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636:, has spoken publicly about his hope that these profits foster robust economic development throughout the country. He announced plans to work with the World Bank and state-run mining agencies to improve extraction processes and increase transparency within the institutions. In an address to the UK House of Lords, President Bio emphasized his desire to focus on public investments, particularly those in education. Rather than focusing solely on mining, he has expressed a desire to ensure profits are used effectively and equitably around the nation.
574:, the center of the global diamond market. The HRD, a Belgian group that structures formal trading agreements of diamonds and monitors diamond trading, retained lackluster standards that allowed traders to smuggle diamonds out of Sierra Leone and sell them to European buyers. The HRD listed a diamond’s country of origin to only be that which it is exported from, which in this case was often Liberia, allowing diamonds to continue being funneled out of the country through its neighboring nation.
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792:. For example, the government of Sierra Leone can provide greater tax incentives for investors to conduct businesses and invest in Sierra Leone, to facilitate the transfer of technology and skills to the native workers. One recent example is the Gemstone School Sierra Leone, which was established as an institution to improve diamond polishing, cutting and jewelry-manufacturing skills to boost job-training and employment opportunities locally and to attract overseas investors.
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Diamond Mining
Company (NDMC). The NDMC gave Stevens and his right-hand man, Jamil Mohammed, unprecedented wealth and power through profits gained in the mining industry. Centralization of the mines and subsequent profits through the 1970s and 1980s drove out much of the corporate mining that was once dominant in Sierra Leone. It is reported that, under Stevens, legitimate diamond exports dropped from more than two million carats in 1980 to 48,000 carats in 1988.
570:, took office. Illicit diamond trading prospered and Mohammed, as well as other Lebanese traders who were also tied to the mining efforts, continued receiving funds through the trade in Sierra Leone. In 1987, though, Mohammed was exiled following a failed coup attempt and connections with Lebanese traders faded into the 1990s. This allowed for an influx of Israeli investors and stakeholders to enter the diamond trade in Sierra Leone who had ties with
590:. This group, made up of soldiers from Sierra Leone and Liberia, led a coup attempt in 1991, beginning a long civil war within the nation which lasted until 2002. Knowing that control of the mines would allow the RUF to fund their revolutionary efforts, much of the fighting was contained in and around the diamond districts. As the civil war continued, the RUF furthered their consolidation of these mines, using the sales of
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516:. However, it remains one of the world’s poorest countries, ranking 203 out of 206 countries by World Development Report. Revenue from mining in Sierra Leone has not been redistributed to benefit the larger population. The mining industry contributed 4.5% towards its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007. Economic development is low due to poor management of resources and unrealized potential revenue.
537:). Under colonial rule, mining efforts were largely controlled and overseen by De Beers and the British government, and profits were generally contained to British and European stakeholders. Growth of the mining industry contributed to the development of mining communities in bettering employment, infrastructure, and social services, though the communities saw little material gains in their own lives.
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779:(ACC) investigates corruption cases, critics have that noted it could merely be a political tool to quieten the government’s political opponents. However, the ACC objects to this and claims it is impartial. Pervasive corruption and unstable political environment stymie Sierra Leone’s economic growth and decrease investors’ confidence in Sierra Leone’s business and political climate.
35:
731:. West speaks about the poor working conditions of the miners in Sierra Leone and the effect of the first world’s luxurious and expensive lifestyles on the third world mining industries in Africa, specifically the expensive diamonds exported from Sierra Leone. Kanye emphasizes the illegal diamond trade in Sierra Leone as a leading factor resulting in a gruesome
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buying diamonds from insurgent groups — through outside dealers — to retain its majority share of the diamond market. In doing so, De Beers was able to continue setting the market price and hold its dominant position in the industry. In following years, De Beers made several commitments to only buying diamonds when its origin has been officially certified.
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that allowed for legal marketing of diamond production within the nation. In doing so, the government granted a monopoly to the De Beers Group, making it a
Central Selling Organization (CSO). However, this only furthered the illicit mining industry, as legitimate diamond exports continued to decline throughout the next several decades.
