527:
Mutations in response to NNRTIs decrease the binding of the drug to this pocket. Treatment with a regimen including efavirenz (EFV) and nevirapine (NVP) typically results in mutations L100I, Y181C/I, K103N, V106A/M, V108I, Y188C/H/L and G190A/S. There are three main mechanisms of NNRTI resistance. In the first NRTI mutations disrupt specific contacts between the inhibitor and the NNRTI binding pocket. An example of this is K103N and K101E which sit at the entrance of the pocket, blocking the entrance/binding of the drug. A second mechanism is the disruption of important interactions on the inside of the pocket. For example, Y181C and Y188L result in the loss of important aromatic rings involved in NNRTI binding. The third type of mutations result in changes in the overall conformation or the size of the NNRTI binding pocket. An example is G190E, which creates a steric bulk in the pocket, leaving little or no room for an NNRTI to tightly bind.
511:
the drug . A prime example for this mechanism is the M184V mutation that confers resistance to lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC). Another well characterized set of mutations is the Q151M complex found in multi-drug resistant HIV which decreases reverse transcriptase's efficiency at incorporating NRTIs, but does not affect natural nucleotide incorporation. The complex includes Q151M mutation along with A62V, V75I, F77L, and F116Y. A virus with Q151M alone is intermediately resistant to zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddI), zalcitabine (ddC), stavudine (d4T), and slightly resistant to abacavir (ABC). A virus with Q151M complexed with the other four mutations becomes highly resistant to the above drugs, and is additionally resistant to lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC).
518:. This is a reverse of the polymerase reaction in which the pyrophosphate/PPI released during nucleotide incorporation reacts with the incorporated drug (monophosphate) resulting in the release of the triphosphate drug. This 'unblocks' the DNA chain, allowing it to be extended, and replication to continue. Excision enhancement mutations, typically M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, and K219E/Q, are selected for by thymidine analogs AZT and D4T; and are therefore called thymidine analog mutations (TAMs). Other mutations including insertions and deletions in the background of the above mutations also confer resistance via enhanced excision.
502:
mutations in reverse transcriptase that make the virus less susceptible to NRTIs and NNRTIs. Aspartate residues 110, 185, and 186 in the reverse transcriptase polymerase domain are important in the binding and incorporation of nucleotides. The side chains of residues K65, R72, and Q151 interact with the next incoming nucleotide. Also important is L74, which interacts with the template strand to position it for base pairing with the nucleotide. Mutation of these key amino acids results in reduced incorporation of the analogs.
320:, also known as TDF is a so-called 'prodrug' with the active compound deactivated by a molecular side chain that dissolves in the human body allowing a low dose of tenofovir to reach the site of desired activity. One example of the prodrug form is tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with the trade name Viread (Gilead Sciences Inc USA). It is approved in the US for the treatment of both HIV and hepatitis B.
85:. The viral DNA is then integrated into the host chromosomal DNA, which then allows host cellular processes, such as transcription and translation, to reproduce the virus. RTIs block reverse transcriptase's enzymatic function and prevent completion of synthesis of the double-stranded viral DNA, thus preventing HIV from multiplying.
510:
There are two major mechanisms of NRTI resistance. The first being reduced incorporation of the nucleotide analog into DNA over the normal nucleotide. This results from mutations in the N-terminal polymerase domain of the reverse transcriptase that reduce the enzyme's affinity or ability to bind to
160:
In contrast, NNRTIs have a completely different mode of action. NNRTIs block reverse transcriptase by binding directly to the enzyme. NNRTIs are not incorporated into the viral DNA like NRTIs, but instead inhibit the movement of protein domains of reverse transcriptase that are needed to carry out
88:
A similar process occurs with other types of viruses. The hepatitis B virus, for example, carries its genetic material in the form of DNA, and employs an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase to replicate. Some of the same compounds used as RTIs can also block HBV replication; when used in this way they are
1454:
Hsiou, Y; Das, K; Ding, J; Clark Jr, AD; Kleim, JP; RΓΆsner, M; Winkler, I; Riess, G; et al. (1998). "Structures of Tyr188Leu mutant and wild-type HIV-1 reverse transcriptase complexed with the non-nucleoside inhibitor HBY 097: inhibitor flexibility is a useful design feature for reducing drug
501:
While NRTIs and NNRTIs alike are effective at terminating DNA synthesis and HIV replication, HIV can and eventually does develop mechanisms that confer the virus resistance to the drugs. HIV-1 RT does not have proof-reading activity. This, combined with selective pressure from the drug, leads to
526:
NNRTIs do not bind to the active site of the polymerase but in a less conserved pocket near the active site in the p66 subdomain. Their binding results in a conformational change in the reverse transcriptase that distorts the positioning of the residues that bind DNA, inhibiting polymerization.
128:
needed to synthesize the viral DNA and they compete with the natural deoxynucleotides for incorporation into the growing viral DNA chain. However, unlike the natural deoxynucleotides substrates, NRTIs and NtRTIs lack a 3β²-hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety. As a result, following
1382:
Ren, J; Nichols, C; Bird, L; Chamberlain, P; Weaver, K; Short, S; Stuart, DI; Stammers, DK (2001). "Structural mechanisms of drug resistance for mutations at codons 181 and 188 in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and the improved resilience of second generation non-nucleoside inhibitors".
