739:
738:
1058:
inadequate because it measures democratization, not revolution, and doesn't account for regimes which come to power by revolution but fail to change the structure of the state and society sufficiently to yield a notable difference in the Polity score. Instead, Colgan offered a new data set to single out governments that "transform the existing social, political, and economic relationships of the state by overthrowing or rejecting the principal existing institutions of society." This data set has been employed to make empirically based contributions to the literature on revolution by finding links between revolution and the likelihood of international disputes.
971:
694:
898:
equilibrium of the system, or the magnitude of conflict and resource control of competing interest groups. If the effect on the critical variable is of sufficient magnitude, a potentially revolutionary situation occurs." Once this point is reached, a negative incident (a war, a riot, a bad harvest) that in the past might not have been enough to trigger a revolt, will now be enough. However, if authorities are cognizant of the danger, they can still prevent revolution through reform or repression.
942:). Their expanded notion of revolution engendered new approaches and explanations. The theories of the second generation came under criticism for being too limited in geographical scope, and for lacking a means of empirical verification. Also, while second-generation theories may have been capable of explaining a specific revolution, they could not adequately explain why revolutions failed to occur in other societies experiencing very similar circumstances.
335:
678:
6534:
458:
652:
724:
967:(1979) was a landmark book of the third generation. Skocpol defined revolution as "rapid, basic transformations of society's state and class structures accompanied and in part carried through by class-based revolts from below", and she attributed revolutions to "a conjunction of multiple conflicts involving state, elites and the lower classes".
709:
1022:-driven conflicts centered in Europe, and involving a violent state versus its discontented people, was no longer sufficient to account for the multi-class coalitions toppling dictators around the world. Consequently, the study of revolutions began to evolve in three directions. As Goldstone describes it, scholars of revolution:
1074:
not change quickly and thereby slow down the societal transformation. According to North, the tension between formal rules and informal constraints is "typically resolved by some restructuring of the overall constraints—in both directions—to produce a new equilibrium that is far less revolutionary than the rhetoric."
325:
Early scholars often debated the distinction between revolution and civil war. They also questioned whether a revolution is purely political (i.e., concerned with the restructuring of government) or whether "it is an extensive and inclusive social change affecting all the various aspects of the life
818:
to link the cause of revolution to the state of mind of the masses. While these theorists varied in their approach as to what exactly incited the people to revolt (e.g., modernization, recession, or discrimination), they agreed that the primary cause for revolution was a widespread frustration with
1073:
raised a note of caution about revolutionary change, how it "is never as revolutionary as its rhetoric would have us believe." While the "formal rules" of laws and constitutions can be changed virtually overnight, the "informal constraints" such as institutional inertia and cultural inheritance do
1065:
suggested that revolutions can be understood as "liminal" moments: modern political revolutions very much resemble rituals and can therefore be studied within a process approach. This would imply not only a focus on political behavior "from below", but also a recognition of moments where "high and
1041:
The fourth generation increasingly turned to quantitative techniques when formulating its theories. Political science research moved beyond individual or comparative case studies towards large-N statistical analysis assessing the causes and implications of revolution. The initial fourth-generation
846:
theory in sociology. They saw society as a system in equilibrium between various resources, demands, and subsystems (political, cultural, etc.). As in the psychological school, they differed in their definitions of what causes disequilibrium, but agreed that it is a state of severe disequilibrium
1036:
noted how studies of social movements—for women's rights, labor rights, and U.S. civil rights—had much in common with studies of revolution and could enrich the latter. "Thus, a new literature on 'contentious politics' has developed that attempts to combine insights from the literature on social
1057:
More recently, scholars like Jeff Colgan have argued that the Polity data series—which evaluates the degree of democratic or autocratic authority in a state's governing institutions based on the openness of executive recruitment, constraints on executive authority, and political competition—is
897:
The second-generation theorists regarded the development of revolutionary situations as a two-step process: "First, a pattern of events arises that somehow marks a break or change from previous patterns. This change then affects some critical variable—the cognitive state of the masses, the
277:
an effort to transform the political institutions and the justifications for political authority in society, accompanied by formal or informal mass mobilization and noninstitutionalized actions that undermine authorities. This definition is broad enough to encompass events ranging from the
986:
In the late 1980s, a new body of academic work started questioning the dominance of the third generation's theories. The old theories were also dealt a significant blow by a series of revolutionary events that they could not readily explain. The
960:
approach. They turned their attention to "rural agrarian-state conflicts, state conflicts with autonomous elites, and the impact of interstate economic and military competition on domestic political change." In particular, Skocpol's
5505:
5495:
1418:
of
Elementys the Revoluciuons, Chaung of tymes and Complexiouns." The etymology shows the political meaning of "revolution" had been established by the early 15th century, but it didn't come into common use until the 17th
135:
may become vulnerable to revolution due to a recent military defeat, or economic chaos, or an affront to national pride and identity, or pervasive repression and corruption. Revolutions typically trigger
589:(pro-fascism, pro-communism, pro-nationalism, etc.). In the latter cases, a transition period is generally necessary to decide which direction to take to achieve the desired form of government.
2500:
88:
on the periphery of a country; others started with urban insurrection aimed at seizing the country's capital city. Revolutions can be inspired by the rising popularity of certain political
286:. At the same time, this definition is strong enough to exclude coups, revolts, civil wars, and rebellions that make no effort to transform institutions or the justification for authority.
253:
any and all instances in which a state or a political regime is overthrown and thereby transformed by a popular movement in an irregular, extraconstitutional or violent fashion.
218:
equivalent "revolution" to the late 14th century. The word was limited then to mean the revolving motion of celestial bodies. "Revolution" in the sense of abrupt change in a
1622:
4644:
2580:
2798:
5520:
1729:
4967:
1792:
Topolski, J. (1976). "Rewolucje w dziejach nowoĹĽytnych i najnowszych (xvii-xx wiek)" [Revolutions in modern and recent history (17th-20th century)].
1278:
608:); failed or abortive revolutions (that aren't able to secure power after winning temporary victories or amassing large-scale mobilizations); or violent vs.
5617:
772:
Scholars of revolution differentiate four "generations" of theoretical research on the subject of revolution. Theorists of the first generation, including
6467:
3229:
3588:
1026:
extended the third generation's structural theories to a more heterogeneous set of cases, "well beyond the small number of 'great' social revolutions."
3773:
374:
political revolutions, sudden and violent revolutions that seek not only to establish a new political system but to overhaul an entire society, and;
4381:
3683:
627:. Some social revolutions are global in scope, while others are limited to single countries. Commonly cited examples of social revolution are the
3802:
61:, 'a turn around') is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's class, state, ethnic or religious structures. According to sociologist
5470:
799:
theory, to explain why and when revolutions arise. Their work can be divided into three categories: psychological, sociological and political.
283:
5552:
4993:
3790:
2738:
2602:
2557:
2524:
2450:
2425:
2400:
2362:
1197:
1054:, and Mansfield and Snyder, identified a revolution by a significant change in the country's score on Polity's autocracy-to-democracy scale.
156:
5947:
5364:
2089:
Leroi, Armand M.; Lambert, Ben; Mauch, Matthias; Papadopoulou, Marina; Ananiadou, Sophia; Lindberg, Staffan I.; Lindenfors, Patrik (2020).
6107:
6047:
4691:
4491:
4401:
1061:
Revolutions have also been examined from an anthropological perspective. Drawing on Victor Turner's writings on ritual and performance,
5542:
2304:
2791:
1245:
1179:
1099:
939:
80:
Revolutions have occurred throughout human history and varied in their methods, durations and outcomes. Some revolutions started with
269:, but also more or less rapid and fundamental social, economic or cultural change, during or soon after the struggle for state power.
