Retrogressive thaw slumps - Knowledge (XXG)

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retreats as it collapses. An active layer of basal sediment accumulates flowing down a low-gradient slump floor. This flows downslope as it "collapses to the base of the exposure". The floor or base of the retrogressive thaw slump is covered in then sediment—mudflows and braided hills. As the headscarp progressively retreats, the slump floor extends.

317:, has been called a "megaslump"—a large retrogressive thaw slump. The crater is a feature of a 'thermokarst depression'; in contrast to other thermokarst depressions in permafrost terrain—including those found in the north of Canada—the Batagaika Crater is much deeper—from "two-to-three times deeper". 143:

RTS morphology comprises a vertical headwall, an inclined headscarp, a floor filled with flow deposits, and a lobe that conveys thawed sediments downslope. RTS morphology comprises the headwall, headscarp; a floor, and a lobe. The vertical headwall is steep and ice-rich; the downsloped headscarp is a

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A 2009 study classified slumps as active, stable, and ancient. An active slump is one that has a clearly-defined headwall and bare areas; and a stable slump is one that has clearly-defined boundaries and is completely covered in vegetation. The headwall relief of an ancient slump is a subdued scar on

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Retrogressive thaw slumps are the "most active geomorphic features" of thermokarst permafrost terrain". Permafrost dates back hundreds of thousands of years; thermokarst and its features—such as retrogressive thaw slumps—which are slope failures, have been initiated by terrain disturbance associated

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Grosse, Guido; Harden, Jennifer; Turetsky, Merritt; McGuire, A. David; Camill, Philip; Tarnocai, Charles; Frolking, Steve; Schuur, Edward A. G.; Jorgenson, Torre; Marchenko, Sergei; Romanovsky, Vladimir; Wickland, Kimberly P.; French, Nancy; Waldrop, Mark; Bourgeau-Chavez, Laura; Striegl, Robert G.

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of drill bores extracted by Murton and his team. Murton said that this means that the permafrost "survived the previous interglacial period, which began some hundred and thirty thousand years ago...The oldest permafrost in Eurasia has been kicking around for over half a million years...Seeing as it

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is a common form of mass wasting, when a mass of material moves downward along a curved surface, usually neither fast of very far. The surface of the rupture is spoon-shaped and concave upward or outward. The slump creates a crescent-shaped scarp at the head and the block's upper surface is tilted

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The most thawing occurs on south- and west-facing slopes. Ballantyne describes how, as scarp ice thaws it causes rapidly-evolving retrogressive slope failure or slumping. This landslide "exposes a fresh face" of ice-rich permafrost. As thawing takes place, the ice-rich, steep, erosional headscarp

477:"Advances in remote sensing techniques, and their application in a broad suite of change detection studies, indicate recent increases in the rates and magnitude of thermokarst including retrogressive thaw slumping, lake expansion and the transformation of frozen peatlands to collapsed wetlands." 520:"ncreased knowledge on the dynamics of thaw slump activity is required to better characterize their impact on the environment." According to a 1990 study, woodchip insulation on ice-rich slopes were used to slow down slumping along the "pipeline route from Norman Wells, NWT, to Zama, Alberta." 324:—"one of 'most important' sites in the world for the study of permafrost". The local residents living near the crater refer to it as a "gateway to Hell." The Yakutian people, believe that the crater is the door way to under world, one of three worlds, which include the upper and middle worlds. 130:

As the slopes thaw, the ice-rich permafrost is exposed and turns into a mud slurry. Thermokarst processes may cause lakes to enlarge, peatlands to collapse and landslides or thaw slumps to develop." "Retrogressive thaw slumps are among the most active geomorphological features in permafrost

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While permafrost is resilient, it is not invulnerable. Batagaika Crater began to form in the 1960s, following clear-cutting of a large forested area. It has been growing 100 feet (30 m) a year since then. In 2008, there was major flooding in the area which accelerated to growth of the

599:"Our observation that the most rapid intensification of slump activity occurred in the coldest environment (the Jesse Moraine on Banks Island) indicates that ice-cored landscapes in cold permafrost environments are highly vulnerable to climate change" (Segal, Lantz and Kokelj 2016) 185:(IPA)'s Terminology Working Group, "retrogressive thaw slumps consist of a steep headwall that retreats in a retrogressive fashion due to thawing, and a debris flow formed by the mixture of thawed sediment and meltwater that slides down the face of the headwall and flows away." 2766:

Strauss, Jens; Schirrmeister, Lutz; Grosse, Guido; Fortier, Daniel; Hugelius, Gustaf; Knoblauch, Christian; Romanovsky, Vladimir; Schädel, Christina; Schneider von Deimling, Thomas; Schuur, Edward A. G.; Shmelev, Denis; Ulrich, Mathias; Veremeeva, Alexandra (1 January 2017).

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Wang, Kang; Jafarov, Elchin; Overeem, Irina; Romanovsky, Vladimir; Schaefer, Kevin; Clow, Gary; Urban, Frank; Cable, William; Piper, Mark; Schwalm, Christopher; Zhang, Tingjun; Kholodov, Alexander; Sousanes, Pamela; Loso, Michael; Hill, Kenneth (21 December 2018).

