554:
studies are recommended to identify carotid artery disease. Most episodes of amaurosis fugax are the result of stenosis of the ipsilateral carotid artery. With that being the case, researchers investigated how best to evaluate these episodes of vision loss, and concluded that for patients ranging from 36 to 74 years old, "...carotid artery duplex scanning should be performed...as this investigation is more likely to provide useful information than an extensive cardiac screening (ECG, Holter 24-hour monitoring, and precordial echocardiography)." Additionally, concomitant head CT or MRI imaging is also recommended to investigate the presence of a "clinically silent cerebral embolism."
285:: Giant cell arteritis can result in granulomatous inflammation within the central retinal artery and posterior ciliary arteries of eye, resulting in partial or complete occlusion, leading to decreased blood flow manifesting as amaurosis fugax. Commonly, amaurosis fugax caused by giant cell arteritis may be associated with jaw claudication and headache. However, it is also not uncommon for these patients to have no other symptoms. One comprehensive review found a two to nineteen percent incidence of amaurosis fugax among these patients.
57:
583:
event carries a high risk of stroke; after carotid endarterectomy, which has a low operative risk, there is a very low postoperative stroke rate." However, the rate of subsequent stroke after amaurosis is significantly less than after a hemispheric TIA, therefore there remains debate as to the precise indications for which a carotid endarterectomy should be performed. If the full diagnostic workup is completely normal, patient observation is recommended.
546:. Restated, "because of the brief interval between the transient event and a stroke or blindness from temporal arteritis, the workup for transient monocular blindness should be undertaken without delay." If the patient has no history of giant cell arteritis, the probability of vision preservation is high; however, the chance of a stroke reaches that for a hemispheric TIA. Therefore, investigation of cardiac disease is justified.
267:: Thrombotic emboli arising from the heart may also cause luminal obstruction of the retinal, ophthalmic, and/or ciliary arteries, causing decreased blood flow to the ipsilateral retina; examples being those arising due to (1) atrial fibrillation, (2) valvular abnormalities including post-rheumatic valvular disease, mitral valve prolapse, and a bicuspid aortic valve, and (3)
550:
available. Several concomitant laboratory tests should also be ordered to investigate some of the more common, systemic causes listed above, including a complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, lipid panel, and blood glucose level. If a particular cause is suspected based on the history and physical, additional relevant labs should be ordered.
29:
252:
of blood flow, leading to ischemia when the retina is exposed to bright light. "Unilateral visual loss in bright light may indicate ipsilateral carotid artery occlusive disease and may reflect the inability of borderline circulation to sustain the increased retinal metabolic activity associated with
582:
considered based on the location and grade of the stenosis. Generally, if the carotid artery is still patent, the greater the stenosis, the greater the indication for endarterectomy. "Amaurosis fugax appears to be a particularly favorable indication for carotid endarterectomy. Left untreated, this
569:
Fleeting loss of vision does not in itself require any treatment, but it may indicate an underlying condition, sometimes serious, that must be treated. If the diagnostic workup reveals a systemic disease process, directed therapies to treat the underlying cause are required. If the amaurosis fugax
493:
may all contribute to increases in tissue pressure in the optic nerve head. The consequent reduction in perfusion pressure renders the small, low-pressure vessels that supply the optic nerve head vulnerable to compromise. Brief fluctuations in intracranial or systemic blood pressure may then result
553:
If laboratory tests are abnormal, a systemic disease process is likely, and, if the ophthalmologic examination is abnormal, ocular disease is likely. However, in the event that both of these routes of investigation yield normal findings or an inadequate explanation, non-invasive duplex ultrasound
549:
A diagnostic evaluation should begin with the patient's history, followed by a physical exam, with particular importance being paid to the ophthalmic examination with regards to signs of ocular ischemia. When investigating amaurosis fugax, an ophthalmologic consultation is absolutely warranted if
165:
Prior to 1990, amaurosis fugax could, "clinically, be divided into four identifiable symptom complexes, each with its underlying pathoetiology: embolic, hypoperfusion, angiospasm, and unknown". In 1990, the causes of amaurosis fugax were better refined by the
Amaurosis Fugax Study Group, which has
156:
typically lasts only a few seconds, but may last minutes or even hours. Duration depends on the cause of the vision loss. Obscured vision due to papilledema may last only seconds, while a severely atherosclerotic carotid artery may be associated with a duration of one to ten minutes. Certainly,
151:
in one eye;" however, this altitudinal visual loss is not the most common form. In one study, only 23.8 percent of patients with transient monocular vision loss experienced the classic "curtain" or "shade" descending over their vision. Other descriptions of this experience include a monocular
278:
leading to decreased blood flow can be a cause of amaurosis fugax. Generally, these episodes are brief, lasting no longer than five minutes, and have been associated with exercise. These vasospastic episodes are not restricted to young and healthy individuals. "Observations suggest that a
178:), "some of the more frequent causes include atheromatous disease of the internal carotid or ophthalmic artery, vasospasm, optic neuropathies, giant cell arteritis, angle-closure glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, orbital compressive disease, a
2599:
2584:
489:: "The underlying mechanism for visual obscurations in all of these patients appear to be transient ischemia of the optic nerve head consequent to increased tissue pressure. Axonal swelling, intraneural masses, and increased influx of
500:
can cause amaurosis fugax due to a unilateral conduction block, which is a result of demyelination and inflammation of the optic nerve, and "...possibly by defects in synaptic transmission and putative circulating blocking
760:
North
American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators, Barnett HJM, Taylor DW, Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Peerless SJ, Ferguson GG, Fox AJ, Rankin RN, Hachinski VC, Wiebers DO, Eliasziw M (August 1991).
