115:
979:
1342:
1222:
1644:
847:
1810:
1118:
1851:
1615:
1475:
1234:
1878:
1707:
1656:
1598:
1558:
1517:
1463:
1280:
859:
106:, which has a much larger magnetic field in the toroidal direction than the poloidal direction, an RFP has a comparable field strength in both directions (though the sign of the toroidal field reverses). Moreover, a typical RFP has a field strength approximately one half to one tenth that of a comparable Tokamak. The RFP also relies on driving current in the plasma to reinforce the field from the magnets through the dynamo effect.
1071:
3735:
1317:
28:
1198:
1083:
1059:
1416:
1798:
1106:
947:
1382:
1159:
1839:
1822:
1546:
1210:
1142:
930:
3723:
20:
1775:
1505:
1404:
1354:
1176:
1035:
1018:
3747:
63:. This configuration can be sustained with comparatively lower fields than that of a tokamak of similar power density. One of the disadvantages of this configuration is that it tends to be more susceptible to non-linear effects and turbulence. This makes it a useful system for studying non-ideal (resistive)
274:
Certain RFP designs utilize complex coil systems for plasma control. The proximity of these coils to the high-temperature plasma environment necessitates the development of robust maintenance strategies to ensure their long-term
267:
The RFP design necessitates a conductive shell positioned close to the plasma, which presents engineering challenges for reactor design. Research is focused on optimizing the shell configuration to balance performance and
2498:
247:
RFP plasmas are susceptible to tearing modes, which can negatively impact performance. Development of active control methods for these modes is crucial for achieving stable plasma confinement.
241:
Current RFP devices rely on a method known as ohmic current drive, which has limitations. Researchers are exploring alternative current drive techniques to improve efficiency and control.
2686:
1294:
2213:
1904:
2508:
3389:
939:
2193:
988:
2515:
1946:
2281:
2784:
1044:
851:
1309:
1248:
1607:
1567:
922:
341:
2208:
983:
3773:
3030:
315:
Measurement of superthermal electron flow and temperature in a reversed-field pinch experiment by an electrostatic electron energy analyser
2947:
257:. Research is ongoing to optimize plasma confinement in RFPs, including investigating the impact of device size through projects like the
234:
Several key areas present challenges in the development of RFP reactors. Researchers are actively working on solutions for these issues:
3023:
2493:
2458:
1226:
895:
3645:
3229:
712:
284:
The
Reversed Field Pinch is also interesting from a physics standpoint. RFP dynamics are highly turbulent. RFPs also exhibit a strong
2309:
2188:
389:
133:. They coil outwards. Near the plasma edge, the toroidal magnetic field reverses and the field lines coil in the reverse direction.
59:. As one moves out radially, the portion of the magnetic field pointing toroidally reverses its direction, giving rise to the term
3539:
3404:
1939:
1243:
669:
3482:
3316:
3154:
2918:
2796:
2453:
2314:
1909:
1751:
885:
114:
3472:
3321:
2779:
1299:
288:, similar to many astrophysical bodies. Basic plasma science is another important aspect of Reversed Field Pinch research.
3246:
3079:
2503:
2431:
1238:
1146:
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3589:
3326:
3035:
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1726:
573:
217:
3739:
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3546:
3384:
3211:
3149:
2974:
2878:
2764:
2232:
1932:
1680:
1602:
1572:
912:
905:
792:
697:
684:
565:
52:
216:
This involves driving current through the plasma and generating heat from electrical resistance rather than through
90:(R/a = 1.5/0.5) in the United States, EXTRAP T2R (R/a = 1.24/0.18) in Sweden, RELAX (R/a = 0.51/0.25) in Japan, and
3432:
3111:
2629:
2586:
2438:
1736:
1284:
1151:
890:
781:
757:
384:
379:
334:
3084:
3727:
3409:
3018:
2801:
1660:
1509:
823:
427:
75:
51:
that uses a unique magnetic field configuration as a scheme to magnetically confine a plasma, primarily to study
3657:
3499:
3399:
3311:
2520:
2406:
2366:
2178:
1665:
1577:
1479:
1185:
674:
297:
167:
Superconducting magnets are delicate, expensive, and must be shielded from the neutron-rich fusion environment.
1430:
521:
3278:
3529:
3504:
3118:
2895:
2701:
2624:
2581:
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1887:
1633:
1562:
1521:
1289:
661:
546:
477:
258:
176:
87:
48:
91:
3394:
2681:
2225:
1448:
828:
595:
541:
526:
161:
3688:
3424:
3379:
2841:
2769:
2696:
2691:
2656:
2443:
2411:
2198:
2125:
1484:
1180:
900:
762:
745:
327:
202:
951:
185:
A solid copper shell could be robust against high-energy neutrons compared to superconducting magnets.
