1943 Argentine coup d'état

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known the "Blue Book". The initiative had been prepared by Spruille Braden and consisted of an attempt by the United States to propose internationally the military occupation of Argentina, applying the so-called Doctrine Rodriguez Larreta. Once again, both sides adopted positions fundamentally opposed to one another: the Democratic Union supported the "Blue Book" and the immediate military occupation of Argentina by US-led military forces; in addition, they demanded that Perón be disqualified by law as presidential candidate. In his turn, Perón counterattacked by publishing the "Blue and White Book" (in reference to the colors of the Argentine flag) and popularizing a slogan that established a blunt dilemma, "Braden or Perón", which had a strong influence on public opinion around election day.107

889:, which established the university's autonomy, the participation of students in the university government, and academic freedom. Genta, known for his far-right and anti-reformist ideas, maintained that the country needed to create "an intelligent aristocracy, nourished by Roman and Hispanic lineage". These declarations produced the first confrontation among the forces that adhered to the Revolution of '43, when the radical nationalist group FORJA, which supported the Revolution, harshly criticized Genta's statements, of Genta deeming them "the highest praise to the university banditry that has trafficked with all the goods of the Nation." Because of these declarations, the military government imprisoned its founder 1192: 621:

questioned the actual influence of the GOU, referring to it as a "myth". American historian Robert Potash, who has studied in detail the actions of the Army in modern Argentine history, has greatly de-emphasized the participation of the GOU in the 4 June coup. Historians do not agree on many of the particulars of the GOU, but there is consensus that it was a small group of officers, a significant portion of whom were lower-ranking, especially colonels and lieutenant colonels. The GOU lacked a precise ideology, but all its members shared a nationalist, anti-communist, neutralist view of the war and highly concerned with ending the open acts of corruption in the conservative governments.

701: 238:, won the election despite the national party's confidence of their own victory and despite the radical party's lack of leadership. Although the radical party still lacked a few votes in the electoral college and the national party could still negotiate with the socialists to prevent the radicals from winning the governorship, the government began to panic. Uriburu reorganized the cabinet and appointed ministers from the "liberal" sector. He cancelled the local government elections for the provinces of Córdoba and Santa Fe. On 8 May 1931 he cancelled the appeal to the provincial electoral college, and on 12 May, he named Manuel Ramón Alvarado as 482: 369:

complex, but one of the most important is connected with its position of food supplier to Britain and to Europe in general. In both world wars, Great Britain needed to guarantee the provision of food (grain and meat) for its population and its troops, and this would have been impossible if Argentina had not maintained neutrality, since the cargo ships would have been the first to be attacked, thus interrupting the supply. At the same time, Argentina had traditionally maintained a skeptical stance toward the hegemonic vision of

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population and armies. Above all, though, Britain was aware that the real aim of the United States was to displace it as the dominant economic power by imposing a pro-US government on Argentina. It was necessary for President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to speak with Winston Churchill in person in order for Britain to withdraw its ambassador. US Secretary of State Cordell Hull recalls the fact in his Memoirs and recounts that Churchill ended up accepting the requirement "very much to his regret and almost with annoyance."

432: 1135:. Bolivia declared itself in favor of neutrality and proposed creating a neutral Southern Bloc with Argentina and Chile, the only Latin American countries that had remained neutral. Exacerbating this was the scandal over the British arrest of the sailor Osmar Helmuth, a German secret agent who had been sent by Ramirez, Gilbert, and Sueyro to buy arms from Germany. The United States reacted forcibly, denouncing Argentina's support of the Bolivian coup and sending at an aircraft carrier as a threat to the 1089:

workers, technical schools for workers, the prohibition of employment agencies, the creation of the labor courts, Christmas bonuses), lending efficacy to the existing labor inspectors and impelling for the first time collective bargaining, which grew to become the basic way of regulating the relationship between capital and labor. Moreover, the decree regarding unions associations sanctioned by Ramírez in the first weeks of the revolution, which was criticized by the entire labor movement, was dropped.

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of Perlinger's false step to ask for his resignation, to which he immediately agreed. Lacking any alternatives, Perlinger resigned and Perón himself was appointed vice president while still holding his other government positions. The Farrell-Perón duo reached the height of its power, which they would use to expel the other right-wing nationalists: Bonifacio del Carril, Francisco Ramos Mejía, Julio Lagos, Miguel Iñiguez, Juan Carlos Poggi, Celestino Genta, among others.

249:. Although the revolt was rapidly brought under control, it gave Uriburu the excuse he was looking for. He closed all the premises of the Radical Civic Union, arrested dozens of its leaders, and prohibited the electoral colleges from electing politicians that were directly or indirectly related to Yrigoyen. Because Pueyrredón had been one of Yrigoyen's ministers, this meant that he could not be elected. Uriburu also exiled Pueyrredón from the country along with 846:, anticipating that Argentina intended to break relations with the Axis Powers, but also beseeching his patience while he created a climate of rupture in the country. At the same time, Storni made a gesture to the United States regarding the supplying of arms, thus isolating the neutralists. With the intention of putting pressure on the Argentine government, Hull made the letter public and further questioned Argentina's tradition of neutrality in harsh terms. 3336: 1277: 1631: 1112:) and colonels Luis César Perlinger, Enrique P. Gonzalez, and Emilio Ramirez, relied on Catholic right-wing Catholic-Hispanic nationalism and questioned Perón's pro-worker labor policy. It succeeded in attracting other factions from diverse backgrounds, who expressed their concern about the advance of unions in the government, and it essentially aimed at dismissing Farrell and replacing him with General 1236: 1077:

from the Argentine Labor Union, such as Luis Gay and Modesto Orozo (both telephone); and even some communists like René Stordeur, Aurelio Hernandez (health) and Trotskyists Ángel Perelman (metallurgy). One of the first effects of the new relationship established between labor unions and the military was the unions' refusal to participate in the general revolutionary strike, which went unnoticed.

305: 823: 842:, the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Storni was one of the few members of the Argentine military at the time who was sympathetic to the United States, where he had lived several years. Although he was a nationalist, he was also a supporter of the Allies and favored Argentina's entry in the war on their behalf. On 5 August 1943, he sent a personal letter to U.S. Secretary of State 1344: 38: 1651:. It was characterized by the large number of young people and especially women who were part of it, and by the predominance of people with hair and skin darker than those who attended the traditional political acts of the time. The anti-Peronist opposition stressed these differences, referring to them in derogatory terms such as "blacks", "fat people", " 1750:

alliance facilitated its fragmentation. In some cases, as in the province of Córdoba, the PDN formally joined the alliance. The same year, a faction formed within the Radical Civil Union, the Intransigence and Renewal Movement, which adopted a position contrary to the Democratic Union and the radical factions that supported it (the unionists).

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prepared a coup led by Colonel Suarez, which the Radical Civic Union considered unnecessary because they considered that the election was won. That same day, shortly after the elections closed, the socialist leader Nicolás Repetto confirmed this certainty in victory while also praising the fairness with which it was achieved.

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María Rosa (his son), and Horacio Calderón. The military commanders, who otherwise would have remained deliberative throughout the revolution, flatly rejected the nominations, and Rawson's insistence on keeping them led to his resignation on 6 June. Ramírez, the very person who had unleashed the coup, then took over.

814:. Nevertheless, the report was not published until 1956, and the projects were not even dealt due to the decision of the de facto vice-president Juan D. Perón. CHADE was one of the few non-nationalized companies during the Perón administration (1946–1955), since it had contributed to Perón's election campaign. 1662:, which had responded to a sugar workers' strike two days earlier. It was a completely peaceful demonstration, but the political and cultural upheaval was of such heft that, in a few hours, the triumph of the anti-Peronist movement had been cancelled out, as did the remaining power of the military government. 1603:. The opposition leaders had the country and the government at their disposal. "Perón was a political corpse," 109 and the government, formally presided over by Farrell was actually in the hands of Avalos, who replaced Perón as Minister of War and intended to hand over power to civilians as soon as possible. 1766:

Peronism, in whose marches women played an important role, proposed recognizing women's suffrage. The National Assembly of Women, chaired by Victoria Ocampa, who belonged to the Democratic Union and had long advocated for women's suffrage, opposed the initiate on the grounds that the reform should be

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When they went to collect their two weeks' salary, workers found that they had not been paid for October 12, a holiday, despite the decree signed days earlier by Perón. Bakers and textile workers were the most affected by the bosses' reaction. "Go and complain to Perón!" Was the sarcastic answer they

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Concurrent with this international turn, the government initiated a corresponding domestic turn aimed at conducting elections. On January 4, the Minister of the Interior, Admiral Tessaire, announced the legalization of the Communist Party. The pro-Nazi journals "Cabildo" and "El Pampero" were banned,

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Ramirez and above all Farrell continued an industrialization policy that was in the hands of labor. Both were leading a rapid transformation of Argentine society, prompting a growth of the working class and salaried employees due to the growing presence of women in the job market, the appearance of a

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On 24 February, in an attempt to anticipate the events, Ramirez called for the resignation of General Farrell, Vice-President and Minister of War. He responded by summoning the main garrison chiefs to his office and ordering them to surround the presidential residence. On the same night, the garrison

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The first step was taken by the leaders of the 2nd CGT, headed by Francisco Perez Leirós, who met with the Minister of the Interior, General Alberto Gilbert. The unionists asked the government to call an election and offered the support of a union march to the Casa Rosada, but the government rejected

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Shortly after the government sanctioned a legislation on unions, that, although it fulfilled some of the unions expectations, at the same time allowed the State to take control of them. The Ramírez government then made use of this law to take control of the powerful railway unions who formed the core

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Among the officials of right-wing Catholic-Hispanic nationalism who held government positions during the Revolution of '43 were Gustavo Martínez Zuviría (Minister of Education), Alberto Baldrich (Minister of Education), José Ignacio Olmedo (National Council of Education), Jordán Bruno Genta, Salvador

896:

Although Genta was forced to resign, the conflict between the government and the student movements became widespread and polarized the extremes, while the nationalist Hispanic-Catholic faction continued to advance and occupy important positions in the government. By October, Ramírez had taken control

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At first, the coup was supported by all political and social forces, with more or less enthusiasm, with the sole exception of the Communist Party. Britain and the United States supported it as well, welcoming the coup "with shouts of satisfaction", according to Sir David Kelly, the British ambassador

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In February Perón undertook a secret trip to the United States in order to reach an agreement on Argentina's declaration of war, the cessation of the blockade, the recognition of the Argentine government, and Argentina's participation in the Inter-American Conference on the Problems of War and Peace

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1945 was one of the most important years in Argentine history. It began with the obvious intention of Farrell and Perón to prepare the atmosphere to declare war on Germany and Japan with the aim of exiting the state of total isolation in which the country found itself and providing a path to conduct

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Farrell found himself immediately confronted by General Luis César Perlinger, Minister of the Interior and supporter of right-wing Hispanic-catholic nationalism. Farrell's biggest help would be Perón, who he managed to appoint as Minister of War in spite of the opposition from the majority of ex-GOU