1451:
Newman NM, Hoyt WF, Spencer WH (May 1974). "Macula-sparing monocular blackouts. Clinical and pathologic investigations of intermittent choroidal vascular insufficiency in a case of periarteritis nodosa".
202:
blood flow, leading to a decrease in retinal circulation which, in turn, causes retinal hypoxia. While, most commonly, emboli causing amaurosis fugax are described as coming from an atherosclerotic
1600:
Mundall J, Quintero P, Von Kaulla KN, Harmon R, Austin J (March 1972). "Transient monocular blindness and increased platelet aggregability treated with aspirin. A case report".
4252:
1557:
Berdel WE, Theiss W, Fink U, Rastetter J (March 1984). "Peripheral arterial occlusion and amaurosis fugax as the first manifestation of polycythemia vera. A case report".
3690:
1487:
Schwartz ND, So YT, Hollander H, Allen S, Fye KH (1986). "Eosinophilic vasculitis leading to amaurosis fugax in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome".
3087:
3759:
3685:
4704:
1127:
Furlan AJ, Whisnant JP, Kearns TP (November 1979). "Unilateral visual loss in bright light. An unusual symptom of carotid artery occlusive disease".
1373:
Giorgi D, David V, Afeltra A, Gabrieli CB (March 2001). "Transient visual symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome".
2699:
242:, causing a decrease in blood flow to the ipsilateral retina. The most common source of these athero-emboli is an atherosclerotic carotid artery.
1692:
Digre KB, Durcan FJ, Branch DW, Jacobson DM, Varner MW, Baringer JR (March 1989). "Amaurosis fugax associated with antiphospholipid antibodies".
157:
additional symptoms may be present with the amaurosis fugax, and those findings will depend on the cause of the transient monocular vision loss.
4245:
3707:
3702:
3527:
494:
in transient loss of function in the eyes." Generally, this transient visual loss is also associated with a headache and optic disk swelling.
106:
4504:
3567:
509:
3680:
2091:"The pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis: the mechanisms underlying the production of symptoms and the natural history of the disease"
1028:
190:
With respect to embolic and hemodynamic causes, this transient monocular visual loss ultimately occurs due to a temporary reduction in
4499:
4300:
3675:
3562:
3129:
143:
The experience of amaurosis fugax is classically described as a temporary loss of vision in one or both eyes that appears as a "black
4290:
4238:
3290:
1766:
988:
3430:
561:
is an appropriate consideration. However, carotid angiography may not be necessary in the presence of a normal ultrasound and CT.
4673:
3395:
2303:
Wolter JR, Burchfield WJ (1971). "Ocular migraine in a young man resulting in unilateral transient blindness and retinal edema".
845:"Clinical features of transient monocular blindness and the likelihood of atherosclerotic lesions of the internal carotid artery"
1751:
4451:
4295:
3970:
3488:
3400:
1872:
Hayreh SS, Servais GE, Virdi PS (January 1986). "Fundus lesions in malignant hypertension. V. Hypertensive optic neuropathy".
3390:
3119:
557:
If the results of the ultrasound and intracranial imaging are normal, "renewed diagnostic efforts may be made," during which
4650:
2214:
Connor RC (November 1962). "Complicated migraine. A study of permanent neurological and visual defects caused by migraine".
4456:
3483:
3374:
3240:
418:
4315:
1049:
Braat A, Hoogland PH, DeVries AC, de Mol VanOtterloo JC (2001). "Amaurosis Fugax and
Stenosis of the Ophthalmic Artery".
3881:
3572:
3557:
288:
4383:
2179:
Cologno D, Torelli P, Manzoni GC (October 2002). "Transient visual disturbances during migraine without aura attacks".
4589:
2769:
2727:
2692:
328:
530:
Despite the temporary nature of the vision loss, those experiencing amaurosis fugax are usually advised to consult a
1416:
Gold D, Feiner L, Henkind P (September 1977). "Retinal arterial occlusive disease in systemic lupus erythematosus".
4425:
4358:
3697:
3493:
3467:
3425:
3420:
3285:
3158:
3146:
3102:
2489:
Walsh J, Markowitz I, Kerstein MD (August 1986). "Carotid endarterectomy for amaurosis fugax without angiography".
459:
333:
279:
systemic hemodynamic challenge provoke the release of vasospastic substance in the retinal vasculature of one eye."
3764:
3163:
674:
Rothwell PM, Warlow CP (March 2005). "Timing of TIAs preceding stroke: time window for prevention is very short".
4494:
4461:
4353:
4343:
3876:
3670:
3517:
3362:
3109:
539:
352:
227:
1988:
Brown GC, Shields JA (October 1981). "Amaurosis fugax secondary to presumed cavernous hemangioma of the orbit".
4581:
4532:
4379:
3415:
3386:
3010:
2975:
2614:
2015:
Wilkes SR, Trautmann JC, DeSanto LW, Campbell RJ (April 1979). "Osteoma: an unusual cause of amaurosis fugax".
602:
1837:
Elias M, Eldor A (March 1984). "Thromboembolism in patients with the 'lupus'-type circulating anticoagulant".
4623:
4571:
4527:
4441:
4370:
4261:
3886:
3640:
3440:
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2953:
558:
378:
306:
75:
4155:
4125:
4060:
4055:
3782:
3060:
2925:
2685:
2042:
Sadun AA, Currie JN, Lessell S (October 1984). "Transient visual obscurations with elevated optic discs".
579:
370:
357:
1303:
Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B (April 1998). "Occult giant cell arteritis: ocular manifestations".
4699:
4645:
4098:
3774:
1008:
4374:
1197:
Ellenberger C, Epstein AD (June 1986). "Ocular complications of atherosclerosis: what do they mean?".