80:, also called a "megaslump", is one-kilometre-long and 100 metres (330 ft) deep and it grows a 100 feet (30 m) annually. The land began to sink, and the Batagaika Crater began to form in the 1960s, following clear-cutting of a section of forested area. 147:

Retrogressive thaw slumps are slope failures due to abrupt thawing of ice-rich permafrost. They have also been called ground-ice slumps, thermocirques, tundra mudflows, retrogressive flow slides, and bi-modal flows. These terms are no longer recommended by the

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report described the implementation of a number of sensors and integrated observation dataset used to monitor the RSSs "hydrological and thermal deformation" to mitigate infrastructure damage to the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor engineering projects.

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as a "type of Pleistocene-age (formed 1.8 million to 10,000 years before present) permafrost that contains a significant amount of organic material with ice content of 50 to 90 percent by volume. Thawing yedoma is a significant source of atmospheric

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Thaw slumps "have been shown to modify the discharge of streams and rivers (Kokelj et al. 2013) and the geochemical composition and sediment loads of streams and lakes (Kokelj et al. 2009; Malone et al. 2013; Rudy et al. 2017; Tanski et al. 2017)

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RTS "represent a particularly dramatic landscape response that is expected to intensify in magnitude and frequency with future climate change." They "contribute large volumes of materials downslope to lakes, drainage networks and coastal zones."

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The retrogressive thaw slump forms on massive ice or ice-rich permafrost, which is often covered in a layer of tundra vegetation under which a layer of peat may lie. The RTS surface is convex and is located on the shoulder of the hillslope.

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Shatilovich, A. V.; Tchesunov, A. V.; Neretina, T. V.; Grabarnik, I. P.; Gubin, S. V.; Vishnivetskaya, T. A.; Onstott, T. C.; Rivkina, E. M. (1 May 2018). "Viable Nematodes from Late Pleistocene Permafrost of the Kolyma River Lowland".

105:. This exposure has a headwall that measures in excess of 22 m high and is over 1.3 km long. This cliff exposure has been increasing in size on a yearly basis since it was first measured in 1950 from air photographs". Credit Dave Fox 406:

10 acres), representing 24% of the terrestrial area, as of 1997 is vulnerable to climate warming. Of the estimated 950 billion tonnes of carbon in permafrost, the yedoma domain stores just a little less than 50% of this carbon.

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As ice-rich permafrost and glacial terrain thaws, the melting ground ice causes the land surface to collapse through a series of processes resulting in the formation of an irregular land surface, called thermokarst, composed of

1480:(Report). Circum-Pacific map series CP-45. Cartography by F.J. Sidlauskas, Jr. and G.F. Delinski, Jr. Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey in Cooperation with the Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources. 238:

since 1950. Researchers found a "significantly higher growth rates" of RTSs from 1973 to 2004 than from 1950 to 1973, which suggested that a "regional driver of slump growth has subsumed site specific controls."

201:, from the Himalayas to northern Greenland, in northern Canada and Alaska. RTSs "are commonly found on the banks of northern rivers and lakes and along the arctic coast, especially where undercutting is active." 162:

age. As of 2011, the Yedoma domain covered 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi; 100,000,000 ha; 250,000,000 acres) of the northern permafrost zone, mostly in Siberia, including northern

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in a Pleistocene squirrel burrow in the Duvanny Yar outcrop that was estimated to be about 32,000 years old. The scientists thawed the nematodes; it revived and began moving and eating, making it one of the

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There are thousands of RTSs have been inventoried in the north of Canada. There were 212 RTS, varying in size "from 0.4 to 52 ha, with 10 slumps exceeding 20 ha", identified in the westward extent of the

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backwards. When the slope is over-steeped, a slump commonly occurs. A slump can occur when the river edge becomes over-steeped or on a coastal cliff undercut by wave action."(Tarbuck and Lutgens 1999)

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are deposits of highly organic-rich and ice-rich permafrost with ice content representing from 50 to 90% of its volume. Much of the yedoma deposits have been frozen since 10,000 years ago, in the

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and Peel Plateau region—of these "189 have been active since at least 1985". These thaw slumps affect permafrost terrain in northwestern Canada, where thousands of them have been identified.

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when an ice-rich section thaws. RTSs develop quickly and can extend across several hectares modifying Arctic coastlines and permafrost terrain. They are the most active and dynamic feature of

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or glaciated terrains. These horseshoe-shaped landslides contribute to the thawing of hectares of permafrost annually and are considered to be one of the most active and dynamic features of

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is "thawing at faster rates than ever before", according to Fabrice Calmels and his research team who came to the area in 2019, when the Takhini Slump was 95 metres (312 ft) from the

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Luo, Lihui; Zhuang, Yanli; Zhang, Mingyi; Zhang, Zhongqiong; Ma, Wei; Zhao, Wenzhi; Zhao, Lin; Wang, Li; Shi, Yanmei; Zhang, Ze; Duan, Quntao; Tian, Deyu; Zhou, Qingguo (20 August 2021).