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The severance of diplomatic relations occasioned a crisis in the government, due to the generalized discontent in the armed forces—particularly among the right-wing Catholic-Hispanist nationalist faction, Ramírez's base. Hugo Wast then resigned as Ministry of Education, and Tomás Casares resigned as

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From then on colonels Perón and Mercante began to meet regularly with the unions. On 30 September 1943 they held a public meeting with 70 union leaders on the occasion of a general revolutionary strike declared by the CGT for October, supported by all the opposition. Communist unionists demanded, as

1056:(Railway Union), opted, albeit with reservations and distrust, to establish relations with a sector of the military government more inclined to accept union demands, with the aim of forming an alliance capable of influencing the course of events. The person chosen for the initial contact was Colonel 853:

sentiment — especially in the armed forces — thus bringing about Storni's resignation and replacement by a neutralist, Colonel Alberto Gilbert, who was then acting as Minister of the Interior. In order to fill the later position, Ramírez appointed a member of the GOU, Colonel Luis César Perlinger, a

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Another important event that occurred during the campaign was the publication of the "Blue Book". Less than two weeks before the elections, an official initiative of the United States government, with the title "Conference of Latin-American Republics with respect to the Argentine situation", better

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The Democratic Union led unique candidates for the presidential formula but allowed each party to take its own candidates in the districts. The Radical Civic Union actually had its own candidates, but the other forces used various alternatives. Progressive and communist democrats established in the

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The union movement, in which Perón's open support still did not predominate, reacted swiftly in defense of labor policy, and on 12 July the CGT organized a multitudinous event under the motto "Against capitalist reaction." According to Perón, the radical historian Felix Luna was the first time that

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According to the British ambassador, Braden had "the fixed idea that he had been chosen by Providence to overthrow the Farrell-Perón regime." From the outset, Braden began to publicly organize and coordinate the opposition, exacerbating the internal conflict . On June 16, the opposition went on the

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Already in the October of the previous year the dictatorship requested a meeting with the Pan-American Union in order to consider a common course of action. Consequently, new members of the right-wing nationalist faction went on to abandon the government: the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Orlando L.

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On December 4, a retirement program for commercial employees was approved. This was followed by a union demonstration in support of Perón organized by the socialist Ángel Borlenghi, Secretary General of the union. Perón gave a public speech to the huge crowd that had gathered there, estimated to be

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If Argentina can be effectively subdued, the control of the State Department over the Western Hemisphere will be complete. This will simultaneously contribute to mitigating the potential dangers of Russian and European influence on Latin America, and will separate Argentina from what is supposed to

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At the end of May, Perlinger attempted to start the path to displace the Farrell-Perón team by proposing suggesting that the members of the former GOU fill the vacancy of vice-president. However, against expectations, he lost internal voting among the officers. On June 6, 1944, Perón took advantage

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However, Ramirez was formally still president and continued to operate alongside his closest circle. A few days later, 21 generals met to discuss an electoral exit (among them were Rawson, Manuel Savio, and Elbio Anaya.). Meanwhile, Lieutenant Colonel Tomás Adolfo Ducó, convinced that the generals'

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The unionists suggested that the military the create a Secretariat of Labor, strengthen the CGT, and sanction a series of labor laws that would accept the historical claims of the Argentine labor movement. At that meeting, Perón attempted to synthesize the various claims, defining it as a policy to

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In 1945, Rawson would attempt to organize a coup against Farrell and Perón, which would prove to be a failure, but which opened the way for General Ávalos and the Campo de Mayo officers who led to the resignation and detention of Perón, in the week prior to the popular demonstrations on 17 October.

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At the time when World War II began, Great Britain had a pervading economic influence in Argentina. Argentina had a long tradition of neutrality regarding European wars, which had been sustained and defended by every political party since the 19th century. The reasons for Argentinian neutrality are

1803:

In general, the political and social forces of the time anticipated a safe and widespread victory for the Democratic Union in the elections of February 1946. The newspaper "Crítica" estimated that Tamborini would win 332 voters and Perón a mere 44. In fact, Progressive Democrats and Communists had

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The three parties coordinated their actions through a National Political Coordination Group (JCP), which was chaired by railroad union lawyer Juan Atilio Bramuglia. There, it was agreed that each party would elect its candidates and that 50% of the positions would be given to the Labor Party while

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During that day, military commanders discussed the method of stopping the crowd. The Navy Minister, Héctor Vernengo Lima, proposed suppressing the protesters with firearms, but Ávalos objected. After intense negotiations the radical Armando Antille distinguished himself as Perón's delegate; he was

1646:

The following day, October 17, 1945, witnessed one of the most important events in Argentine history. An unfamiliar social class, which had remained completely absent from Argentine history until then, burst into Buenos Aires and demanded Perón's freedom. The city was taken by tens of thousands of

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The effect on the labor movement was remarkable and the group of unionists in favor of an alliance with the military government grew, incorporating other socialists like José Domenech (railroad), David Diskin (commerce), Alcides Montiel (brewer), Lucio Bonilla (textile); revolutionary syndicalists

809:

Alongside these measures, the Rawson administration decreed that rural rents and leases be frozen, which had a positive effect on workers and farmers, and created a committee to investigate the CHADE scandal, an occurrence during the Infamous Decade in which the Hispano-American Electrical Company

632:

Regardless of the debate over the true influence of the GOU on the Revolution of '43, the armed forces, particularly after the death of General Justo, was an unstable conglomeration of relatively autonomous groups with indeterminate ideologies who were developing relationships with the old and new

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military forces, led by General Eduardo Ávalos (one of the leaders of the GOU), demanded the resignation and arrest of Perón. On October 11, the United States asked Britain to stop buying Argentine goods for two weeks in order to bring down the government.108 On October 12, Perón was arrested and

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On 9 March General Ramirez presented his resignation in an extensive document, disseminated publicly, in which he recounts all the steps that led to his deposition. On the basis of the document, the United States refused to recognize the new government and withdrew its ambassador in Buenos Aires,

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The second, led by Farrell and Perón, did not support Ramirez and had initiated a strategy of endowing the Revolution of 43 with a popular base, intensifying on the one hand the successful alliance with the unions in the direction of forming labor nationalism and, on the other, seeking support in

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position already existing in the 1st CGT and, relying on the power of the Secretary of Labor, organized new unions in the industries which lacked them (chemicals, electricity, tobacco) and set up rival unions in industries with powerful communist unions (meat, construction, textiles, metallurgy).

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The problem arose the following day when Rawson communicated to the military leaders the names of the people who would be part of his cabinet. Among them were three personal friends who were known members of the right wing and even connected with the deposed regime: General Domingo Martínez, José

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The great political, economic, and social changes that had taken place during the 1930s prompted the emergence of numerous groups with new focuses, not only in the armed forces but in all political and social sectors. This diversity of views was kept under control by General Agustín Pedro Justo's

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Although the Argentine military had been one of the pillars that sustained the successive governments of the Infamous Decade, its relationship with power had deteriorated over the last few years because of the change in its generational makeup and, above all, the progress of the industrialization

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was completely transforming the working class, both in terms of numbers and in terms of culture. In 1936, 36% of the population of Buenos Aires were foreigners and only 12% were migrants from elsewhere in Argentina (rural areas and small cities). By 1947, foreigners had fallen to 26% and domestic

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In December 1939 the Argentine government consulted with Britain on the possibility of abandoning neutrality and joining the Allies. The British government flatly rejected the proposition, reiterating the principle that the main contribution of Argentina was its supplies and in order to guarantee

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The conservative National Democratic Party (PDN), supported mostly by the governments of the infamous decade, was unable to join the Democratic Union due to the opposition from the Radical Civic Union. Although the PDN gave orders to vote for Tamborini-Mosca, its exclusion from the anti-Peronist

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It has been noted that the majority of the demonstration were people from the middle- and upper-classes, a fact which is historically indisputable, but this does not invalidate the historical significance of its social breadth and political diversity. From the perspective of the present, one can

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On 15 June, the government dissolved the pro-Allied association Acción Argentina. In August, it passed a set of rules that solidified state control over trade unions. On 23 August, it appointed an "interventor" (a kind of supervisor and inspector) to the Railway Union who supplanted its leaders.

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in large retail stores. The Democratic Union, including the workers' parties that joined it (the Socialist Party and the Communist Party), supported the employers' groups, who opposed the SAC, whereas Peronism openly supported the unions in their fight to guarantee the SAC. A few days later the

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Federal Capital an alliance called Resistance and Unity that took as candidates for senators Rodolfo Ghioldi (Communist) and Julio Noble (Democratic Progressive). In Cordoba the alliance also included the conservative National Democrats. Socialists tended to submit their own candidates as well.

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The Radical House on Tucumán Street in Buenos Aires had become the center of the opposition's discussions. But days went by without any decision, and the opposition leaders made serious mistakes: for one, the decision not to organize and to wait passively for the Armed Forces themselves to act.

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In addition to this internal division of military power, the government faced an international situation that was utterly unfavorable to them and that left them completely isolated. At the beginning of 1944 it was evident that Germany would lose the war and the pressure of the United States for

712:

On 7 June, General Pedro Pablo Ramírez was sworn in as president and Sabá Sueyro as vice-president. Ramírez would serve as president during the first eight months of the Revolution of '43. Ramírez had been Castillo's minister of war and, a few days before the coup, had been invited by a radical

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In August the United States froze Argentine reserves in its banks, and in September it canceled all permits to export to Argentina steel, wood and chemicals, prohibiting its ships from entering Argentine ports. Finally the United States maintained a policy of full support and militarization of

1246:

On 22 June the United States, followed by the entirety of Latin American countries, removed its ambassador to Argentina. Britain alone maintained their ambassador, rejecting America's characterization of the Argentine regime and accepting "neutralism" as a means to guarantee the supply for its

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As Secretary of Labor Perón did a remarkable work, approving the labor laws that had been claimed historically by the Argentine labor movement (extending the severance indemnity that existed since 1934 for commerce employees, pensions for commerce employees, a multi-clinic hospital for railway

1080:

Shortly afterwards, on 27 October 1943, the precarious alliance between unionists and the military led Ramirez to appoint Perón as Head of the Department of Labor, a position of no value whatsoever. One of his first measures was to remove the "interventors" from the railway unions and nominate

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had on Argentine politics prior to 27 October 1943, when he assumed the management of the insignificant Department of Labor. What is certain is that this was the first state department directed by Perón and that shortly after he became a figure of public importance and labor unions came to the

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did share a common concern for the development of national industry, relations with the Catholic Church, and the existence of an autonomous international position. Many of them had close ties to radicalism, and they tended to come from middle-class backgrounds. The liberals, on the other hand,

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Social and political polarization continued to escalate. Anti-Peronism adopted the banner of democracy and harshly criticized what it called anti-democratic attitudes on the part of its opponents; Peronism took up social justice as its flag and sharply criticized his adversaries' contempt for

1163:

By 22 February the GOU had already decided to overthrow Ramirez for his severing diplomatic relations with the Axis powers; since the GOU had sworn to support the president, they simply dissolved it, thus releasing them from their oath. The officers met again the following day again to demand

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with the union (the first in the sector) and achieved the liberation of the Communist leader. On the other hand, Alain Rouquié points out that in the negotiations brought to a close by colonels Perón and Mercante resulted in an agreement with the new Autonomous Butcher's Union of Berisso and

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have claimed that the group's founders were Juan Carlos Montes and Urbano de la Vega. It is also known that the Montes brothers were active radicals and patricians, with close relations with Amadeo Sabattini, who was a close friend of Eduardo Ávalos. Conversely, the historian Roberto Ferrero

513:

Nevertheless, the coup of 4 June 1943 was not foreseen by anyone and was carried out with a great deal of improvisation and, unlike the other coups that had occurred in the country, almost without civil participation. According to historian José Romero, it was a "rescue maneuver of the group

388:

In the wake of Pearl Harbor, at the Rio Conference of 1942, the United States called upon all Latin American countries to enter the war en bloc. For the United States, which was not affected by the interruption of trade between Argentina and Europe, World War II was presented as an excellent

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Most historians agree that the United Officers' Group (GOU) — a military association created in March 1943 and dissolved in February 1944 — played a crucial role in the organization of the coup and in the military government that emerged from it. More recently, however, some historians have

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and the Chamber of Commerce, sharply questioned the government's labor policies. The main complaint of the business sector was that "a climate of mistrust, provocation and rebelliousness is being created, which encourages resentment and a permanent spirit of hostility and vindication".