1201:
Arion, D; Kaushik, N; McCormick, S; Borkow, G; Parniak, MA (1998). "Phenotypic mechanism of HIV-1 resistance to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT): increased polymerization processivity and enhanced sensitivity to pyrophosphate of the mutant viral reverse transcriptase".
881:
Shafer, RW; Kozal, MJ; Winters, MA; Iversen, AK; Katzenstein, DA; Ragni, MV; Meyer, WA III; Gupta, P; et al. (1994). "Combination therapy with zidovudine and didanosine selects for drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains with unique patterns of
1418:
Das, K; Ding, J; Hsiou, Y; Clark Jr, AD; Moereels, H; Koymans, L; Andries, K; Pauwels, R; et al. (1996). "Crystal structures of 8-Cl and 9-Cl TIBO complexed with wild-type HIV-1 RT and 8-Cl TIBO complexed with the Tyr181Cys HIV-1 RT drug-resistant mutant".
546:
1303:
Das, Kalyan; Sarafianos, SG; Clark Jr, AD; Boyer, PL; Hughes, SH; Arnold, E (2007). "Crystal structures of clinically relevant Lys103Asn/Tyr181Cys double mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in complexes with ATP and non-nucleoside inhibitor HBY 097".
173:
Nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NARTIs or NRTIs) compose the first class of antiretroviral drugs developed. In order to be incorporated into the viral DNA, NRTIs must be activated in the cell by the addition of three
2014:
536:
396:
Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are the third class of antiretroviral drugs that were developed. In all cases, patents remain in force until beyond 2007. This class of drugs was first described at the
979:
Maeda, Y; Venzon, DJ; Mitsuya, H (1998). "Altered drug sensitivity, fitness, and evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with pol gene mutations conferring multi-dideoxynucleoside resistance".
2198:
229:, also called FTC, has the trade name Emtriva (formerly Coviracil). Structurally similar to lamivudine, it is approved for the treatment of HIV and undergoing clinical trials for hepatitis B.
2203:
301:
step, but host enzymes must still phosphorylate the phosphonate nucleotide analogue to the phosphonate-diphosphate state for anti-viral activity. These molecules were first synthesized by
2149:
1621:
1339:
Hsiou, Y; Ding, J; Das, K; Clark Jr, AD; Boyer, PL; Lewi, P; Janssen, PA; Kleim, JP; et al. (2001). "The Lys103Asn mutation of HIV-1 RT: a novel mechanism of drug resistance".
2588:
1490:
Ren, J; Esnouf, R; Garman, E; Somers, D; Ross, C; Kirby, I; Keeling, J; Darby, G; et al. (1995). "High resolution structures of HIV-1 RT from four RT-inhibitor complexes".
1785:
451:
2155:
2213:
2133:
241:, made of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, is used to treat and prevent HIV. It is approved for HIV prevention in the US and manufactured by Gilead.
193:, also called AZT, ZDV, and azidothymidine, has the trade name Retrovir. Zidovudine was the first antiretroviral drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of HIV.
2218:
447:
2166:
1567:
2188:
2172:
3217:
2183:
3640:
2193:
2627:
2460:
2104:
755:
Hachiya, A; Kodama, EN; Schuckmann, MM; Kirby, KA; Michailidis, E; Sakagami, Y; Oka, S; Singh, K; Sarafianos, SG (2011). Ambrose, Zandrea (ed.).
962:
3161:
2559:
2450:
334:
While often listed in chronological order, NRTIs/NtRTIs are nucleoside/nucleotide analogues of cytidine, guanosine, thymidine and adenosine:
330:. It is not approved by the FDA for treatment of HIV due to toxicity issues, but a lower dose is approved for the treatment of hepatitis B.
199:, also called ddI, with the trade names Videx and Videx EC, was the second FDA-approved antiretroviral drug. It is an analog of adenosine.
489:
Researchers have designed molecules which dually inhibit both reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN). These drugs are a type of "
2208:
806:
398:
3551:
3395:
3354:
2223:
757:"K70Q adds high-level tenofovir resistance to "Q151M complex" HIV reverse transcriptase through the enhanced discrimination mechanism"
3503:
3320:
2687:
1779:
1560:
186:
enzymes. NRTIs can induce mitochondrial impairment that leads to a number of adverse events, including symptomatic lactic acidosis.
133:
bond needed to extend the DNA chain. Thus, when an NRTI or NtRTI is incorporated, viral DNA synthesis is halted, a process known as
578:"Bench-to-bedside review: Severe lactic acidosis in HIV patients treated with nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors"
235:, also called ETV, is a guanosine analog used for hepatitis B under the trade name Baraclude. It is not approved for HIV treatment.
3512:
2233:
2117:
700:
Derbalah, Abdallah; Karpick, Hayley
Christine; Maize, Holly; Skersick, Preston; Cottrell, Mackenzie; Rao, Gauri G. (2022-07-01).
682:
464:
in 2017 and is currently used on its own or in fixed-dose combination with tenofovir disoproxil and emtricitabine (Elpida Combi).
3210:
2243:
2228:
1237:
De Clercq, E (1998). "The role of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in the therapy of HIV-1 infection".
3472:
3379:
2123:
1113:"A mechanism of AZT resistance: an increase in nucleotide-dependent primer unblocking by mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase"
3566:
3400:
1545:
3599:
3591:
2620:
1553:
3495:
3485:
3467:
3408:
3312:
3178:
2576:
461:
217:, also called 3TC, has the trade name Zeffix and Epivir. It is approved for the treatment of both HIV and hepatitis B.