174:. Because yedoma deposits are ice-rich, they are "especially prone to rapid-thaw processes" and "highly vulnerable to disturbances such as thermokarst and thermo-erosion processes". 101:"Several types of massive ground ice, including ice wedges and intrasedimental ice, observable within the cliff wall of a retrogressive thaw slump located on the southern coast of 2955:"Detailed Characterization and Monitoring of a Retrogressive Thaw Slump from Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems and Identifying Associated Influence on Carbon and Nitrogen Export" 2336:"An integrated observation dataset of the hydrological and thermal deformation in permafrost slopes and engineering infrastructure in the Qinghai–Tibet Engineering Corridor" 251:—also known as the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP)—the 632 kilometres (393 mi)-long narrow engineering corridor on permafrost—the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor— links 536:"The term thermokarst describes the processes and landforms that involve collapse of the land surface as a result of the melting of ground ice." (Kokelj and Jorgenson 2013) 438:

RSTs thaw "hectares of permafrost annually." RTSs "typically retreat and expand at high rates". RTSs damage "infrastructure, and releas carbon preserved in frozen ground."

44:—the "processes and landforms that involve collapse of the land surface as a result of the melting of ground ice." They are found in permafrost or glaciated regions of the 2914: 3222: 577:"Radiocarbon dating showed that RTS were likely to have been active around 300 a BP and are undergoing a similar period of increased activity now." (Lantuit et al 2012) 1856: 1424:

Bernhard, Philipp; Zwieback, Simon; Hajnsek, Irena (July 2021). "Area and volume quantification of Arctic thaw slumps using time-series of digital elevation models".

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Walter, KM; Zimov, SA; Chanton, JP; Verbyla, D; Chapin, FS (September 2006). "Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming".

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in Mongolia. During the Holocene, these three valleys were occupied by ice at various times. The Akkol valley permafrost-indicator features include rock glaciers,

1847: 144:"low-angled scar zone" composed of thawed slurry; the lobe is a tongue of debris in active slumps which is composed of saturated materials that flowed downslope. 484:. One of the first of these alert systems includes several in northern Quebec and one at the Takhini Slump. There are plans in place to set up systems along the 480:

In Canada, computerized alert systems are being installed to monitor humidity, temperature and other factors at RTSs that threaten infrastructure, such as the

1705:"In Siberia, Giant Craters Sparked Dozens of Wild Theories About their Origins. Thawing Permafrost has Shaped the Largest of its Kind, The Batagaika Crater" 2934: 395:

As the climate warms, "terrain-altering thermokarst" retrogressive thaw slumps represent the "most rapid and dramatic changes" in permafrost regions.

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Cheng, Guodong; Wu, Tonghua (8 June 2007). "Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau".

267:. A 2022 inventory identified 875 widely distributed RTSs, along the highly developed corridor with significant infrastructures, including the 3215: 3092:

Xia, Zhuoxuan; Huang, Lingcao; Fan, Chengyan; Jia, Shichao; Lin, Zhanjun; Liu, Lin; Luo, Jing; Niu, Fujun; Zhang, Tingjun (14 January 2022).

2897: 1493: 1414: 2832:"Unprecedented Increases in Total and Methyl Mercury Concentrations Downstream of Retrogressive Thaw Slumps in the Western Canadian Arctic" 182: 3094:"Retrogressive thaw slumps along the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor: a comprehensive inventory and their distribution characteristics" 293:

Two-thirds of Russia's territory consists of permafrost terrain—which represents that largest share in the world. It is here in central

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Riedlinger, D.; Berkes, F. (2001). "Contributions of traditional knowledge to understanding climate change in the Canadian Arctic".

2257:"Modern and Late Holocene Retrogressive Thaw Slump Activity on the Yukon Coastal Plain and Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, Canada" 546: 149: 1512:"Geomorphology, Vegetation Succession, Soil Characteristics and Permafrost in Retrogressive Thaw Slumps near Mayo, Yukon Territory" 3208: 469:

reported seeing an increase in the number of slumps, which had affected "travel for traditional hunting and fishing activities."

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Permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere, which covered approximately 23,000,000 square kilometres (8,900,000 sq mi; 2.3

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The bottom layer of permafrost sediment has been estimated to be "at least six hundred and fifty thousand years old", based on

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In 2016, University of Sussex's scientist and professor, Julian Murton, led an expedition to undertake a pilot study of the

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is located. Because of its massive size—it is one-kilometre-long and 100 metres (330 ft) deep and growing annually—the

3343: 3428: 450:"This has negatively affected aquatic ecosystems, including benthic macroinvertebrates communities (Chin et al. 2016). 2490:

Ramage, Justine L.; Irrgang, Anna M.; Herzschuh, Ulrike; Morgenstern, Anne; Couture, Nicole; Lantuit, Hugues (2017).

2442:"This little-known climate change hazard is creeping across northern Canada. These scientists are trying to fight it" 3631: 2811: 1828: 458:

Retrogressive thaw slumps threaten Canada's infrastructure and contributes to mercury contamination in the water.

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McRoberts, E.C.; Morgenstern, N.R. (1973). Landslides in the Vicinity of the Mackenzie River, Mile 205 to 660.