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traces the origin and history of diamonds. Starting out as a pilot program in 2018, it included 14 mining sites in the Kono district. GemFair also includes a miner training program that trains workers on fair labor practices and safer working standards. As of 2021, the program has grown to include 160 members.
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development. Workers continue to be exploited in the industry, and make less than a fraction of what they mine. While eyes are turned to the government to remedy these issues, widespread corruption halts progress from ensuing, with
Transparency International rating them 110/180 on their corruption index.
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is the only company mining bauxite in the country, and the second largest employer in the mining industry. It runs the
Sieromco Bauxite Mine as well as holding the mining lease to 321.7 km2. In 2009 production of bauxite fell by 22.17 percent to 742,820 tons. This was due to Sierra Minerals ceasing
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Though the government has expressed this sentiment, there are still ample issues within the mining sector in Sierra Leone. In
December 2022, Amnesty International released a report outlining the human rights abuses which continue in the diamond mining sector in Sierra Leone. Specifically, it focuses
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Sierra Leone also maintains a robust legal diamond industry, including both public and private actors. Recently, significant deposits of diamonds, bauxite, iron ore, and gold have been discovered in Sierra Leone which has the potential to bring about significant growth to the economically struggling
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Recently, De Beers has taken a more direct approach to working with Sierra Leone in an effort to create a market for ethically-sourced and artisanal diamonds. Its new program, called GemFair, was created alongside the
Diamond Development Initiative and centers around a digital monitoring system that
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Diamonds were first discovered in Sierra Leone in the 1930s by
British colonialists, with significant mining efforts beginning in 1935. Sierra Leonean diamonds are renowned for their high quality, and retained a high value on the market. The colonial government granted exclusive mining rights to the
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has evicted communities from their homes, polluted local water sources, and worked with the government to suppress protests. Workers, particularly those in the Kono
District, make $ 2–3 working more than ten hours per day. Evidently, the problems of worker exploitation and foreign intervention have
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Though De Beers removed itself from Sierra Leone in a formal capacity in 1985, it continues to be involved with the diamond trade through this day. While it outwardly condemned the sale of conflict diamonds throughout the civil war, it received significant criticism in the early 2000s for allegedly
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as traders – many of whom were
Lebanese – carried diamonds across the border. These illicit mining efforts let local communities realize more of the gains from trading diamonds. In an effort to gain greater control over the diamond industry, the Sierra Leonean government enacted legislation in 1956
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Inefficiency and corruption of Sierra Leone’s institutions are impeding its economic growth. Absence of well-established institutions is the result of the destructive civil war which ended only in 2002. World Bank’s assistance brought reforms but also allowed local government to become lax. The
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was elected Prime
Minister of Sierra Leone in 1968. He is regarded as the first person to officially make diamond mining and trading a tool of political power, and encouraged illicit mining under his rule. He nationalized the diamond mines, including those run by De Beers, and created the National
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Despite the control that De Beers had over the industry at the time, many other actors, both internal and external, realized they could accrue a great deal of profits through illicit mining and smuggling of diamonds out of the country. Very quickly, the illegal diamond trade expanded, and a strong
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In attempts to limit the RUF’s power and access to funds from diamond sales, the United Nations sent peacekeeping forces into Sierra Leone and imposed a worldwide embargo on diamonds exported from Sierra Leone. This included barring the private diamond industry from buying diamonds which were not
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In 2009 production levels of gold fell by 17.71 percent to 5060 Troy Ounces (157 kg) from 6150 Troy Ounces (191 kg) in 2008. This was due to a drop in mining activity in the second half of the year and was despite a rise in the price of gold on the global market. The drop may also have
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Despite being among the top-ten diamond-producing nations, the mining sector faces many challenges, including weak laws and smuggling issues. Sierra Leone is losing large revenue that could have been earned from taxes and licensing agreements. Those revenues could be reinvested for example in the
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Policies regarding well-management of mining industry should be done alongside a broader focus for the economy’s development, and greater efforts should be done to expand the manufacturing and service sector, which currently only contribute 12% to the GDP. Sierra Leone produces raw diamonds but
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The impacts of the civil war were disastrous for Sierra Leone, leaving tens of thousands dead and towns destroyed. The RUF has been condemned for various war crimes and human rights abuses, including mass killings, widespread rape, and enlisting of underage soldiers. Moreover, the blood diamond
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in 1991 250,000 people made a living in the mining and quarrying sector with direct and indirect employment accounting for 14% of the country's total labour force. The mineral wealth of Sierra Leone, especially in diamonds, became a key factors in its instability and the outbreak of Civil War.