763:"Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis"
4405:
3871:
3457:
3452:
3410:
3225:
3141:
1953:
Ravits J, Seybold ME (September 1984). "Transient monocular visual loss from narrow-angle glaucoma".
323:
293:
282:
2140:"Characteristics and prevalence of transient visual disturbances indicative of migraine visual aura"
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1935:
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318:
65:
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1997:
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1144:
1109:
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1020:
984:
979:
Newman NJ (1998). "Cerebrovascular disease". In Hoyt WG, Miller N, Walsh F, Newman NJ (eds.).
961:
901:
874:
825:
784:
734:
691:
653:
413:
257:
239:
211:
195:
166:
defined five distinct classes of transient monocular blindness based on their supposed cause:
41:
1276:
Imes RK, Hoyt WF (1989). "Exercise-induced transient visual events in young healthy adults".
4320:
4310:
4273:
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3908:
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3662:
3628:
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3168:
3065:
2920:
2807:
2797:
2537:
2498:
2455:
2400:
2358:
2349:
Corbett JJ. (1983). "Neuro-ophthalmologic complications of migraine and cluster headaches".
2323:
2314:
Kline LB, Kelly CL (September 1980). "Ocular migraine in a patient with cluster headaches".
2285:
2276:
McDonald WI, Sanders MD (September 1971). "Migraine complicated by ischaemic papillopathy".
2250:
2223:
2188:
2151:
2110:
2102:
2051:
1962:
1919:
1881:
1846:
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1058:
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815:
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683:
643:
607:
481:
215:
199:
132:
128:
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3985:
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3913:
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3344:
3278:
3235:
3153:
2965:
2897:
2817:
2802:
2327:
2254:
2086:
1532:
2156:
2139:
1966:
1465:
1429:
1175:
1140:
4479:
4325:
4215:
4067:
4012:
3855:
3623:
3552:
3334:
3304:
3250:
3204:
3075:
2948:
2882:
2872:
2608:
2115:
2090:
1923:
1669:
1644:
869:
844:
820:
803:
717:
Fisher CM (December 1989). "'Transient monocular blindness' versus 'amaurosis fugax'".
687:
632:"Prognosis after transient monocular blindness associated with carotid-artery stenosis"
475:
382:
347:
245:
235:
223:
207:
203:
191:
179:
118:
100:
2362:
2289:
2227:
1885:
1316:
1105:
360:
can cause ischemia of the optic nerve head leading to transient monocular visual loss.
36:
The arteries of the choroid and iris. The greater part of the sclera has been removed.
4688:
4135:
3990:
3930:
3647:
3595:
3542:
3472:
3381:
3268:
3245:
3173:
3082:
2887:
2792:
2542:
2525:
2502:
2192:
1939:
1772:
1351:
1092:
Kaiboriboon K, Piriyawat P, Selhorst JB (May 2001). "Light-induced amaurosis fugax".
1007:
Jehn A, Frank
Dettwiler B, Fleischhauer J, Sturzenegger M, Mojon DS (February 2002).
630:
Benavente O, Eliasziw M, Streifler JY, Fox AJ, Barnett HJ, Meldrum H (October 2001).
575:
268:
174:(or "no cause identified"). Concerning the pathology underlying these causes (except
50:
2665:
2343:
2270:
2208:
1721:
1586:
1402:
1078:
746:
703:
4000:
3828:
3209:
3124:
3032:
2910:
2905:
2850:
2845:
2422:
2173:
2071:
1796:
Landi G, Calloni MV, Grazia
Sabbadini M, Mannuccio Mannucci P, Candelise L (1983).
311:
298:
148:
2475:
1629:
983:. Vol. 3 (5th ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. pp. 3420–6.
2619:
1500:
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4088:
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4023:
3934:
3925:
3845:
3823:
3635:
3607:
3405:
3273:
3114:
2935:
2812:
2764:
2711:
2649:
1253:
1236:
779:
762:
597:
486:
408:
374:
153:
1850:
1062:
4417:
4335:
4120:
4083:
4007:
3995:
3939:
3900:
3806:
3742:
3721:
3611:
2970:
2835:
2593:
2440:
448:
432:
366:
301:
175:
2630:
1386:
1162:
Fisher M (1952). "Transient monocular blindness associated with hemiplegia".
4599:
4171:
4145:
4019:
3965:
3953:
3838:
3833:
3818:
3814:
3352:
3050:
3027:
2840:
2787:
2782:
2759:
2677:
2660:
2405:
2388:
1814:
1797:
956:
939:
592:
531:
403:
275:
123:
46:
2235:
2200:
2165:
2124:
2106:
1394:
1210:
1183:
1113:
1070:
1024:
878:
730:
695:
657:
2551:
2510:
2467:
2414:
2370:
2335:
2297:
2262:
2063:
2055:
2001:
1974:
1931:
1893:
1858:
1823:
1713:
1705:
1678:
1660:
1621:
1578:
1508:
1473:
1324:
1289:
1262:
1218:
965:
905:
860:
829:
788:
738:
4637:
4390:
4210:
3975:
3509:
3312:
2943:
2028:
1798:"Recurrent ischemic attacks in two young adults with lupus anticoagulant"
1613:
1437:
1359:
1148:
648:
631:
504:
437:
423:
249:
231:
2576:
2441:"The source of embolism in amaurosis fugax and retinal artery occlusion"
2389:"The terminology of transient visual loss due to vascular insufficiency"
940:"Current management of amaurosis fugax. The Amaurosis Fugax Study Group"
4522:
4037:
3980:
3522:
3329:
3260:
3230:
3220:
2827:
2459:
1570:
571:
535:
454:
260:: Will present similarly to an atherosclerotic internal carotid artery.