1780: 508: 2043:"Origin and polycyclic behaviour of tundra thaw slumps, Mackenzie Delta region, Northwest Territories, Canada" 1372:"Thaw slump activity measured using stationary cameras in time-lapse and Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry" 2099:"Distribution and growth of thaw slumps in the Richardson Mountains–Peel Plateau region, northwestern Canada" 1553: 2255:

Lantuit, H.; Pollard, W. H.; Couture, N.; Fritz, M.; Schirrmeister, L.; Meyer, H.; Hubberten, H.-W. (2012).

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St. Pierre, Kyra; Zolkos, Scott; Shakil, Sarah; Tank, Suzanne; St. Louis, Vincent; Kokelj, Steve (2018).

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MacKay, J.R. (1966). "Segregated epigenetic ice and slumps in permafrost, Mackenzie Delta area, N.W.T.".

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Lamothe, C.; St. Onge, D. (1961). "A note on a periglacial erosional process in the Isachsen Area, NWT".

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Armstrong, Lindsay; Lacelle, Denis; Fraser, Robert H.; Kokelj, Steve; Knudby, Anders (6 September 2018).

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In 2016 and 2017, a group of researchers studied retrogressive thaw slumps in Northeast Siberia: one at

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Schuster, Paul; Schaefer, Kevin; Aiken, George; Antweiler, Ronald; Dewild, John; et al. (2018).

2555: 2503: 2347: 2268: 2217: 2206:"Increasing rates of retrogressive thaw slump activity in the Mackenzie Delta region, N.W.T., Canada" 2110: 2054: 1998: 1937: 1888: 1736: 1660: 1609: 1565: 228: 224: 1622: 24:

are a type of landslide that occur in the terrestrial Arctic's permafrost region of the circumpolar

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Retrogressive thaw slumps are forms of the permafrost or glaciated regions and may be found in the

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Fukui, Kotaro; Fujii, Yoshiyuki; Mikhailov, Nikolai; Ostanin, Oleg; Iwahana, Go (1 April 2007).

2491: 1925: 3605: 3181: 3065: 3013: 2893: 2859: 2798: 2769:"Deep Yedoma permafrost: A synthesis of depositional characteristics and carbon vulnerability" 2746: 2738: 2700: 2649: 2641: 2519: 2428: 2365: 2312: 2284: 2235: 2192: 2168: 2126: 2070: 2014: 1953: 1781:"Researchers set up permafrost thaw alert system on major highway connecting Yukon and Alaska" 1752: 1676: 1635: 1581: 1533: 1489: 1410: 489: 61: 3587: 3398: 3348: 3338: 3325: 3295: 3265: 3173: 3101: 3055: 3005: 2974: 2851: 2788: 2730: 2690: 2671:"Acceleration of thaw slump activity in glaciated landscapes of the Western Canadian Arctic" 2631: 2604: 2563: 2511: 2418: 2355: 2276: 2225: 2158: 2118: 2062: 2006: 1945: 1896: 1744: 1668: 1627: 1573: 1523: 1481: 1454: 1429: 1428:. 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS. pp. 800–803. 1383: 485: 344: 321: 314: 310: 287: 77: 2619: 2256: 1986: 3521: 3408: 3275: 3260: 1840: 564: 377: 248: 209: 198: 102: 49: 3169: 3051: 3001: 2970: 2847: 2784: 2695: 2686: 2670: 2600: 2559: 2507: 2351: 2272: 2221: 2114: 2058: 2002: 1941: 1892: 1740: 1664: 1613: 1569: 3577: 3231: 3136: 3093: 1648: 1577: 501: 481: 415: 306: 2915:"200,000 year old soil found at mysterious crater, a 'gate to the subterranean world'" 2042: 1724: 283: 3620: 3582: 3560: 3541: 3393: 3383: 3373: 3255: 3115: 3077: 3035: 2712: 2575: 2531: 2377: 2335: 2296: 2247: 2082: 2026: 1908: 1764: 1748: 1688: 1433: 1397: 462: 3152:

Zhang, T.; Barry, R. G.; Knowles, K.; Heginbottom, J. A.; Brown, J. (1 April 1999).

3036:"A synthesis dataset of permafrost-affected soil thermal conditions for Alaska, USA" 2871: 2793: 2768: 2758: 1926:"Vulnerability of high-latitude soil organic carbon in North America to disturbance" 3449: 3423: 3403: 3300: 3025: 2831: 2661: 2122: 1974:

Surficial geology and land classification, Mackenzie Valley Transportation Corridor

619: 617: 615: 586:"The warmer and wetter northern climate during recent decades has led to increased 466: 352: 167:, and also in Alaska, and in the north of Canada, including the Yukon Territories. 1076: 1074: 590:

activity in permafrost terrain."(Armstrong et al 2018, (Kokelj and Jorgenson 2013)

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survived intense global-warming events in the past, it must be pretty resilient."

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Lacelle, Denis; Brooker, Alex; Fraser, Robert H.; Kokelj, Steve V. (April 2015).

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Kokelj, S. V.; Lantz, T. C.; Kanigan, J.; Smith, S. L.; Coutts, R. (April 2009).