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Despite the illegality of diamond smuggling under the Kimberley Process, the illicit diamond trade persists to this day. Hundreds of millions of dollars continue to be made through the illegal sales of diamonds, while Sierra Leone continues to face issues of lacking infrastructure and slow
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As Siaka Stevens’s rule came to its end in 1984, De Beers removed itself from Sierra Leone and sold its remaining shares to the Precious Metals Mining Company which was controlled by Jamil Mohammed. The corruption within the government continued as Stevens’s successor as Prime Minister,
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diamonds. This was an increase of 7.86 percent on the previous year which was a result of legislative changes, in the form of a new mining law, to enable fees and royalties to be collected more effectively and an increase in the amount of diamond mining. Diamond exports were worth
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and small scale mining of alluvial deposits, and by 1965 there had been a large movement from agricultural work to working these deposits. In 1970 a joint SLST and government organisation was formed called the National Diamond Mining Corporation (NDMC).
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in 2003 strove to eradicate the use and trade of conflict diamonds. The Kimberley Process has since been instrumental in sustaining a more robust form of governance over the diamond mining industry both in Sierra Leone, as well as around Africa.
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on the practices of Meya Mining in the Kono district, finding the impacts of mining to have led to unsafe water, “dangers to communities living in the vicinity of the mine, and other violations of the socio-economic rights of local people.”
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Diamonds are found in about a quarter of Sierra Leone in the south-east and east of the country, with the diamond fields covering 7,700 square miles. The main production areas are concentrated around the drainage areas of rivers in the
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78,373,900 in 2009, accounting for 59 percent of the country's exports. The drop in the value of diamonds on the world market meant that the value of diamond exports decreased by 20.68 percent in 2009 compared to 2008.
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been due to increased smuggling as the Government of Sierra Leone had raised the duty to higher than the neighboring countries. The increase in the value of gold meant gold exports were worth 15.73 percent more at
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More efforts from the government and Multi-National Corporations can hence be done in the future to build more diamond-processing facilities and plants in Sierra Leone to boost the diamond mining industry.
533:, however, quickly took control of the mining trade shortly after and established offices in Freetown, as well as in mining districts around the country (most notable among these was the
291:). GoSL publishes data on licenses and payments by mining companies on their Online Repository established by Revenue Development Foundation, the repository was launched in January 2012.
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is responsible for the management of the country's minerals sector and the Mines and Minerals Act 2009. Sierra Leone is a candidate for the Extraction Industries Transparency Initiative (
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which is owned by European and U.S investors. These leases cover 580 km of land where there are 19 identified deposits of rutile. In 2009 the Government of Sierra Leone received
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This reflects inefficiency in establishing a legal framework due to time-lag. It is also questionable whether there are proper corruption-checking mechanisms. Although the
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for mining, prospecting for and marketing diamonds throughout Sierra Leone. The Consolidated African Selection Trust Ltd (CAST), which owned mining operation around
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The largest diamond found in Sierra Leone, and the third largest diamond in the world, was a 969.8-carat (194 g) rough diamond. It was found in 1972 and named the
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in 2007 and minerals made up 79 percent of total export revenue with diamonds accounting for 46 percent of export revenue in 2008. The main minerals mined in
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280:. Traditionally, benefits from diamond mining have ended up with private companies and corrupt officials rather than the country's government and people.