144:
4489:
4265:
4140:
3042:
3019:
2739:
2588:
1910:
Sørensen PN (August 1983). "Amaurosis fugax. A unselected material".
543:
442:
398:
264:
80:
28:
4282:
4112:
4365:
3192:
2754:
1752:"Amaurosis Fugax and Not So Fugax—Vascular Disorders of the Eye"
4234:
4197:
3593:
2996:
2725:
2681:
2526:"Late results after carotid endarterectomy for amaurosis fugax"
1235:
Burger SK, Saul RF, Selhorst JB, Thurston SE (September 1991).
152:
blindness, dimming, fogging, or blurring. Total or sectorial
112:
104:
1540:
The
Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice
892:
Burde RM (September 1989). "Amaurosis fugax. An overview".
369:: Amaurosis fugax can present as a complication following
2566:
206:, any emboli arising from vasculature preceding the
4661:
4636:
4616:
4598:
4580:
4554:
4545:
4515:
4472:
4434:
4416:
4334:
4281:
4272:
4164:
4111:
4076:
4036:
3948:
3899:
3864:
3805:
3773:
3741:
3720:
3661:
3606:
3502:
3343:
3303:
3259:
3200:
3191:
3041:
3018:
3009:
2934:
2896:
2863:
2826:
2747:
2738:
2640:
2570:
1761:. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 269–344.
1645:"Protein C deficiency: a cause of amaurosis fugax?"
1237:"Transient monocular blindness caused by vasospasm"
538:that may herald serious vascular events, including
182:, and blood hyperviscosity or hypercoagulability."
86:
74:
64:
40:
21:
1338:Goodman BW (November 1979). "Temporal arteritis".
3686:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
2095:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
938:The Amaurosis Fugax Study Group (February 1990).
843:Donders RC, Dutch Tmb Study Group (August 2001).
70:Temporary fleeting of vision in one or both eyes
570:is caused by an atherosclerotic lesion, use of
1009:"Exercise-induced vasospastic amaurosis fugax"
1002:
1000:
218:may cause this transient monocular blindness.
4246:
2693:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
981:Walsh and Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology
8:
3760:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
2241:Carroll D (April 1970). "Retinal migraine".
127:meaning 'fleeting') is a painless temporary
3088:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
1905:
1903:
625:
623:
428:Transient elevation of intraocular pressure
226:: Amaurosis fugax may present as a type of
117:meaning 'darkening', 'dark', or 'obscure',
4551:
4278:
4253:
4239:
4231:
4194:
3958:
3747:
3738:
3616:
3603:
3590:
3197:
3015:
3006:
2993:
2744:
2735:
2722:
2700:
2686:
2678:
2567:
2439:Smit RL, Baarsma GS, Koudstaal PJ (1994).
2382:
2380:
1230:
1228:
669:
667:
248:may also cause amaurosis fugax due to its
55:
27:
18:
2541:
2404:
2155:
2114:
1813:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1668:
1252:
955:
868:
819:
778:
647:
2524:Bernstein EF, Dilley RB (October 1987).
234:unilaterally obstructs the lumen of the
168:embolic, hemodynamic, ocular, neurologic
2434:
2432:
619:
363:Drug abuse-related intravascular emboli
2328:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1980.hed2005253.x
2255:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1970.hed1001009.x
2138:Mattsson P, Lundberg PO (June 1999).
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
7:
4505:Partial anterior circulation infarct
3568:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
2157:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1999.019005479.x
1967:10.1001/archneur.1984.04050200097026
1466:10.1001/archopht.1974.03900060379006
1430:10.1001/archopht.1977.04450090102008
1176:10.1001/archopht.1952.01700030174005
1141:10.1001/archneur.1979.00500470045007
510:Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
244:However, a severely atherosclerotic
3691:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
3528:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
1759:Practical viewing of the optic disc
1533:"Amaurosis Fugax-A Clinical Review"
4500:Total anterior circulation infarct
4301:Posterior cerebral artery syndrome
3563:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
1924:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1983.tb04348.x
821:10.1111/j.1442-9071.1990.tb00624.x
688:10.1212/01.WNL.0000152985.32732.EE
14:
4705:Episodic and paroxysmal disorders
4291:Anterior cerebral artery syndrome
3291:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
4674:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
3396:Central retinal artery occlusion
2193:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2002.02216.x
1649:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
147:coming down vertically into the
4452:Anterior spinal artery syndrome
4296:Middle cerebral artery syndrome
3401:Branch retinal artery occlusion
3130:Terrien's marginal degeneration
1643:Smith DB, Ens GE (March 1987).
1031:from the original on 2007-09-29
804:"Transient monocular blindness"
3431:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
3391:Central retinal vein occlusion
3120:Pellucid marginal degeneration
186:Embolic and hemodynamic origin
1:
4457:Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
3484:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
3375:Posterior vitreous detachment
3241:Persistent pupillary membrane
2363:10.1016/S0733-8619(18)31134-4
2290:10.1016/s0140-6736(71)90440-5
2228:10.1016/s0140-6736(62)90782-1
1886:10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33773-4
1750:Corbett JW, Digre KB (2003).
1317:10.1016/S0002-9394(99)80193-7
1106:10.1016/S0002-9394(00)00874-6
849:J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
471:Neurological causes include:
419:Posterior vitreous detachment
3971:Leber's congenital amaurosis
3882:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
3573:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
3558:Persistent fetal vasculature
3489:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2543:10.1016/0741-5214(87)90003-6
2503:10.1016/0002-9610(86)90236-9
1501:10.1001/archinte.146.10.2059
1352:10.1016/0002-9343(79)90744-7
289:Systemic lupus erythematosus
113:
2770:Meibomian gland dysfunction
1531:Bacigalupi M (April 2006).