376:, one of three U-shaped valleys—including Taldura and Karaoyuk—that comprise the 3378: 3315: 3310: 3285: 1442: 828: 826: 824: 587: 159: 41: 33: 29: 2464:(Report). Environmental Social Program, Northern Pipelines. Ottawa. p. 96. 1725:"Thermokarst in Siberia and its influence on the development of lowland relief" 3474: 3353: 3333: 3305: 3245: 3177: 3060: 2734: 2567: 2360: 1485: 497: 423: 37: 3185: 3069: 2887: 2802: 2742: 2704: 2645: 2523: 2432: 2369: 2288: 2239: 2196: 2172: 2130: 2074: 2018: 1957: 1756: 1639: 1585: 1537: 3546: 3516: 3459: 3250: 3153: 2855: 2423: 2406: 1672: 426:

thaws. For this reason, permafrost environments are extremely vulnerable to

3017: 2863: 2750: 2653: 1680: 796: 794: 3200: 3106: 2471:"West Moberly First Nations concerned about mercury contamination in fish" 1443:"Plant community responses to disturbances in the western Canadian Arctic" 663: 661: 659: 657: 655: 653: 651: 649: 3454: 3418: 3270: 2953:

Turner, Kevin W.; Pearce, Michelle D.; Hughes, Daniel D. (January 2021).

2609: 2584: 2515: 2230: 2205: 1949: 1800: 1649:"Permafrost Thaw Dominates Mercury Emission in Tibetan Thermokarst Ponds" 1631: 1474: 1473:

Brown, J.; Ferrians, O.J. Jr.; Heginbottom, J.A.; Melnikov, E.S. (1997).

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with clear-cutting forests, the construction of seismic lines and roads.

112: 3009: 2313:"A Remarkable Response of Ice-Rich Permafrost Terrain to Summer Warming" 2163: 1528: 3503: 2979: 2954: 1877:"The lower limit of mountain permafrost in the Russian Altai Mountains" 294: 164: 69: 65: 53: 1426:

2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS

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in the western Canadian Arctic, Inuvialuit residents of the hamlet of

3531: 3511: 3489: 2935:"Worms frozen in permafrost for up to 42,000 years come back to life" 2280: 2010: 1239: 419: 384: 260: 171: 155: 73: 56:, from the Himalayas to northern Greenland, and in northern Canada's 2669:

Segal, Rebecca A; Lantz, Trevor C; Kokelj, Steven V (1 March 2016).

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Williston-Dinosaur Watershed Fish Mercury Investigation: 2017 Report

1458: 496:. The Takhini Slump, located 30 kilometres (30,000 m) north of 213:

Arctic Coastal Plain, Teshekpuk Lake, Alaska by Brandt Meixell, USGS

960: 958: 3556: 3499: 3484: 3464: 3290: 3280: 1976:. Proceedings of the Canadian North Pipeline Research Conference. 1821:

Multi-language glossary of permafrost and related ground-ice terms

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Multi-Language Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-Ice Terms

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A retrogressive thaw slump is a slow landslide caused by thawing

3469: 680: 678: 676: 32:—the collapse of the land surface as ground ice melts. They are 3204: 2147:"Plant Succession on Tundra Mudflows: Preliminary Observations" 1980:. Technical Memo. No. 104. Ottawa, Canada. pp. 17–24. 1157: 1155: 781: 779: 777: 775: 897: 895: 893: 891: 2812:"How thawing permafrost is beginning to transform the Arctic" 636: 634: 632: 2585:"Permafrost Stores a Globally Significant Amount of Mercury" 1116: 1104: 878: 876: 874: 872: 870: 811: 809: 734: 711: 667: 234:

Multi-year studies have mapped and monitored of RTSs in the

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Schuur, Edward A. G.; Abbott, Benjamin (30 November 2011).

1554:"Canadian Landform Examples - 17 Retrogressive Thaw Slumps" 1007: 845: 843: 841: 1647:

Ci, Zhijia; Peng, Fei; Xue, Xian; Zhang, Xiaoshan (2020).

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Circum-Arctic map of permafrost and ground ice conditions

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Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS)

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Retrogressive thaw slumps development is one result of

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Lantz, Trevor C.; Kokelj, Steven V. (21 March 2008).

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Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program (June 2018).