810:(CHADE) bribed government officials to give them a monopoly of electrical services in Buenos Aires. The committee, whose mission was to delve into the fight against corruption, published the well-known Rodríguez Conde Report in 1944, proposing two decrees to remove CHADE's status as a 1753:

Smaller parties also joined the Democratic Union: the Popular Catholic Party and the Center-Independent Union, as well as important students groups, employer groups, and professional groups (the Center for Engineers, the Lawyers' Association, the Argentine Society of Writers, etc.).

770:

The first measures taken by the Rawson and Ramírez governments limited individual freedoms and repressed political and social groups. From the date of the coup, the new authorities carried out arrests of Communist leaders and militants, most of whom were housed in prisons in

782:

On 6 June, the directors of the Workers' Federation of the Meat Industry were detained and sent to the South. Their premises were shut down and Secretary General José Peter was imprisoned without trial for a year and four months. In July, the government dissolved the Second

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a precondition for any dialogue with the government, the liberty of José Peter, Secretary General of the Butcher's Union, who had recently been imprisoned for a strike in the slaughterhouses. Perón intervened personally in the conflict, pressured the companies to reach a

613:

desired rapprochement with the large economic powers, mainly the United Kingdom and the United States, and upheld the premise that the country should have a production structure based primarily on agriculture and livestock; many came from or belonged to the upper class.

1719:

the remaining 50% was to be distributed in equal parts between the Radical Civic Union Renovating Group and the Independent Party. The anti-Peronist united in the Democratic Union, whose candidates were the radicals José Tamborini and Enrique Mosca and which combined:

423:(1942–1943), had maintained neutrality, but it was clear that Patrón Costas, the official presidential candidate, would declare war on the Axis. This circumstance had an enormous influence on the armed forces, above all the army, where the majority favored neutrality. 1814:

On the Peronist side, the organized labor faction won 85% of the votes in the Labor Party. On the anti-Peronist side, the defeat was particularly decisive for the Socialist and Communist parties, which failed to achieve any representation in the National Congress.

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consisted of only two groups: the Army and the Navy. The Navy was generally made up of officers from the aristocracy and upper class. The Army, on the other hand, was undergoing major changes in its composition with the emergence of new groups of officers from the

1463:

and university "interventors" were ordered to cease in order to return to the reformist system of university autonomy; professors who had been dismissed were reinstated. Horacio Rivarola and Josué Gollán were elected by the university community as rectors of the

1168:

chiefs near Buenos Aires appeared before Ramirez and demanded his resignation. Ramirez then presented a waiver of resignation in which he invoke "fatigue" as a reason for "delegating" the office of President to Farrell, who became interim President on February.

1322:. One employer opposed to the Peronist labor reforms asserted at the time that the most serious of them was that workers "began to look their employers in the eyes". In the context of this cultural transformation regarding the place of workers in society, the 1081:

Mercante in their place. At the same time, the Central Committee of the CGT, made up of socialists, decided to create a Commission for Labor Union Unity with the purpose of restoring a single central, traditional objective for the Argentine labor movement.

866:, also belonged. Until then, despite the pressure from the nationalists, Ramírez had permitted "liberal" leaders to remain in their appointed positions; but the fall of Storni and the rise of Perlinger brought about nationalist hegemony in the government. 1002:

The Ramírez administration had assumed a similar position toward unions as had previous governments: granting of little political and institutional importance, widespread non-compliance with labor laws, pro-employer sympathies, and punitive repression.

1480: 675:

The group consisted of military men who held important positions in the government that arose after the coup: General Diego Isidro Mason (agriculture), Benito Sueyro (navy), and his brother Sabá Sueyro (vice president). Also part of the group was

505:

President Ramón Castillo had faced several military conspiracies and failed coups, and at that time several civic-military conspiracies were taking place (such as the United Officers' Group, led by the radical Ernesto Sanmartino and General

1084:

A month later, Perón, with the help of General Farrell, managed to get President Ramírez to approve the creation of a Secretary of Labor and Projections, with a status similar to that of a ministry and a direct dependence on the president.

522:, who offered to nominate him for president in the upcoming election. General Ramírez was to be the presidential candidate of the Democratic Union, an alliance that the moderate wing of the Radical Civic Union was trying to form with the 1526:, preserving the interests of the Standard Oil and operating in Cuba (1942) in order to sever relations its Spain. Braden later served as United States Undersecretary of Latin American Affairs and began to work as a lobbyist paid by the 617:

undisputed leadership in the military. But Justo's death on 11 January 1943 left the Army without the stability provided by his leadership, unleashing a process of realignments and internal struggles among the various military groups.

1440:, which, after a brief interregnum, was assumed by Juan Atilio Bramuglia, the socialist lawyer of the Railway Union, combining the union faction that began the rapprochement of the labor movement and the military of Péron's group. 1026:). One of Ramírez's first moves was to dissolve the 2nd CGT, which was headed by the socialist Francisco Pérez Leirós, and which contained important unions like the Commercial Employees' Federation (FEC), directed by the socialist 1582:

The historian Miguel Ángel Scenna writes about the event: The march was a spectacular demonstration of opposition power. A long and dense mass of 200,000 people - something seldom or never seen - covered the roads and sidewalks.

973:

signed a Statement on Effective Democracy and Latin American Solidarity, calling for elections and the country's entry into the war against the Axis. Ramírez responded by dismissing those signers who were employees of the State.

1289:, a process without precedents in Argentina. 123 collective agreements affecting 1.4 million laborers and employers were signed. The following year another 347 agreements covering 2.2 million workers would be signed. 470:

migrants had more than doubled to 29%. Between 1896 and 1936 the average annual number of provincials arriving in Buenos Aires was 8,000; that average amounted to 72,000 between 1936 and 1943 and 117,000 between 1943 and 1947.

1030:, and various communist unions (construction, meat, etc.). Paradoxically, this measure had the immediate effect of strengthening the 1st CGT, also headed by a socialist, as many members of the defunct 2nd CGT went to join it. 1393:

The governrment takeover of the Buenos Aires Transportation Company (Corporación de Transportes de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires), a symbol of corruption during the Infamous Decade with great economic importance to the region of

757:

No members of the GOU were appointed to the cabinet, but two received other important positions: Colonel Enrique González in the private secretariat of the presidency, and Colonel Emilio Ramírez, the president's son, as the

451:. In 1943, for the first time, the index of industrial production surpassed that of agricultural production. Spearheaded by the textile industry, industrial exports increased from 2.9% of the total in 1939 to 19.4% in 1943. 629:

maintains that the two "brains" of the GOU were Enrique González and Emilio Ramírez. Lastly, Pedro Pablo Ramírez and Edelmiro Farrell also had close contacts with the GOU; its first and only president was Ramírez's father.

1551:

workers. In line with this polarization, the student movement expressed its opposition with the slogan "no to the dictatorship of the espadrilles", and the trade union movement responded with "espadrilles yes, books no".

1587:

claim that the demonstration consisted of one of the two sides into which society was dividing, but at the time the march appeared to unite practically all the political and social forces that had operated in Argentina.

1791:

unions secured an important victory, which strengthened Peronism and left anti-Peronist forces descoloadas, by reaching an agreement with management over the recognition of SAC, which would be paid in two installments.

1250:

The British argued that the United States intentionally distorted the facts by presenting Argentina as a "danger" to democracy. John Victor Perowne, head of the South American Department of the Foreign Office warned:

684:), who was summoned by Rawson after the coup to organize the cabinet. However, since no one informed Rawson of his presence once he arrived at the Casa Rosada, he returned home after waiting for a reasonable time. 1554:

On September 19, 1945, the opposition appeared united for the first time with an enormous demonstration of more than 200,000 people, the March for Freedom and the Constitution, which marched from Congress to the

1490:

For Argentina, the year 1945 was characterized primarily by the radicalization of the conflict between Peronism and Anti-Peronism, driven to a large extent by the United States through its Argentine ambassador

1330:

of the country. This great socio-economic transformation was the base of the "pro-labor nationalism" that took form between the second half of 1944 and the first half of 1945 and which would assume the name of

1575:, the conservative Laureano Landaburu, the Christian democrats Manuel Ordóñez and Rodolfo Martínez, the communist sympathizer Luis Reissig, the progressive democrat Joan José Díaz Arana, and the rector of the 1123:

Ferrero argues that the Farrell and Perón attempted to form a "popular nationalism" aimed at a democratic exit from the regime, which confronted the non-democratic "elite nationalism" that supported Ramírez.

389:

opportunity to finish imposing its continental hegemony, both politically and economically, and permanently displace Great Britain from its stronghold in Latin America. But Argentina, through its chancellor,

1034:

of the CGT. In October, a series of strikes were answered with the arrest of dozens of workers' leaders. It soon became apparent that the military government was composed of influential anti-union factions.