2770:
1958:
1922:
1831:
1776:
1414:
vol Q-R p. 617 1979 Sense III states a usage, "Alteration, change, mutation", from 1400 but lists it as "rare". "c. 1450, Lydg 1196
31:
377:
slow but sweeping transformations of the entire society that take several generations to bring about (such as changes in religion).
222:
was first recorded in the mid-15th century. By 1688, the political meaning of the word was familiar enough that the replacement of
1066:
low" are relativized, subverted, or made irrelevant, and where the micro and macro levels fuse together in critical conjunctions.
4833:
4461:
2911:
1007:
in Europe, Asia and Africa saw diverse opposition movements topple seemingly powerful regimes amidst popular demonstrations and
970:
6382:
6097:
3417:
3268:
441:"great revolution" (a revolution that transforms economic and social structures as well as political institutions, such as the
6387:
4618:
4471:
3357:
2151:
1848:
663:
message on a house wall. Four letters have been written backwards and with a different color so that they also form the word
784:, were mainly descriptive in their approach, and their explanations of the phenomena of revolutions were usually related to
6573:
5962:
5937:
5401:
5261:
4658:
4531:
3753:
2784:
1537:
963:
815:
168:
6297:
6257:
5973:
5942:
5231:
5138:
4943:
4853:
4556:
4551:
4245:
3283:
2916:
2199:
932:
716:
39:
945:
The criticism of the second generation led to the rise of a third generation of theories, put forth by writers such as
6437:
5957:
5038:
4952:
4571:
4566:
4351:
35:
5311:
6507:
6147:
5932:
5862:
5577:
5435:
5323:
3553:
3543:
3236:
2896:
2586:
2508:
2442:
2417:
1982:
746:
530:
450:
446:
6337:
5952:
5632:
5627:
5106:
5094:
4972:
4916:
4891:
4843:
4778:
4708:
3600:
3128:
2678:
2064:
2048:
1448:
1411:
903:
693:
623:, are recognized as major transformations in a society's culture, philosophy, or technology, rather than in its
140:
which seek to halt revolutionary momentum, or to reverse the course of an ongoing revolutionary transformation.
6593:
6588:
6352:
6312:
6262:
6127:
5622:
5547:
5536:
5430:
5379:
5071:
4957:
4758:
4441:
2462:
1574:
1532:
1114:
843:
682:
494:
175:
5752:
5717:
6422:
6112:
6082:
6027:
6022:
5797:
5251:
5031:
5009:
4962:
4684:
4421:
4341:
4155:
3758:
3347:
3258:
2095:
996:
81:
74:
6397:
6332:
6267:
6192:
6172:
6167:
6012:
6002:
5847:
5349:
5166:
5148:
5126:
5116:
5101:
5048:
4982:
4977:
4858:
4848:
4838:
4783:
3748:
3728:
3615:
3578:
3248:
2876:
931:
deviated somewhat from the pattern. As a result, most later comparative studies of revolution substituted
593:
3668:
2149:
Enterline, A. J. (1 December 1998). "Regime
Changes, Neighborhoods, and Interstate Conflict, 1816-1992".
619:
has also been used to denote great changes outside the political sphere. Such revolutions, often labeled
69:
that draw on a competing vision (or visions) of a just order, (b) a notable degree of informal or formal
6497:
6307:
6287:
6247:
6232:
6077:
6057:
5837:
5612:
5587:
5530:
5480:
4926:
4871:
4738:
4728:
4723:
3902:
3857:
3263:
2436:
1119:
1012:
992:
863:
636:
632:
628:
609:
367:
351:
227:
187:
137:
3718:
65:, all revolutions contain "a common set of elements at their core: (a) efforts to change the political
886:. In such a model, revolutions happen when two or more groups cannot come to terms within the current
6583:
6552:
6413:
6402:
6392:
6377:
6367:
6317:
6272:
6252:
6202:
6182:
6177:
6157:
6152:
6137:
6132:
6117:
6102:
6087:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6017:
6007:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5923:
5737:
5707:
5697:
5451:
5425:
4411:
4291:
4060:
3882:
3867:
3708:
3635:
3327:
3288:
3273:
2807:
2549:
1819:
855:
811:
597:
465:
326:
of a society, including the economic, religious, industrial, and familial as well as the political."
6578:
6487:
6372:
6362:
6347:
6327:
6322:
6302:
6282:
6277:
6242:
6237:
6227:
6207:
6162:
6142:
6062:
6052:
5982:
5877:
5767:
5648:
5562:
5525:
5500:
5465:
5440:
5407:
5396:
5216:
5206:
5121:
5089:
5002:
4931:
4601:
4516:
4481:
4451:
4371:
3897:
3837:
3645:
3158:
3078:
1854:
1139:
1030:
928:
916:
701:
533:
began with an urban revolution to depose the Czar, followed by a rural revolution, followed by the
461:
279:
231:
223:
191:
160:
144:
5852:
5777:
6545:
6357:
6342:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6187:
6122:
6072:
6067:
5592:
5582:
5485:
5419:
5385:
5339:
4677:
4613:
4608:
4591:
4586:
4055:
3563:
3500:
2698:
2641:
2530:
2487:
2327:
2257:
2176:
2025:
1705:
1658:
1650:
1591:
1554:
1511:
1503:
1394:
1314:
1306:
1134:
1104:
1043:
988:
924:
894:
process, and when they possess the required resources to employ force in pursuit of their goals.
777:
640:
546:
504:
245:"Revolution" is now employed most often to denote a change in social and political institutions.
183:
171:
164:
152:
105:
5722:
4045:
938:
In subsequent decades, scholars began to classify hundreds of other events as revolutions (see
6517:
6447:
6292:
6197:
6092:
5807:
5677:
5460:
5413:
5176:
5053:
4906:
4768:
4576:
4521:
4361:
4150:
4040:
3812:
3738:
3713:
3630:
3515:
3317:
2766:
2734:
2633:
2598:
2553:
2520:
2479:
2446:
2421:
2396:
2358:
2249:
2168:
2017:
1954:
1950:
1918:
1827:
1772:
1697:
1642:
1386:
1298:
1193:
1109:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1004:
979:
920:
912:
875:
867:
807:
785:
762:
731:
697:
686:
672:
620:
575:
571:
442:
425:
421:
339:
262:
148:
85:
70:
46:
1823:
1762:
6538:
6427:
5867:
5812:
5727:
5597:
5572:
5515:
5490:
5391:
5333:
5301:
5286:
5221:
5161:
5131:
5111:
5079:
5043:
5026:
5014:
4921:
4881:
4793:
4788:
4581:
4511:
4281:
4200:
4195:
4185:
4120:
4095:
4030:
4020:
3990:
3970:
3960:
3827:
3822:
3780:
3723:
3520:
3203:
3198:
3173:
3118:
3093:
2690:
2625:
2590:
2512:
2471:
2382:
2319:
2241:
2160:
2104:
2009:
1738:
1689:
1634:
1583:
1546:
1495:
1376:
1290:
1254:
1185:
950:
887:
871:
823:
789:
624:
511:
307:
215:
179:
334:
6477:
5887:
5787:
5782:
5762:
5732:
5687:
5682:
5672:
5637:
5510:
5359:
5256:
5181:
5156:
5084:
4863:
4743:
4638:
4311:
4230:
4190:
4160:
4145:
4110:
4105:
4075:
4050:
4035:
4010:
3995:
3930:
3907:
3892:
3877:
3862:
3733:
3688:
3673:
3663:
3485:
3480:
3337:
3332:
3312:
3300:
2566:
2300:
1768:
1144:
1062:
1047:
891:
839:
803:
796:
781:
754:
207:
5842:
5662:
2730:
6492:
6482:
5742:
5657:
5567:
5281:
5276:
5266:
5201:
5171:
4886:
4818:
4773:
4753:
4748:
4628:
4536:
4526:
4255:
4130:
4115:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4025:
4000:
3955:
3935:
3797:
3768:
3743:
3698:
3678:
3640:
3595:
3475:
3465:
3322:
3153:
2966:
1938:
1486:
1481:
1236:
1070:
1019:
1008:
957:
883:
879:
773:
742:
712:
319:
101:
62:
54:
1429:
927:—for comparative study. He outlined what he called their "uniformities", although the
6567:
5902:
5857:
5822:
5802:
5757:
5712:
5607:
5557:
5475:
5296:
5241:
4828:
4823:
4803:
4561:
4391:
4301:
4250:
4220:
4210:
4140:
4135:
4125:
3985:
3975:
3965:
3940:
3807:
3785:
3703:
3610:
3583:
3568:
3510:
3193:
2754:
2534:
2491:
2392:
2261:
2180:
2043:
1811:
1758:
1662:
1595:
1515:
1398:
1318:
946:
908:
851:
414:
266:
97:
2702:
2331:
2029:
1259:
1240:
677:
6442:
6432:
5907:
5832:
5772:
5747:
5692:
5344:
5306:
5271:
4798:
4733:
4541:
4225:
4215:
4205:
4070:
4065:
4005:
3980:
3950:
3945:
3852:
3847:
3693:
3573:
3307:
3243:
3113:
3103:
3098:
3017:
3007:
2951:
2841:
2541:
2124:
1974:
859:
827:
643:. These revolutions also fit the "slow revolution" type identified by Tocqueville.