205:, also called ddC and dideoxycytidine, has the trade name Hivid. This drug has been discontinued by the manufacturer.
822:"Lamivudine (3TC) resistance in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase involves steric hindrance with beta-branched amino acids"
3349:
3291:
3254:
3203:
923:"Multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains resulting from combination antiretroviral therapy"
162:
1276:; Pillay, D; Schapiro, JM; Richman, DD (2009). "Update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1: December 2009".
3615:
3438:
3304:
306:
3571:
3433:
2660:
2400:
2310:
2178:
2139:
1539:
2605:
1071:"The role of steric hindrance in 3TC resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase"
3546:
3524:
3490:
3249:
3166:
2613:
2564:
2160:
1535:
3507:
3477:
3443:
3416:
3328:
3244:
2781:
2238:
3556:
3113:
3062:
2918:
2435:
2248:
2128:
1998:
1597:
683:"Elpida Combi (tenofovir+elsulfavirine+emtricitabine) Film-Coated Tablets. Full Prescribing Information"
490:
138:
58:
3057:
2914:
2144:
1993:
1751:
833:
768:
3421:
3336:
3043:
3006:
2758:
2253:
2112:
1984:
1902:
1701:
1580:
541:
129:
incorporation of an NRTI or an NtRTI, the next incoming deoxynucleotide cannot form the next 5β²β3β²
38:
1154:"Selective excision of AZTMP by drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase"
3259:
3108:
1515:
1364:
1051:
737:
664:
17:
3047:
2541:
2536:
1988:
921:
Iversen, AK; Shafer, RW; Wehrly, K; Winters, MA; Mullins, JI; Chesebro, B; Merigan, TC (1996).
3529:
2395:
2058:
1507:
1472:
1436:
1400:
1356:
1321:
1285:
1254:
1219:
1183:
1134:
1090:
1043:
997:
954:
903:
863:
798:
729:
721:
656:
648:
609:
279:
146:
134:
54:
3010:
1906:
3264:
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2420:
1499:
1464:
1428:
1392:
1348:
1313:
1273:
1246:
1211:
1173:
1165:
1124:
1082:
1033:
989:
944:
934:
895:
853:
843:
788:
778:
713:
640:
599:
589:
514:
The second mechanism is the excision or the hydrolytic removal of the incorporated drug or
124:
of NRTIs and NtRTIs is essentially the same; they are analogues of the naturally occurring
3534:
3341:
2935:
2697:
2496:
2455:
1615:
310:
298:
297:
analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NtARTIs or NtRTIs) directly obviates the initial
268:
179:
838:
820:
Sarafianos, SG; Das, K; Clark Jr, AD; Ding, J; Boyer, PL; Hughes, SH; Arnold, E (1999).
773:
756:
3387:
3374:
3281:
3172:
2954:
2724:
2639:
2570:
2346:
2328:
2291:
1576:
922:
793:
547:
Discovery and development of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
478:
443:
287:
283:
154:
150:
130:
121:
62:
1250:
1178:
1153:
1129:
1112:
949:
628:
604:
577:
3634:
3517:
3090:
2889:
2669:
2336:
2086:
1921:
1807:
1169:
1038:
1021:
858:
821:
741:
515:
457:
358:
226:
142:
141:. Unfortunately, NRTIs/NtRTIs compete as substrates for not only viral but also host
1519:
1055:
939:
668:
3226:
3129:
2900:
2777:
2715:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2390:
2380:
1961:
1951:
1769:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1678:
1658:
1588:
1368:
576:
Claessens, Yann-Erick; Chiche, Jean-Daniel; Mira, Jean-Paul; Cariou, Alain (2003).
302:
66:
3195:
481:
It is orally available, long acting antiviral, being tested as ART against HIV-1.
1020:
Matsumi, S; Kosalaraksa, P; Tsang, H; Kavlick, MF; Harada, S; Mitsuya, H (2003).
783:
717:
3364:
3138:
3030:
2996:
2982:
2977:
2772:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2516:
2491:
2430:
2415:
2410:
2074:
2041:
1956:
1936:
1731:
1711:
1690:
1637:
1605:
1022:"Pathways for the emergence of multi-dideoxynucleoside-resistant HIV-1 variants"
433:
421:
350:
291:
252:
202:
77:
When HIV infects a cell, reverse transcriptase copies the viral single stranded
50:
899:
826:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3143:
3100:
3020:
2969:
2959:
2930:
2894:
2878:
2868:
2827:
2812:
2747:
2521:
2501:
2486:
2481:
2445:
2440:
2354:
2299:
2269:
2081:
2069:
2064:
2036:
1976:
1966:
1941:
1926:
1916:
1865:
1860:
1848:
1832:
1822:
1802:
1764:
1674:
1662:
1654:
1317:
644:
564:
474:
439:
427:
415:
376:
354:
339:
294:
275:
271:
256:
214:
196:
190:
125:
107:
101:
2008:
848:
725:
652:
3457:
3134:
3085:
3035:
3025:
3015:
2926:
2883:
2873:
2848:
2802:
2787:
2711:
2636:
2531:
2511:
2506:
2476:
2405:
2385:
2318:
2274:
2031:
1946:
1931:
1854:
1827:
1817:
1812:
1759:
1736:
1649:
701:
537:
Discovery and development of non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
409:
380:
369:
343:
317:
232:
208:
175:
1468:
1432:
1404:
1396:
1360:
1352:
1325:
1289:
1187:
1138:
1094:
1086:
1047:
867:
802:
733:
660:
613:
247:, also called RO-0622. It has been investigated as a possible treatment of
1511:
1476:
1440:
1258:
1223:
1001:
958:
907:
3052:
2945:
2822:
2526:
1911:
384:
365:
323:
248:
244:
220:
1503:
223:, also called ABC, has the trade name Ziagen, is an analog of guanosine.