1280:

The technical schools created by Juan Perón were part of a demand by the unions and a policy of industrialization. From 1941 to 1946 the industrial working class had increased 38%, from 677,517 to 938,387

857:

Storni's resignation carried with it the resignations of Santamarina (Minister of Economy and Public Finances), Galíndez (Public Works), and Anaya (Justice), and opened the doors in the government to the

517:

The concrete event that triggered the military coup was President Castillo's demand on 3 June that his minister of War, General Pedro Pablo Ramírez, resign for having met with a group of leaders from the

1451:

Argentina, along with the majority of Latin-American countries, declared war on Germany and Japan on March 27. A week later Argentina signed the Chapultepec Act and was entitled to participate in the

990:. Coronel Perón established an alliance with a vast group of unions of various ideologies, who organized as the labor-nationalist current that profoundly influenced the course of the Revolution of 43. 264:, the Antipersonalists, the Radical Civic Union, and the Independent Socialist Party. The Concordancia governed Argentina during the remainder of the Infamous Decade, throughout the presidencies of 2092:. Buenos Aires: Schapire, pp. 318-319; Potash (p. 274-275) relates that on 26 May 1943 Ramírez met with seven radical leaders in the house of Colonel Enrique González of the United Officers' Group. 1610:(who continued to be Minister of Public Works in addition), and Chief Rear Admiral Héctor Vernengo Lima became the new Minister of the Navy. The tension reached a point where the radical leader 3235: 1778:(SAC) along with other improvements for workers. Employers' associations openly resisted the measure, and at the end of December 1945 not a single company had paid the SAC. In response, the 1092:

In addition, Perón, Mercante, and the initial group of unionists who formed the alliance began to organize a new union that would assume a nationalist-labor identity. The group assumed an

713:

faction to lead the ticket of an opposition alliance, the Democratic Union. Ramírez's first cabinet was formed entirely by the military with the sole exception of the Minister of Finance:

1243:

At the same time, the United States was increasing its pressure on Argentina to both declare war on the Axis and abandon the British-European sphere, objectives that were deeply related.

1041:, and Hiroshi Matsushita, have shown that the Argentine labor movement had evolved from the late 1920s to a labor nationalism, which entailed a greater commitment of unions to the state. 502:

process that began in that decade. The development of industry in Argentina (and in many parts of the world) was intimately related to the armed forces and the needs of national defense.

874:

The Revolution of '43 handed the management of education over to the right-wing Hispanic-Catholic nationalists. The process began on 28 July 1943 when the government took control of the

1048:

Shortly afterwards another union group headed by Ángel Borlenghi (socialist and secretary general of the powerful Commerce and Trade Workers in the 2nd CGT 2), Francisco Pablo Capozzi (

404:). The first group was in favor of Argentina entering the war on the side of the Allies, while the latter argued that the country should remain neutral. A third group of "pro-Germans" ( 897:

of all universities; this heightened the role of right-wing Catholic nationalism with the inclusion of ministers Perlinger and Gustavo Martínez Zuviría, at the same time declaring the

545:, both of whom would go on to lead the Revolution of '43, participated in the meeting: Farrell because he excused himself for personal reasons and Perón because he could not be found. 1452: 1037:

From the moment the coup took place, the labor movement had begun to discuss a strategy of cooperating with the military government. A number of historians, including Samuel Baily,

597:, new ideas concerning defense related to the demands of industrialization and military businesses, and the need for the State to have an active role in promoting these activities. 564:, the group was attacked by loyal forces who were entrenched there, resulting in 30 killed and 100 wounded. Having surrendered the School of Mechanics, President Castillo boarded a 1307:

Likewise, unionization of workers continued to grow: while there were 356 unions with 444,412 members in 1941, by 1945 this number had grown to 969 unions with 528,523 members.

1767:

carried out by a democratic government and not by a dictatorship. The proposal ultimately failed to pass. Regardless, Perón was accompanied throughout his campaign by his wife

3800: 1155:. Shortly after, Ramirez's main supporters— his son Emilio and Colonel Gonzalez— also resigned, followed by Colonel Gilbert the next day. The president's hours were numbered. 4907: 717: 1614:

was derided as a Nazi in the Radical House, a gigantic civil act attacked the Military Circle (October 12), and a paramilitary commando even planned to assassinate Perón.

326: 1495:. Henceforth the Argentine population would be divided into two factions directly opposed to one another: a largely Peronist working class and a largely anti-Peronist 291:

during the previous four decades, was evaded. Patrón Costas's assumption of the presidency would have secured the continuation and deepening of the fraudulent regime.

2721: 3228: 1285:

In 1944, Farrell decisively imposed the labor reforms suggested by the Secretary of Labor. The government summoned labor unions and employers to negotiate through

4912: 1444:

to be held in Mexico City on 21 February. Shortly after the right-wing nationalist Rómulo Etcheverry Boneo resigned as Minister of Education and was replaced by

1418:

The dissolution of the regulatory committees and the Mobilizing Institute, which were created during the Infamous Decade in order to protect corporate interests.

1120:

political parties, mainly the intransigent radicals and specifically Amadeo Sabattini, in order to consolidate the economic nationalism present in Yrigoyenismo.

1590:

The opposition march strongly impacted Farrell-Perón's power and triggered a succession of anti-Peronist military clashes that took place on October 8 when the

983: 253:, a prominent leader of the radical party. In September Uriburu called for November elections and shortly after, he annulled the elections in Buenos Aires. 2470:

Sentence written on school blackboards by order of Ignacio B. Olmedo, "interventor" of the National Council of Education. Source: Ferrero (1983), pp. 293-4

1779: 1659: 1223:

members, who, alarmed by Perón's ties with labor unions, managed to appoint General Juan Sanguinetti for this position, a decision which Farrell reversed.

1007: 784: 609: 1300:

that controlled Argentine exports. On November 30, labor courts were established, which also met great resistance from employers and conservative groups.

1191: 4942: 3221: 2972: 393:, opposed entering the war, curtailing the U.S. proposal. From this point on, the American pressure would not stop growing until it became unbearable. 4207: 1060:, the son of an important railroad union leader and member of the GOU. In turn, Mercante summoned his political partner and close friend, Juan Perón. 1019: 1268:

The measures taken by the United States left Argentina isolated, but at the same time led to an intensification of its industrial and labor politics

3471: 1737: 527: 4700: 3793: 1486:, the new ambassador of the United States in Argentina, arrived in Buenos Aires on 19 May 1945. He was one of the main organizers of anti-Peronism. 1139:. Washington's reaction caused the Argentine military leaders to backpedal, and, on 26 January 1944, Argentina broke off diplomatic relations with 700: 473:

The new socioeconomic conditions and the geographical concentration anticipated great sociopolitical changes with their epicenter in Buenos Aires.

454:

The number of industrial workers grew by 38%, from 677,517 in 1941 to 938,387 in 1946. The factories were concentrated mostly in the urban area of

111:, who had been fraudulently elected to the office of vice-president before succeeding to the presidency in 1942 as part of the period known as the 729: 557: 136: 4864: 1105:

By early 1944, Perón's alliance with the unions led to the first major internal division among the military. Essentially there were two groups:

365:

The Second World War (1939–1945) had a decisive and complex influence on Argentinian political events, particularly on the coup of 4 June 1943.

723: 589: 3732: 4787: 4762: 4757: 1373:, with different cultural components than those characterized by the large wave of European immigrants (1850–1950) that flooded the country. 665: 277: 261: 1807:

Contrary to such predictions, Perón won 1,527,231 votes (55%) compared to Tamborini's 1,207,155 (45%), winning in every province except for

4922: 3717: 3039: 1514:. He openly held an anti-union position and opposed the industrialization of Argentina. It had previously played a significant role in the 150:. Perón chose June 4 to take office to honor the 1943 coup, which established the only dictatorship that began and ended on the same date. 4622: 3546: 882:, to which the government responded by detaining its secretary-general and expelling students and professors who protested in opposition. 4695: 3786: 1468: 1006:

In 1943, the Argentine Workers Movement was the most developed in Latin America at the time, consisting of four major groups: the first

886: 875: 803: 3682: 3355: 2251: 3952: 1172:

meeting intended to launch a coup to support Ramirez, called upon the strategic Infantry Regiment 3 and directed them to the city of

283:

In 1943, elections for a new president had to be held, and an attempt to fraudulently award the presidency to the sugar entrepreneur

4932: 4378: 3692: 3244: 3160: 3137: 3098: 2379: 2346: 2321: 1941: 481: 352: 4808: 4741: 4720: 4680: 4675: 4660: 4639: 4484: 4454: 4449: 4429: 4424: 4388: 4348: 4343: 4318: 4249: 4239: 4219: 4110: 4039: 3863: 955: 951: 447:

One of the direct consequences of the Second World War on the Argentine state of affairs was the economic boost that resulted from

4736: 4601: 4553: 4474: 4459: 4439: 4373: 4358: 4338: 4214: 4130: 4085: 4024: 3828: 3621: 1679: 1658:

The protestors were accompanied by a whole new generation of young people and new union delegates belonging to the unions of the

963: 2480: 2425:

El arte de la injuria y el humor en la ensayística argentina. Ramón Doll y Arturo Jauretche. Vidas paralelas. Vidas divergentes;

4927: 4859: 4292: 3370: 1866: 1018:), the 2nd CGT (socialists and communists), the small Argentine Labor Union (radical syndicalists), and the almost nonexistent 959: 938:

We must cultivate and affirm our differentiated personality, which is Creole, and thus Hispanic, Catholic, apostolic and Roman.

898: 744: 738: 4843: 4665: 4611: 4591: 4538: 4494: 4489: 4469: 4464: 4444: 4275: 4244: 4115: 4095: 4019: 3973: 3957: 3937: 3915: 3521: 3421: 2902: 1219:, but it was becoming impossible to resist the increasing pressure from the United States to join the Allies unconditionally. 1131:

The process was broke out on 3 January 1944, when Ramirez recognized the new Bolivian government, the result of a coup led by

377:

them it was necessary to maintain neutrality. At that time the United States also held a neutral position strengthened by the

4383: 4270: 4105: 3910: 2422: 552:, colonels Ramírez and Fortunato Giovannoni, and Lieutenant Colonel Tomás A. Ducó (famously the president of the sports club 330: 202:

party, who had been democratically elected in 1928 to serve his second term. On 10 September 1930, Uriburu was recognized as

4833: 4746: 4627: 4563: 4308: 3993: 3978: 942:

It is from this period that most of the disputes between the military government and university students are usually cited.

672:. Rawson led a group of conspirators known as the "Jousten Generals" after the Jousten Hotel where they gathered on 25 May. 431: 3942: 3920: 2733: 1707:

the Radical Civic Union Renewal Group, led by Quijano and Antille, comprised radicals who had left the Radical Civic Union;

806:. These measures would lead to a confrontation with broad political and social sectors, particularly the student movement. 4166: 4050: 3932: 3501: 3476: 3395: 3385: 3350: 3325: 2853: 4828: 4813: 4792: 4715: 4705: 4596: 4548: 4333: 4055: 4029: 3672: 3566: 3360: 1743: 792: 234:

The local elections of Buenos Aires on 5 April 1931 had an unexpected result for the government. The radical candidate,

216: 208: 4328: 854:

Hispanic-Catholic nationalist who would lead the right-wing reaction against Farrell and Perón in the following years.