554:
542:
522:
515:
480:
473:
347:
246:
219:
109:
1859:
457:
2411:
2386:
2275:
1181:
States and Social
Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China
810:, and Denton E. Morrison fall into the first category. They utilized theories of
5912:
5882:
5872:
5827:
5702:
5291:
5246:
5211:
4901:
4813:
4240:
4235:
4170:
4165:
4015:
3887:
3842:
3832:
3625:
3620:
3558:
3495:
3278:
3253:
3178:
3138:
3108:
3083:
3063:
3042:
3022:
3002:
2992:
2961:
2826:
2667:
2164:
1914:
1154:
1000:
975:
727:
651:
405:
393:
359:
195:
93:
2661:
The
Revolutionary City: Urbanization and the Global Transformation of Rebellion
1743:
1724:
73:, and (c) efforts to force change through noninstitutionalized actions such as
6472:
6457:
6452:
5897:
5369:
5019:
4896:
4763:
4623:
4431:
4331:
4180:
4100:
3872:
3763:
3605:
3548:
3525:
3490:
3439:
3429:
3397:
3342:
3168:
3148:
3073:
3037:
2926:
2851:
2516:
2475:
2349:
2323:
2109:
2090:
1381:
1364:
1149:
831:
601:
500:
366:
There are numerous typologies of revolution in the social science literature.
295:
117:
2727:
The
International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the Present
2694:
2637:
2594:
2483:
2253:
2245:
2172:
2021:
2013:
1701:
1646:
1390:
1302:
1189:
6512:
6462:
5792:
5354:
4911:
4808:
4700:
4321:
4260:
3817:
3460:
3387:
3372:
3293:
3213:
3208:
3133:
3088:
3068:
3047:
3032:
3012:
2997:
2861:
2821:
2218:
1946:
1129:
1124:
1051:
835:
758:
660:
605:
534:
430:
355:
311:
291:
125:
113:
935:
in their lists, but they continued
Brinton's practice of focusing on four.
1764:
Tocqueville's Road Map: Methodology, Liberalism, Revolution, and
Despotism
1587:
354:
in
Britain and the world. The steam engine was created to pump water from
5817:
5374:
5058:
4876:
4596:
4175:
3912:
3505:
3470:
3444:
3424:
3377:
3188:
3143:
3027:
2931:
2921:
2886:
2856:
2758:
2571:
795:
The second generation sought to develop detailed frameworks, grounded in
656:
469:
299:
89:
17:
1535:(1993). "Theories of Revolution Revisited: Toward a Fourth Generation".
6502:
4718:
4633:
4546:
3434:
3402:
3392:
3163:
3123:
2956:
2881:
2866:
2846:
2776:
2710:
2645:
2613:
1709:
1677:
1654:
1507:
1310:
1033:
and contingency in understanding the course and outcome of revolutions.
954:
766:
723:
468:
and democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old
382:
121:
1558:
1452:
911:
established a convention by choosing four major political revolutions—
708:
585:(anti-monarchy, anti-dictatorial, anti-communist, anti-democratic) or
581:
A further dimension to Katz's typology is that revolutions are either
5667:
5602:
3382:
3183:
2971:
2946:
2936:
2906:
2891:
2505:
Before and After the Fall: World
Politics and the End of the Cold War
2460:
Gunitsky, Seva (2018). "Democratic Waves in
Historical Perspective".
537:
coup in November. Katz also cross-classified revolutions as follows:
435:
343:
132:
66:
2629:
1638:
1499:
1294:
1693:
1550:
806:, Ivo K. Feierbrand, Rosalind L. Feierbrand, James A. Geschwender,
745:, a group of military officers and civil officials, who staged the
30:"Political revolution" redirects here. For Trotskyist concept, see
5892:
3412:
2901:
2836:
969:
753:
Political and socioeconomic revolutions have been studied in many
737:
722:
707:
692:
676:
650:
456:
333:
315:
303:
2413:
Worldmaking After Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination
592:
Other types of revolution, created for other typologies, include
3407:
2831:
2499:
Gunitsky, Seva (2021), Bartel, Fritz; Monteiro, Nuno P. (eds.),
1997:
1572:
Kroeber, Clifton B. (1996). "Theory and History of Revolution".
1018:
For some historians, the traditional paradigm of revolutions as
664:
558:
550:
4673:
2780:
1979:
No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991
1037:
movements and revolutions to better understand both phenomena."
2976:
2871:
838:, Edward A. Tiryakian, and Mark Hagopian, drew on the work of
280:
relatively peaceful revolutions that toppled communist regimes
2501:"Great Powers and the Spread of Autocracy Since the Cold War"
1725:"20th Century revolutions: characteristics, types, and waves"
4669:
2582:
Individual Rights and the Making of the International System
1911:
A History of Mass Communication: Six Information Revolutions
417:, a modern scholar of revolutions, differentiated between:
2351:
Transaction Costs, Institutions, and Economic Performance
2232:
Colgan, Jeff (1 September 2012). "Measuring Revolution".
1723:
Grinin, Leonid; Grinin, Anton; Korotayev, Andrey (2022).
1484:(1980). "Theories of Revolutions: The Third Generation".
564:
Aspiring revolutions, which follow the Central revolution
2679:"The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution"
1998:"The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution"
2063:
Armstrong, Stephen; Desrosiers, Marian (January 2012).
510:
revolution from without, e.g., the allied invasions of
2765:. Penguin Classics. New Ed edition: February 8, 1991.
2367:– via U.S. Agency for International Development.