1254:10.1056/NEJM199109193251207
780:10.1056/NEJM199108153250701
329:Antiphospholipid antibodies
4726:
4426:Cerebellar stroke syndrome
4359:Lateral medullary syndrome
3494:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
3468:Central serous retinopathy
3286:Focal choroidal excavation
3159:Corneal neovascularization
2976:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
1851:10.1001/archinte.144.3.510
1063:10.1177/153857440103500210
460:Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
334:Anticardiolipin antibodies
253:exposure to bright light."
105:
4651:Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm
4495:Transient ischemic attack
4462:Subclavian steal syndrome
4354:Medial medullary syndrome
4344:Brainstem stroke syndrome
4206:
4193:
3961:
3877:Convergence insufficiency
3750:
3619:
3602:
3589:
3518:Primary juvenile glaucoma
3363:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
3005:
2992:
2778:
2734:
2721:
2712:Diseases of the human eye
540:transient ischemic attack
353:Subclavian steal syndrome
228:transient ischemic attack
35:
26:
4533:Transient global amnesia
4380:Lateral pontine syndrome
4316:Dejerine–Roussy syndrome
4262:Cerebrovascular diseases
3387:Ocular ischemic syndrome
1912:Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)
1387:10.1076/ocii.9.1.49.3980
603:Ocular ischemic syndrome
4624:Intracranial hemorrhage
4442:Carotid artery stenosis
4371:Medial pontine syndrome
3887:One and a half syndrome
3641:Foster Kennedy syndrome
2406:10.1161/01.STR.15.5.907
1815:10.1161/01.STR.14.3.377
957:10.1161/01.str.21.2.201
802:Lord RS (August 1990).
559:fluorescein angiography
534:immediately as it is a
394:Ocular causes include:
379:cardiac catheterization
307:Hyperviscosity syndrome
230:(TIA), during which an
4126:Argyll Robertson pupil
2926:Periorbital cellulitis
2107:10.1098/rstb.1999.0510
1375:Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm
1278:J Clin Neuroophthalmol
1211:10.1055/s-2008-1041462
1051:Vasc Endovascular Surg
894:J Clin Neuroophthalmol
731:10.1212/wnl.39.12.1622
580:carotid endarterectomy
371:carotid endarterectomy
358:Malignant hypertension
122:
4646:Intracranial aneurysm
4435:Extracranial arteries
4099:Scintillating scotoma
3765:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
3708:Toxic and nutritional
3681:posterior (PION)
3164:Kayser–Fleischer ring
2056:10.1002/ana.410160410
1706:10.1002/ana.410250304
1661:10.1136/jnnp.50.3.361
861:10.1136/jnnp.71.2.247
808:Aust N Z J Ophthalmol
424:Closed-angle glaucoma
129:loss of vision in one
4582:Cerebral/Intra-axial
4528:Binswanger's disease
3872:Conjugate gaze palsy
3743:Paralytic strabismus
3676:anterior (AION)
3458:Retinitis pigmentosa
3453:Macular degeneration
3226:Intermediate uveitis
3142:Keratoconjunctivitis
1614:10.1212/wnl.22.3.280
649:10.1056/NEJMoa002994
578:is indicated, and a
324:Protein C deficiency
294:Periarteritis nodosa
283:Giant cell arteritis
4669:Cerebral vasculitis
4547:Haemorrhagic stroke
4485:Cerebral infarction
4177:Childhood blindness
4156:Parinaud's syndrome
3726:Extraocular muscles
3514:Ocular hypertension
3478:Epiretinal membrane
3463:Retinal haemorrhage
3318:Congenital cataract
2044:Annals of Neurology
1694:Annals of Neurology
339:Lupus anticoagulant
4608:Duret haemorrhages
3703:Leber's hereditary
3370:Retinal detachment
3323:Childhood cataract
3135:Post-LASIK ectasia
2916:Orbital cellulitis
2865:Lacrimal apparatus
2641:External resources
2460:10.1007/BF00919244
2387:Hedges TR (1984).
2305:Pediatr Ophthalmol
1571:10.1007/BF00320341
515:Intracranial tumor
498:Multiple sclerosis
491:interstitial fluid
482:optic neuropathies
319:Hypercoagulability
139:Signs and symptoms
4682:
4681:
4632:
4631:
4541:
4540:
4406:Claude's syndrome
4401:Benedikt syndrome
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4131:Marcus Gunn pupil
4107:
4106:
4028:Visual impairment
3895:
3894:
3801:
3800:
3788:Fourth-nerve (IV)
3716:
3715:
3653:Optic disc drusen
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3299:
3298:
3187:
3186:
3093:Corneal dystrophy
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2859:
2858:
2675:
2674:
2101:(1390): 1649–73.
1839:Arch. Intern. Med
1489:Arch. Intern. Med
1305:Am. J. Ophthalmol
1094:Am. J. Ophthalmol
467:Neurologic origin
414:Optic disc drusen
258:ophthalmic artery
240:ophthalmic artery
212:ophthalmic artery
196:ophthalmic artery
94:
93:
16:Medical condition
4717:
4590:Intraventricular
4552:
4396:Weber's syndrome
4321:Watershed stroke
4311:Moyamoya disease
4279:
4274:Ischaemic stroke
4255:
4248:
4241:
4232:
4195:
3959:
3950:Vision disorders
3909:Refractive error
3851:Brown's syndrome
3807:Other strabismus
3793:Sixth-nerve (VI)
3783:Oculomotor (III)
3755:Ophthalmoparesis
3748:
3739:
3730:Binocular vision
3663:Optic neuropathy
3629:optic papillitis
3617:
3604:
3591:
3480:(Macular pucker)
3198:
3179:Band keratopathy
3016:
3007:
2994:
2921:Orbital lymphoma
2808:Blepharophimosis
2798:Blepharochalasis
2745:
2736:
2723:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2679:
2568:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2408:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2347:
2312:
2301:
2274:
2239:
2222:(7265): 1072–5.
