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bell: "one part horse dung, one sand, and one part clay. For nowel and cope, six parts horse dung, one-sand, one-clay and some cow horn." The model would then be heated from below, allowing the wax to drip out and the mud would harden into the bell mold. Molten bronze would be poured and cooled. After the cast bell was removed from the mold, Revere and his employees would painstakingly clean, polish, and tune the bell by hand. After casting and polishing the bells, Paul Revere generally mounted his bells using a cast and then tuned the bells by removing metal from the interior of the bell. This practice of tuning with a tuning hammer continued into the early 20th century. Throughout the tuning process, the notes made by striking the bell were frequently compared with the tones made by a tuning fork.
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impossible. As a result, Revere's personal involvement in his bells declined as other aspects of his business gained greater success. In 1804, Revere formed a partnership with his son, Joseph Warren Revere, to share equally in the work and profits of the bell making venture. This partnership lasted until 1811, when it was disbanded and replaced by a new partnership, "Paul Revere and Son," between Joseph Warren Revere and Paul Revere's grandsons Paul 3rd and Thomas Eayres Jr. Joseph Warren Revere took the primary role in the bell foundry and continued the business after his father's death in 1818. The last bell listed in the official stock books of Revere & Son is dated in 1828, the same year when the company was incorporated into
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71:. As a church member, he offered to take up the challenge of recasting the church's cracked bell himself, despite the fact that he had no previous experience in the craft. For guidance, he turned to one of America's few knowledgeable bell casters: Aaron Hobart, a Massachusetts acquaintance. But even with Hobart's guidance, Revere's first bell had a poor tone quality and contained visible imperfections, " the more than one hundred bells his shop produced during the period of his active involvement". A century later, a reverend in the same church, Edward G. Porter, expounded upon it in a chapter of his
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also led to a change in his career path, as he began to use his skills to improve his societal image and standing. While his excellence in manufacturing made him a respected craftsman, Revere's role in pioneering bell manufacturing in the United States propelled him to a higher social status. This new prestige allowed him to gain government contracts and play a role in improving
America's technological infrastructure. Thus, he continued his service to his country while furthering his career as an entrepreneur.
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of their communities. They were used in schools, on ships and for communication. For example, a church bell tolled during a fire, let the community know of a death or wedding, and signaled the start of mass. An example of the longevity of his bells comes from Henry W. Owen who spoke of the Revere bell at Bath City Hall in 1936:
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as he realized his "air furnace" could be used for different metals, alloys, and for very large pieces. After 1792, Revere expanded his range of products to include items such as cannons. His products became so varied that many found hard to believe it was all the work of a single man. Bell casting
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Paul Revere opened his bell foundry in the Boston's North End and, between the years 1792 and 1828, the foundry cast a total of 398 bells that varied from 500 to 2,500 pounds (230 to 1,130 kg). The vast majority of Revere's bells have pleasant tones, are long lasting, and served as centerpieces
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bought a bell from Revere that has lasted numerous church renovations, rebuildings and movement to a new location. The bell, which weighs 960 pounds, was bought to mark
Needham's first centennial, and rings every Sunday and the past two centennials. The bell was purchased for $ 407.69 and was rung
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The composition of the bronze bells produced by Paul Revere was usually around 77% copper, 21% tin, and a small percentage of unintentional impurities such as zinc, lead, nickel, and silicon. Revere was knowledgeable about the integrity of his metal and at one point even corresponded with an expert
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In 1792, Revere entered the bell founding business when the bell of the New Brick Church, the church he attended, cracked upon relocation. After salvaging about 500 pounds of metal from the old bell and enlisting the help of Aaron Hobart, Revere cast his first bell. The bell did not get the best
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Revere purchased several core molds that he used when making his bells. He and his coworkers would pack mud very precisely into the exact shape of the interior of the bell, apply tallow and wax to the exterior, then cover it in a layer of mud. Aaron Hobart taught Revere how to make the mud for the
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Many of Revere's initial failures can be attributed to the lack of standardization in bell founding at the time. Correspondences and records from Revere show that he probably used existing bells as models for his own, as he had no scientific understanding of how to optimize their shape. However,
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For more than a century (the bell) was rung daily morning, noon and evening, at stated hours, besides announcing hours of religious services and alarms of fire, tolling for departed citizens, and pealing in honor of independence days and other occasions of joy. On account of its age it has been
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Revere made bells for numerous applications, ranging from huge church bells to small school bells. The performance requirements and hence, the design for each of these types of bells was very different. Because of this wide range of requirements, Revere required every customer to come into the
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reviews. Reverend
William Bentley remarked that "the sound is not clear and prolonged, from the lips to the crown shrill." Even though the bell did not have a pleasant sound, it was a momentous achievement because it was the first bell cast in Boston, instead of the usual casting in England.