600:(inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aim to replace
249:
offers two definitions. First, a broad one, including
2215:
Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies go to War
1241:"Towards a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory"
290:
His definition also excludes peaceful transitions to
143:
Notable revolutions in recent centuries include the
92:, moral principles, or models of governance such as
6412:
5972:
5922:
5647:
5450:
5322:
5230:
5194:
5147:
5070:
5001:
4992:
4942:
4707:
4504:
4273:
3921:
3654:
3534:
3453:
3365:
3356:
3222:
3056:
2985:
2814:
2711:
The Comparative and Historical Study of Revolutions
1042:books and journal articles generally relied on the
2305:"Toward an anthropology of political revolutions"
953:, Jeffrey Paige, and others expanding on the old
529:These categories are not mutually exclusive; the
822:The second group, composed of academics such as
2614:"Global Patterns of Decolonization, 1500-1987"
1365:"Revolutionary Violence and Counterrevolution"
1231:
1229:
878:. Those theories view events as outcomes of a
4685:
2792:
2343:
2341:
1730:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1449:"A Concise History of the Russian Revolution"
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1173:
1171:
8:
3298:
2052:(revised ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
1527:
1525:
3234:
2575:. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Ltd.
2213:Mansfield, Edward D.; Snyder, Jack (2007).
850:The third group, including writers such as
6468:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
4998:
4692:
4678:
4670:
3362:
2799:
2785:
2777:
2312:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1050:. Such analyses, like those by Enterline,
1029:called for greater attention to conscious
982:in Europe, 1989, were sudden and peaceful.
174:and worldwide, Xinhai Revolution in 1911,
2108:
1742:
1380:
1343:
1258:
521:revolution by osmosis, e.g., the gradual
284:violent Islamic revolution in Afghanistan
214:traces back to the 13th century, and the
2357:. San Francisco: ICS Press. p. 13.
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1331:
4382:Reflections on the Revolution in France
1608:
1167:
273:Jack Goldstone defines a revolution as
5471:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
2065:"Helping Students Analyze Revolutions"
385:typologies divides revolutions into:
358:, enabling them to be deepened beyond
27:Rapid and fundamental political change
2234:Conflict Management and Peace Science
1623:"Six Views of the Russian Revolution"
847:that is responsible for revolutions.
424:(a top-down seizure of power), e.g.,
157:Spanish American wars of independence
7:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1272:
1270:
483:identified six forms of revolution:
472:structures and creating independent
4492:The End of History and the Last Man
4402:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
2546:Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves
2388:The End of History and the Last Man
1678:"Current Definitions of Revolution"
917:Thirteen Colonies of America (1775)
77:, protests, strikes, or violence."
1246:Annual Review of Political Science
1100:List of revolutions and rebellions
940:List of revolutions and rebellions
25:
2196:Domestic sources of global change
1369:American Political Science Review
567:subordinate or puppet revolutions
545:, which play a leading role in a
32:Political revolution (Trotskyism)
6532:
5506:International Conference of Rome
5496:International Conference of Rome
4462:The Open Society and Its Enemies
2668:The Evolving Study of Revolution
3269:Family as a model for the state
2618:International Studies Quarterly
1816:European Revolutions, 1492-1992
1260:10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.139
819:the socio-political situation.
257:Second, a narrow one, in which
5618:Australian Anarchist Centenary
5543:German Revolution of 1918–1919
4619:Separation of church and state
4517:Collectivism and individualism
4472:The Origins of Totalitarianism
2152:Journal of Conflict Resolution
1184:. Cambridge University Press.
978:and most of the events of the
876:interest group conflict theory
1:
5257:Decentralized planned economy
4659:Category:Political philosophy
4532:Critique of political economy
2666:Beissinger, Mark R. (2024). "
2579:Reus-Smit, Christian (2013).
1682:American Journal of Sociology
1621:Billington, James H. (1966).
964:States and Social Revolutions
901:In his influential 1938 book
816:frustration-aggression theory
499:revolution from above, e.g.,
4854:Proletarian internationalism
4557:Institutional discrimination
4552:History of political thought
3284:Negative and positive rights
2725:Ness, Immanuel, ed. (2009).
2709:Goldstone, Jack A. (1982). "
2663:. Princeton University Press
2200:University of Michigan Press
1943:Geographies of Globalization
717:Bolshevik Revolution of 1917
541:Central: countries, usually
261:revolutions entail not only
178:from the mid-1950s to 1975,
40:Revolutions (disambiguation)
5553:1919 United States bombings
4567:Justification for the state
4352:Two Treatises of Government
2348:North, Douglass C. (1992).
2165:10.1177/0022002798042006006
1434:Online Etymology Dictionary
36:Revolution (disambiguation)
6610:
6508:Situationist International
5578:Spanish Revolution of 1936
5436:Self-managed social center
3237:Bellum omnium contra omnes
2715:Annual Review of Sociology
2659:Beissinger, Mark R. 2022.
2587:Cambridge University Press
2572:Memoirs of a revolutionist
2509:Cambridge University Press
2443:Princeton University Press
2418:Princeton University Press
1983:Cambridge University Press
1744:10.1057/s41599-022-01120-9
747:Siamese Revolution of 1932
685:, 14 July 1789 during the
670:
531:Russian Revolution of 1917
451:Islamic Revolution of Iran
318:after the demise of their
29:
6527:
5633:Really Really Free Market
5628:1999 Seattle WTO protests
4917:Temporary autonomous zone
4844:Permanent autonomous zone
4779:Consensus decision-making
4654:
2517:10.1017/9781108910194.014
2476:10.1017/S1537592718001044
2324:10.1017/s0010417512000278
2129:Center for Systemic Peace
2110:10.1057/s41599-019-0371-1
2049:The Anatomy of Revolution
1382:10.1017/S0003055422001174
904:The Anatomy of Revolution
570:rival revolutions, e.g.,
346:. The development of the
5623:Carnival Against Capital
5548:Bavarian Soviet Republic
5537:Manifesto of the Sixteen
5431:Radical environmentalism
5380:Independent Media Center
5312:Workers' self-management
4759:Autonomous social center
4442:The Revolt of the Masses
2695:10.1177/0735275118777004
2595:10.1017/cbo9781139046527
2463:Perspectives on Politics
2246:10.1177/0738894212449093
2014:10.1177/0735275118777004
1909:Fang, Irving E. (1997).
1575:Journal of World History
1363:Clarke, Killian (2023).
1279:"Theories of Revolution"
1277:Stone, Lawrence (1966).
1190:10.1017/cbo9780511815805
1115:Preference falsification
844:structural-functionalist
730:, leader of the Chinese
683:storming of the Bastille
370:differentiated between:
176:decolonization of Africa
169:Revolutions of 1917–1923
5252:Cost the limit of price
4422:The Communist Manifesto
3348:Tyranny of the majority
3259:Consent of the governed
2677:Beck, Colin J. (2018).
2435:Gunitsky, Seva (2017).
2410:Getachew, Adom (2019).
2096:Palgrave Communications
1996:Beck, Colin J. (2018).
1178:Skocpol, Theda (1979).
997:People Power Revolution
6048:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4859:Propaganda of the deed
4849:Prefigurative politics
4839:Participatory politics
4784:Conscientious objector
3299:
3249:Clash of civilizations
3235:
2612:Strang, David (1991).
2276:"Data - Jeff D Colgan"
1794:Kwartalnik Historyczny
1013:nonviolent revolutions
993:Nicaraguan Revolutions
983:
750:
735:
720:
705:
690:
668:
610:nonviolent revolutions
477:
363:
288:
271:
255:
58:
34:. For other uses, see
6498:Libertarian socialism
5613:Kate Sharpley Library
5588:Red inverted triangle
5531:High Treason Incident
5521:Congress of Amsterdam
4927:Voluntary association
4739:Anti-authoritarianism
4729:Anarchist criminology
4724:Anarchist Black Cross
3264:Divine right of kings
1588:10.1353/jwh.2005.0056
1120:Psychological warfare
973:
864:Arthur L. Stinchcombe
741:
726:
711:
696:
680:
655:R E V O L U T I O N,
654:
647:Studies of revolution
637:Commercial Revolution
633:Scientific Revolution
629:Industrial Revolution
598:communist revolutions
572:Yugoslavia after 1948
525:of several countries.