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The history of corruption and open government ties to the illegal diamond trade was not well received among the populace, leading to the creation of the
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374:, used in paint pigment and welding rod coatings. The government issued leases for mining rutile are held by Sierra Rutile Limited which is owned by
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On 8 December 2016, Sierra Rutile Limited, Sierra Leone's largest rutile producer, was acquired by Australian mineral sands miner Iluka Resources.
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industry continued to thrive, despite the efforts of the UN, with little to none of the profits going back into development of the nation itself.
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Research suggests that 50% of Sierra Leone’s diamonds were smuggled annually. Sierra Leone’s mining performance is extremely poor as compared to
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1632:, Glacier Media Group, 24 Apr. 2019, https://www.mining.com/de-beers-expands-pilot-scheme-sierra-leone-sell-ethically-sourced-diamonds/.
1220:
1050:, International Conference "Financial markets, adverse shocks and policy responses in fragile countries": European Report on Development
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1469:"Sierra Leone and Conflict Diamonds: Establishing a Legal Diamond Trade and Ending Rebel Control over the Country's Diamond Resources"
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Sierra Leone and Conflict Diamonds: Establishing a Legal Diamond Trade and Ending Rebel Control Over the Country's Diamond Resources
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Mining in Sierra Leone has been seen as one of the key factors for instability in the country and one of the reasons for the
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production from June to September 2009 as a response to falling global demand for aluminum, which is produced from bauxite.
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1646:, 22 Aug. 2000, https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/22/business/controversy-over-diamonds-made-into-virtue-by-de-beers.html.
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Further, international actors maintain a strong presence in the mining space throughout the country. Israeli-owned
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Sierra Leone should have been one of the world’s richest countries, being blessed with resources, including
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exploration of gold grew and by 2013 to 2015 new modern mines are expected to be in production. In 2010
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Thomas, Abdul Rashid. “De Beers to Create More Opportunities for Local Diamond Miners in Sierra Leone.”
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1553:"Duplicity and Destitution: How Sierra Leone's Artisanal Diamonds Fail to Benefit Local Communities"
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1625:, 19 Apr. 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/4/19/the-story-sierra-leone-artisan-miners.
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Jamasmie, Cecilia. “De Beers Expands Pilot Scheme in Sierra Leone to Sell Ethically Sourced ...”
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1639:. IU Robert H. McKinney School of Law, 2002, https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/iiclr/pdf/vol11p633.pdf.
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African Development Bank, OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2009).
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Siaka Stevens delivering speech at the US Embassy in celebration of US Independence Day (1976)
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Paradise Lost?: Profiles of Small to Large Scale Mining Companies Operating inn Kono District
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Yeung, Peter. “Coated in Hope and Penury: The Story of Sierra Leone’s Artisan Miners.”
1507:"Sierra Leone discovers new deposits of diamonds, bauxite, iron ore , gold – Cocorioko"
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Minerals Yearbook, 2008, V. 3, Area Reports, International, Africa and the Middle East
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healthcare sector to help those people whose health is affected by mining operations.
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The monopoly was originally given for 99 years but in 1955 the SLST gave up rights to
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In 2009 production decreased by 19.07 percent to 63,860 tons, and exports were worth
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Diamond mining, governance initiatives and post-conflict development in Sierra Leone
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ore, is around one percent of the total global production. Deposits occur between
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in 2009. However, licences made by mining companies were only published in 2011.
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1195:
1110:"International Minerals Statistics and Information | U.S. Geological Survey"
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Gemstone School Comes To Town. Published by The Salone reporter. Retrieved from
1378:"Getting to the Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds, and Human Security"
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1196:"Annual Report and Statement of Accounts for the year ended 31 December 2009"
1141:. Sierra Leone Ministry of Mineral Resources. 21 January 2010. Archived from
947:. Sierra Leone Ministry of Mineral Resources. 21 January 2010. Archived from
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to Waia road. Diamonds were found in the early 1930s, from 1934 to 1956 the
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1000:, Freetown: Network Movement for Justice and Development (NMJD), June 2007
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in the Pujehun District, southern Sierra Leone; in north on the road from
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Gold mining in Sierra Leone consisted of small scale operation exploiting
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Sierra Leone at the crossroads: Seizing the chance to benefit from mining
1023:, Manchester: The University of Manchester Brooks World Poverty Institute
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Cowell, Alan. “Controversy Over Diamonds Made Into Virtue by De Beers.”
