725:, causing those in Valencia to have little sympathy. Economic reasons existed as well. The nobles used the poorer Muslims as a cheap labor supply, which encouraged friction between them and lowly paid or unemployed Christians jealous of their jobs and annoyed at their effect on wages. The noble manors competed with the guilds for economic dominance, and thus the Muslims were seen as part of the opposing system. Lastly, some utopian agermanats believed in a universal brotherhood of all Christian peoples, and that conversion of all the Muslims would assuredly save both their souls and their children's souls.
617:, "The Hidden/Shrouded "). The historical record is unclear, but The Hidden claimed to be a prince — sources differ on who his claimed parents were — hidden away in his childhood who had a mystical vision of the prophets Elijah and Enoch. He was told of his true heritage and that he must save Valencia. The Hidden emphasized a more religious and messianic revolt rather than the social revolution that Peris promoted. He attracted support and recruited from local country elites, leaders, and rich farmers. In this phase, the
821:) and demanded exemption from high feudal rents and duties. This revolt was quickly suppressed by the Spanish government with only a small amount of bloodshed. Despite taking on the name, the revolt was quite different in origin; the Second Brotherhood was mostly made up of peasants rather than the middle-class guildsmen of the 1519–1523 revolt, and lacked the anti-Muslim aspect of the original rebellion.
657:
43:
569:. The Marquis of Los VĂ©lez commanded the victorious royal army manned with reinforcements from Andalusia, and approximately 4,000 agermanats were killed. Almost all of the south of the Kingdom of Valencia fell back into royalist hands. The Council of Thirteen resigned, and three months later, on November 1, the City of Valencia surrendered to the royalist army.
546:. The southern front saw more success, as the rebels commanded by Vicent Peris took the castle of XĂ tiva and won an important victory in the Battle of Gandia against the personal troops of the viceroy on July 23, 1521. After the battle, the agermanats looted the town and farmland of the Gandia region, and undertook a campaign of forced
337:. In 1517, the seventeen-year-old King sailed to Castile, where he was formally recognised as King of Castile. There, his Flemish court provoked much scandal, as de CroĂż shamelessly sold government privileges for personal money and installed other Flemish nobles into government offices. In May 1518, Charles traveled to
581:
and respark the revolt. Meeting with his supporters, he was somehow seen or betrayed, and a desperate night battle in the streets broke out between the agermanats and royal soldiers. Eventually, Peris was cornered and smoked out by setting his house on fire. He was arrested, and on March 3, 1522,
696:
ruled
Majorca. During this period, the Council of Thirteen ran an independent government, and did not coordinate with their brethren in Valencia. In August 1522, the emperor sent 800 men to help Gurrea. By the next year, they had taken the capital, and on March 8, 1523, the agermanats surrendered
765:
With the fall of
Valencia and the entry of the viceroy into the city in late 1521, a moderate repression started. Viceroy Diego Hurtado de Mendoza did not wish to start a new revolt, but took action against the most important of the leaders, and issued a general pardon to minor agermanats who had
777:
and a new German husband (who was jointly named a viceroy with her). She favored a harsher policy toward the rebels, and approximately 800 death sentences to former rebels would be dispensed. Sources differ on how much she personally ordered, but it seems likely at least 100 death warrants were
737:
summoned a board of theologians and jurists in Madrid. In 1525 this board spoke in favor of sustaining the
Christian faith of the new converts, since they had not been forced into the baptism. The baptism was freely chosen as an alternative to death; only if the baptism had been imposed with no
462:
staged a coup d'Ă©tat in which
Mendoza was forced to flee and popular representatives replaced most of the remaining government functions and the courts. Councils of Thirteen took power in the other cities of Valencia as the revolt spread. With this, what had previously been a quiet assertion of
805:
The Revolt's failure is often seen as a political catalyst for
Valencia's shift to a modern, centralized, and authoritarian state away from a feudal one. The local nobility were weakened, and needed to call upon royal power to defeat the rebels. The conversion of the Muslims shrank the pool of
793:. King Charles signed an additional general pardon in 1528, suggesting that scattered reprisals might have continued afterward. Germaine was in favor of the integration of Spain, and Valencian nationalists point to her pardon as one of the first official documents in Aragon written in
351:, for privileges and his formal recognition as King of Aragon. Aragon managed to maintain more local control than Castile did, but mostly because Aragon was poorer and there was no point in pressing the issue for extra tax money that wasn't there to be collected.