466:bourgeois revolutions
460:
368:Alexis de Tocqueville
352:Industrial Revolution
337:
275:
259:
251:
188:Nicaraguan Revolution
6574:Comparative politics
6539:Anarchism portal
5943:Fictional characters
5426:Radical cheerleading
4412:Democracy in America
3791:political philosophy
3774:political philosophy
3589:political philosophy
3418:political philosophy
3328:Separation of powers
3289:Night-watchman state
3274:Monopoly on violence
2808:Political philosophy
2511:, pp. 225–243,
1853:Moshe Dayan Center,
1820:Blackwell Publishing
1676:Yoder, Dale (1926).
856:Samuel P. Huntington
812:cognitive psychology
401:bourgeois-democratic
198:in the early 2010s.
6488:Left-libertarianism
5563:Kronstadt rebellion
5501:Trial of the Thirty
5466:Revolutions of 1848
5408:No gods, no masters
5217:Synthesis anarchism
5207:Anarcho-syndicalism
5195:Types of federation
4602:Right-wing politics
4482:A Theory of Justice
4452:The Road to Serfdom
4372:The Social Contract
3079:Christian democracy
2683:Sociological Theory
2194:Maoz, Zeev (1996).
2002:Sociological Theory
1855:Tel Aviv University
1538:Sociological Theory
1140:Right of revolution
929:American Revolution
870:path and looked at
788:, such as Le Bon's
702:American Revolution
493:coup d'Ă©tat, e.g.,
462:Revolutions of 1848
306:after the death of
192:Revolutions of 1989
190:in 1979, worldwide
161:Revolutions of 1848
145:American Revolution
75:mass demonstrations
6438:Anti-globalization
6108:Dominican Republic
5933:Anarcho-punk bands
5593:Labadie Collection
5583:Barcelona May Days
5486:Cantonal rebellion
5420:Property is theft!
5386:The Internationale
5340:Anarchist bookfair
5139:Without adjectives
4994:Schools of thought
4614:Political violence
4609:Political theology
4592:Left-wing politics
4587:Political spectrum
1939:Murray, Warwick E.
1135:Revolutionary wave
1105:Passive revolution
1044:Polity data series
995:of 1979, the 1986
984:
882:between competing
778:Charles A. Ellwood
751:
736:
721:
706:
691:
669:
641:Digital Revolution
621:social revolutions
547:revolutionary wave
505:Great Leap Forward
478:
447:Russian Revolution
364:
184:Iranian Revolution
165:Mexican Revolution
153:Haitian Revolution
138:counterrevolutions
106:self-determination
6561:
6560:
6518:Spontaneous order
6448:Anti-war movement
5953:Jewish anarchists
5461:French Revolution
5414:Popular education
5190:
5189:
4907:Spontaneous order
4769:Classless society
4667:
4666:
4577:Philosophy of law
4522:Conflict theories
4362:The Spirit of Law
4269:
4268:
3318:Original position
2740:978-1-405-18464-9
2604:978-0-521-85777-2
2559:978-0-312-17322-7
2550:St Martin's Press
2526:978-1-108-84334-8
2452:978-0-691-17233-0
2427:978-0-691-17915-5
2402:978-0-140-13455-1
2383:Fukuyama, Francis
2364:978-1-558-15211-3
2198:. Ann Arbor, MI:
1862:on 29 April 2007.
1849:"Iran in History"
1199:978-0-521-22439-0
1110:Political warfare
1095:Counterrevolution
1090:Classless society
1085:Age of Revolution
1005:Autumn of Nations
980:Autumn of Nations
868:political science
808:David C. Schwartz
786:social psychology
763:political science
732:Xinhai Revolution
698:George Washington
687:French Revolution
673:Social revolution
464:were essentially
443:French Revolution
340:Watt steam engine
302:, as occurred in
263:mass mobilization
149:French Revolution
86:guerrilla warfare
82:peasant uprisings
71:mass mobilization
47:political science
16:(Redirected from
6601:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6428:Anti-consumerism
6423:Anti-corporatism
5573:Amakasu Incident
5516:Strandza Commune
5491:Haymarket affair
5392:Jewish anarchism
5334:A las Barricadas
5302:Social ownership
5287:Market socialism
5262:Free association
5222:Union of egoists
4999:
4932:Workers' council
4922:Union of egoists
4882:Security culture
4794:Decentralization
4789:Critique of work
4694:
4687:
4680:
4671:
4582:Political ethics
4572:Machiavellianism
4512:Authoritarianism
4497:
4487:
4477:
4467:
4457:
4447:
4437:
4427:
4417:
4407:
4397:
4387:
4377:
4367:
4357:
4347:
4337:
4327:
4317:
4307:
4297:
4287:
3363:
3304:
3240:
3230:Balance of power
3204:Social democracy
3199:Social Darwinism
3174:Multiculturalism
3119:Environmentalism
3094:Communitarianism
2801:
2794:
2787:
2778:
2744:
2731:Wiley & Sons
2706:
2649:
2608:
2563:
2537:
2495:
2456:
2431:
2406:
2369:
2368:
2356:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2309:
2301:Thomassen, Bjorn
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2280:sites.google.com
2272:
2266:
2265:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2091:"On revolutions"
2086:
2080:
2079:
2072:Social Education
2069:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2040:
2034:
2033:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1858:. Archived from
1847:Lewis, Bernard.
1844:
1838:
1837:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1478:
1457:
1456:
1451:. Archived from
1447:Pipes, Richard.
1444:
1438:
1437:
1426:
1420:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1384:
1375:(4): 1344–1360.
1360:
1354:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1233:
1204:
1203:
1175:
974:The fall of the
951:Barrington Moore
888:political system
872:pluralist theory
824:Chalmers Johnson
802:The writings of
790:crowd psychology
715:, leader of the
700:, leader of the
625:political system
576:China after 1960
490:urban revolution
487:rural revolution
308:Francisco Franco
230:was termed the "
180:Cuban Revolution
21:
6609:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6594:Social conflict
6589:Social concepts
6564:
6563:
6562:
6557:
6533:
6531:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6478:Labour movement
6408:
6407:
6406:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5638:Occupy movement
5511:Ferrer movement
5446:
5445:
5444:
5360:Escuela Moderna
5318:
5317:
5316:
5226:
5186:
5143:
5107:Insurrectionary
5066:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4864:Refusal of work
4749:Anti-militarism
4744:Anti-capitalism
4703:
4698:
4668:
4663:
4650:
4639:Totalitarianism
4500:
4495:
4485:
4475:
4465:
4455:
4445:
4435:
4425:
4415:
4405:
4395:
4385:
4375:
4365:
4355:
4345:
4335:
4325:
4315:
4312:Treatise on Law
4305:
4295:
4285:
4265:
3923:
3917:
3656:
3650:
3536:
3530:
3449:
3352:
3338:State of nature
3333:Social contract
3313:Ordered liberty
3301:Noblesse oblige
3218:
3052:
2981:
2810:
2805:
2751:
2741:
2724:
2676:
2672:World Politics.
2656:
2654:Further reading
2630:10.2307/2600949
2611:
2605:
2578:
2567:Peter Kropotkin
2560:
2540:
2527:
2498:
2459:
2453:
2434:
2428:
2409:
2403:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2354:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2125:"PolityProject"
2123:
2122:
2118:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2042:
2041:
2037:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1917:. pp. xv.