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Church bells in Revere's time served as a method of communication within each town—the evidence suggests that churchgoers valued the quality of the bell's acoustics, the distance from which one could hear the bell and the persistence of the ring. Church bells were of great importance in these
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During the time of his active employment, Revere's foundry made over one hundred bells as recorded in the official family stock books and ledgers. The highly artistic nature of the bell making craft resulted in a high degree of customization for each bell, which made standardization almost
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Revere designed church bells with a large diameter which allowed the bell sound to travel greater distances. For example, the King Chapel bell had a diameter of 49 inches and a weight of nearly 2500 lbs. At a time when churches were the center of civic life and the only form of mass
222:. The only Revere bell outside the United States, it is 81 centimetres (32 in) in height and 89 centimetres (35 in) in diameter with a clapper underneath. Maria Revere presented the bell to the first Church of St. Andrew in 1843 on condition that it be used to sound a
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Paul Revere listed 84 bells in his stock book. Most bells remain in New
England; however, some have been relocated. A list of bells noted in Revere's stock book, their respective size has been created by Edward and Evelyn Stickney.
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for the first time in
November 15, 1811 marking it as the first church bell rung in Needham. First Parish Church of 1836 as painted by Timothy Newell Smith, Jr. in 1863. The tower was added to accommodate the Revere bell.
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in London about the purity of the tin of his supplier. Revere also occasionally used a pinch of silver in his composition which draws from the superstition of the time that silver added a nice tone to bells.
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titled "A Noted Bell". The reverend appreciated the bell for all the civil functions it had punctuated with its sound, and claimed that it "deserves a place among the famous bells of the world."
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communication, sound intensity was an important factor. Other customers, like shipbuilders and schools, usually did not need such large bells because their audience was in a closer proximity.
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was constructed in its place in 1861 until it was permanently discontinued in 1874. The bell entered the collection of the
Raffles Museum, now the
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The ability to cast items as large as bells led to the development of other areas of Revere's business. The establishment of his foundry started a
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colonial communities, as there were few clocks in that day and because they signified events of great importance such as funerals and weddings.
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46:. Revere became known professionally for his foundries and for being one of the few competent bell makers in the United States at the time.
114:, with Joseph Revere as the president. The Revere Copper Company continued to make bells with the inscription "Revere Boston" until 1843.
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for five minutes at 8:00 pm every night. The curfew bell rang until 1855 when the church was demolished, and was resumed when
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after experimentation and working with masters in the craft, Revere eventually produced bells praised for their pleasant sound.
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was a gift by Mrs. Maria Revere
Balestier, the daughter of Paul Revere and wife of the first American Consul to Singapore,
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claimed that "we know we can cast as good bells as can be cast in the world, both for goodness and for sound."
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Revere's foundry also produced school bells and smaller bells for shipyards and factories, in later years.
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The following is a list of 84 bells they compiled directly from the Revere
Company stock books.
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foundry and listen to the bell he had made to ensure they were satisfied before they left.