2796:
2767:
2742:
2706:
2594:
2425:
1971:
1741:
402:
327:
238:
1215:
263:
Nucleotide analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NtARTIs or NtRTIs)
3296:
2807:
2375:
2370:
183:
178:
groups to their deoxyribose moiety, to form NRTI triphosphates. This
1070:
436:
has the trade name
Edurant, and was approved by the FDA in May 2011.
169:
Nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NARTIs or NRTIs)
993:
594:
3581:
1685:
1069:
Gao, HQ; Boyer, PL; Sarafianos, SG; Arnold, E; Hughes, SH (2000).
430:
has the trade name
Intelence, and was approved by the FDA in 2008.
116:
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTIs).
477:
being the first agent of this group. Islatravir was developed by
469:
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTIs)
326:, also known as ADV or bis-POM PMPA, has trade names Preveon and
161:
the process of DNA synthesis. NNRTIs are therefore classified as
1644:
1632:
282:) for both viral and host DNA, causing respectively the desired
46:
3199:
2609:
1549:
702:"Role of islatravir in HIV treatment and prevention: an update"
1669:
1584:
82:
78:
42:
1111:
Meyer, PR; Matsuura, SE; Mian, AM; So, AG; Scott, WA (1999).
497:
Mechanisms of resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors
2199:
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
110:
analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NtARTIs or NtRTIs)
2204:
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
1152:
Boyer, PL; Sarafianos, SG; Arnold, E; Hughes, SH (2001).
446:
It was FDA-approved in August 2018. It is also used in a
104:
analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NARTIs or NRTIs)
2150:
Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
392:
Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
113:
Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
1272:
Johnson, VA; Brun-Vezinet, F; Clotet, B; Gunthard, HF;
424:, currently rarely used, has the trade name Rescriptor.
211:, also called d4T, has trade names Zerit and Zerit XR.
278:
analogs. The latter serve as poison building blocks (
3608:
3580:
3456:
3363:
3280:
3273:
3237:
3122:
3099:
3078:
3071:
2995:
2968:
2944:
2913:
2861:
2841:
2757:
2696:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2469:
2363:
2345:
2327:
2309:
2290:
2283:
2262:
2103:
2050:
2024:
2007:
1890:
1878:
1841:
1795:
1778:
1750:
1700:
1614:
1596:
452:
doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
809:from the original on Mar 17, 2022 – via PMC.
65:that is required for replication of HIV and other
968:from the original on Jul 3, 2024 – via PMC.
2156:Dolutegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
2214:Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir alafenamide
2134:Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
2219:Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil
1705:(Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI))
473:This is a new class of antivirals, MK-8591 or
3211:
2621:
2167:Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir alafenamide
1561:
442:has the trade name Pifeltro, is developed by
149:for both. The former explains NRTIs'/NtRTIs'
8:
2189:Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
2173:Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
3277:
3218:
3204:
3196:
3075:
2693:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2628:
2614:
2606:
2287:
2184:Doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
2021:
1887:
1792:
1568:
1554:
1546:
460:, sold as Elpida, was approved by Russian
2194:Efavirenz/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
1538:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1177:
1128:
1106:
1104:
1037:
948:
938:
857:
847:
837:
792:
782:
772:
603:
593:
137:. All NRTIs and NtRTIs are classified as
2461:Zinc finger protein transcription factor
412:has the trade names Sustiva and Stocrin.
1015:
1013:
1011:
557:
629:"Elsulfavirine: First Global Approval"
89:referred to as polymerase inhibitors.
7:
627:Al-Salama, Zaina T. (October 2017).
81:genome into a double-stranded viral
2209:Emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
687:Russian State Register of Medicines
399:Rega Institute for Medical Research
2224:Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
982:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
888:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
153:, while the latter explains their
25:
3641:Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
2597:. Formerly or rarely used agent.
2234:Lamivudine/nevirapine/zidovudine
2118:Abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine
1536:Reverse+Transcriptase+Inhibitors
1170:10.1128/JVI.75.10.4832-4842.2001
1039:10.1097/00002030-200305230-00003
182:step is carried out by cellular
139:competitive substrate inhibitors
31:Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
18:Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
2401:Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
2244:Lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
2229:Lamivudine/nevirapine/stavudine
940:10.1128/JVI.70.2.1086-1090.1996
706:Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
267:As described above, host cells
2124:Abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine
1:
1251:10.1016/S0166-3542(98)00025-4
1130:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80185-9
1457:Journal of Molecular Biology
1421:Journal of Molecular Biology
1385:Journal of Molecular Biology
1341:Journal of Molecular Biology
1075:Journal of Molecular Biology
784:10.1371/journal.pone.0016242
718:10.1097/COH.0000000000000740
418:has the trade name Viramune.