479:. The death of Llorenç robbed the moderate faction (including Caro, Sorolla, and Montfort), concerned with the good governance of Valencia, of its strongest voice; the radical faction took power (including Urgellés, Estellés, Peris, and Borrell) which sought
683:
after the unpopular imprisonment of seven guild members. As in
Valencia, a Council of Thirteen was constituted to rule, led by Juan CrespĂ. The rebels gained control of the capital and dismissed the governor-general, Miguel de Gurrea, who fled to
494:
were attacked and burned after an accusation of collaboration with the nobility. However, the war did not truly expand until June 1521. The royalists were separated into two groups. In the south, the viceroy personally led a force based out of
394:
struck
Valencia. Several of the most important nobles died, and many of the others fled to the countryside. The superstitious population concluded that the disease was punishment for immorality, and rioted against people suspected of being
308:
was also a concern. Royal troops were required to be stationed in
Granada and Navarre to maintain order. In order to maintain a coastal defense against the pirates without the cost of deploying the army, Ferdinand gave the
269:, as it was more based on agriculture and less on the lucrative maritime trade. Valencia's economy was dominated by two somewhat static factions: the landed nobles, who controlled agriculture and the countryside, and the
140:
231:
of neighboring
Castile, who fought a similar revolt against Charles from 1520–1522. Both rebellions were partially inspired by the departure for Germany of Charles, the new King of both Castile and Aragon (in a
732:
reached its height in the summer of 1521, after the victory at Gandia. Once the revolt had been defeated, the noblemen questioned the validity of these obligatory baptisms. In order to make a decision,
716:
The
Muslims of the Kingdom of Valencia suffered for a variety of reasons. The warfare with Muslim corsairs kept tensions high between the religions, and encouraged a hostile mentality. Former Muslims
640:. Viceroy Mendoza also advocated a policy of conciliation, offering generous terms to those who surrendered and agreed to return to royal governance. In December 1522, the strongholds of XĂ tiva and
1104:
806:
cheap labor that the noblemen had relied upon. And though the timing may be a coincidence, Germaine's appearance in Valencia helped weaken the old nobility and reinforce royal power in Valencia.
366:. Charles won, becoming Emperor Charles V. He left Aragon to return to Castile to raise funds to pay down the debts he had incurred in the election. The taxes granted to Charles at a Castilian
1051:
382:
to arm themselves against the raiding Muslim fleets. While permission had previously been granted under Ferdinand, Charles was able to force the Valencian nobles to accept this decision.
951:
789:
The period of heavier repression ended on December 23, 1524, when Germaine signed a pardon for one of the six main guilds of the City of Valencia and by extension the other
632:
Realizing that the revolt had not yet been quashed, the royalist government placed a large bounty on the head of The Hidden. He was killed by assailants eager for money in
1056:
288:. This stretched the finances of Aragon and Castile to their limit. Spanish relations with Muslim nations and North Africa were still exceedingly poor after the
455:
577:
Vicent Peris, after holing up in the secure fort at XĂ tiva for some months, came back to Valencia on the night of February 18, 1522. He hoped to revive the
297:
944:
450:, Germany in 1520 where he was dealing with his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor. The only steps he took initially was to revoke his grant of arms to the
60:
500:
313:
permission to arm themselves and form their own paramilitary brigades. The local nobles did not approve of this and initially tried to prevent the
483:
and a social revolution to reduce the power of the aristocracy. Peris took an extremely aggressive stand toward both the nobles and the Muslims.
273:(guilds), which controlled light manufacturing, crafts, and the cities. Outbreaks of famine, flood, and plague impeded the economy still further.
1189:
937:
711:
454:
and several other concessions, measures which were completely ignored. The tension increased with the nomination of the Castilian war veteran
220:
886:
636:
on May 19, 1522. Many others soon sprang up claiming to be The Hidden, but none proved charismatic enough to take over leadership of the
565:
to fight on. Distracted by internal disputes, the agermanats suffered a crushing defeat a mere week after their victory at Gandia in the
276:
However, the most imminent threat to the country was that of warfare. Ferdinand pursued an ambitious foreign policy, participating in the
107:
1169:
983:
281:
79:
443:, who re-established their monopolies on their professions and forbade anyone to work who did not affiliate with one of the guilds.
126:
86:
1184:
1028:
355:
203:
The revolt was an anti-monarchist, anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics. It also bore a strong
64:
778:
directly approved of by her. Heavy fines were imposed on the guilds as punishment, as well as a total of more than 360,000
93:
1008:
774:
734:
561:
fell into disarray. The Valencian bourgeoisie favored some form of negotiated exit, while the military leaders urged the
330:
181:
697:
with the mediation of the bishop. Despite this mediation, more than 200 agermanats were executed, and many others fled.
