899:External resources
429:2009-09-27 at the
316:methylprednisolone
236:occlusion, due to
137:Symptoms and signs
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2378:Marcus Gunn pupil
2354:
2353:
2275:Visual impairment
2142:
2141:
2048:
2047:
2035:Fourth-nerve (IV)
1963:
1962:
1900:Optic disc drusen
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1546:
1545:
1434:
1433:
1340:Corneal dystrophy
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1106:
1105:
922:
921:
351:ophthalmic artery
342:hyperbaric oxygen
234:ophthalmic artery
155:diabetes mellitus
97:can be caused by
60:
59:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2500:
2442:
2206:
2197:Vision disorders
2156:Refractive error
2098:Brown's syndrome
2054:Other strabismus
2040:Sixth-nerve (VI)
2030:Oculomotor (III)
2002:Ophthalmoparesis
1995:
1986:
1977:Binocular vision
1910:Optic neuropathy
1876:optic papillitis
1864:
1851:
1838:
1727:(Macular pucker)
1445:
1426:Band keratopathy
1263:
1254:
1241:
1168:Orbital lymphoma
1055:Blepharophimosis
1045:Blepharochalasis
992:
983:
970:
949:
942:
935:
926:
852:
840:
839:
827:
821:
820:
814:
806:
804:
803:
775:
769:
768:
762:
754:
752:
751:
723:
717:
714:
708:
707:
679:
673:
672:
644:
638:
637:
617:
611:
610:
582:
576:
575:
546:
540:
539:
529:
505:
499:
498:
470:
461:
460:
440:
434:
421:
412:
405:
399:
398:
374:
247:, leading to an
175:anterior uveitis
123:anterior segment
56:
55:
33:
21:
18:Retinal ischemia
2508:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2467:
2449:
2428:
2407:
2350:
2319:
2279:
2233:Color blindness
2199:
2191:
2138:
2112:Other binocular
2107:
2044:
2016:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1959:
1904:
1857:
1845:
1824:
1780:Ocular hypotony
1745:
1605:Chorioretinitis
1586:
1542:
1526:Chorioretinitis
1502:
1483:Rubeosis iridis
1461:
1430:
1401:Corneal opacity
1357:Corneal ectasia
1284:
1248:
1227:
1213:Pseudopterygium
1177:
1139:
1102:
1069:
1065:Ankyloblepharon
1021:
977:
964:
963:
953:
923:
918:
917:
894:
893:
863:
849:
844:
843:
829:
828:
824:
807:
801:
799:
777:
776:
772:
755:
749:
747:
725:
724:
720:
715:
711:
681:
680:
676:
646:
645:
641:
628:(35): 3269–73.
619:
618:
614:
584:
583:
579:
548:
547:
543:
507:
506:
502:
472:
471:
464:
442:
441:
437:
431:Wayback Machine
422:
415:
406:
402:
376:
375:
364:
359:
285:atherosclerosis
281:
263:
258:
238:thromboembolism
200:
183:
139:
109:and especially
103:atherosclerosis
99:thromboembolism
83:Amaurosis fugax
50:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2463:Onchocerciasis
2460:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2315:Quadrantanopia
2312:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2260:Oguchi disease
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2103:Duane syndrome
2100:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2073:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1983:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1871:Optic neuritis
1867:
1861:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1800:Phthisis bulbi
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1683:Coats' disease
1680:
1675:
1673:of prematurity
1670:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1582:Ectopia lentis
1579:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1440:Vascular tunic
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1323:Photokeratitis
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1196:Conjunctivitis
1193:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1130:Dacryocystitis
1127:
1122:
1120:Dacryoadenitis
1116:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
996:
989:
979:
978:
973:
966:
965:
962:
961:
955:
954:
952:
951:
944:
937:
929:
920:
919:
916:
915:
903:
902:
900:
896:
895:
892:
891:
880:
864:
859:
858:
856:
855:Classification
848:
847:External links
845:
842:
841:
822:
770:
718:
709:
674:
649:J Fr Ophtalmol
639:
612:
577:
558:(3): 299–302.
541:
500:
462:
435:
413:
400:
361:
360:
358:
355:
280:
277:
276:
275:
269:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
252:
245:rectus muscles
241:
230:
225:
199:
196:
182:
179:
138:
135:
115:carotid artery
58:
57:
44:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2505:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
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2464:
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2455:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:Adie syndrome
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:Achromatopsia
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:Anisometropia
2176:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:Accommodation
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:Optic atrophy
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:Keratomycosis
1793:
1791:
1790:Globe rupture
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Macular edema
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:Retinoschisis
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:Choroideremia
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:Iridodialysis
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:Arcus senilis
1419:
1417:
1416:Haab's striae
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:Corneal ulcer
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1308:acanthamoebic
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1258:Fibrous tunic
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1135:Xerophthalmia
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:Lagophthalmos
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
993:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
967:
960:
957:
956:
950:
945:
943:
938:
936:
931:
930:
927:
914:
910:
909:
905:
904:
901:
897:
890:
886:
885:
881:
879:
875:
874:
870:
866:
865:
862:
857:
853:
846:
837:
833:
826:
823:
818:
812:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
771:
766:
760:
745:
741:
738:(5): 333–87.
737:
733:
729:
722:
719:
713:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
643:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
616:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
581:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
542:
537:
533:
528:
523:
520:(4): 268–72.
519:
515:
511:
504:
501:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:(5): 859–64.
480:
476:
475:Ophthalmology
469:
467:
463:
458:
454:
451:(8): 483–91.