27:Class of antiretroviral drug
1999:Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)
3657:
3396:Dihydropteroate synthetase
3255:Non-competitive inhibition
1994:Tenofovir disoproxil (TDF)
288:drug toxicity/side effects
165:of reverse transcriptase.
163:non-competitive inhibitors
155:drug toxicity/side effects
3616:Steroidogenesis inhibitor
3156:
2554:
2015:Discovery and development
1786:Discovery and development
1622:Discovery and development
1492:Nature Structural Biology
1318:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.08.097
645:10.1007/s40265-017-0820-3
307:Czech Academy of Sciences
97:RTIs come in four forms:
3552:Matrix metalloproteinase
3355:Ribonucleotide reductase
3250:Uncompetitive inhibition
2311:Transcription inhibitors
2263:Pharmacokinetic boosters
2179:Dolutegravir/rilpivirine
2140:Cabotegravir/rilpivirine
1780:Protease Inhibitors (PI)
1540:Medical Subject Headings
900:10.1093/infdis/169.4.722
849:10.1073/pnas.96.18.10027
309:, and commercialized by
3321:Dihydrofolate reductase
3079:Nucleic acid inhibitors
2595:initial regimen options
2161:Dolutegravir/lamivudine
1638:Enfuvirtide (ENF, T-20)
1616:Entry/fusion inhibitors
3417:Nucleotidyltransferase
3245:Competitive inhibition
2436:Portmanteau inhibitors
2329:Translation inhibitors
2239:Lamivudine/raltegravir
2009:Non-nucleoside (NNRTI)
1967:Islatravir (EFdA, ISL)
1469:10.1006/jmbi.1998.2171
1433:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0698
1397:10.1006/jmbi.2001.4988
1353:10.1006/jmbi.2001.4648
1278:Topics in HIV Medicine
1087:10.1006/jmbi.2000.3823
491:portmanteau inhibitors
485:Portmanteau inhibitors
3427:Reverse transcriptase
3114:Peginterferon alfa-2a
3063:Tenofovir alafenamide
2451:Synergistic enhancers
2249:Lamivudine/zidovudine
2129:Atazanavir/cobicistat
2105:Combined formulations
1942:Zidovudine (AZT, ZDV)
1880:Reverse-transcriptase
1752:Maturation inhibitors
375:Adenosine analogues:
364:Guanosine analogues:
349:Cytidine analogues:
338:Thymidine analogues:
59:reverse transcriptase
3473:Acetylcholinesterase
3380:Thymidylate synthase
3058:Tenofovir disoproxil
3044:Nucleotide analogues
3007:Nucleoside analogues
2292:Uncoating inhibitors
2145:Darunavir/cobicistat
1985:Nucleotide analogues
1903:Nucleoside analogues
1702:Integrase inhibitors
1581:antiretroviral drugs
49:, and in some cases
39:antiretroviral drugs
3567:Histone deacetylase
3401:Farnesyltransferase
2759:Pyrimidine analogue
2284:Experimental agents
2254:Lopinavir/ritonavir
2113:Abacavir/lamivudine
2087:Elsulfavirine (ESV)
1922:Emtricitabine (FTC)
1808:Fosamprenavir (FPV)
1504:10.1038/nsb0495-293
1158:Journal of Virology
927:Journal of Virology
839:1999PNAS...9610027S
774:2011PLoSO...616242H
542:Protease inhibitors
73:Mechanism of action
3600:Carbonic anhydrase
3592:Dopa decarboxylase
3260:Suicide inhibition
3183:Never to phase III
3109:Interferon alfa 2b
2581:Never to phase III
1727:Elvitegravir (EVG)
1722:Dolutegravir (DTG)
1717:Cabotegravir (CAB)
1239:Antiviral Research
516:pyrophosphorolysis
462:Ministry of Health
448:combination tablet
3628:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3496:Alpha-glucosidase
3486:Polygalacturonase
3468:Phosphodiesterase
3409:GABA transaminase
3313:Monoamine oxidase
3297:HMG-CoA reductase
3231:enzyme inhibition
3193:
3192:
3152:
3151:
2991:
2990:
2909:
2908:
2857:
2856:
2837:
2836:
2603:
2602:
2550:
2549:
2396:Diarylpyrimidines
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2075:Rilpivirine (RPV)
2059:diarylpyrimidines
2042:Delavirdine (DLV)
1937:Zalcitabine (ddC)
1894:nucleotide (NRTI)
1874:
1873:
1732:Raltegravir (RAL)
1712:Bictegravir (BIC)
1691:Fostemsavir (FTR)
1606:Lenacapavir (LEN)
1598:Capsid inhibitors
1216:10.1021/bi981200e
886:gene mutations".
639:(16): 1811β1816.
280:chain terminators
147:chain terminators
135:chain termination
37:) are a class of
16:(Redirected from
3648:
3350:Xanthine oxidase
3292:Aldose reductase
3278:
3265:Mixed inhibition
3220:
3213:
3206:
3197:
3123:Multiple/unknown
3076:
3072:Multiple/general
2842:Not TK activated
2694:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2607:
2421:Hydroxycarbamide
2288:
2082:Doravirine (DOR)
2070:Etravirine (ETR)
2065:Dapivirine (DPV)
2037:Nevirapine (NVP)
2022:
1927:Lamivudine (3TC)
1917:Didanosine (ddI)
1888:
1861:Tipranavir (TPV)
1849:Atazanavir (ATV)
1833:Saquinavir (SQV)
1823:Nelfinavir (NFV)
1803:Amprenavir (APV)
1793:
1675:Ibalizumab (IBA)
1570:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1524:
1523:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1210:(45): 15908β17.