2212:
2177:
2159:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2089:(October 1999).
2082:
2076:
2075:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1771:. Archived from
1756:
1747:
1726:
1725:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1528:
1513:
1512:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1454:Arch. Ophthalmol
1448:
1442:
1441:
1418:Arch. Ophthalmol
1413:
1407:
1406:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1164:Arch. Ophthalmol
1159:
1153:
1152:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1013:Arch. Ophthalmol
1004:
995:
994:
976:
970:
969:
959:
935:
910:
909:
889:
883:
882:
872:
840:
834:
833:
823:
799:
793:
792:
782:
757:
751:
750:
714:
708:
707:
671:
662:
661:
651:
627:
608:Retinal migraine
256:Atherosclerotic
222:Atherosclerotic
216:ciliary arteries
180:steal phenomenon
116:
110:
109:
90:Seconds to hours
60:
59:
31:
19:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4657:
4628:
4612:
4594:
4576:
4537:
4511:
4468:
4430:
4412:
4330:
4306:Amaurosis fugax
4268:
4259:
4229:
4220:
4202:
4181:
4160:
4103:
4072:
4032:
3986:Color blindness
3952:
3944:
3891:
3865:Other binocular
3860:
3797:
3769:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3712:
3657:
3610:
3598:
3577:
3533:Ocular hypotony
3498:
3358:Chorioretinitis
3339:
3295:
3279:Chorioretinitis
3255:
3236:Rubeosis iridis
3214:
3183:
3154:Corneal opacity
3110:Corneal ectasia
3037:
3001:
2980:
2966:Pseudopterygium
2930:
2892:
2855:
2822:
2818:Ankyloblepharon
2774:
2730:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2636:
2635:
2579:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2348:
2313:
2302:
2284:(7723): 521–3.
2275:
2240:
2213:
2178:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2017:Mayo Clin. Proc
2014:
2013:
2009:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1729:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1516:
1495:(10): 2059–60.
1486:
1485:
1481:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1241:N. Engl. J. Med
1234:
1233:
1226:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1006:
1005:
998:
991:
978:
977:
973:
937:
936:
913:
891:
890:
886:
842:
841:
837:
801:
800:
796:
759:
758:
754:
716:
715:
711:
673:
672:
665:
642:(15): 1084–90.
636:N. Engl. J. Med
629:
628:
621:
616:
589:
567:
528:
469:
392:
243:
188:
163:
149:field of vision
141:
97:Amaurosis fugax
54:
22:Amaurosis fugax
17:
12:
11:
5:
4723:
4721:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4687:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4642:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4490:Classification
4487:
4482:
4480:Brain ischemia
4476:
4474:
4473:Classification
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4384:Millard-Gubler
4377:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4326:Lacunar stroke
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4287:
4285:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4216:Onchocerciasis
4213:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4068:Quadrantanopia
4065:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4013:Oguchi disease
4005:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3856:Duane syndrome
3853:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3826:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3736:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3667:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3624:Optic neuritis
3620:
3614:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3553:Phthisis bulbi
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3436:Coats' disease
3433:
3428:
3426:of prematurity
3423:
3418:
3413:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3335:Ectopia lentis
3332:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3193:Vascular tunic
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3076:Photokeratitis
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2949:Conjunctivitis
2946:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2883:Dacryocystitis
2880:
2875:
2873:Dacryoadenitis
2869:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2657:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2622:
2611:
2596:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:Classification
2564:
2563:External links
2561:
2558:
2557:
2516:
2481:
2448:Int Ophthalmol
2428:
2376:
2130:
2077:
2034:
2007:
1996:(10): 1205–9.
1990:Ann Ophthalmol
1980:
1945:
1899:
1864:
1829:
1788:
1767:
1727:
1684:
1635:
1592:
1549:
1514:
1479:
1443:
1408:
1365:
1330:
1295:
1268:
1224:
1189:
1170:(2): 167–203.
1154:
1119:
1084:
1041:
996:
989:
971:
911:
884:
835:
814:(3): 299–305.
794:
752:
725:(12): 1622–4.
709:
663:
618:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
605:
600:
595:
588:
585:
566:
563:
527:
524:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
495:
484:
478:
476:Optic neuritis
468:
465:
464:
463:
457:
451:
445:
440:
435:
429:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
391:
388:
387:
386:
383:cardiac bypass
364:
361:
355:
350:
348:Thrombocytosis
345:
344:
343:
342:
341:
336:
326:
316:
315:
314:
304:
296:
291:
286:
280:
272:
269:atrial myxomas
261:
254:
246:carotid artery
236:retinal artery
224:carotid artery
208:retinal artery
204:carotid artery
200:ciliary artery
192:retinal artery
187:
184:
162:
159:
140:
137:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
68:
62:
61:
44:
38:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4722:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4136:Adie syndrome
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:Achromatopsia
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3931:Anisometropia
3929:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3734:Accommodation
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Optic atrophy
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Keratomycosis
3546:
3544:
3543:Globe rupture
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:Macular edema
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Retinoschisis
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Choroideremia
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Iridodialysis
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Arcus senilis
3172:
3170:
3169:Haab's striae
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:Corneal ulcer
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:acanthamoebic
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:Fibrous tunic
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2888:Xerophthalmia
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Lagophthalmos
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2536:(4): 333–40.