3390: 1731: 1696:, could not join any of the existing political parties and had to organize quickly on the basis of three new parties: 1539: 788: 523: 4606: 4434: 4259: 4254: 4234: 4171: 4135: 4100: 4034: 3889: 3858: 3853: 3843: 3833: 3646: 1647:

workers from the industrial areas that had been growing on the outskirts of the city. The crowd set itself up in the

553: 315: 284: 146:. The coup of June 4, 1943 is considered by some historians as the true date of the birth of the movement created by 124: 4515: 4282: 3778: 1655:", "cabecitas negras". It was the Radical Unionist leader Sammartino who used the much criticized term "zoo flood". 1538:

offensive with the famous Trade and Industry Manifesto, in which 321 employers' organizations, led by the Argentine

1408:

manufactured in Argentina was presented. The tank, named "Nahuel", was designed by Lieutenant Coronel Alfredo Baisi;

4937: 4780: 4690: 4531: 4368: 4186: 4125: 4014: 3873: 3677: 3506: 3481: 3411: 3375: 1596: 1576: 1464: 1208: 1152: 947: 538: 390: 250: 212: 4229: 4120: 4073: 3988: 3947: 3894: 3868: 3838: 708:

swearing into office on 7 June 1943. Ramirez was president during the first eight months of the Revolution of '43.

514:

committed to the Nazi infiltration, complicated by its preventing Castillo from turning toward the United States.

334: 319: 4823: 4710: 4510: 4353: 4313: 4078: 4060: 3998: 3752: 3601: 3416: 3281: 1824: 4526: 4398: 4393: 2831:

Breve historia del movimiento obrero argentino 1852–1987: el rol de la unidad y protagonismo de los trabajadores

1310:

The Farrell-Perón team, with the help of a sizeable group of unionists, was profoundly reshaping the culture of

1239:

Farrell and his cabinet. In the first row: Alberto Tessaire, Diego Mason, Juan Perón, Peluffo and Juan Pistarini

1176:, where they took the key buildings and positions and entrenched themselves there. The next day he surrendered. 561: 131:

and a primary stockholder in the sugar industry. The only serious resistance to the military coup came from the

4917: 4090: 3697: 3641: 3365: 3286: 3271: 1701: 1559:

neighborhood in Buenos Aires. 50 eminent figures of the opposition led the march, among whom were the radicals

759: 408:) remained a minority; because it was extremely unlikely that Argentina would enter the war on the side of the 378: 257: 177: 115:. The coup d'état was launched by the lodge of the "United Officer Groups", a secret military organization of 2984: 1199:

was president during the last two years of the Revolution of 43. He established a close alliance with Colonel

762:. These two, along with Colonel Gilbert and Rear Admiral Sueyro, would form President Ramírez's inner circle. 191: 4287: 1436:, David Uriburu; and above all General Sanguinetti, ousted from the crucial position of "interventor" of the 548:

At dawn on 4 June, a military force of 8,000 soldiers set out from Campo de Mayo, led by generals Rawson and

4775: 4644: 3737: 3441: 3291: 2120: 1635: 917: 2427:

Ponencia presentada en las Jornadas de Pensamiento Argentino, organizadas en Rosario en noviembre del 2003"

1618:

Another more serious mistake was accepting and often promoting employer revanchism. October 16 was payday:

4145: 3983: 3762: 3757: 3747: 3712: 3707: 3611: 3561: 3551: 3446: 3436: 3276: 3258: 2886:, Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe, vol. 6, no. 1, 1995, Universidad de Tel Aviv 1848: 1556: 705: 490: 416: 269: 265: 4363: 3571: 3188:

Senkam, Leonardo (2015). "El nacionalismo y el campo liberal argentinos ante el neutralismo: 1939-1943".

849:

This action had the opposite effect of what Hull intended, provoking a recrudescence of already powerful

4202: 1507: 1437: 1286: 1211:

had been appointed vice president on October 15, 1943, following the death of the former Vice President

1109: 1053: 982: 187: 119:

nature. Although its soldiers shared different views of nationalism: there were Catholic nationalists,

82: 3456: 1445: 1183:

On 25 February 1944, Farrell assumed the presidency, first temporarily and after March 9 definitively.

987: 879: 235: 1506:

Braden arrived in Buenos Aires on 19 May. Braden was one of the owners of the mining company in Chile

4634: 4568: 4479: 4140: 3651: 3586: 3576: 3486: 3312: 3304: 1527: 1132: 1069: 455: 436: 195: 1276: 641: 580:

to Argentina at the time. The German embassy, on the other hand, burned its files the previous day.

4403: 3727: 3636: 3496: 3466: 3380: 1808: 1724: 1572: 681: 605: 519: 246: 228: 199: 123:, military with a more pragmatic approach, and even fascists. The military was opposed to Governor 120: 2944: 458:, which in 1946 comprised 56% of industrial establishments and 61% of all workers in the country. 245:

A few weeks later, a revolt led by Lieutenant Colonel Gregorio Pomar broke out in the province of

3899: 3616: 3606: 1787: 1511: 1401:

The creation of an Industrial Credit Bank, crucial for the promotion of industry (Farrell, 1994);

1347: 859: 677: 649: 158:

Two primary factors influenced the coup of 4 June 1943: The Infamous Decade that preceded it and

3051: 1600: 1568: 1215:. His government was characterized by a twofold tension: he represented an army that was mostly 1136: 1027: 4323: 2884:

Antifascismo en América Latina: España, Cuba y Estados Unidos durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial

2485:, 15 de octubre de 1943, Escritos y discursos del Dr. B. A. Houssay, Sitio de Bernardo Houssay" 1933: 182:

What is known as the Infamous Decade began on 6 September 1930 with a military coup led by the

4670: 4224: 3809: 3656: 3461: 3431: 3317: 3156: 3133: 2375: 2342: 2317: 1937: 1775: 1693: 1560: 1327: 1262: 862:

faction of Hispanic-Catholic nationalists, to which the new Minister of Education, the writer

448: 420: 385:, although that would change radically when Japan attacked its military bases in the Pacific. 273: 108: 104: 2313: 2306: 276:(1940–1943). This period was characterized by the beginning of a new economic model known as 4818: 4408: 4197: 4176: 3581: 3556: 3531: 3451: 3426: 1711: 1611: 1395: 1196: 1057: 970: 890: 878:. The University Federation of the Littoral protested vehemently against the appointment of 850: 462: 3181:

Historia Argentina. Orígenes de la Argentina Contemporánea. T. 13. La Soberanía (1943-1946)

2862:

La industria que supimos conseguir. Una historia político-social de la industria argentina.

2412:, FORJA, citado por A. Jauretche en FORJA (1962), Buenos Aires : Coyoacán, pp. 102-107 3927: 3702: 3687: 3631: 3591: 3541: 3526: 3335: 2898: 2857: 2642:

Godio, Julio (2000). Historia del movimiento obrero argentino (1870–2000), Tomo II, p. 803

1492: 1483: 1387: 1311: 1173: 838:

In those first months an incident occurred which would lead to the resignation of Admiral

370: 171: 112: 78: 1606:

Perón's position as vice president was assumed by the Minister of Public Works, General

1471:

respectively; both proceeded to dismiss in turn the teachers who joined the government.

1073:

Ensenada, in open opposition to the communist Workers' Federation of the Meat Industry.

4543: 3848: 3536: 3491: 3005: 1926: 1783: 1630: 1607: 1456: 1351: 1212: 1093: 905: 839: 831: 573: 465:

had limited the influx of European immigrants, so that a new influx of migrants due to

288: 132: 128: 1886:

Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture - "Uriburu, Jose Felix (1868-1932)"

1343: 1296:

situation in which rural workers found themselves and alarmed the owners of the large

396:

Faced with war, the Argentine population divided into two large groups: "pro-allies" (

17: 4901: 4685: 3626: 3516: 3511: 3149: 2488: 1829: 1648: 1639: 1591: 1564: 1531: 1412: 1369: 1323: 1200: 1049: 995: 946:

Dana Montaño (the National University of the Littoral "interventor"), Tomás Casares (

921: 661: 625: 565: 542: 534: 507: 494: 486: 440: 147: 3213: 795:

parties after splitting from the First General Labor Confederation in October 1942.

4838: 3263: 1652: 1496: 1376:

The main measures taken by the dictatorship with regard to industrial policy were:

1364: 1261:

Brazil, paradoxically governed then by the dictatorship of the fascist-sympathizer

969:

On 14 October 1943, a group of 150 political and cultural figures led by scientist

843: 827: 811: 653: 594: 576:

received the rebel army shortly after noon, and Rawson declared himself president.

466: 382: 159: 2434: 1768: 1235: 1108:

The first, led by Ramirez, General Juan Sanguinetti ("interventor" of the crucial

633:

powers, and who would go on to assume definite positions as the process unfolded.

1704:

organized by the trade unions and chaired by the revolutionary unionist Luis Gay;

1670:. A few days later the date of the elections was established: February 24, 1946. 928:

Sarmiento brought three plagues to this country: Italians, sparrows and teachers.

4191: 3596: 2552: 1667: 1634:«Las patas en la fuente», a famous photo of the peronist demonstration known as 1500: 1405: 1315: 1292:

On November 18, 1944, the Field Hand Statue was announced, which modernized the

1113: 1038: 1015: 669: 601: 569: 549: 409: 304: 183: 116: 37: 2842: 2772: 2461:, Buenos Aires: Consejo Nacional de Educación; quoted by Ferrero (1983), p. 269 830:, provoked the resignation of the "pro-Allied" Argentinian Chancellor, Admiral 822: 4558: 3767: 2246: 1479: 1433: 1380:

The creation of a Secretary of Industry with ministerial rank (Ramírez, 1943);

909: 3197: 4880: 4751: 4150: 3813: 3296: 2948: 1515: 1355: 1023: 1011: 863: 772: 510:, and the operations carried out by the radical unionist Emilio Ravignani). 59: 256:

After the failure of the corporatist effort, Argentina was governed by the

1666:

freed and the same night addressed his sympathizers from a balcony at the

656:. The group of conspirators known as the "Jousten Generals" gathered here. 4264: 3904: 1523: 1332: 1319: 1297: 204: 143: 1774:

During the election campaign the government passed a law implementing a

4616: 4584: 4520: 2973:""A 60 años de la fundación del Partido Laborista", by Mercedes Petit, 1519: 1293: 1140: 776: 1180:

pressuring Latin American countries and Great Britain to do the same.

4579: 3742: 3722: 2845:

La campaña del embajador Braden y la consolidación del poder de Perón

2775:

La campaña del embajador Braden y la consolidación del poder de Perón

1314:, which up until then had been characterized by the dominance of the 584:

The organizers of the coup and the role of the United Officers' Group

443:. The socioeconomic changes anticipated major sociopolitical changes. 1164:

Ramírez's resignation, which he finally conceded to two week later.

3205:

Troncoso, Oscar A. (1976). "La revolución del 4 de junio de 1943".

2483:

Declaración sobre democracia efectiva y solidaridad latinoamericana

4067: 4044: 1342: 1144: 1101:

Abandonment of neutrality and crisis of the Ramírez Administration

913: 2773:"David Kelly, citado en Escudé, Carlos; Cisneros, Andrés (2000), 1961:. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 10–11. 1363:

large group of small and mid-sized industrial companies, and the

834:

and his replacement by the "pro-neutral" Colonel Alberto Gilbert.