1198:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1041:
1017:
1006:
1005:
976:
970:
969:
967:
952:
942:
918:
912:
911:
878:
872:
871:
861:
851:
841:
832:(18): 10027β32.
817:
811:
810:
796:
786:
776:
752:
746:
745:
697:
691:
690:
679:
673:
672:
624:
618:
617:
607:
597:
573:
567:
562:
522:NNRTI resistance
284:antiviral effect
151:antiviral effect
126:deoxynucleotides
122:antiviral effect
21:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3620:
3604:
3576:
3452:
3439:Tyrosine kinase
3359:
3269:
3233:
3224:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3173:Clinical trials
3148:
3118:
3095:
3067:
2987:
2964:
2940:
2936:Podophyllotoxin
2905:
2853:
2833:
2753:
2698:Purine analogue
2679:
2655:
2634:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2586:
2571:Clinical trials
2546:
2497:Dexelvucitabine
2465:
2456:Tre recombinase
2359:
2341:
2323:
2319:Tat antagonists
2305:
2279:
2258:
2091:
2046:
2032:Efavirenz (EFV)
2011:
2003:
1932:Stavudine (d4T)
1893:
1881:
1870:
1855:Darunavir (DRV)
1837:
1828:Ritonavir (RTV)
1818:Lopinavir (LPV)
1813:Indinavir (IDV)
1782:
1774:
1746:
1704:
1696:
1650:Maraviroc (MVC)
1618:
1610:
1592:
1577:Antiviral drugs
1574:
1532:
1527:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1427:(5): 1085β100.
1417:
1416:
1412:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1164:(10): 4832β42.
1151:
1150:
1146:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1019:
1018:
1009:
978:
977:
973:
965:
920:
919:
915:
880:
879:
875:
819:
818:
814:
754:
753:
749:
699:
698:
694:
681:
680:
676:
626:
625:
621:
575:
574:
570:
563:
559:
555:
533:
524:
508:
506:NRTI resistance
499:
487:
479:Merck & Co.
471:
444:Merck & Co.
394:
299:phosphorylation
265:
180:phosphorylation
171:
95:
75:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3654:
3652:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3585:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3572:Beta-lactamase
3569:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3461:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3434:Protein kinase
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3368:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3287:
3285:
3282:Oxidoreductase
3275:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3002:
3000:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2775:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2725:Valganciclovir
2718:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2270:Cobicistat (c)
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2019:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1912:Abacavir (ABC)
1898:
1896:
1892:Nucleoside and
1885:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1790:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1682:
1666:
1652:
1641:
1628:
1626:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1531:
1530:External links
1528:
1526:
1525:
1498:(4): 293β302.
1482:
1446:
1410:
1391:(4): 795β805.
1374:
1331:
1295:
1264:
1229:
1193:
1144:
1117:Molecular Cell
1100:
1061:
1032:(8): 1127β37.
1007:
994:10.1086/515282
988:(5): 1207β13.
971:
933:(2): 1086β90.
913:
873:
812:
747:
712:(4): 240β246.
692:
674:
619:
595:10.1186/cc2162
588:(3): 226β232.
568:
556:
554:
551:
550:
549:
544:
539:
532:
529:
523:
520:
507:
504:
498:
495:
486:
483:
470:
467:
466:
465:
455:
437:
431:
425:
419:
413:
393:
390:
389:
388:
373:
362:
347:
332:
331:
321:
264:
261:
260:
259:
242:
236:
230:
224:
218:
212:
206:
200:
194:
170:
167:
131:phosphodiester
118:
117:
114:
111:
105:
94:
91:
74:
71:
63:DNA polymerase
41:used to treat
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3653:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:Miscellaneous
3607:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:Enkephalinase
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3525:Endopeptidase
3523:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Neuraminidase
3489:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3091:Brincidofovir
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2890:early protein
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:DNA-synthesis
2676:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:Failed agents
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2337:Trichosanthin
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2275:Ritonavir (r)
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1583:used against
1582:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1463:(2): 313β23.
1462:
1458:
1455:resistance".
1450:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1347:(2): 437β45.
1346:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1284:(5): 138β45.
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:Kuritzkes, DR
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:(3): 153β79.
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:(2): 403β18.
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
975:
972:
964:
960:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
914:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
877:
874:
869:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
813:
808:
804:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
767:(1): e16242.
766:
762:
758:
751:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
696:
693:
689:(in Russian).