450:
446:
439:
436:
432:
428:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
404:
401:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
373:
371:
369:
367:
363:
356:
354:
352:
347:
343:
339:
336:In 2009, the
334:
330:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:acetazolamide
310:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
278:
273:
270:
268:
265:
264:
260:
255:
250:
246:
242:
239:
235:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
197:
195:
193:
189:
181:Complications
180:
178:
176:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
54:
48:
47:Ophthalmology
45:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2273: /
2269: /
2248:Monochromacy
2180: /
2076:Heterophoria
2064: /
1763: /
1759: /
1663:hypertensive
1636: /
1633:
1457:Ciliary body
1372:Keratoglobus
1280:Episcleritis
1158:Enophthalmos
1153:Exophthalmos
1098:Trichomegaly
1093:Distichiasis
995:Inflammation
906:
882:
867:
835:
831:
825:
811:cite journal
800:. Retrieved
790:(5): 315–9.
787:
783:
773:
759:cite journal
748:. Retrieved
735:
731:
721:
712:
690:(5): 674–6.
687:
683:
677:
652:
648:
642:
625:
621:
615:
593:(6): 702–5.
590:
586:
580:
555:
551:
544:
517:
513:
503:
478:
474:
448:
444:
438:
408:
403:
386:
382:
335:
331:
328:
305:
282:
248:
201:
184:
171:
167:hemodialysis
140:
118:
94:
62:
61:
2398:Cycloplegia
2341:Photophobia
2336:Hemeralopia
2293:Hemianopsia
2271:Vision loss
2182:Aniseikonia
2173:Astigmatism
2093:Cyclotropia
2071:Hypertropia
1883:Papilledema
1855:Optic nerve
1688:Sickle cell
1668:Purtscher's
1653:Retinopathy
1521:Choroiditis
1362:Keratoconus
1183:Conjunctiva
1060:Xanthelasma
1012:Blepharitis
161:, previous
143:vision loss
87:vision loss
2482:Categories
2447:Infections
2368:Anisocoria
2331:Asthenopia
2324:subjective
2308:homonymous
2303:bitemporal
2255:Nyctalopia
2243:Dichromacy
2187:Presbyopia
2148:Refraction
1969:Strabismus
1859:Optic disc
1218:Pinguecula
1083:Trichiasis
884:DiseasesDB
802:2009-05-26
750:2010-11-09
357:References
2493:Syndromes
2419:Nystagmus
2393:Mydriasis
2267:Blindness
2213:Amblyopia
2201:Blindness
2161:Hyperopia
2086:Exophoria
2081:Esophoria
2066:Exotropia
2062:Esotropia
1600:Retinitis
1298:Keratitis
1275:Scleritis
1208:Pterygium
1088:Madarosis
1035:Ectropion
1030:Entropion
1007:Chalazion
908:eMedicine
655:(1): e2.
389:: 69–74.
346:cytokines
279:Treatment
256:Diagnosis
42:Specialty
2458:Trachoma
2223:Diplopia
1918:Ischemic
1843:Pathways
1757:Glaucoma
1658:diabetic
1560:Cataract
1498:Synechia
1350:Meesmann
1318:Exposure
1303:herpetic
1201:allergic
1191:Chemosis
1125:Epiphora
838:(3): 25.
796:18019081
744:19024664
704:11336956
669:16465117
634:16138965
572:16944156
536:16340491
457:11601190
427:Archived
395:10546383
301:embolism
71:symptoms
2298:binasal
2285:Anopsia
2228:Scotoma
2022:palsies
1785:Red eye
1770:Floater
1577:Aphakia
1508:Choroid
1478:Hyphema
1468:Uveitis
1075:Eyelash
913:oph/487
607:1598963
495:9160035
232:Severe
147:eyebrow
101:due to
77:to the
2388:Miosis
2166:Myopia
1945:Kjer's
1693:photic
1592:Retina
1345:Fuchs'
1313:fungal
1290:Cornea
1267:Sclera
1050:Ptosis
987:Eyelid
975:Adnexa
794:
742:
702:
667:
632:
605:
570:
534:
493:
455:
393:
198:Causes
165:, and
163:stroke
91:stroke
49:
2412:Other
2360:Pupil
1750:Other
1394:sicca
1246:Globe
1145:Orbit
889:34069
190:. An
67:signs
1552:Lens
1452:Iris
1002:Stye
817:link
792:PMID
765:link
740:PMID
700:PMID
665:PMID
630:PMID
603:PMID
568:PMID
532:PMID
491:PMID
453:PMID
391:PMID
69:and
878:H34
869:ICD
692:doi
688:131
657:doi
626:167
595:doi
591:113
560:doi
522:doi
483:doi
479:104
387:273
320:ESR
129:or
79:eye
2484::
911::
887::
876::
873:10
834:.
813:}}
809:{{
788:34
786:.
782:.
761:}}
757:{{
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734:.
730:.
698:.
686:.
663:.
653:29
651:.
624:.
601:.
589:.
566:.
556:27
554:.
530:.
518:25
516:.
512:.
489:.
477:.
465:^
449:24
447:.
416:^
385:.
381:.
365:^
309:IV
295:,
291:,
287:,
210:,
169:.
157:,
153:,
117:.
81:.
948:e
941:t
934:v
871:-
861:D
836:1
819:)
805:.
767:)
753:.
706:.
694::
671:.
659::
636:.
609:.
597::
574:.
562::
538:.
524::
497:.
485::
459:.
397:.
251:.
240:.
20:)
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