2535:
2531:
2530:J. Vasc. Surg
2527:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2357:(4): 973–95.
2356:
2352:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2150:(5): 479–84.
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:(4): 489–94.
2049:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2023:(4): 258–60.
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:Ophthalmology
1868:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1778:on 2007-09-26
1774:
1770:
1768:0-7506-7289-7
1764:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1700:(3): 228–32.
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1565:(3): 177–80.
1564:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:(5): 367–70.
1459:
1455:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:(9): 1580–5.
1423:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:(5): 839–52.
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1284:(3): 178–80.
1283:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1247:(12): 870–3.
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:(2): 185–93.
1204:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:(11): 675–6.
1134:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
990:0-683-30232-9
986:
982:
975:
972:
967:
963:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
885:
880:
876:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
836:
831:
827:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
798:
795:
790:
786:
781:
776:
773:(7): 445–53.
772:
768:
764:
756:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
713:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
682:(5): 817–20.
681:
677:
670:
668:
664:
659:
655:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
626:
624:
620:
613:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
586:
584:
581:
577:
576:anticoagulant
573:
564:
562:
560:
555:
551:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
525:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
499:
496:
492:
488:
485:
483:
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
466:
461:
458:
456:
452:
450:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
395:
390:Ocular origin
389:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
320:
317:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
303:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
284:
281:
277:
273:
270:
266:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
185:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
160:
158:
155:
150:
146:
138:
136:
134:
130:
126:
125:
120:
115:
108:
102:
98:
89:
85:
82:
79:
77:
76:Complications
73:
69:
67:
63:
58:
52:
51:ophthalmology
48:
45:
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
4700:Eye diseases
4572:Subarachnoid
4305:
4026: /
4022: /
4001:Monochromacy
3933: /
3829:Heterophoria
3817: /
3516: /
3512: /
3416:hypertensive
3389: /
3210:Ciliary body
3125:Keratoglobus
3033:Episcleritis
2911:Enophthalmos
2906:Exophthalmos
2851:Trichomegaly
2846:Distichiasis
2748:Inflammation
2659:
2648:
2624:
2613:
2598:
2583:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2497:(2): 172–4.
2494:
2490:
2484:
2451:
2447:
2399:(5): 907–8.
2396:
2392:
2354:
2351:Neurol. Clin
2350:
2322:(5): 253–7.
2319:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2281:
2277:
2246:
2242:
2219:
2215:
2187:(9): 930–3.
2184:
2180:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2098:
2094:
2080:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2020:
2016:
2010:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1961:(9): 991–3.
1958:
1955:Arch. Neurol
1954:
1948:
1918:(4): 583–8.
1915:
1911:
1880:(1): 74–87.
1877:
1873:
1867:
1845:(3): 510–5.
1842:
1838:
1832:
1808:(3): 377–9.
1805:
1801:
1791:
1780:. Retrieved
1773:the original
1758:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1655:(3): 361–2.
1652:
1648:
1638:
1608:(3): 280–5.
1605:
1601:
1595:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1543:
1539:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1381:(1): 49–57.
1378:
1374:
1368:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1311:(4): 521–6.
1308:
1304:
1298:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1244:
1240:
1202:
1199:Semin Neurol
1198:
1192:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1132:
1129:Arch. Neurol
1128:
1122:
1100:(5): 674–6.
1097:
1093:
1087:
1057:(2): 141–2.
1054:
1050:
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1019:(2): 220–2.
1016:
1012:
980:
974:
950:(2): 201–8.
947:
943:
900:(3): 185–9.
897:
893:
887:
855:(2): 247–9.
852:
848:
838:
811:
807:
797:
770:
767:N Engl J Med
766:
755:
722:
718:
712:
679:
675:
639:
635:
568:
556:
552:
548:
529:
480:Compressive
470:
431:Intraocular
393:
312:Polycythemia
299:Eosinophilic
189:
171:
167:
164:
142:
96:
95:
4555:Extra-axial
4447:precerebral
4151:Cycloplegia
4094:Photophobia
4089:Hemeralopia
4046:Hemianopsia
4024:Vision loss
3935:Aniseikonia
3926:Astigmatism
3846:Cyclotropia
3824:Hypertropia
3636:Papilledema
3608:Optic nerve
3441:Sickle cell
3421:Purtscher's
3406:Retinopathy
3274:Choroiditis
3115:Keratoconus
2936:Conjunctiva
2813:Xanthelasma
2765:Blepharitis
2650:MedlinePlus
2491:Am. J. Surg
2454:(2): 83–6.
2249:(1): 9–13.
2144:Cephalalgia
2087:McDonald WI
598:Hemianopsia
520:Psychogenic
487:Papilledema
409:Blepharitis
375:angiography
154:vision loss
4689:Categories
4418:Cerebellum
4336:Brain stem
4264:including
4200:Infections
4121:Anisocoria
4084:Asthenopia
4077:subjective
4061:homonymous
4056:bitemporal
4008:Nyctalopia
3996:Dichromacy
3940:Presbyopia
3901:Refraction
3722:Strabismus
3612:Optic disc
2971:Pinguecula
2836:Trichiasis
2626:DiseasesDB
2085:Smith KJ,
1782:2007-03-29
1340:Am. J. Med
1035:2007-03-26
614:References
449:hemangioma
433:hemorrhage
373:, carotid
367:Iatrogenic
302:vasculitis
274:Temporary
176:idiopathic
172:idiopathic
4600:Brainstem
4375:Foville's
4172:Nystagmus
4146:Mydriasis
4020:Blindness
3966:Amblyopia
3954:Blindness
3914:Hyperopia
3839:Exophoria
3834:Esophoria
3819:Exotropia
3815:Esotropia
3353:Retinitis
3051:Keratitis
3028:Scleritis
2961:Pterygium
2841:Madarosis
2788:Ectropion
2783:Entropion
2760:Chalazion
2666:neuro/480
2661:eMedicine
1940:221395995
1602:Neurology
1546:(2): 1–6.