4769: 4573: 3782: 3217: 1959:

Transformations and Crisis of Liberalism in Argentina 1930-1955

885:

The Argentine university was governed by the principles of the

2820:.- Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1976, p. 257 2308:

Poder militar y sociedad política en la Argentina II 1943-1973

2200:, interview by Juan Salinas, Causa Popular, September 23, 2006 1367:

to Buenos Aires of many rural workers (disparagingly known as

298: 223:

and would be used to legitimize all other military coups. The

3151:

Poder Militar y Sociedad Política en la Argentina - 1943/1973

2018:. Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1976, p. 88. 1692:

Peronism, with the candidacies of Juan Perón and the radical

924:

ideology was defined through several provocative statements.

3190:

Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe

2932:

Historia del movimiento social y la clase obrera argentina

2650: 2648: 2592:

Historia del movimiento social y la clase obrera argentina

2579:

Historia del movimiento social y la clase obrera argentina

2575:

Movimiento obrero, nacionalismo y política en la Argentina

2459:

Instrucción religiosa y cien lecciones de historia sagrada

2453: 2451: 1547:

the workers began to identify themselves as "Peronistas".

802:

The government dissolved Congress and took control of the

373:

that had driven the United States since the 19th century.

1689:

After October 17 both sides organized for the elections.

750:

Ministry of Agriculture: Brigadier General Diego I. Mason

127:, Castillo's hand-picked successor, a major landowner in 3040:"»Evita y la participación de la mujer», Pablo Vázquez, 2812:

Barsky, Osvaldo; Ferrer, Edgardo J; Yensina, Carlos A.:

1128:

Argentina to abandon neutrality was already unbearable.

668:, and hailed from a traditional family of the Argentine 27:

1943 military coup of Argentine President Ramón Castillo

2577:, Buenos Aires: Paidós, pp. 84; López, Alfredo (1975), 2523:

Movimiento obrero, nacionalismo y política en Argentina

2029:

Movimiento obrero, nacionalismo y política en Argentina

775:, while others were able to go into hiding or exile in 260:, a political alliance formed between the conservative 1411:

The completion of the construction works of the first

978:

November 1943: emergence of Perón and union leadership

787:(CGT), a group of labor unions that had supported the 753:

Ministry of Public Works: Vice Admiral Ismael Galindez

664:

was a zealous Catholic and member of the conservative

3207:

Historia integral argentina; El peronismo en el poder

2818:

Historia integral argentina; El Peronismo en el poder

2016:

Historia integral argentina; El Peronismo en el poder

1888:. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 206–207. 1638:(October 17, 1945), which obtained the liberation of 415:

The two previous presidents, Radical-Antipersonalist

135:, which confronted the advancing army columns at the 3172:

El ejército y la política en la Argentina; 1928-1945

3006:"Génesis, apogeo y disolución del Partido Laborista" 2510:

Historia del movimiento obrero argentino (1870–2000)

2255:. New South Wales, Australia. 8 June 1943. p. 1 2198:"Cada vez hay más generales indígenas en Sudamérica" 1390:

of the grain elevators and the Original Gas Company.

994:

Historians have diverse opinions on the degree that

537:

led by generals Rawson and Ramírez. Neither General

533:

The coup was decided the day before at a meeting in

4852: 4801: 4729: 4653: 4503: 4417: 4301: 4159: 4007: 3966: 3882: 3821: 3665: 3404: 3343: 3251: 2814:"Los sindicatos y el poder en el período Peronista" 2341:. Buenos Aires: Siglo Veintiuno. pp. 180–181. 2003:

Industrialización y clases sociales en la Argentina

1928:

The Province of Buenos Aires and Argentine Politics

568:with orders to head toward Uruguay, abandoning the 73: 65: 55: 47: 3148: 2849:«Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas» 2779:"Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas" 2638: 2636: 2374:. Buenos Aires: Planeta / Espejo de la Argentina. 2305: 2063:. Centro Editor de América Latina. pp. 13–21. 1932:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1925: 3099:«A 60 años del primer triunfo electoral de Perón» 42:A newspaper announcing the beginning of the coup. 3816:, and attempted coups in the Americas since 1900 3209:. Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina. 2716: 2714: 2090:Alvear, las luchas populares en la década del 30 1997: 1995: 142:It was the military government that "incubated" 2894: 2892: 1253: 936: 931: 926: 215:. This court order laid the foundation for the 1714:, comprised conservatives who supported Perón. 3794: 3229: 2312:. Buenos Aires. Emecé Editores S.A. pp. 2014:Diego Dávila: «El 17 de octubre de 1945», in 1867:"El gobierno militar que incubó al peronismo" 986:A railway workers union newspaper supporting 962:rector), and Juan R. Sepich (director of the 8: 1989:Gerchunoff et al., p. 159; Schvarzer, p. 190 600:The Army was divided into two major groups: 107:on 4 June 1943 that ended the government of 30: 1771:, a new development in Argentine politics. 933:Lay education is an invention of the devil. 870:Educational politics and student opposition 333:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3801: 3787: 3779: 3236: 3222: 3214: 2263:– via National Library of Australia. 2078:. Fondo de Cultura Económica. p. 250. 1710:the Independent Party, chaired by Admiral 1404:In June 1944, the prototype for the first 608:. While neither group was homogenous, the 29: 2843:Escudé, Carlos; Cisneros, Andrés (2000), 2290: 2288: 1448:, a member of Farrell and Perón's group. 1326:grew continuously thanks the accelerated 954:"interventor"), Lisardo Novillo Saravia ( 353:Learn how and when to remove this message 2410:La falsa opción de los dos colonialismos 1629: 1478: 1275: 1234: 1190: 981: 821: 735:Ministry of Justice: Colonel Elbio Anaya 699: 640: 530:, with the help of the Communist Party. 480: 430: 2903:«Guatemala en el siglo del viento», in 2123:Buques de la Armada Argentina 1900-2006 1855:. University of California Press, 1993. 1841: 718:Ministry of Economy and Public Finances 572:, where generals Ramírez, Farrell, and 558:Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics 137:Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics 2919:Movimiento obrero argentino. 1930–1945 2536:Movimiento obrero argentino. 1930–1945 3472:Manuel de Jesús Troncoso de la Concha 2934:. Buenos Aires: A. Peña Lillo, p. 410 2726:, El Historiador (Dir. Felipe Pigna)" 2594:, Buenos Aires: A. Peña Lillo, p. 401 2581:, Buenos Aires: A. Peña Lillo, p. 401 958:"interventor"), Alfredo L. Labougle ( 950:"interventor"), Santiago de Estrada ( 412:, they tended to support neutrality. 278:import substitution industrialization 7: 4908:1940s coups d'état and coup attempts 3718:National Socialist Movement of Chile 1919: 1917: 331:adding citations to reliable sources 2921:. Buenos Aires: Hyspamérica, p. 289 2005:. Buenos Aires: Hyspamérica, p. 16. 1510:, an advocate of the imperialist 1469:National University of the Littoral 876:National University of the Littoral 804:National University of the Littoral 227:government of Uriburu outlawed the 2457:Moret, Galo; Scavia, Juan (1944). 2294:Rodríguez Lamas (1983), pp. 24-25. 2282:Rodríguez Lamas (1983), pp. 48-49. 2273:Rodríguez Lamas (1983), pp. 22-24. 2147:Rodríguez Lamas (1983), pp. 17-19. 2031:. Buenos Aires: Hyspamérica, p. 90 1865:Mendelevich, Pablo (4 June 2021). 1530:, promoting the 1954 coup against 1432:Peluffo; the "interventor" of the 636: 419:(1938–1942) and National Democrat 25: 4943:June 1943 events in South America 3733:Presidential Republic (1925–1973) 3693:History of the Dominican Republic 3245:Latin America during World War II 3121:Del fraude a la soberanía popular 2672:Potash (1981), pp. 319-20, 329-31 2391:Rodríguez Lamas (1983), pp. 32-3. 4913:History of Argentina (1943–1955) 3334: 2372:Breve historia de los argentinos 2076:Las ideas políticas en Argentina 2059:Rodríguez Lamas, Daniel (1983). 1900:Partidos, ideologías e intereses 1786:, which employers answered with 1680:Argentine general election, 1946 1187:Dictatorship of Edelmiro Farrell 999:forefront of national politics. 303: 36: 2882:Pardo Sanz, Rosa María (1995). 2178:Potash (1981), p. 277 (note 22) 2169:, Buenos Aires: Coyoacán, p. 34 1902:. Buenos Aires: CEAL, pp. 88-89 1780:General Confederation of Labour 1571:, the radical anti-personalist 1231:Pressure from the United States 1008:General Confederation of Labour 964:National School of Buenos Aires 960:National University of La Plata 899:Argentine University Federation 785:General Confederation of Labour 194:. The coup overthrew President 166:The Infamous Decade (1930–1943) 3683:History of Ecuador (1925–1944) 3547:Maximiliano Hernández Martínez 3132:. Buenos Aires: Sudamericana. 2699:Rodríguez Lamas (1986), p. 35. 2156:Rodríguez Lamas (1983), 65-72. 1660:General Confederation of Labor 956:National University of Córdoba 952:National University of Tucumán 1: 3622:Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río 3326:Brazilian Expeditionary Force 3174:. Buenos Aires: Sudamericana. 2907:, Guatemala, November 8, 2002 2864:Buenos Aires: Planeta, p. 194 2829:Robles, Alberto José (1987). 2236:Potash (1981), pp. 275-6, 279 2209:Potash (1981), pp. 273, 276-7 1898:Historia Integral Argentina, 826:The U.S. Secretary of State, 747:: General Edelmiro J. Farrell 732:: Rear Admiral Storni Second; 427:Economic and social situation 3123:. Buenos Aires: La Bastilla. 3119:Ferrero, Roberto A. (1976). 3050:. 2006-05-23. Archived from 2983:. 2005-11-09. Archived from 2564:Matsushita, ob. cit., p. 258 2534:Matsushita, Hiroshi (1986). 1738:Democratic Progressive Party 1045:the offer and dissolved it. 1020:Regional Workers' Federation 760:Buenos Aires Chief of Police 741:: Rear Admiral Benito Sueyro 695: 528:Democratic Progressive Party 93:1943 Argentine coup d'état ( 4923:Military coups in Argentina 2917:Hiroshi Matsushita (1986): 2860:; Schvarzer, Jorge (1996). 2538:. Buenos Aires: Hyspamérica 2525:, Buenos Aires: Hyspamérica 1971:Cattaruzza (2012): 118-119. 1924:Walter, Richard J. (1985). 1383:The use of a tariff system; 817: 730:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 637:Rawson's brief dictatorship 588:At the time, the Argentine 4959: 4737:Trinidad and Tobago (1990) 3678:Falangism in Latin America 3477:José Castellanos Contreras 3170:Potash, Robert A. (1981). 3048:rebanadasderealidad.com.ar 2977:, November 9 2005, no. 14" 2074:Romero, José Luis (2002). 1677: 1577:University of Buenos Aires 1475:Peronism vs. Anti-Peronism 1465:University of Buenos Aires 1153:University of Buenos Aires 948:University of Buenos Aires 242:governor of Buenos Aires. 175: 169: 31:1943 Argentine coup d'état 4873: 4460:Dominican Republic (1963) 3753:Spain during World War II 3567:Juan Antonio Ríos Morales 3522:José María Velasco Ibarra 3422:Jerónimo Méndez Arancibia 3332: 3282:Battle of the River Plate 3200:consulted on May 4, 2007. 3179:Rosa, José María (1979). 2803:Ferrero (1976), pp. 302-3 2753:Ferrero (1976), pp. 295-6 2663:Ferrero (1976), pp. 290-1 2654:Ferrero (1976), pp. 285-6 2603:Ferrero (1976), pp. 271-2 2573:Baily, Samuel L. (1984). 2521:Baily, Samuel L. (1985). 2167:El poder detrás del trono 1957:Nallim, Jorge A. (2012). 1884:Palermo, Vicente (2008). 1825:Argentina in World War II 887:University Reform of 1918 726:: Colonel Alberto Gilbert 666:National Democratic Party 435:1943 saw great growth in 262:National Democratic Party 35: 4933:Revolutions in Argentina 3698:History of Mar del Plata 3647:Getúlio Dornelles Vargas 3642:Manuel Prado y Ugarteche 3183:. Buenos Aires: Oriente. 2690:Rosa (1979), pp. 102-104 2681:Potash (1981), pp. 338-9 2549:«nacionalismo laborista» 2339:Sindicalismo y Peronismo 2337:Del Campo, Hugo (2012). 2101:Potash (1981), pp. 280-2 2061:Rawson, Ramírez, Farrell 2027:Samuel L. Baily (1985): 1653:descamisados (shirtless) 1453:San Francisco Conference 724:Ministry of the Interior 556:). Upon arriving at the 285:Robustiano Patrón Costas 178:Concordancia (Argentina) 125:Robustiano Patrón Costas 3738:Ratlines (World War II) 3507:Edelmiro Julián Farrell 3502:José Félix Estigarribia 3482:Eleazar López Contreras 3292:Battle of the Caribbean 3147:Rouquié, Alain (1982). 2590:López, Alfredo (1975), 2304:Rouquié, Alain (1982). 2001:Milcíades Peña (1986): 1853:Authoritarian Argentina 1272:Labor and Social Policy 1209:Edelmiro Julián Farrell 901:to be outside the law. 560:in the neighborhood of 539:Edelmiro Julián Farrell 497:on the day of the coup. 477:The coup of 4 June 1943 461:On the other hand, the 287:, a powerful figure in 4928:Military dictatorships 3748:Southeast Pacific Area 3713:Latin American Section 3708:Inter-American Highway 3602:Alfonso López Pumarejo 3562:Eduardo Santos Montejo 3447:Alberto Lleras Camargo 3417:Isaías Medina Angarita 3277:Battle of the Atlantic 3259:Seguro Obrero massacre 2962:Ferrero (1976), p. 341 2950:Historia del Peronismo 2930:Alfredo López (1975): 2873:Ferrero (1976), p. 318 2762:Ferrero (1976), p. 297 2708:Rodríguez Lamas (1986) 2630:Ferrero (1976), p. 273 2400:Ferrero (1976), p. 265 2227:Ferrero (1976), p. 259 2196:García Lupo, Rogelio. 2187:Ferrero (1976), p. 286 2110:Ferrero (1976), p. 253 1980:Troncoso (1976), p. 20 1643: 1487: 1359: 1282: 1258: 1240: 1204: 991: 940: 935: 930: 835: 709: 696:Ramírez's dictatorship 657: 498: 444: 18:Revolution of '43 3557:María Edwards McClure 3042:Rebanadas de Realidad 2833:, Buenos Aires:June 9 2508:Godio, Julio (2000). 2218:Potash (1981), p. 268 2049:Potash (1981), p. 275 1633: 1508:Braden Copper Company 1482: 1438:Buenos Aires Province 1346: 1287:collective bargaining 1279: 1238: 1194: 1151:"interventor" of the 1110:Buenos Aires Province 1054:Juan Atilio Bramuglia 985: 825: 703: 644: 484: 434: 400:) and "pro-neutral" ( 211:of the nation by the 83:Military dictatorship 3652:Gualberto Villarroel 3577:Julio Enrique Moreno 3442:Manuel Ávila Camacho 3412:Juan José de Amézaga 3128:Luna, Félix (1971). 3105:, February 24, 2006. 3103:La Gaceta de Tucumán 2981:elsocialista-mst.org 2730:elhistoriador.com.ar 2370:Luna, Félix (1994). 2361:Del Río, pp. 211-212 2165:David Kelly (1962): 1911:Béjar (1983): 33-36. 1597:Martín García Island 1528:United Fruit Company 1133:Gualberto Villarroel 1070:collective agreement 1016:radical syndicalists 818:Storni's resignation 745:Ministry of the Army 739:Ministry of the Navy 583: 456:Greater Buenos Aires 391:Enrique Ruiz Guiñazú 381:and its traditional 327:improve this section 295:The Second World War 188:Catholic-nationalist 4293:Paraguay (Sep 1949) 3728:Panama Sea Frontier 3637:Rexford Guy Tugwell 3612:Pedro Pablo Ramírez 3552:José Toribio Merino 3497:Glen Edgar Edgerton 3467:Pedro Aguirre Cerda 3437:Federico Laredo Brú 2724:La caída de Ramírez 2125:, Armada Argentina" 2088:Félix Luna (1975): 1725:Radical Civic Union 1159:The fall of Ramirez 1010:or 1st CGT (mostly 720:: Jorge Santamarina 706:Pedro Pablo Ramírez 682:Radical Civic Union 520:Radical Civic Union 491:Pedro Pablo Ramírez 417:Roberto María Ortiz 270:Roberto María Ortiz 266:Agustín Pedro Justo 229:Radical Civic Union 200:Radical Civic Union 32: 4640:El Salvador (1979) 4549:El Salvador (1972) 4430:El Salvador (1961) 4425:El Salvador (1960) 4255:El Salvador (1948) 4040:El Salvador (1931) 3617:Clarence S. Ridley 3607:Carlos Quintanilla 3012:. 12 December 2000 2856:2008-01-04 at the 2785:argentina-rree.com 2621:Matsushita, p. 279 2551:fue formulado por 1644: 1579:Horacio Rivarola. 1488: 1446:Antonio J. Benítez 1360: 1348:Altos Hornos Zapla 1283: 1241: 1205: 992: 880:Jordán Bruno Genta 836: 710: 678:Ernesto Sammartino 658: 606:classical liberals 499: 445: 236:Honorio Pueyrredón 198:, a member of the 192:Jose Felix Uriburu 101:Revolution of '43) 95:also known as the 4938:Conflicts in 1943 4895: 4894: 4706:Panama (Mar 1988) 3953:Costa Rica (1917) 3776: 3775: 3587:Enrique Peñaranda 3432:Fulgencio Batista 3313:Revolution of '43 3287:Havana Conference 3272:Panama Conference 3071:Godio, II, p. 272 2555:, ob. cit. p. 803 2512:, Tomo II, p. 812 2423:"Loja, Fabricio. 1694:Hortensio Quijano 1599:, located in the 1459:on 26 June 1945. 1455:that founded the 1350:, located in the 1339:Industrial Policy 1328:industrialization 1050:es:La Fraternidad 650:Corrientes Avenue 493:greet a crowd at 449:industrialization 363: 362: 355: 272:(1938–1940), and 196:Hipólito Yrigoyen 89: 88: 69:Revolution of '43 16:(Redirected from 4950: 4829:Venezuela (2002) 4788:Guatemala (1993) 4701:Haiti (Sep 1988) 4696:Haiti (Jun 1988) 4681:Guatemala (1983) 4676:Guatemala (1982) 4602:Argentina (1976) 4564:Chile (Sep 1973) 4559:Chile (Jun 1973) 4480:Argentina (1966) 4450:Guatemala (1963) 4440:Argentina (1962) 4389:Venezuela (1958) 4379:Guatemala (1957) 4354:Argentina (1955) 4349:Guatemala (1954) 4314:Argentina (1951) 4250:Venezuela (1948) 4240:Nicaragua (1947) 4220:Venezuela (1945) 4182:Argentina (1943) 4111:Nicaragua (1936) 4025:Argentina (1930) 3943:Haiti (Nov 1914) 3933:Haiti (Jan 1914) 3864:Venezuela (1908) 3803: 3796: 3789: 3780: 3673:American Theater 3582:Aurelio Mosquera 3572:Higinio Moríñigo 3532:William D. Leahy 3452:Samuel del Campo 3427:Alfredo Baldomir 3338: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3215: 3210: 3201: 3184: 3175: 3166: 3154: 3143: 3124: 3106: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3059: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2941: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2915: 2909: 2896: 2887: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2840: 2834: 2827: 2821: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2732:. Archived from 2718: 2709: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2643: 2640: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2595: 2588: 2582: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2545: 2539: 2532: 2526: 2519: 2513: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2487:. Archived from 2477: 2471: 2468: 2462: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2433:. 