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in
February 2015. The inscription of the bell is: "Revere, Boston 1843. Presented to
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Midnight Ride, Industrial Dawn: Paul Revere and the Growth of
American Enterprise
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The Bells of Paul Revere and His Sons and Grandsons, Edward and Evelyn Stickney,
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The Bells of Paul Revere and His Sons and Grandsons, Edward and Evelyn Stickney,
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The Bells of Paul Revere and His Sons and Grandsons, Edward and Evelyn Stickney
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The Bells of Paul Revere and His Sons and Grandsons, Edward and Evelyn Stickney
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The Bells of Paul Revere and His Sons and Grandsons, Edward and Evelyn Stickney
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The Bells of Paul Revere and His Sons and Grandsons, Edward and Evelyn Stickney
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The Bells of Paul Revere and His Sons and Grandsons, Edward and Evelyn Stickney
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The Bells of Paul Revere and His Sons and Grandsons, Edward and Evelyn Stickney
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retired from regular duty, but still on special occasions is sparingly used.
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At 2488 lbs, the bell cast for the First Congregational Church (now the
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206:, by Mrs Maria Revere Balestier of Boston, United States of America".
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291:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 157.
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The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History
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Vernon Cornelius-Takahama; Joanna H. S. Tan (2010),
380:(Boston: Cupples, Upham, and Company, 1887), p. 330.
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259:was the largest bell cast by the Revere foundry.
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98:The Revere bell of the First Parish Church
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312:Unitarian Universalist Church of Kennebunk
772:Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule
247:Largest bell: First Congregational Church
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547:Ring Out In Honor of Brave Paul Revere
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306:Stickney, Edward; Stickney, Evelyn.
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876:The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere
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267:In 1811, First Parish Church of
345:History of the Paul Revere Bell
308:"Paul Revere Bells - 1793-1828"
22:Pawtucket Congregational Church
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664:Needham Rededicates Town Hall
204:St Andrew's Church, Singapore
238:First bell: New Brick Church
232:National Museum of Singapore
200:National Museum of Singapore
67:cast his first bell for the
793:Paul Revere's Midnight Ride
558:Bells And How They Are Made
495:Martello, pp. 299–300.
104:Northborough, Massachusetts
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686:First Parish Meeting House
645:"About Us: Church History"
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633:Paul Revere and His Bells
613:Paul Revere and His Bells
287:Martello, Robert (2010).
257:Providence, Rhode Island
180:Revere bell in Singapore
20:The 1822 Revere bell of
575:, Singapore Infopedia,
376:Edward Griffin Porter,
69:Second Church in Boston
869:The British Are Coming
777:Granary Burying Ground
623:Martello, p. 157.
603:Martello, p. 157.
594:Martello, p. 156.
577:National Library Board
537:Martello, p. 167.
516:Martello, p. 164.
450:Martello, p. 172.
441:Martello, p. 160.
432:Martello, p. 159.
423:Martello, p. 158.
367:Martello, p. 158.
335:Martello, p. 161.
269:Needham, Massachusetts
253:First Unitarian Church
228:St. Andrew's Cathedral
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149:Design and composition
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100:Unitarian Universalist
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845:Revere, Massachusetts
767:Revere Copper Company
378:Rambles in Old Boston
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162:Production and tuning
118:Types of Revere bells
112:Revere Copper Company
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73:Rambles in Old Boston
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34:were cast out of the
26:Lowell, Massachusetts
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919:Joseph Warren Revere
913:Joseph Warren Revere
805:Penobscot Expedition
708:at Wikimedia Commons
263:Bell at First Parish
136:Other kinds of bells
81:Joseph Warren Revere
42:starting in 1792 in
854:Cultural depictions
675:First Parish Church
583:on 26 December 2014
947:Bells (percussion)
862:Paul Revere's Ride
314:. Kennebunk, Maine
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198:on display at the
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757:Paul Revere House
704:Media related to
171:Examples of bells
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840:Paul Revere Park
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572:Revere Bell
410:Revere, in
212:Revere Bell
196:Revere Bell
186:Revere Bell
65:Paul Revere
40:Paul Revere
38:foundry of
941:Categories
921:(grandson)
890:miniseries
650:2014-05-10
276:References
144:Metallurgy
830:(APA-248)
819:Namesakes
216:Singapore
927:(father)
474:page 10.
389:Martello
318:20 April
906:Related
786:History
60:History
224:curfew
44:Boston
915:(son)
255:) in
826:USS
750:Life
320:2015
210:The
36:bell
214:in
102:in
24:in
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296:^
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