688:
684:
678:
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
623:
620:
615:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
587:
583:
582:Critical Care
579:
572:
569:
566:
561:
558:
552:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
530:
528:
521:
519:
517:
512:
505:
503:
496:
494:
492:
484:
482:
480:
476:
468:
463:
459:
458:Elsulfavirine
456:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
407:
406:
404:
400:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
371:
367:
363:
360:
359:emtricitabine
356:
352:
348:
345:
341:
337:
336:
335:
329:
325:
322:
319:
316:
315:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
269:phosphorylate
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
227:Emtricitabine
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
187:
185:
181:
177:
168:
166:
164:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:DNA synthesis
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
98:
92:
90:
86:
84:
80:
72:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:infection or
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3541:
3508:Exopeptidase
3478:Ribonuclease
3444:Janus kinase
3426:
3329:Lipoxygenase
3305:5Ξ±-Reductase
3227:Pharmacology
3130:Filociclovir
3042:
3005:
2953:
2901:Tromantadine
2888:
2821:
2795:
2778:Trifluridine
2766:
2741:
2716:Valaciclovir
2705:
2591:
2391:Cyanovirin-N
2381:Calanolide A
2057:
2051:2 generation
2025:1 generation
2012:
1983:
1962:Elvucitabine
1952:Apricitabine
1901:
1891:
1879:
1842:2 generation
1796:1 generation
1783:
1770:Fipravirimat
1684:
1679:Semzuvolimab
1668:
1659:Cenicriviroc
1643:
1631:
1619:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1312:(1): 77β89.
1309:
1305:
1298:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1207:
1204:Biochemistry
1203:
1196:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1123:(1): 35β43.
1120:
1116:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1029:
1025:
985:
981:
974:
930:
926:
916:
894:(4): 722β9.
891:
887:
883:
876:
829:
825:
815:
764:
760:
750:
709:
705:
695:
686:
677:
636:
632:
622:
585:
581:
571:
560:
525:
513:
509:
500:
488:
472:
454:(Delstrigo).
395:
333:
303:Antonin Holy
266:
172:
159:
145:, acting as
119:
96:
87:
76:
67:retroviruses
57:activity of
34:
30:
29:
3557:Oxytocinase
3365:Transferase
3169:from market
3139:Taribavirin
3031:Telbivudine
2997:Hepatitis B
2983:Tecovirimat
2978:Methisazone
2773:Idoxuridine
2734:Famciclovir
2730:Penciclovir
2721:Ganciclovir
2670:Herpesvirus
2661:Baltimore I
2642:(primarily
2592:recommended
2567:from market
2517:Lersivirine
2492:Capravirine
2431:Miltefosine
2416:Griffithsin
2411:Fosdevirine
1957:Censavudine
1587:(primarily
434:Rilpivirine
422:Delavirdine
383:(TDF), and
357:(3TC), and
351:zalcitabine
292:phosphonate
274:analogs to
253:hepatitis C
203:Zalcitabine
51:hepatitis B
3144:Moroxydine
3101:Interferon
3021:Lamivudine
2970:Poxviridae
2960:Rifampicin
2931:Resiquimod
2895:Fomivirsen
2879:Letermovir
2869:Amenamevir
2828:Cytarabine
2813:Sorivudine
2782:+tipiracil
2748:Vidarabine
2640:antivirals
2522:Lodenosine
2502:Droxinavir
2487:Brecanavir
2482:Atevirdine
2446:Seliciclib
2441:Scytovirin
2355:Elipovimab
2300:TRIM5alpha
1977:Stampidine
1882:inhibitors
1866:TMC-310911
1765:BMS-955176
1663:Leronlimab
1655:Vicriviroc
1306:J Mol Biol
565:Islatravir
553:References
475:Islatravir
440:Doravirine
428:Etravirine
416:Nevirapine
377:didanosine
368:(ABC) and
355:lamivudine
342:(AZT) and
340:zidovudine
295:nucleotide
276:nucleotide
272:nucleoside
257:SARS-CoV-2
215:Lamivudine
197:Didanosine
191:Zidovudine
108:Nucleotide
102:Nucleoside
61:, a viral
3458:Hydrolase
3422:Integrase
3337:Aromatase
3274:Substrate
3179:Phase III
3167:Withdrawn
3135:Ribavirin
3086:Cidofovir
3036:Clevudine
3026:Lobucavir
3016:Entecavir
2927:Imiquimod
2884:Maribavir
2874:Docosanol
2849:Foscarnet
2803:Brivudine
2788:Edoxudine
2712:Aciclovir
2690:activated
2680:inhibitor
2637:DNA virus
2577:Phase III
2565:Withdrawn
2542:Telinavir
2537:Palinavir
2532:Mozenavir
2512:Emivirine
2507:Lasinavir
2477:Aplaviroc
2406:Foscarnet