1908:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1769:Lexington Books
1757:
1756:
1752:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1639:10.2307/2009765
1620:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1500:10.2307/2010111
1482:Goldstone, Jack
1480:
1479:
1460:
1455:on 11 May 2011.
1446:
1445:
1441:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1410:
1406:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1330:
1326:
1295:10.2307/2009694
1276:
1275:
1268:
1237:Goldstone, Jack
1235:
1234:
1207:
1200:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1145:Social movement
1080:
1063:Bjorn Thomassen
1048:democratization
1003:, and the 1989
892:decision-making
884:interest groups
840:Talcott Parsons
804:Ted Robert Gurr
797:social behavior
782:Pitirim Sorokin
757:, particularly
755:social sciences
675:
649:
514:in 1943 and of
332:
320:military juntas
243:
204:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6607:
6605:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6566:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6493:Libertarianism
6490:
6485:
6483:Left communism
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:Related topics
6410:
6409:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6383:United Kingdom
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6098:Czech Republic
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5753:González Prada
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5568:Makhnovshchina
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5481:Hague Congress
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5416:
5411:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5282:Labour voucher
5279:
5277:Give-away shop
5274:
5269:
5267:General strike
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5202:Affinity group
5198:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5172:Post-anarchist
5169:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5095:Social ecology
5092:
5082:
5076:
5074:
5072:Post-classical
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5051:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5007:
5005:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4892:Social ecology
4889:
4887:Self-ownership
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4819:Horizontalidad
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4774:Class struggle
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4754:Affinity group
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4674:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4629:Social justice
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4537:Egalitarianism
4534:
4529:
4527:Contractualism
4524:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4488:
4478:
4468:
4458:
4448:
4438:
4428:
4418:
4408:
4398:
4388:
4378:
4368:
4358:
4348:
4338:
4328:
4318:
4308:
4298:
4288:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3323:Overton window
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3154:Libertarianism
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2755:Arendt, Hannah
2750:
2749:External links
2747:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2729:. Malden, MA:
2722:
2707:
2689:(2): 134–161.
2674:
2664:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2624:(4): 429–454.
2609:
2603:
2576:
2564:
2558:
2538:
2525:
2496:
2470:(3): 634–651.
2457:
2451:
2432:
2426:
2407:
2401:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2337:
2318:(3): 679–706.
2292:
2267:
2240:(4): 444–467.
2224:
2205:
2186:
2159:(6): 804–829.
2141:
2116:
2081:
2055:
2044:Brinton, Crane
2035:
2008:(2): 134–161.
1988:
1966:
1959:
1930:
1923:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1865:
1839:
1832:
1812:Tilly, Charles
1803:
1784:
1777:
1771:. p. 86.
1759:Boesche, Roger
1750:
1715:
1694:10.1086/214128
1688:(3): 433–441.
1668:
1633:(3): 452–473.
1627:World Politics
1613:
1601:
1564:
1551:10.2307/201977
1521:
1494:(3): 425–453.
1487:World Politics
1458:
1439:
1421:
1404:
1355:
1344:Reus-Smit 2013
1324:
1289:(2): 159–176.
1283:World Politics
1266:
1205:
1198:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1071:Douglass North
1039:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1020:class struggle
958:class-conflict
913:England (1642)
880:power struggle
774:Gustave Le Bon
743:Khana Ratsadon
713:Vladimir Lenin
671:Main article:
648:
645:
579:
578:
568:
565:
562:
527:
526:
519:
508:
497:
491:
488:
455:
454:
439:
433:
428:
412:
411:
408:
402:
399:
396:
390:
389:pre-capitalist
379:
378:
375:
350:propelled the
331:
328:
300:free elections
242:
239:
203:
200:
102:egalitarianism
63:Jack Goldstone
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6606:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
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6572:
6571:
6569:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6548:
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6543:
6541:
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6529:
6526:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
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6489:
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6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
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6444:
6441:
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6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6388:United States
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6148:French Guiana
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5558:Biennio Rosso
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5476:Paris Commune
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5297:Mutual credit
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:Communization
5240:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5032:Philosophical
5030:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5010:Individualist
5008:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4953:Animal rights
4951:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4824:Individualism
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:Direct action
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4562:Jurisprudence
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4392:Rights of Man
4389:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4302:De re publica
4299:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3922:20th and 21st
3920:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3655:18th and 19th
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Nizam al-Mulk
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Republicanism
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2772:
2771:0-14-018421-X
2768:
2764:
2763:On Revolution
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:Katz, Mark N.
2539:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2366:
2360:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2142:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:Goodwin, Jeff
1970:
1967:
1962:
1960:0-415-31800-9
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1924:0-240-80254-3
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1899:, p. 12.
1898:
1893:
1890:
1887:, p. 13.
1886:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1833:0-631-19903-9
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1796:(in Polish).
1795:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1778:0-7391-1665-7
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:Getachew 2019
1349:
1348:Fukuyama 1992
1345:
1341:
1340:Gunitsky 2021
1337:
1336:Gunitsky 2017
1333:
1332:Gunitsky 2018
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
981:
977:
972:
968:
966:
965:
959:
956:
952:
948:
947:Theda Skocpol
943:
941:
936:
934:
930:
926:
925:Russia (1917)
922:
921:France (1789)
918:
914:
910:
909:Crane Brinton
906:
905:
899:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:, followed a
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:Charles Tilly
848:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
748:
744:
740:
733:
729:
725:
718:
714:
710:
703:
699:
695:
688:
684:
679:
674:
666:
662:
658:
653:
646:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
577:
573:
569:
566:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:
538:
536:
532:
524:
520:
517:
513:
509:
506:
502:
498:
496:
492:
489:
486:
485:
484:
482:
475:
474:nation-states
471:
467:
463:
459:
452:
448:
444:
440:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
423:
420:
419:
418:
416:
415:Charles Tilly
409:
407:
403:
400:
397:
395:
391:
388:
387:
386:
384:
376:
373:
372:
371:
369:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
329:
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
287:
285:
281:
274:
270:
268:
267:regime change
264:
258:
254:
250:
248:
240:
238:
236:
235:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
201:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
167:(1910–1920),
166:
162:
159:(1808–1826),
158:
155:(1791–1804),
154:
151:(1789–1799),
150:
147:(1775–1783),
146:
141:
139:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:republicanism
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6551:
6544:
6530:
6443:Anti-statism
6433:Anti-fascism
6338:South Africa
5838:Pi i Margall
5535:
5384:
5345:Anarcho-punk
5332:
5307:Wage slavery
5272:Gift economy
5167:Postcolonial
5149:Contemporary
5102:Independence
5049:Collectivist
4968:Love and sex
4799:Deep ecology
4734:Anationalism
4643:
4542:Elite theory
4490:
4480:
4470:
4460:
4450:
4440:
4430:
4420:
4410:
4400:
4390:
4380:
4370:
4360:
4350:
4340:
4330:
4320:
4310:
4300:
4290:
4280:
3579:Guicciardini
3535:Early modern
3358:Philosophers
3308:Open society
3244:Body politic
3114:Distributism
3104:Conservatism
3099:Confucianism
3018:Gerontocracy
3008:Dictatorship
2962:Sovereignty‎
2952:Ruling class
2941:
2842:Emancipation
2827:Citizenship‎
2762:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2686:
2682:
2671:
2660:
2621:
2617:
2581:
2570:
2545:
2504:
2467:
2461:
2437:
2412:
2387:
2376:Bibliography
2350:
2315:
2311:
2295:
2283:. Retrieved
2279:
2270:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2214:
2208:
2195:
2189:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:
2119:
2100:
2094:
2084:
2075:
2071:
2058:
2047:
2038:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1985:. p. 5.