192:. It took place from 1519–1523, with most of the fighting occurring during 1521. The Valencian revolt inspired a
285:
75:
583:
1179:
1076:
753:
in March 1526. This decision ended the Muslim exception of the mudéjars in the country, but began the problem of
835:
786:, and 2,000,000 ducats of fines were levied in compensations for damages sustained by properties during the war.
543:
538:
In the north, the agermanats led by Jaime Ros suffered two defeats in short succession, first in the Battle of
348:
193:
1066:
1147:
1043:
750:
566:
375:
228:
53:
1174:
918:
258:
204:
341:
in Aragon, where he would remain for nearly two years. Here, he haggled with Aragon's slightly stronger
100:
378:
of Castile. Of more importance for Aragon, in the summer of 1519 Charles granted his permission to the
343:
679:
The revolt was known in other realms of Aragon, and inspired a new overthrow of the government in the
746:
403:. The government tried to contain the rioters, but the rioters deposed the government instead. The
333:. Charles had been raised in Netherlands and his affairs were mostly controlled by the Flemish noble
622:
1086:
359:
185:
147:
427:), comprising one representative from each union, became the new government of the capital city.
1135:
1061:
990:
979:
830:
818:
722:
680:
629:. Farms were looted, castles assaulted, and any Muslims in their domain were forced to convert.
305:
241:
31:
1141:
1023:
692:, the only part of the island that remained faithful to the King during the year and a half the
490:, the pillage of noble palaces, and the redistribution of nearby land. The Moorish quarters of
334:
261:'s later years as ruler, the government slowly decayed and became more corrupt. The economy in
1013:
882:
794:
436:
326:
486:
In the summer of 1520, some military actions occurred such as an assault on the viscounty of
1081:
1033:
969:
770:
664:
610:
602:
520:
516:
420:
412:
176:
167:
159:
688:. The nobles who survived the massacre that occurred in the Bellver Castle took refuge in
974:
641:
491:
408:
262:
189:
1109:
472:
435:, and he sought a representative government similar to the Italian republics such as the
428:
913:(in Spanish). Madrid: Colección Universitaria de Bolsillo Punto Omega. pp. 197–221.
1018:
363:
293:
237:
233:
17:
1163:
1119:
876:
598:
212:
741:
This decision provoked two uprisings from the recently converted population, one in
1114:
476:
325:
Ferdinand died in January 1516 and was succeeded by his mentally unstable daughter
277:
207:
aspect, as rebels rioted against Valencia's peasant Muslim population (also called
881:. Internet Archive. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. pp. 92–94.
656:
480:
391:
371:
289:
42:
407:
stepped into this power vacuum, and gradually replaced the royal government of
1071:
742:
729:
689:
396:
257:
Valencia was dealing with a variety of problems in the early 16th century. In
208:
929:
633:
338:
266:
626:
524:
854:
512:
754:
718:
547:
504:
400:
301:
216:
197:
809:
A later uprising in 1693 was partially inspired by the Revolt of the
539:
528:
447:
244:
and leaving behind a somewhat disreputable Royal Council and regent.
925:. Vol. (vol. 1). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 40.
712:
Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain § In the Crown of Aragon
663:
stayed loyal to the royal government, while almost all of Majorca (
511:
took over several cities at once: in the north, the regions of the
779:
757:
in Valencia whose Christian faith was, understandably, insincere.
685:
660:
655:
551:
496:
487:
139:
138:
329:. Within a few weeks, her son proclaimed himself her co-ruler as
317:
from arming, fearful of the consequences of an armed citizenry.
933:
904:
JH Elliott, Imperial Spain Penguin Books (1990) pages 156-159.
813:
and took their name from it. The rebels called themselves the
499:. Andalusian nobles sent an army to assist as well, headed by
219:
in the Crown of Castile, where Islam was outlawed) and imposed
557:
After this quick succession of battles, the leadership of the
532:
36:
773:, Ferdinand's second wife, who returned to the country with
200:, also part of Aragon, which lasted from 1521–1523.
589:
Only XĂ tiva and Alzira remained under the control of the
439:. Llorenç and the Council of Thirteen gave power to the
431:
emerged as the leader and intellectual statesmen of the
386:
First phase, 1519: The Council of Thirteen in Valencia
582:
he was executed along with his closest supporters by
362:
to win the imperial election by aggressively bribing
1128:
1095:
1042:
1001:
292:, and the coast of Aragon was constantly raided by
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
782:of fines to all cities that had sided with the
503:. In the north, Alonso de Aragon, the Duke of
458:as viceroy in April 1520. At this point, the
945:
8:
769:However, Mendoza was replaced as viceroy by
593:. A mysterious new leader emerged for the
952:
938:
930:
911:Las Revoluciones Españolas En El Siglo XVI
738:choice at all would it have been invalid.