2386:Ceragenin
1947:Amdoxovir
1760:Bevirimat
1737:BI 224436
742:250078665
726:1746-6318
653:0012-6667
410:Efavirenz
381:tenofovir
370:entecavir
344:stavudine
318:Tenofovir
290:. Taking
233:Entecavir
209:Stavudine
176:phosphate
3635:Category
3504:Protease
3053:Adefovir
2955:assembly
2946:Vaccinia
2823:cytosine
2527:Loviride
1520:34618424
1405:11575933
1361:11371163
1326:17056061
1290:20068260
1188:11312355
1139:10445025
1095:10873473
1056:21484628
1048:12819513
963:Archived
868:10468556
807:Archived
803:21249155
761:PLOS ONE
734:35762379
669:25316512
661:28940154
614:12793872
531:See also
385:adefovir
366:abacavir
324:Adefovir
245:Azvudine
221:Abacavir
3530:Trypsin
2797:thymine
2768:uridine
2743:adenine
2707:guanine
2646:, also
2426:KP-1461
1972:Racivir
1742:MK-2048
1512:7540934
1477:9813120
1441:9000632
1369:3109889
1259:9754886
1224:9843396
1002:9593005
959:8551567
908:8133086
834:Bibcode
794:3020970
769:Bibcode
403:Belgium
379:(ddI),
353:(ddC),
328:Hepsera
305:at the
239:Truvada
55:inhibit
53:. RTIs
3584:(EC 4)
3460:(EC 3)
3367:(EC 2)
3327:1.13
3284:(EC 1)
3162:WHO-EM
3048:NtRTIs
3011:NARTIs
2808:FV-100
2560:WHO-EM
2376:BIT225
2371:Abzyme
2302:(gene)
1989:NtRTIs
1884:(RTIs)
1542:(MeSH)
1518:
1510:
1475:
1439:
1403:
1367:
1359:
1324:
1288:
1257:
1222:
1186:
1179:114238
1176:
1137:
1093:
1054:
1046:
1000:
957:
950:189915
947:
906:
866:
856:
801:
791:
740:
732:
724:
667:
659:
651:
612:
605:270672
602:
311:Gilead
255:, and
184:kinase
3582:Lyase
3542:Mixed
3535:Renin
3513:DPP-4
3348:1.17
3342:COX-2
3335:1.14
3238:Class
2999:(VII)
2862:Other
2652:D06BB
2648:S01AD
2364:Other
2347:BNAbs
1907:NRTIs
1686:gp120
1516:S2CID
1365:S2CID
1052:S2CID
966:(PDF)
859:17836
738:S2CID
665:S2CID
633:Drugs
387:(ADV)
372:(ETV)
361:(FTC)
346:(d4T)
93:Types
3598:4.2
3590:4.1
3565:3.5
3502:3.4
3484:3.2
3466:3.1
3415:2.7
3407:2.6
3394:2.5
3388:PARP
3386:2.4
3375:COMT
3373:2.1
3319:1.5
3311:1.4
3303:1.3
3290:1.1
2650:and
2589:DHHS
1645:CCR5
1633:gp41
1508:PMID
1473:PMID
1437:PMID
1401:PMID
1357:PMID
1322:PMID
1286:PMID
1255:PMID
1220:PMID
1184:PMID
1135:PMID
1091:PMID
1044:PMID
1026:AIDS
998:PMID
955:PMID
904:PMID
864:PMID
799:PMID
730:PMID
722:ISSN
657:PMID
649:ISSN
610:PMID
286:and
249:AIDS
120:The
47:AIDS
35:RTIs
3518:ACE
2915:HPV
2644:J05
1670:CD4
1589:J05
1585:HIV
1500:doi
1465:doi
1461:284
1429:doi
1425:264
1393:doi
1389:312
1349:doi
1345:309
1314:doi
1310:365
1247:doi
1212:doi
1174:PMC
1166:doi
1125:doi
1083:doi
1079:300
1034:doi
990:doi
986:177
945:PMC
935:doi
896:doi
892:169
884:pol
854:PMC
844:doi
789:PMC
779:doi
714:doi
641:doi
600:PMC
590:doi
493:".
450:as
405:).
83:DNA
79:RNA
43:HIV
3637::
3506::
3229::
3175::
2919:MC
2688:TK
2573::
1677:,
1661:,
1657:,
1579::
1514:.
1506:.
1494:.
1471:.
1459:.
1435:.
1423:.
1399:.
1387:.
1363:.
1355:.
1343:.
1320:.
1308:.
1282:17
1280:.
1253:.
1243:38
1241:.
1218:.
1208:37
1206:.
1182:.
1172:.
1162:75
1160:.
1156:.
1133:.
1119:.
1115:.
1103:^
1089:.
1077:.
1073:.
1050:.
1042:.
1030:17
1028:.
1024:.
1010:^
996:.
984:.
961:.
953:.
943:.
931:70
929:.
925:.
902:.
890:.
862:.
852:.
842:.
830:96
828:.
824:.
805:.
797:.
787:.
777:.
763:.
759:.
736:.
728:.
720:.
710:17
708:.
704:.
685:.
663:.
655:.
647:.
637:77
635:.
631:.
608:.
598:.
584:.
580:.
313:.
251:,
157:.
69:.
3219:e
3212:t
3205:v
3137:/
3050::
3046:/
3013::
3009:/
2957::
2929:/
2917:/
2897:)
2893:(
2830:)
2826:(
2790:)
2784:)
2780:(
2771:(
2750:)
2746:(
2736:)
2732:/
2723:/
2714:/
2710:(
2654:)
2629:e
2622:t
2615:v
2587:Β°
2175:Β°
2169:Β°
2163:Β°
2152:Β°
2136:Β°
2120:Β°
2017:)
2013:(
1991::
1987:/
1909::
1905:/
1857:Β°
1851:Β°
1788:)
1784:(
1693:)
1689:(
1681:)
1673:(
1665:)
1648:(
1640:)
1636:(
1624:)
1620:(
1591:)
1569:e
1562:t
1555:v
1522:.
1502::
1496:2
1479:.
1467::
1443:.
1431::
1407:.
1395::
1371:.
1351::
1328:.
1316::
1292:.
1261:.
1249::
1226:.
1214::
1190:.
1168::
1141:.
1127::
1121:4
1097:.
1085::
1058:.
1036::
1004:.
992::
937::
910:.
898::
870:.
846::
836::
781::
771::
765:6
744:.
716::
671:.
643::
616:.
592::
586:7
401:(
33:(
20:)
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