1978:
1969:
1942:
1933:
1910:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1875:, p. 4.
1868:
1860:the original
1852:
1842:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1763:
1753:
1734:
1728:
1718:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1611:, p. 9.
1609:Goodwin 2001
1604:
1582:(1): 21–40.
1579:
1573:
1567:
1542:
1536:
1491:
1485:
1453:the original
1442:
1433:
1430:"Revolution"
1424:
1415:
1407:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1327:
1286:
1282:
1250:
1244:
1180:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1040:
1017:
1009:mass strikes
985:
962:
944:
937:
933:China (1949)
907:, historian
902:
900:
896:
860:Peter Ammann
849:
828:Neil Smelser
821:
801:
794:
771:
752:
616:
614:
591:
586:
582:
580:
555:Nazi Germany
549:; e.g., the
543:Great Powers
528:
523:Islamization
479:
449:of 1917, or
426:Poland, 1926
413:
380:
365:
348:steam engine
324:
289:
276:
272:
260:
256:
252:
247:Jeff Goodwin
244:
233:
220:social order
212:"revolucion"
211:
205:
142:
130:
110:human rights
79:
50:
44:
6584:Revolutions
6353:Switzerland
6313:Puerto Rico
6298:Philippines
6263:New Zealand
6258:Netherlands
6128:El Salvador
5963:Periodicals
5526:Tragic Week
5397:Lifestylism
5292:Mutual bank
5247:Cooperative
5212:Platformism
5162:Free-market
5090:Primitivist
4973:Nationalism
4902:Somatherapy
4814:Freethought
4416:(1835–1840)
4296:(c. 350 BC)
4286:(c. 375 BC)
3903:Tocqueville
3868:Saint-Simon
3833:Montesquieu
3684:Bolingbroke
3616:Machiavelli
3496:Ibn Khaldun
3461:Alpharabius
3454:Middle Ages
3279:Natural law
3254:Common good
3179:Nationalism
3139:Imperialism
3109:Corporatism
3084:Colonialism
3064:Agrarianism
3043:Technocracy
3023:Meritocracy
3003:Bureaucracy
2993:Aristocracy
2759:IEP.UTM.edu
2438:Aftershocks
2285:17 February
2134:17 February
2078:(1): 38–46.
1949:. pp.
1915:Focal Press
1822:. pp.
1545:(1): 1–20.
1533:Foran, John
1253:: 139–187.
1155:User revolt
1001:Philippines
976:Berlin Wall
728:Sun Yat-sen
594:proletarian
561:since 1979.
495:Egypt, 1952
470:monarchical
422:coup d'Ă©tat
406:proletarian
381:One of the
360:groundwater
228:William III
196:Arab Spring
163:in Europe,
94:nationalism
6579:Revolution
6568:Categories
6473:Dual Power
6458:Autonomism
6453:Autarchism
6113:East Timor
6083:Costa Rica
6028:Bangladesh
6023:Azerbaijan
5733:Feyerabend
5370:Freeganism
5020:Illegalist
4958:Capitalism
4897:Sociocracy
4868:Revolution
4834:Mutual aid
4764:Black bloc
4624:Separatism
4432:On Liberty
4332:The Prince
4061:Huntington
3564:Campanella
3491:al-Ghazali
3440:Thucydides
3398:Lactantius
3343:Statolatry
3169:Monarchism
3149:Liberalism
3074:Capitalism
3057:Ideologies
3038:Plutocracy
2986:Government
2942:Revolution
2927:Propaganda
2877:Legitimacy
2852:Government
1800:: 251–267.
1162:References
1150:Subversion
1069:Economist
890:'s normal
832:Bob Jessop
617:revolution
602:capitalism
501:Mao Zedong
356:coal mines
296:plebiscite
241:Definition
234:Revolution
118:liberalism
90:ideologies
51:revolution
6513:Socialism
6463:Communism
6398:Venezuela
6333:Singapore
6268:Nicaragua
6193:Indonesia
6173:Hong Kong
6168:Guatemala
6013:Australia
6003:Argentina
5974:By region
5958:Musicians
5863:Santillán
5813:Malatesta
5783:Kropotkin
5763:Guillaume
5441:Symbolism
5355:DIY ethic
5232:Economics
5177:Post-left
5122:Christian
5117:Religious
5054:Communist
5039:Mutualist
5003:Classical
4963:Education
4912:Squatting
4872:Rewilding
4809:Free love
4701:Anarchism
4342:Leviathan
4322:Monarchia
4316:(c. 1274)
4151:Oakeshott
4096:Mansfield
4091:Luxemburg
4076:Kropotkin
3971:Bernstein
3924:centuries
3838:Nietzsche
3781:Jefferson
3709:Condorcet
3657:centuries
3636:Pufendorf
3501:Marsilius
3388:Confucius
3373:Aristotle
3366:Antiquity
3294:Noble lie
3214:Third Way
3209:Socialism
3134:Feudalism
3089:Communism
3069:Anarchism
3048:Theocracy
3033:Oligarchy
3013:Democracy
2998:Autocracy
2912:Pluralism
2897:Obedience
2862:Hierarchy
2822:Authority
2721:: 187–207
2638:0020-8833
2535:244851964
2492:149523316
2484:1537-5927
2262:220675692
2254:0738-8942
2219:MIT Press
2181:154877512
2173:0022-0027
2046:(1965) .
2022:0735-2751
1947:Routledge
1897:Katz 1997
1885:Katz 1997
1873:Katz 1997
1702:0002-9602
1663:154688891
1647:1086-3338
1596:144148530
1516:154287826
1399:254907991
1391:0003-0554
1319:154757362
1303:1086-3338
1130:Reformism
1125:Rebellion
836:Mark Hart
759:sociology
661:political
615:The term
606:communism
535:Bolshevik
481:Mark Katz
453:in 1979).
445:of 1789,
431:civil war
410:socialist
398:bourgeois
394:bourgeois
312:Argentina
292:democracy
232:Glorious
202:Etymology
182:in 1959,
172:in Russia
126:socialism
114:democracy
59:revolutio
18:Revolutin
6546:Category
6308:Portugal
6288:Paraguay
6248:Mongolia
6233:Malaysia
6078:Colombia
6058:Bulgaria
5848:Proudhon
5808:Maksimov
5788:Landauer
5738:Giovanni
5688:Bookchin
5603:May 1968
5375:Infoshop
5127:Buddhist
5112:Pacifist
5080:Feminist
5059:Magonist
5027:Naturist
4983:Violence
4978:Religion
4877:Sabotage
4709:Concepts
4597:Centrism
4292:Politics
4282:Republic
4251:Voegelin
4231:Spengler
4216:Shariati
4191:Rothbard
4146:Nussbaum
4046:Habermas
4021:Fukuyama
4011:Foucault
3936:Ambedkar
3913:Voltaire
3883:de Staël
3858:Rousseau
3739:Franklin
3714:Constant
3674:Beccaria
3506:Muhammad
3486:Gelasius
3471:Averroes
3445:Xenophon
3425:Polybius
3378:Chanakya
3223:Concepts
3189:Populism
3159:Localism
3144:Islamism
3129:Feminism
3028:Monarchy
2932:Property
2922:Progress
2887:Monopoly
2857:Hegemony
2757:(1963).
2703:53669466
2569:(1906),
2544:(1997).
2385:(1992).
2332:15806418
2303:(2012).
2030:53669466
1977:(2001).
1941:(2006).
1814:(1995).
1761:(2006).
1419:century.
1239:(2001).
1078:See also
842:and the
792:theory.
734:in 1911.
657:graffiti
518:in 1945.