354:In 1519, the King's paternal grandfather,
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
875:Harvey, L. P. (Leonard Patrick) (2005).
573:Third phase, 1522: Countryside Marauders
847:
501:Pedro Fajardo, 1st Marquis of los VĂ©lez
1029:Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
652:Germanies of Majorca, 1521–1523
621:area of action limited itself to the
304:population in the recently conquered
7:
1009:King Charles I of Castile and Aragon
721:) were still a problem in conquered
331:King Charles I of Castile and Aragon
65:adding citations to reliable sources
671:on this map) was controlled by the
1024:William de Croÿ, sieur de Chièvres
1014:Queen Joanna of Castile and Aragon
475:died in 1520, and was replaced by
467:Second phase, 1520–1521: War
335:William de Croÿ, sieur de Chièvres
253:Economic troubles and pirate raids
236:that would form the basis for the
174:) was a revolt by artisan guilds (
25:
960:Unrest in Spain, 1517–1523
745:in November 1525 and another in
706:Forced conversion of the Muslims
644:, which ended the Revolt of the
41:
855:A History of Spain and Portugal
356:Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I
52:needs additional citations for
878:Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614
411:. The "Council of Thirteen" (
358:, died. Charles competed with
1:
1190:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
728:The forced conversion of the
550:upon all the Muslims of the
180:) against the government of
76:"Revolt of the Brotherhoods"
766:merely served in the army.
761:Repression of the Germanies
1206:
1170:Revolt of the Brotherhoods
1097:Revolt of the Brotherhoods
1019:Cardinal Adrian of Utrecht
709:
648:in Valencia conclusively.
507:, captained a force. The
463:power became a civil war.
156:Revolt of the Brotherhoods
29:
1136:Frisian peasant rebellion
1105:List of important figures
1052:List of important figures
965:
923:Spain under the Habsburgs
836:Expulsion of the Moriscos
625:of Valencia, Alzira, and
265:was not as vibrant as in
240:), to take the throne as
172:RebeliĂłn de las GermanĂas
30:For the 1693 revolt, see
456:Diego Hurtado de Mendoza
360:King Francis I of France
164:Revolta de les Germanies
1185:16th-century rebellions
1077:Antonio Osorio de Acuña
1044:Revolt of the Comuneros
519:; and in the south, in
409:the capital of Valencia
376:Revolt of the Comuneros
321:Succession of Charles I
144:La pau de les Germanies
18:Revolt of the Germanies
909:Bonilla, Luis (1973).
676:
668:
614:
606:
584:drawing and quartering
542:and afterwards in the
446:King Charles I was in
424:
416:
227:are comparable to the
223:to Christianity. The
171:
163:
151:
710:Further information:
659:
374:would help spark the
142:
27:16th century uprising
1148:German Peasants' War
1129:Contemporary revolts
994:(annexed by Castile)
492:the city of Valencia
61:improve this article
1087:Francisco Maldonado
597:, calling himself "
211:, to contrast with
186:Kingdom of Valencia
148:Marcelino de Unceta
1062:Battle of Villalar
984:partially occupied
831:Second Brotherhood
819:Second Brotherhood
681:Kingdom of Majorca
677:
544:Battle of Almenara
425:Junta de los Trece
286:war against France
242:Holy Roman Emperor
221:forced conversions
152:
32:Second Brotherhood
1180:Conflicts in 1521
1157:
1156:
1150:(1524–1525)
1138:(1515–1523)
888:978-0-226-31963-6
795:Castilian Spanish
747:Sierra de Espadán
437:Republic of Genoa
417:Junta dels Tretze
300:of the oppressed
284:in 1512 during a
259:King Ferdinand II
196:in the island of
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
1197:
1057:Military history
1034:Germaine of Foix
1002:Royal Government
954:
947:
940:
931:
926:
914:
893:
892:
872:
866:
865:Bonilla, p. 203.