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Depression 358: 351: 347: 344: 338: 307: 299: 40: 33: 21: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4918:Infamous Decade 4898: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4877:successful coup 4869: 4848: 4844:Honduras (2009) 4814:Paraguay (2000) 4797: 4793:Paraguay (1996) 4742:Suriname (1990) 4725: 4721:Paraguay (1989) 4671:Dominica (1981) 4661:Suriname (1980) 4649: 4612:Honduras (1978) 4592:Honduras (1975) 4539:Honduras (1972) 4499: 4465:Honduras (1963) 4413: 4374:Colombia (1957) 4369:Honduras (1956) 4344:Paraguay (1954) 4339:Colombia (1953) 4297: 4283:Colombia (1949) 4260:Paraguay (1948) 4167:Paraguay (1940) 4155: 4136:Paraguay (1937) 4106:Paraguay (1936) 4003: 3962: 3890:Paraguay (1911) 3878: 3859:Paraguay (1908) 3854:Paraguay (1905) 3844:Paraguay (1904) 3834:Paraguay (1902) 3829:Colombia (1900) 3817: 3807: 3777: 3772: 3703:Infamous Decade 3688:History of Peru 3661: 3632:Rafael Trujillo 3592:Jacinto Peynado 3542:George Mantello 3527:Hans Langsdorff 3457:Lázaro Cárdenas 3400: 3339: 3330: 3297:Sinking of 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Decade 97:June Revolution 81: 79:Infamous Decade 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4956: 4954: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4900: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4887:attempted coup 4883: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4865:Bolivia (2024) 4862: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4809:Ecuador (2000) 4805: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4691:Bolivia (1984) 4688: 4686:Grenada (1983) 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4666:Bolivia (1980) 4663: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4645:Bolivia (1979) 4642: 4637: 4635:Grenada (1979) 4632: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4614: 4609: 4607:Ecuador (1976) 4604: 4599: 4597:Ecuador (1975) 4594: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4571: 4569:Bolivia (1974) 4566: 4561: 4556: 4554:Uruguay (1973) 4551: 4546: 4544:Ecuador (1972) 4541: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4518: 4516:Bolivia (1970) 4513: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4495:Bolivia (1969) 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4470:Bolivia (1964) 4467: 4462: 4457: 4455:Ecuador (1963) 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4435:Ecuador (1961) 4432: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4399:Bolivia (1959) 4396: 4394:Bolivia (1958) 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4334:Bolivia (1952) 4331: 4326: 4324:Bolivia (1951) 4321: 4316: 4311: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4288:Bolivia (1949) 4285: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4235:Ecuador (1947) 4232: 4227: 4225:Bolivia (1946) 4222: 4217: 4212: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4189: 4187:Bolivia (1943) 4184: 4179: 4177:Uruguay (1942) 4174: 4169: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4126:Bolivia (1937) 4123: 4121:Ecuador (1936) 4118: 4116:Bolivia (1936) 4113: 4108: 4103: 4101:Ecuador (1935) 4098: 4096:Bolivia (1934) 4093: 4088: 4086:Uruguay (1933) 4083: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4015:Bolivia (1930) 4011: 4009: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3999:Ecuador (1925) 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3974:Bolivia (1920) 3970: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3657:Sténio Vincent 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3492:Margot Duhalde 3489: 3487:Andrés Córdova 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3462:Ramón Castillo 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3315: 3310: 3302: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3261: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3202: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3161: 3144: 3138: 3125: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3044:, May 23 2006" 3031: 3022: 2997: 2964: 2955: 2936: 2923: 2910: 2888: 2875: 2866: 2835: 2822: 2805: 2796: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2605: 2596: 2583: 2566: 2557: 2540: 2527: 2514: 2501: 2472: 2463: 2447: 2414: 2402: 2393: 2384: 2363: 2354: 2347: 2329: 2322: 2296: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2202: 2189: 2180: 2171: 2158: 2149: 2140: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2081: 2066: 2051: 2042: 2033: 2020: 2007: 1991: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1949: 1942: 1913: 1904: 1891: 1876: 1857: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1820: 1817: 1800: 1797: 1784:general strike 1763: 1760: 1747: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1716: 1715: 1708: 1705: 1686: 1683: 1678:Main article: 1675: 1672: 1627: 1624: 1608:Juan Pistarini 1561:José Tamborini 1540:Stock Exchange 1534:in Guatemala. 1476: 1473: 1457:United Nations 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1415:in the country 1409: 1402: 1399: 1391: 1384: 1381: 1352:Jujuy Province 1340: 1337: 1273: 1270: 1263:Getúlio Vargas 1232: 1229: 1188: 1185: 1160: 1157: 1137:La Plata River 1102: 1099: 1094:anti-communist 979: 976: 906:ultramontanist 871: 868: 840:Segundo Storni 832:Segundo Storni 819: 816: 767: 764: 755: 754: 751: 748: 742: 736: 733: 727: 721: 697: 694: 638: 635: 585: 582: 574:Juan Pistarini 478: 475: 428: 425: 421:Ramón Castillo 361: 360: 311: 309: 302: 296: 293: 289:Salta Province 274:Ramón Castillo 176:Main article: 170:Main article: 167: 164: 155: 152: 133:Argentine Navy 129:Salta Province 109:Ramón Castillo 87: 86: 75: 71: 70: 67: 63: 62: 57: 53: 52: 49: 45: 44: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4955: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4888: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4716:Panama (1989) 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4485:Panama (1968) 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4475:Brazil (1964) 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4404:Brazil (1959) 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4364:Brazil (1956) 4362: 4360: 4359:Brazil (1955) 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4319:Panama (1951) 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4215:Brazil (1945) 4213: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4172:Panama (1941) 4170: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4141:Brazil (1938) 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4131:Brazil (1937) 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4035:Panama (1931) 4033: 4031: 4030:Brazil (1930) 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3984:Brazil (1922) 3982: 3980: 3979:Mexico (1920) 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3928:Mexico (1913) 3926: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3900:Mexico (1911) 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3849:Brazil (1904) 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3627:Arturo Rawson 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3517:Henry Harwood 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3386:Puerto Ricans 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3198:(text online) 3195: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3162:950-04-0119-3 3158: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3141: 3139:84-499-7474-7 3135: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3054:on 2015-09-24 3053: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3035: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2987:on 2007-09-27 2986: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2975:El Socialista 2968: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2786: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2736:on 2014-12-16 2735: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2491:on 2006-05-05 2490: 2486: 2484: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2437:on 2007-06-01 2436: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2380:950-742-415-6 2377: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2350: 2348:9789876292504 2344: 2340: 2333: 2330: 2325: 2323:950-04-0119-3 2319: 2315: 2310: 2309: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2077: 2070: 2067: 2062: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1953: 1950: 1945: 1943:9780521303378 1939: 1935: 1930: 1929: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1674:1946 Election 1673: 1671: 1669: 1663: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1649:Plaza de Mayo 1641: 1637: 1632: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1592:Campo de Mayo 1588: 1584: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565:Enrique Mosca 1562: 1558: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1533: 1532:Jacobo Arbenz 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1485: 1481: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1413:blast furnace 1410: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1324:working class 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1278: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1257: 1256:be our orbit. 1252: 1248: 1244: 1237: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1169: 1165: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1000: 997: 989: 984: 977: 975: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 943: 939: 934: 929: 925: 923: 922:anti-feminist 919: 915: 911: 907: 902: 900: 894: 892: 888: 883: 881: 877: 869: 867: 865: 861: 855: 852: 851:anti-American 847: 845: 841: 833: 829: 824: 815: 813: 807: 805: 800: 796: 794: 790: 786: 780: 778: 774: 766:Initial steps 765: 763: 761: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 715: 714: 707: 702: 693: 689: 685: 683: 679: 673: 671: 667: 663: 662:Arturo Rawson 655: 651: 647: 646:Hotel Jousten 643: 634: 630: 627: 622: 618: 614: 611: 607: 603: 598: 596: 591: 581: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 535:Campo de Mayo 531: 529: 525: 521: 515: 511: 509: 508:Arturo Rawson 503: 496: 495:Plaza de Mayo 492: 488: 487:Arturo Rawson 483: 476: 474: 471: 468: 464: 459: 457: 452: 450: 442: 441:working class 438: 433: 426: 424: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 386: 384: 380: 374: 372: 366: 357: 354: 346: 336: 332: 328: 322: 321: 317: 312:This section 310: 306: 301: 300: 294: 292: 290: 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 268:(1932–1938), 267: 263: 259: 254: 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 232: 230: 226: 222: 220: 214: 213:Supreme Court 210: 207: 206: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 179: 173: 165: 163: 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Emecé. 1871:La Nación 1836:Citations 1769:Eva Perón 1595:taken to 1516:Chaco War 1365:migration 1356:Argentina 1320:estancias 910:hispanist 864:Hugo Wast 860:far-right 793:Communist 789:Socialist 773:Patagonia 485:Generals 314:does not 209:president 60:Argentina 4781:November 4763:November 4758:February 4628:November 4580:February 4276:February 4265:Paraguay 4061:December 3916:February 3905:Paraguay 3666:See also 3381:Paraguay 3361:Colombia 2854:Archived 1819:See also 1799:Election 1788:lockouts 1762:Campaign 1557:Recoleta 1524:Paraguay 1518:between 1467:and the 1333:Peronism 1281:workers. 1207:General 1195:General 704:General 660:General 526:and the 439:and the 437:industry 343:May 2019 240:de facto 225:de facto 219:de facto 205:de facto 190:General 144:Peronism 121:Radicals 56:Location 4772:(1992) 4754:(1992) 4619:(1978) 4617:Bolivia 4576:(1975) 4527:January 4523:(1971) 4521:Bolivia 4271:January 4267:(1949) 4208:October 4194:(1944) 4070:(1932) 4047:(1931) 3911:January 3907:(1912) 3391:Uruguay 3356:Bolivia 3320:Pelikan 3307:Bolivar 2905:La Hora 2781:, CARI" 2612:Rouquié 1520:Bolivia 1298:ranches 1141:Germany 914:elitist 777:Uruguay 566:trawler 335:removed 320:sources 99:or the 74:Outcome 4585:August 4532:August 3743:SCADTA 3723:ODESSA 3405:People 3376:Mexico 3299:Toltén 3267:Affair 3252:Events 3159: 3136: 2851:, CARI 2378: 2345: 2320: 1940: 1936:–118. 1052:) and 920:, and 251:Alvear 103:was a 4853:2020s 4802:2000s 4776:April 4730:1990s 4654:1980s 4504:1970s 4418:1960s 4302:1950s 4198:April 4160:1940s 4068:Chile 4045:Chile 4008:1930s 3967:1920s 3921:March 3883:1910s 3822:1900s 3810:Coups 3763:U-977 3758:U-530 3196:(I). 3130:El 45 3101:, in 2816:, in 2314:27–28 1727:(UCR) 1145:Japan 988:Perón 648:, on 562:Núñez 4770:Peru 4623:July 4574:Peru 4074:June 4051:July 3366:Cuba 3157:ISBN 3134:ISBN 2376:ISBN 2343:ISBN 2318:ISBN 2261:2020 1938:ISBN 1742:the 1736:the 1730:the 1723:the 1700:the 1563:and 1522:and 1499:and 1423:1945 1396:Cuyo 1386:The 1143:and 1014:and 791:and 604:and 489:and 410:Axis 318:any 316:cite 91:The 48:Date 4203:May 2947:in 966:). 652:in 329:by 4904:: 3812:, 3194:VI 3192:. 3046:. 3008:. 2979:. 2901:: 2891:^ 2847:, 2783:. 2777:, 2728:. 2713:^ 2647:^ 2635:^ 2450:^ 2429:. 2316:. 2287:^ 2249:. 2127:. 1994:^ 1934:98 1916:^ 1869:. 1851:. 1811:. 1503:. 1354:, 1335:. 1265:. 1147:. 1116:. 916:, 912:, 908:, 893:. 779:. 280:. 231:. 186:, 162:. 139:. 3802:e 3795:t 3788:v 3237:e 3230:t 3223:v 3165:. 3142:. 3061:. 3019:. 2994:. 2952:. 2793:. 2743:. 2722:" 2498:. 2481:" 2444:. 2382:. 2351:. 2326:. 2137:. 2121:" 1946:. 1873:. 1642:. 1398:; 1358:. 1203:. 1022:( 680:( 356:) 350:( 345:) 341:( 337:. 323:. 20:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

1943 Argentine coup d'état

Index