310:, or in
294:through
224:James II
6553:Outline
6503:Marxism
6403:Vietnam
6393:Uruguay
6378:Ukraine
6368:Tunisia
6318:Romania
6273:Nigeria
6253:Morocco
6203:Ireland
6183:Iceland
6178:Hungary
6158:Germany
6153:Georgia
6138:Finland
6133:Estonia
6118:Ecuador
6103:Denmark
6088:Croatia
6043:Bolivia
6038:Belgium
6033:Belarus
6018:Austria
6008:Armenia
5998:Andorra
5993:Algeria
5988:Albania
5908:Yarchuk
5883:Tolstoy
5878:Thoreau
5873:Stirner
5868:Spooner
5833:Parsons
5758:Graeber
5748:Goldman
5708:Durruti
5693:Chomsky
5683:Bonanno
5678:Berkman
5673:Bakunin
5452:History
5402:May Day
5324:Culture
4719:Anarchy
4634:Statism
4547:Elitism
4505:Related
4306:(51 BC)
4236:Strauss
4211:Scruton
4206:Schmitt
4196:Russell
4116:Michels
4111:Maurras
4106:Marcuse
4066:Kautsky
4036:Gramsci
4031:Gentile
4001:Dworkin
3991:Du Bois
3986:Dmowski
3981:Chomsky
3976:Burnham
3961:Benoist
3931:Agamben
3898:Thoreau
3888:Stirner
3878:Spencer
3823:Mazzini
3813:Maistre
3808:Madison
3803:Le Play
3734:Fourier
3699:Carlyle
3679:Bentham
3669:Bastiat
3664:Bakunin
3641:Spinoza
3631:MĂĽntzer
3601:Leibniz
3574:Grotius
3554:Bossuet
3521:Plethon
3466:Aquinas
3435:Sun Tzu
3403:Mencius
3393:Han Fei
3164:Marxism
3124:Fascism
2957:Society
2882:Liberty
2867:Justice
2847:Freedom
2646:2600949
2393:Penguin
1798:LXXXIII
1737:(124).
1710:2765544
1655:2009765
1508:2010111
1416:Secrees
1311:2009694
999:in the
989:Iranian
955:Marxist
767:history
583:against
516:Germany
507:of 1958
383:Marxist
362:levels.
282:to the
216:English
122:fascism
6373:Turkey
6363:Taiwan
6348:Sweden
6328:Serbia
6323:Russia
6303:Poland
6283:Panama
6278:Norway
6243:Monaco
6238:Mexico
6228:Latvia
6208:Israel
6163:Greece
6143:France
6063:Canada
6053:Brazil
5983:Africa
5913:Zerzan
5903:Warren
5888:Tucker
5858:Rocker
5853:Reclus
5843:Pouget
5823:Michel
5803:Makhno
5778:KĹŤtoku
5768:He-Yin
5743:Godwin
5728:Ferrer
5698:Cleyre
5663:Armand
5658:Alston
5649:People
5132:Jewish
5044:Social
5015:Egoist
4944:Issues
4496:(1992)
4486:(1971)
4476:(1951)
4466:(1945)
4456:(1944)
4446:(1929)
4436:(1859)
4426:(1848)
4406:(1820)
4396:(1791)
4386:(1790)
4376:(1762)
4366:(1748)
4356:(1689)
4346:(1651)
4336:(1532)
4326:(1313)
4256:Walzer
4246:Taylor
4201:Sartre
4166:Popper
4161:Pareto
4156:Ortega
4141:Nozick
4131:Mouffe
4081:Laclau
4041:Guénon
4026:Gandhi
3966:Berlin
3956:Bauman
3951:Badiou
3941:Arendt
3908:Tucker
3798:Le Bon
3759:Herder
3749:Haller
3744:Godwin
3729:Fichte
3724:Engels
3719:Cortés
3689:Bonald
3646:Suárez
3621:Milton
3611:Luther
3584:Hobbes
3569:Filmer
3559:Calvin
3544:Boétie
3537:period
3516:Ockham
3383:Cicero
3184:Nazism
2972:Utopia
2947:Rights
2937:Regime
2907:People
2892:Nation
2769:
2737:
2701:
2644:
2636:
2601:
2556:
2533:
2523:
2490:
2482:
2449:
2424:
2399:
2361:
2330:
2260:
2252:
2179:
2171:
2028:
2020:
1957:
1921:
1830:
1775:
1708:
1700:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1594:
1559:201977
1557:
1514:
1506:
1397:
1389:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1196:
1031:agency
923:, and
862:, and
780:, and
639:, and
574:, and
436:revolt
404:early
392:early
344:Madrid
208:French
194:, and
133:regime
67:regime
6358:Syria
6343:Spain
6223:Korea
6218:Japan
6213:Italy
6188:India
6123:Egypt
6073:China
6068:Chile
5948:Films
5938:Books
5924:Lists
5893:Volin
5798:MagĂłn
5773:Kanno
5723:Faure
5718:Ervin
5713:Ellul
5598:Provo
5365:Films
5182:Queer
5157:Black
5085:Green
4645:Index
4274:Works
4261:Weber
4226:Spann
4221:Sorel
4186:Röpke
4181:Rawls
4136:Negri
4126:Mosca
4121:Mises
4086:Lenin
4056:Hoppe
4051:Hayek
4016:Fromm
4006:Evola
3996:Dugin
3893:Taine
3873:Smith
3853:Renan
3848:Paine
3769:Iqbal
3754:Hegel
3704:Comte
3694:Burke
3606:Locke
3596:James
3549:Bodin
3481:Dante
3476:Bruni
3430:Shang
3413:Plato
2967:State
2917:Power
2902:Peace
2837:Elite
2815:Terms
2699:S2CID
2642:JSTOR
2531:S2CID
2488:S2CID
2355:(PDF)
2328:S2CID
2308:(PDF)
2258:S2CID
2177:S2CID
2103:(4).
2068:(PDF)
2026:S2CID
1706:JSTOR
1659:S2CID
1651:JSTOR
1592:S2CID
1555:JSTOR
1512:S2CID
1504:JSTOR
1395:S2CID
1315:S2CID
1307:JSTOR
659:with
604:with
512:Italy
438:, and
330:Types
316:Chile
304:Spain
226:with
210:noun
55:Latin
6293:Peru
6198:Iran
6093:Cuba
5898:Ward
5828:Most
5818:Mett
5350:Arts
4176:Rand
4171:Qutb
4071:Kirk
3946:Aron
3863:Sade
3843:Owen
3828:Mill
3818:Marx
3786:Kant
3764:Hume
3626:More
3526:Wang
3408:Mozi
2832:Duty
2767:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2634:ISSN
2599:ISBN
2554:ISBN
2521:ISBN
2480:ISSN
2447:ISBN
2422:ISBN
2397:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2287:2016
2250:ISSN
2169:ISSN
2136:2016
2018:ISSN
1955:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1698:ISSN
1643:ISSN
1387:ISSN
1299:ISSN
1194:ISBN
1052:Maoz
991:and
874:and
814:and
765:and
681:The
665:Love
559:Iran
551:USSR
314:and
265:and
206:The
186:and
49:, a
38:and
5793:Liu
5703:Day
5608:LIP
4829:Law
4241:Sun
4101:Mao
2977:War
2872:Law
2713:".
2691:doi
2670:".
2626:doi
2591:doi
2513:doi
2472:doi
2320:doi
2242:doi
2161:doi
2105:doi
2010:doi
1951:226
1739:doi
1690:doi
1635:doi
1584:doi
1547:doi
1496:doi
1412:OED
1377:doi
1373:117
1291:doi
1255:doi
1186:doi
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