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1414:"Diamond exploitation in Sierra Leone 1930 to 2010: A resource curse?"
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484:(80,096 g) of diamonds; this included 143,620 carats (28,724 g) of
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gem-quality diamonds are manufactured in developed countries like
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Diamond deposits: origin, exploration, and history of discovery
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1.3 carat, brown, octahedral diamond crystal from Sierra Leone
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1279:
Conflict Diamonds: African Region Working Paper Series No. 13
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African Economic Outlook 2009: Country Notes: Volumes 1 and 2
768:(MMR) administers the regulations and property rights of the
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The mining industry in Sierra Leone is the central focus of
1539:"Sierra Leone: No diamond is worth the life of a community"
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Sierra Leone is ranked as one of the top five producers of
355:, where mining contributes approximately 38% to their GDP.
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and is planning to build a mechanised mine to extract it.
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company, found gold deposits in the rocks of the southern
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The Curse of Natural Resources and Human Development:
877:"The Curse of Natural Resources and Human Development"
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to buy arms and fuel their brutal tactics of warfare.
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Killing Kimberley? Conflict Diamonds and Paper Tigers
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4,764,000 in 2009 compared to US$ 4,116,400 in 2008.
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West African diamonds, 1919-1983:an economic history
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1935:
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480:In 2009 the government recorded exports of 400,480
136:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
904:Sustainable Development and Mining in Sierra Leone
541:pipeline was established between Sierra Leone and
1490:"The new reality of the old world, or vice versa"
1167:. U.S. Department of State: Economy. 8 March 2011
1082:Josée Létourneau, ed., Ian Smillie, series ed.,
870:
868:
632:nation. The current president of Sierra Leone,
382:1,854 million in royalties from rutile mining.
1242:Edward Erlich; W. Dan Hausel (November 2002).
1221:"Getting at the Gold in Southern Sierra Leone"
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976:. Manchester University Press ND. p. 3.
907:. Pneuma Springs Publishing. pp. 28–29.
598:certified by the Government of Sierra Leone.
319:, provided the initial capital for the SLST.
8:
1588:The Guardian Development Network, 1 Feb 2012
1095:National Advocacy Coalition On Extractives,
1072:. D+C Development and Cooperation/ dandc.eu.
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1007:
851:. Government Printing Office. p. 35.1.
766:Ministry of Mineral Resources (Sierra Leone)
1521:"President Bio Addresses UK House Of Lords"
1044:Diamonds in Sierra Leone, A Resource Curse?
606:De Beers and the diamond trade in the 2000s
578:The role of diamond mining in the Civil War
241:accounted for 4.5 percent of the country's
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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783:Mining industry and other economic sectors
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214:Learn how and when to remove this message
196:Learn how and when to remove this message
1720:Sierra Leone in World War II (1939–1945)
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557:Seven years after gaining independence,
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901:Schwartz, Priscilla (31 October 2006).
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469:Districts. In the Kono, Kenema, Bo and
303:first being recorded in 1920 along the
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625:Kimberley Process Certification Scheme
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1223:. Voice of Africa news. 22 April 2010
824:. OECD Publishing. pp. 562–563.
770:Mines and Minerals Act (Sierra Leone)
7:
1599:http://www.salonereporter.com/?p=464
1041:Wilson, Sigismond (21–23 May 2009),
656:yet to disappear from Sierra Leone.
134:adding citations to reliable sources
881:L-SAW: Lehigh Student Award Winners
1412:Wilson, Sigismond Ayodele (2013).
739:in 2005 and received high praise.
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1616:Further reading on diamond mining
1308:A New Perspective on Institutions
845:Geological Survey (U.S.) (2010).
586:and eventually the advent of the
44:This article has multiple issues.