1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1028: 964: 3570: 3498: 3442: 3366: 3324: 3238: 1723:Czudek, Tadeáš; Demek, Jaromír (1 September 1970). 1200: 135:the terrain that is covered in tundra vegetation. 2886:Tarbuck, Edward J.; Lutgens, Frederick K. (1999). 1251: 1065: 684: 2892:. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall. 372:There is a pingo retrogressive thaw slump in the 76:. The largest RTS in the world is in Siberia—the 36:slope failures due to abrupt thawing of ice-rich 2889:Earth : an introduction to physical geology 2462:Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada 1338: 1161: 1930:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 937: 742: 723: 719: 640: 504:; in 2021 it was 40 metres (130 ft) away. 309:that the largest retrogressive thaw slump, the 275:, "as well as power and communication towers". 2496:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 1185: 901: 3216: 1806:(Report). NWT State of the Environment Report 882: 738: 16:Dynamic feature of thawing permafrost terrain 8: 1302: 1510:Burn, C.R.; Friele, P.A. (1 January 1989). 1173: 925: 3321: 3223: 3209: 3201: 1799:Environment and Natural Resources (2014). 1092: 983: 849: 815: 785: 762: 3105: 3059: 2978: 2792: 2694: 2635: 2608: 2422: 2359: 2229: 2162: 1621: 1527: 1441:Bliss, L. C.; Wein, Ross (January 1971). 1387: 1353: 754: 699: 1985:Kokelj, S. V.; Jorgenson, M. T. (2013). 1405:Ballantyne, Colin K. (16 January 2018). 1326: 1846:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1314: 1227: 1215: 758: 611: 529: 2836:Environmental Science & Technology 1836: 1826: 1653:Environmental Science & Technology 1552:Burn, C. R.; Lewkowicz, A. G. (1990). 949: 913: 833:Environment and Natural Resources 2014 716:Environment and Natural Resources 2014 3098:Earth System Science Data Discussions 1703:Colucci, Renato R. (2 October 2021). 1291:Brown, Sidlauskas & Delinski 1997 1279:Bernhard, Zwieback & Hajnsek 2021 1044: 767: 7: 2440:McKinley, Steve (20 November 2021). 2261:Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2145:Lambert, J. D. H. (1 January 1972). 2047:Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 1991:Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 1881:Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 183:International Permafrost Association 2311:Lewkowicz, Antoni (29 April 2019). 422:temperatures rise rapidly rise and 362:oldest living multicellular animals 177:According to the definition of the 1987:"Advances in Thermokarst Research" 1779:Desmarais, Anna (6 October 2021). 1578:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1990.tb01092.x 442:Modification of streams and rivers 14: 3537:Montane grasslands and shrublands 3130:Yaffa, Joshua (10 January 2022). 3100:. Cryosphere – Permafrost: 1–19. 2405:Mascarelli, Amanda (April 2009). 547:National Snow and Ice Data Center 150:National Snow and Ice Data Center 1434:10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9554503 965:McRoberts & Morgenstern 1973 685:Turner, Pearce & Hughes 2021 90: 22:Retrogressive thaw slumps (RTS), 2810:Struzik, Ed (21 January 2020). 2794:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.007 1602:Journal of Geophysical Research 3601:Category:Periglacial landforms 2675:Environmental Research Letters 2620:"High risk of permafrost thaw" 2469:Meissner, Dirk (12 May 2015). 2123:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.01.024 1162:Segal, Lantz & Kokelj 2016 1: 3344:Solifluction lobes and sheets 2696:10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034025 72:and in the American state of 3429:Syngenetic permafrost growth 2589:Geophysical Research Letters 2210:Geophysical Research Letters 1749:10.1016/0033-5894(70)90013-X 1339:Riedlinger & Berkes 2001 428:climate change in the Arctic 2723:Doklady Biological Sciences 938:Lamothe & St. Onge 1961 743:Kokelj & Jorgenson 2013 724:Kokelj & Jorgenson 2013 720:Kokelj & Jorgenson 2013 641:Kokelj & Jorgenson 2013 3653: 1447:Canadian Journal of Botany 3596: 3178:10.1080/10889379909377670 3132:"The Great Siberian Thaw" 3061:10.5194/essd-10-2311-2018 3040:Earth System Science Data 2735:10.1134/S0012496618030079 2568:10.1017/S0032247400017058 2361:10.5194/essd-13-4035-2021 2340:Earth System Science Data 1819:Everdingen, R.V. (2002). 1486:10.13140/RG.2.1.2994.9040 1409:. John Wiley & Sons. 1407:Periglacial Geomorphology 883:Burn & Lewkowicz 1990 739:Burn & Lewkowicz 1990 509:Earth System Science Data 227:in northwestern Canada's 84:Development and formation 3480:Stratified slope deposit 1303:Schuur & Abbott 2011 3232:Periglacial environment 2856:10.1021/acs.est.8b05348 2424:10.1038/climate.2009.24 1673:10.1021/acs.est.9b06712 1558:The Canadian Geographer 1252:The Siberian Times 2018 1240:Shatilovich et al. 2018 1174:Lantz & Kokelj 2008 1066:The Siberian Times 2016 926:Czudek & Demek 1970 265:Tibet Autonomous Region 189:Geographic distribution 3389:Fluvio-thermal erosion 1862:(Report). Peace Region 850:Burn & Friele 1989 763:Burn & Friele 1989 454:Potential consequences 290: 214: 139:Geomorphic terminology 3627:Periglacial landforms 3551:Massenerhebung effect 3256:Cryoplanation terrace 3107:10.5194/essd-2021-439 2773:Earth-Science Reviews 2411:Nature Climate Change 2394:Geographical Bulletin 2189:Geographical Bulletin 1972:Hughes, O.L. (1972). 