719:Neurology
676:Neurology
593:Amaurosis
565:Treatment
542:(TIA) or
532:physician
526:Diagnosis
501:factors."
404:Keratitis
276:vasospasm
133:both eyes
114:amaurosis
107:ἀμαύρωσις
47:Neurology
42:Specialty
4710:Symptoms
4638:Aneurysm
4567:Subdural
4562:Epidural
4391:Midbrain
4211:Trachoma
3976:Diplopia
3671:Ischemic
3596:Pathways
3510:Glaucoma
3411:diabetic
3313:Cataract
3251:Synechia
3103:Meesmann
3071:Exposure
3056:herpetic
2954:allergic
2944:Chemosis
2878:Epiphora
2344:29684052
2316:Headache
2311:: 173–6.
2271:46246035
2243:Headache
2236:14022628
2209:32304894
2201:12390623
2181:Headache
2166:10403062
2125:10603618
1722:28110036
1587:13588599
1403:35161683
1395:11262668
1184:14894017
1114:11336956
1079:38943888
1071:11668383
1029:Archived
1025:11831932
879:11459904
747:13315378
704:19550244
696:15753415
658:11596587
587:See also
505:Migraine
453:Orbital
447:Orbital
438:Coloboma
263:Cardiac
250:stenosis
87:Duration
66:Symptoms
4617:General
4523:CADASIL
4349:Medulla
4051:binasal
4038:Anopsia
3981:Scotoma
3775:palsies
3538:Red eye
3523:Floater
3330:Aphakia
3261:Choroid
3231:Hyphema
3221:Uveitis
2828:Eyelash
2620:D020757
2552:3656582
2511:3526933
2468:7814205
2423:8664120
2415:6474546
2371:6390159
2336:7451120
2298:4105666
2263:5444866
2174:5961275
2116:1692682
2072:2245543
2064:6497356
2002:7316347
1975:6477235
1932:6637419
1894:3951818
1859:6367679
1824:6419415
1714:2729913
1679:3559620
1670:1031809
1622:5062262
1579:6697006
1509:3767551
1474:4150748
1325:9559738
1290:2529277
1263:1875972
1219:3332423
966:2406992
906:2529279
870:1737502
830:2261177
789:1852179
739:2685658
572:aspirin
536:symptom
462:testing
455:osteoma
232:embolus
145:curtain
4695:Stroke
4266:stroke
4141:Miosis
3919:Myopia
3698:Kjer's
3446:photic
3345:Retina
3098:Fuchs'
3066:fungal
3043:Cornea
3020:Sclera
2803:Ptosis
2740:Eyelid
2728:Adnexa
2655:000784
2609:362.34
2550:
2509:
2476:394747
2474:
2466:
2421:
2413:
2393:Stroke
2369:
2342:
2334:
2296:
2278:Lancet
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2261:
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2216:Lancet
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2199:
2172:
2164:
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2113:
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2029:423606
2027:
2000:
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1938:
1930:
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1720:
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1630:552116
1628:
1620:
1585:
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1438:901267
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1069:
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877:
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745:
737:
702:
694:
656:
574:as an
544:stroke
443:Myopia
399:Iritis
381:, and
265:emboli
170:, and
81:Stroke
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4662:Other
4516:Other
4283:Brain
4165:Other
4113:Pupil
3503:Other
3147:sicca
2999:Globe
2898:Orbit
2594:G45.3
2472:S2CID
2444:(PDF)
2419:S2CID
2340:S2CID
2267:S2CID
2205:S2CID
2170:S2CID
2068:S2CID
1936:S2CID
1776:(PDF)
1755:(PDF)
1718:S2CID
1626:S2CID
1583:S2CID
1536:(PDF)
1399:S2CID
1075:S2CID
743:S2CID
700:S2CID
214:, or
198:, or
161:Cause
124:fugax
119:Latin
101:Greek
4366:Pons
3305:Lens
3205:Iris
2755:Stye
2615:MeSH
2604:9-CM
2548:PMID
2507:PMID
2464:PMID
2411:PMID
2367:PMID
2332:PMID
2294:PMID
2259:PMID
2232:PMID
2197:PMID
2162:PMID
2121:PMID
2060:PMID
2025:PMID
1998:PMID
1971:PMID
1928:PMID
1890:PMID
1855:PMID
1820:PMID
1763:ISBN
1710:PMID
1675:PMID
1618:PMID
1575:PMID
1559:Blut
1505:PMID
1470:PMID
1434:PMID
1391:PMID
1356:PMID
1321:PMID
1286:PMID
1259:PMID
1215:PMID
1180:PMID
1145:PMID
1110:PMID
1067:PMID
1021:PMID
985:ISBN
962:PMID
902:PMID
875:PMID
826:PMID
785:PMID
735:PMID
692:PMID
654:PMID
2631:501
2600:ICD
2585:ICD
2538:doi
2499:doi
2495:152
2456:doi
2401:doi
2359:doi
2324:doi
2286:doi
2251:doi
2224:doi
2189:doi
2152:doi
2111:PMC
2103:doi
2099:354
2052:doi
1963:doi
1920:doi
1882:doi
1847:doi
1843:144
1810:doi
1702:doi
1665:PMC
1657:doi
1610:doi
1567:doi
1497:doi
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