2517:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2287:Democratic Republic of the Congo
584:Revolutionary United Front (RUF)
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74:
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1579:The Mines and minerals Act 2009
1165:"Background Note: Sierra Leone"
239:mining industry of Sierra Leone
121:needs additional citations for
52:or discuss these issues on the
1725:Early independence (1961–1978)
18:Revenue Development Foundation
1:
1476:IND. INT'L & COMP. L. REV
970:Greenhalgh, P. A. L. (1985).
945:"AN OVERVIEW OF KEY MINERALS"
668:Sierra Leone's production of
285:Ministry of Mineral Resources
1608:(accessed February 20, 2012)
1276:Goreux, Louis (March 2001),
1201:. Bank of Sierra Leone. 2009
1014:Maconachie, Ro (July 2008),
643:Child Miners in Sierra Leone
527:Sierra Leone Selection Trust
309:Sierra Leone Selection Trust
1303:Federico, Victoria (2007),
1068:Anne Jung (December 2012).
875:Federico, Victoria (2007).
735:The song hit top 50 on the
531:De Beers Diamond Consortium
2642:
2626:Mining industry by country
1891:Chief of the Defence Staff
1715:British colony (1787–1961)
1651:The Sierra Leone Telegraph
729:Diamonds from Sierra Leone
488:and 256,860 (51,372 g) of
473:Districts there are 1,700
438:Diamonds from Sierra Leone
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278:country's recent civil war
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2050:Female genital mutilation
2015:
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1747:2014 Ebola virus epidemic
1430:10.1007/s10708-013-9474-1
83:This article needs to be
2272:Central African Republic
1841:Administrative divisions
712:Sierra Minerals Holdings
404:. After the end of the
376:Titanium Resources Group
334:Before the start of the
145:"Mining in Sierra Leone"
2621:Economy of Sierra Leone
1070:"Wealth, but no health"
477:licenses in operation.
2616:Mining in Sierra Leone
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1525:Global Times Newspaper
1139:"KEY PLAYERS OVERVIEW"
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588:Sierra Leone Civil War
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406:Sierra Leone Civil War
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2432:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2292:Republic of the Congo
1805:Upper Guinean forests
1764:
1737:Civil War (1991–2002)
1492:. September 15, 2023.
1376:Smillie, Ian (2000).
750:
642:
552:
503:An-al of Sierra Leone
446:
229:
1705:Atlantic slave trade
737:US Billboard Top 100
623:The creation of the
619:Diamond mining today
130:improve this article
2507:States with limited
1541:. 15 December 2022.
1248:. SME. p. 69.
719:Cultural references
592:“conflict diamonds”
486:industrial diamonds
1979:Telecommunications
1766:
1644:The New York Times
1604:2011-11-18 at the
1569:. 31 January 2023.
756:
754:from Sierra Leone.
645:
555:
520:Historical context
449:
436:For the song, see
235:
230:Diamond miners in
2603:
2602:
2534:other territories
2307:Equatorial Guinea
2218:Mining in Africa
2184:
2183:
2151:
2150:
2060:Human trafficking
2002:
2001:
1931:
1930:
1903:Political parties
1861:Foreign relations
1823:
1822:
1752:COVID-19 pandemic
1255:978-0-87335-213-0
983:978-0-7190-1763-6
914:978-1-905809-05-9
858:978-1-4113-2965-2
831:978-92-64-07618-1
402:alluvial deposits
324:alluvial deposits
224:
223:
216:
206:
205:
198:
180:
104:
103:
67:
16:(Redirected from
2633:
2595:
2594:(United Kingdom)
2590:Tristan da Cunha
2586:Ascension Island
2578:
2565:
2556:
2532:Dependencies and
2225:Sovereign states
2211:
2204:
2197:
2188:
2164:
2013:
1969:
1942:
1834:
1790:Cities and towns
1778:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1658:
1609:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1465:
1450:
1449:
1409:
1398:
1397:
1373:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1348:web.stanford.edu
1344:"Blood Diamonds"
1340:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1316:on 22 March 2012
1312:, archived from
1300:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1135:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1115:. Archived from
1114:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1086:(November 2006).