1709:Severe Weather Europe 755:Bliss & Wein 1971 735:Armstrong et al. 2018 712:Armstrong et al. 2018 668:Armstrong et al. 2018 494:Northwest Territories 303:Verkhoyansky District 286: 273:Qinghai–Tibet Highway 269:Qinghai–Tibet Railway 236:Mackenzie River Delta 212: 58:Northwest Territories 2610:10.1002/2017GL075571 2516:10.1002/2017JF004231 2477:. The Canadian Press 2231:10.1029/2007GL032433 1950:10.1029/2010JG001507 1632:10.1029/2006JF000631 1389:10.1139/as-2018-0016 381:South Chuyskiy Range 229:Richardson Mountains 225:Laurentide Ice Sheet 3434:Zero-curtain effect 3170:1999PolGe..23..132Z 3052:2018ESSD...10.2311W 3010:10.1038/nature05040 3002:2006Natur.443...71W 2971:2021RemS...13..171T 2848:2018EnST...5214099S 2842:(24): 14099–14109. 2785:2017ESRv..172...75S 2687:2016ERL....11c4025S 2601:2018GeoRL..45.1463S 2560:2001PoRec..37..315R 2508:2017JGRF..122.1619R 2407:"A sleeping giant?" 2352:2021ESSD...13.4035L 2273:2012PPPr...23...39L 2222:2008GeoRL..35.6502L 2164:10.14430/arctic2949 2115:2015Geomo.235...40L 2059:2009PPPr...20..173K 2003:2013PPPr...24..108K 1942:2011JGRG..116.0K06G 1893:2007PPPr...18..129F 1741:1970QuRes...1..103C 1729:Quaternary Research 1665:2020EnST...54.5456C 1614:2007JGRF..112.2S03C 1570:1990CGeog..34..273B 1529:10.14430/arctic1637 1315:Cheng & Wu 2007 1147:Lacelle et al. 2015 1132:Lantuit et al. 2012 1081:Strauss et al. 2017 1020:Strauss et al. 2017 801:Lacelle et al. 2015 329:luminescence dating 299:East Siberian taiga 195:Northern Hemisphere 46:Northern Hemisphere 26:Northern Hemisphere 3443:Soils and deposits 2980:10.3390/rs13020171 2939:The Siberian Times 2919:The Siberian Times 1008:Grosse et al. 2011 996:Walter et al. 2006 862:Kokelj et al. 2009 788:, p. 133,134. 624:Ramage et al. 2017 347:and the second in 291: 215: 3632:Patterned grounds 3614: 3613: 3606:Template:Glaciers 3362: 3361: 2899:978-0-13-796129-0 1829:cite encyclopedia 1495:978-0-607-88745-7 1416:978-1-4051-0006-9 1267:Fukui et al. 2007 1117:Zhang et al. 1999 490:Yukon Territories 341:Kurungnakh Island 62:Yukon Territories 3644: 3547:Alpine tree line 3532:Antarctic tundra 3517:Arctic tree line 3399:Frost weathering 3326:Patterned ground 3322: 3296:Protalus rampart 3286:Periglacial lake 3225: 3218: 3211: 3202: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3109: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3063: 3046:(4): 2311–2328. 3029: 2984: 2982: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2806: 2796: 2762: 2716: 2698: 2665: 2639: 2614: 2612: 2595:(3): 1463–1471. 2579: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2502:(9): 1619–1634. 2486: 2484: 2482: 2465: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2436: 2426: 2401: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2363: 2346:(8): 4035–4052. 2330: 2328: 2326: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2281:10.1002/ppp.1731 2251: 2233: 2200: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2166: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2011:10.1002/ppp.1779 1981: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1861: 1851: 1844: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1824: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1659:(9): 5456–5466. 1643: 1625: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1531: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1479: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1453:(5): 1097–1109. 1437: 1420: 1401: 1391: 1357: 1351: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1276: 1270: 1264: 1255: 1249: 1243: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1204: 1198: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1165: 1159: 1150: 1144: 1135: 1129: 1120: 1114: 1108: 1105:Wang et al. 2018 1102: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1078: 1069: 1063: 1048: 1042: 1023: 1017: 1011: 1005: 999: 993: 987: 981: 968: 962: 953: 947: 941: 935: 929: 923: 917: 911: 905: 899: 886: 880: 865: 859: 853: 847: 836: 830: 819: 813: 804: 798: 789: 783: 770: 752: 746: 732: 726: 709: 703: 697: 688: 682: 671: 665: 644: 638: 627: 621: 600: 597: 591: 584: 578: 575: 569: 565:geological slump 561: 555: 549:(NSIDC) defines 543: 537: 534: 486:Dempster Highway 405: 401: 345:Lena River Delta 322:Batagaika Crater 315:Batagaika Crater 311:Batagaika Crater 288:Batagaika Crater 181:compiled by the 94: 78:Batagaika Crater 3652: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3592: 3566: 3522:Antarctic oasis 3494: 3438: 3414:Methane release 3409:Ice segregation 3358: 3320: 3261:Glacial erratic 3234: 3229: 3199: 3190: 3188: 3158:Polar Geography 3151: 3142: 3140: 3129: 3120: 3118: 3091: 3082: 3080: 3032: 2987: 2952: 2943: 2941: 2933: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2885: 2876: 2874: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2765: 2719: 2668: 2637:10.1038/480032a 2630:(7375): 32–33. 