863:
857:
852:
771:Germaine of Foix
567:Battle of Oriola
517:Camp de Morvedre
282:invading Navarre
238:Kingdom of Spain
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1142:Knights' Revolt
1124:
1091:
1067:Juan de Padilla
1038:
997:
961:
958:
917:
908:
902:
897:
896:
889:
874:
873:
869:
864:
860:
853:
849:
844:
827:
815:Segona Germania
803:
801:Later influence
763:
735:Emperor Charles
714:
708:
703:
654:
575:
469:
388:
364:prince-electors
323:
294:Barbary pirates
255:
250:
190:Crown of Aragon
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1003:
999:
998:
996:
995:
987:
977:
972:
966:
963:
962:
959:
957:
956:
949:
942:
934:
928:
927:
915:
901:
898:
895:
894:
887:
867:
858:
846:
845:
843:
840:
839:
838:
833:
826:
823:
802:
799:
762:
759:
707:
704:
702:
699:
653:
650:
574:
571:
468:
465:
387:
384:
322:
319:
302:Muslim-convert
254:
251:
249:
246:
234:personal union
213:crypto-Muslims
194:related revolt
188:, part of the
182:King Charles V
135:
134:
117:September 2014
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1202:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:1521 in Spain
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:MarĂa Pacheco
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1000:
993:
992:
988:
985:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
964:
955:
950:
948:
943:
941:
936:
935:
932:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
906:
905:
899:
890:
884:
880:
879:
871:
868:
862:
859:
856:
851:
848:
841:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
824:
822:
820:
816:
812:
807:
800:
798:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
776:
772:
767:
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
736:
731:
726:
724:
720:
713:
705:
700:
698:
695:
691:
687:
682:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
651:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:El Encubierto
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
580:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
471:The moderate
466:
464:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
320:
318:
316:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
149:
145:
141:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1115:Vicent Peris
1110:Joan Llorenç
1096:
989:
922:
910:
903:
900:Bibliography
877:
870:
861:
850:
814:
810:
808:
804:
790:
788:
783:
768:
764:
740:
727:
715:
693:
678:
672:
645:
637:
631:
618:
594:
590:
588:
578:
576:
562:
558:
556:
537:
508:
485:
477:Vicent Peris
473:Joan Llorenç
470:
459:
451:
445:
440:
432:
429:Joan Llorenç
404:
389:
379:
367:
353:
342:
324:
314:
310:
278:Italian Wars
275:
270:
256:
224:
205:anti-Islamic
202:
175:
155:
153:
143:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
986:, disputed)
919:Lynch, John
642:Alzira fell
481:land reform
399:as well as
349:Generalitat
290:Reconquista
1164:Categories
1120:The Hidden
1072:Juan Bravo
842:References
743:Benaguasil
673:agermanats
607:L'Encobert
599:The Hidden
397:homosexual
392:the plague
225:agermanats
87:newspapers
811:Germanies
791:Germanies
784:Germanies
751:CastellĂłn
701:Aftermath
694:Germanies
646:Germanies
638:Germanies
634:Burjassot
619:Germanies
595:Germanies
591:Germanies
579:Germanies
563:Germanies
559:Germanies
509:Germanies
460:Germanies
452:Germanies
441:Germanies
433:Germanies
405:Germanies
390:In 1519,
380:Germanies
339:Barcelona
315:Germanies
311:Germanies
271:Germanies
267:Andalusia
229:comuneros
177:Germanies
921:(1964).
825:See also
755:Moriscos
719:Moriscos
669:Mallorca
548:baptisms
513:Maestrat
217:Moriscos
209:mudéjars
991:Granada
980:Navarre
970:Castile
775:Charles
730:Muslims
723:Granada
690:AlcĂşdia
665:Spanish
611:Spanish
603:Catalan
505:Segorbe
421:Spanish
413:Catalan
401:Muslims
372:Corunna
306:Granada
248:Origins
198:Majorca
184:in the
168:Spanish
160:Catalan
101:scholar
1144:(1522)
975:Aragon
885:
780:ducats
627:XĂ tiva
540:Orpesa
531:, and
529:Gandia
525:XĂ tiva
521:Alzira
448:Aachen
368:cortes
347:, the
344:cortes
327:Joanna
298:Revolt
263:Aragon
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
686:Ibiza
661:Ibiza
623:Horta
552:Safor
497:Denia
488:Xelva
146:, by
108:JSTOR
94:books
883:ISBN
515:and
280:and
154:The
80:news
749:in
601:" (
533:Elx
370:in
215:or
166:,
63:by
1166::
797:.
667::
613::
609:,
605::
586:.
554:.
535:.
527:,
523:,
423::
419:,
415::
296:.
170::
162::
982:(
953:e
946:t
939:v
891:.
817:(
717:(
675:.
158:(
150:.
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