1080:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1011:
1002:
1001:
994:
988:
987:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
941:
926:
925:
923:
921:
898:
889:
888:
883:. Archived from
872:
863:
862:
842:
836:
835:
815:
634:Julius Maada Bio
475:artisanal mining
311:(SLST) held the
219:
212:
201:
194:
190:
187:
181:
179:
138:
114:
106:
99:
96:
90:
78:
77:
70:
59:
37:
36:
29:
21:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2576:
2563:
2554:
2535:
2533:
2526:
2510:
2508:
2501:
2220:
2215:
2185:
2180:
2167:
2160:
2147:
2094:
1998:
1967:
1927:
1881:Law enforcement
1819:
1800:Protected areas
1767:
1756:
1742:2002 to present
1691:
1685:
1635:Reno, William.
1618:
1613:
1612:
1606:Wayback Machine
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1453:
1424:(6): 997–1012.
1411:
1410:
1401:
1375:
1374:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1145:on 24 July 2012
1137:
1136:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1005:
996:
995:
991:
984:
969:
968:
964:
954:
952:
951:on 28 July 2011
943:
942:
929:
919:
917:
915:
900:
899:
892:
874:
873:
866:
859:
844:
843:
839:
832:
817:
816:
807:
802:
785:
761:
745:
721:
688:Peninsular, at
666:
621:
608:
580:
522:
454:
441:
434:
398:
361:
345:
297:
220:
209:
208:
207:
202:
191:
185:
182:
139:
137:
127:
115:
100:
94:
91:
88:
79:
75:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2579:
2566:
2557:
2543:Canary Islands
2539:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2025:Child marriage
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1923:Vice-President
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:Chief Minister
1848:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690: articles
1686:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1567:"Sierra Leone"
1558:
1544:
1530:
1512:
1495:
1481:
1451:
1399:
1382:Social Justice
1359:
1326:
1295:
1268:
1254:
1234:
1212:
1178:
1156:
1125:
1122:on 2017-02-07.
1101:
1088:
1075:
1060:
1033:
1003:
989:
982:
962:
927:
913:
890:
887:on 2012-03-22.
864:
857:
837:
830:
804:
803:
801:
798:
784:
781:
760:
757:
744:
741:
720:
717:
665:
662:
620:
617:
607:
604:
579:
576:
521:
518:
453:
450:
433:
430:
397:
394:
360:
357:
344:
343:Resource curse
341:
296:
293:
222:
221:
204:
203:
118:
116:
109:
102:
101:
82:
80:
73:
68:
42:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2638:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:Guinea-Bissau
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2045:Ethnic groups
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:Supreme Court
1916:
1914:
1913:Special Court
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1388:(82): 24–31.
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1299:
1296:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1269:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1235:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1099:(March 2009).