2617: 2582: 2554:(37): 315–328. 2545: 2536: 2534: 2489: 2480: 2478: 2468: 2459: 2450: 2448: 2439: 2404: 2391: 2382: 2380: 2333: 2324: 2322: 2315: 2310: 2301: 2299: 2254: 2203: 2191:(16): 104–113. 2186: 2177: 2175: 2144: 2135: 2133: 2096: 2087: 2085: 2067:10.1002/ppp.642 2040: 2031: 2029: 1984: 1971: 1962: 1960: 1922: 1913: 1911: 1901:10.1002/ppp.585 1874: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1845: 1835: 1825: 1818: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1789: 1787: 1778: 1769: 1767: 1722: 1713: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1691: 1646: 1623:10.1.1.730.9627 1599: 1590: 1588: 1551: 1542: 1540: 1509: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1477: 1472: 1463: 1461: 1459:10.1139/b72-136 1440: 1423: 1417: 1404: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1352: 1345: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1313: 1309: 1301: 1297: 1289: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1258: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1234: 1226: 1222: 1214: 1207: 1201:Luo et al. 2021 1199: 1192: 1186:Xia et al. 2022 1184: 1180: 1172: 1168: 1160: 1153: 1145: 1138: 1130: 1123: 1115: 1111: 1103: 1099: 1093:Everdingen 2002 1091: 1087: 1079: 1072: 1064: 1051: 1043: 1026: 1018: 1014: 1006: 1002: 994: 990: 984:Mascarelli 2009 982: 971: 963: 956: 948: 944: 936: 932: 924: 920: 912: 908: 902:Xia et al. 2022 900: 889: 881: 868: 860: 856: 848: 839: 831: 822: 816:Ballantyne 2018 814: 807: 799: 792: 786:Ballantyne 2018 784: 773: 766: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 698: 691: 683: 674: 666: 647: 639: 630: 626:, p. 1619. 622: 613: 609: 604: 603: 598: 594: 585: 581: 576: 572: 562: 558: 544: 540: 535: 531: 526: 518: 475: 456: 444: 436: 403: 402:10 ha; 5.7 399: 393: 378:Altai Mountains 370: 281: 249:Tibetan Plateau 245: 220: 207: 199:Tibetan Plateau 191: 141: 108: 107: 106: 103:Herschel Island 100: 95: 86: 50:Tibetan Plateau 17: 12: 11: 5: 3650: 3648: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3619: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3554: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3213: 3205: 3198: 3197: 3164:(2): 132–154. 3149: 3137:The New Yorker 3127: 3089: 3030: 2996:(7107): 71–5. 2985: 2959:Remote Sensing 2950: 2931: 2911: 2898: 2883: 2827: 2807: 2763: 2729:(1): 100–102. 2717: 2666: 2615: 2580: 2543: 2487: 2466: 2457: 2437: 2417:(904): 46–49. 2402: 2389: 2331: 2308: 2252: 2201: 2184: 2142: 2094: 2053:(2): 173–184. 2038: 1997:(2): 108–119. 1982: 1969: 1920: 1887:(2): 129–136. 1872: 1852: 1823:. Boulder, CO. 1816: 1796: 1776: 1735:(1): 103–120. 1720: 1700: 1644: 1608:(F2): F02S03. 1597: 1564:(3): 273–276. 1549: 1507: 1494: 1470: 1438: 1421: 1415: 1402: 1382:(4): 827–845. 1376:Arctic Science 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1354:Desmarais 2021 1343: 1331: 1319: 1307: 1295: 1283: 1271: 1256: 1244: 1232: 1220: 1205: 1190: 1188:, p. 1,9. 1178: 1166: 1151: 1136: 1121: 1109: 1097: 1085: 1070: 1049: 1024: 1012: 1000: 988: 969: 954: 942: 930: 918: 906: 887: 866: 864:, p. 177. 854: 837: 820: 818:, p. 135. 805: 790: 771: 747: 727: 704: 700:Lewkowicz 2019 689: 672: 645: 628: 610: 608: 605: 602: 601: 592: 579: 570: 556: 538: 528: 527: 525: 522: 517: 514: 502:Alaska Highway 482:Alaska Highway 474: 473:RTS monitoring 471: 455: 452: 443: 440: 435: 432: 416:global warming 392: 391:Climate change 389: 369: 366: 307:Sakha Republic 280: 277: 244: 241: 219: 216: 206: 203: 190: 187: 140: 137: 97: 96: 89: 88: 87: 85: 82: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3649: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3561:Drunken trees 3558: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3542:Alpine tundra 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3512:Arctic tundra 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3384:Cryoturbation 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3374:Cryoplanation 3372: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3349:Sorted stripe 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2921:. 18 May 2016 2920: 2916: 2912: 2901: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2884: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2681:(3): 034025. 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2321: 2314: 2309: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2216:(6): –06502. 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2157:(2): 99–106. 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2103:Geomorphology 2100: 2095: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1830: 1822: 1817: 1804:(Information) 1802: 1797: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1497: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1476: 1471: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1327:McKinley 2021 1323: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1083:, p. 75. 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1001: 997: 992: 989: 985: 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