1098:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1008:
1004:
999:
993:
990:
985:
979:
975:
974:
966:
963:
950:
946:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
928:
916:
910:
906:
905:
897:
895:
891:
886:
882:
878:
871:
869:
865:
860:
854:
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849:
841:
838:
833:
827:
823:
822:
814:
812:
810:
806:
799:
797:
793:
791:
782:
780:
778:
773:
771:
767:
758:
753:
749:
742:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
718:
716:
713:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
663:
661:
657:
654:
653:BSG Resources
649:
641:
637:
635:
629:
626:
618:
616:
612:
605:
603:
599:
595:
593:
589:
585:
577:
575:
573:
569:
563:
560:
559:Siaka Stevens
551:
547:
544:
538:
536:
535:Kono District
532:
528:
519:
517:
515:
511:
506:
504:
499:
496:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
451:
445:
439:
431:
429:
427:
421:
419:
418:Kangari hills
415:
411:
407:
403:
395:
393:
390:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
370:
366:
358:
356:
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314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
292:
290:
286:
281:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
233:
232:Kono District
228:
218:
215:
200:
197:
189:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
161:
157:
154:
150:
147: –
146:
142:
141:Find sources:
135:
131:
125:
124:
119:This article
117:
113:
108:
107:
98:
86:
81:
72:
71:
66:
64:
57:
56:
51:
50:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2582:Saint Helena
2553:
2457:South Africa
2447:Sierra Leone
2446:
2252:Burkina Faso
2118:Coat of arms
2080:Prostitution
2030:Demographics
1989:Trade unions
1973:
1959:Central bank
1871:Human rights
1810:Water supply
1688:Sierra Leone
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1561:
1547:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1484:
1475:
1421:
1417:
1385:
1381:
1351:. Retrieved
1347:
1318:, retrieved
1314:the original
1309:
1305:
1298:
1287:, retrieved
1285:, World Bank
1278:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1244:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1169:. Retrieved
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1143:the original
1117:the original
1104:
1091:
1078:
1063:
1052:, retrieved
1043:
1036:
1025:, retrieved
1016:
997:
992:
972:
965:
953:. Retrieved
949:the original
918:. Retrieved
903:
885:the original
880:
847:
840:
820:
794:
786:
774:
762:
759:Institutions
727:2005 single
725:Kanye West’s
722:
710:
667:
658:
650:
646:
630:
622:
613:
609:
600:
596:
581:
568:Joseph Momoh
564:
556:
539:
529:(SLST). The
523:
507:
500:
479:
455:
422:
399:
391:
389:35,920,300.
384:
362:
350:
346:
333:
321:
298:
282:
275:
247:Sierra Leone
238:
236:
210:
192:
183:
173:
166:
159:
152:
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123:verification
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2509:recognition
2462:South Sudan
2352:Ivory Coast
2070:LGBT rights
1949:Agriculture
1710:(1600–1787)
1320:20 February
1289:21 February
1054:18 February
1027:20 February
317:West Africa
2610:Categories
2564:(Portugal)
2522:Somaliland
2442:Seychelles
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2377:Madagascar
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1968:(currency)
1898:Parliament
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1623:Al Jazeera
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800:References
743:Governance
733:civil war.
690:Krim-Kpaka
410:Cluff Gold
156:newspapers
49:improve it
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2065:Languages
2040:Education
1994:Transport
1908:President
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1856:Elections
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684:, on the
674:aluminium
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186:June 2023
55:talk page
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2577:(France)
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2297:Djibouti
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2247:Botswana
2171:Category
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2075:Polygamy
2020:Abortion
1886:Military
1829:Politics
1815:Wildlife
1602:Archived
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1261:23 March
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955:19 March
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752:Chromite
702:Kamakwie
686:Freetown
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369:titanium
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313:monopoly
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2257:Burundi
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2162:Outline
2123:Cuisine
2100:Culture
2008:Society
1984:Tourism
1954:Banking
1937:Economy
1846:Cabinet
1795:Climate
1785:Borders
1730:1961–71
1697:History
1478:. 2001.
790:Belgium
706:Makumre
678:Moyamba
670:bauxite
664:Bauxite
572:Antwerp
543:Liberia
471:Pujehun
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301:bauxite
295:History
259:bauxite
170:scholar
85:updated
2592:
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2487:Uganda
2427:Rwanda
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2237:Angola
2176:Portal
2143:Sports
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1974:Mining
1966:Leone
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482:carats
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2547:Ceuta
2467:Sudan
2417:Niger
2372:Libya
2357:Kenya
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2327:Gabon
2302:Egypt
2242:Benin
2138:Music
2133:Media
2090:Women
1472:(PDF)
1442:S2CID
1434:JSTOR
1390:JSTOR
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1048:(PDF)
1021:(PDF)
700:, at
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2128:Flag
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1263:2011
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1056:2012
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978:ISBN
957:2011
922:2011
909:ISBN
853:ISBN
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704:and
698:Waia
682:Mano
680:and
512:and
510:gold
495:US$
465:and
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412:, a
396:Gold
387:US$
367:, a
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263:gold
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237:The
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2113:Art
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