3573:
3374:
3359:
2676:
2634:
2470:
2376:
2304:
1363:
1110:
536:
489:
437:
68:
64:
3698:
3534:
3509:
3294:
2888:
2756:
2559:
2416:
2183:
2145:
1978:
1304:
1127:
767:
285:
3678:
3414:
3251:
3178:
2989:
2639:
2609:
2593:
2576:
2220:
2110:
2058:
2008:
1955:
1386:
1087:
868:
600:
213:
There's a possibility that a reversed field pinch could achieve ignition solely with ohmic power.
148:
The RFP has many features that make it a promising configuration for a potential fusion reactor.
1826:
1425:
2746:
2539:
2426:
2401:
2339:
2296:
2140:
2135:
2130:
1973:
651:
632:
499:
399:
394:
3594:
2649:
2614:
2371:
2361:
2249:
2237:
2078:
2073:
2063:
2053:
2048:
1814:
1550:
1391:
1022:
880:
702:
578:
447:
432:
44:
27:
3234:
3074:
3013:
3562:
3492:
3452:
2979:
2906:
2734:
2720:
2644:
2619:
2465:
2258:
2150:
2115:
1993:
1983:
1731:
1535:
1396:
1122:
1063:
1027:
873:
583:
531:
417:
2984:
3467:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3187:
3094:
3063:
3045:
2569:
2475:
2421:
2386:
2319:
2266:
2120:
2013:
1998:
1988:
1648:
1214:
1132:
956:
466:
422:
374:
366:
319:
314:
3767:
3632:
2923:
2329:
2170:
1882:
1716:
1670:
1163:
934:
863:
692:
484:
412:
3198:
2334:
2276:
2203:
2155:
2025:
1855:
1843:
1746:
1467:
514:
504:
350:
193:
RFPs are susceptible to surface instabilities, necessitating a close-fitting shell.
123:
3609:
3256:
2846:
2353:
2324:
1756:
1721:
1711:
1358:
1262:
622:
610:
588:
1741:
3604:
2967:
2957:
2085:
2038:
2003:
1779:
1420:
917:
637:
556:
551:
494:
3462:
19:
182:
Driving current through the shell itself is attractive for reactor design.
3693:
3487:
3336:
3331:
3271:
2940:
2868:
2851:
2836:
2811:
2554:
2043:
1831:
725:
144:
RFP in Fusion
Research: comparison with other confinement configurations
3662:
3614:
3477:
3457:
2856:
2831:
2271:
2160:
2102:
2090:
2068:
2033:
1619:
1190:
803:
642:
627:
615:
442:
254:
253:
Current RFP devices achieve lower plasma confinement times compared to
103:
56:
74:
The largest
Reversed Field Pinch device presently in operation is the
3266:
3261:
3241:
3221:
3206:
3089:
2826:
2806:
2774:
1924:
1202:
1168:
1010:
137:
2816:
1049:
3683:
3640:
3303:
3159:
2962:
2952:
1802:
1408:
1346:
1321:
1075:
1039:
1005:
1000:
750:
720:
130:
113:
83:
79:
26:
18:
3164:
3053:
2863:
2821:
993:
818:
509:
3559:
2731:
2718:
1928:
323:
3137:
3001:
220:, potentially simplifying reactor design compared to tokamaks.
55:. Its magnetic geometry is somewhat different from that of a
43:) is a device used to produce and contain near-thermonuclear
309:
129:
The magnetic field lines coil loosely around a center
3671:
3623:
3580:
3522:
3423:
3353:
3302:
3293:
3220:
3186:
3177:
3136:
3129:
3109:
3062:
3044:
3000:
2905:
2887:
2755:
2669:
2602:
2547:
2538:
2486:
2394:
2385:
2352:
2295:
2257:
2248:
2169:
2101:
2024:
1966:
1905:
International Fusion
Materials Irradiation Facility
1868:
1788:
1765:
1697:
1690:
1679:
1632:
1588:
1534:
1493:
1447:
1372:
1330:
1270:
1261:
1096:
967:
837:
811:
802:
791:
780:
738:
711:
683:
660:
564:
476:
465:
456:
365:
358:
2687:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
272:Maintenance Strategies for Plasma Control Systems:
223:However, it may not be operated in a steady state.
164:, providing a significant advantage over tokamaks.
136:Internal fields are bigger than the fields at the
122:The reversed-field pinch works towards a state of
179:, use a close-fitting shell as a magnetic coil.
3390:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
1940:
335:
8:
31:The poloidal field in a reversed field pinch
3556:
3367:
3299:
3183:
3133:
3126:
2902:
2728:
2715:
2544:
2391:
2254:
1963:
1947:
1933:
1925:
1694:
1687:
1453:
1267:
808:
799:
788:
473:
462:
362:
342:
328:
320:
16:Magnetic field plasma confinement device
23:The q profile in a reversed field pinch
3317:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
3322:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
7:
3746:
71:, which share many common features.
3327:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
2287:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
14:
2310:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
2209:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
67:. RFPs are also used in studying
3745:
3734:
3733:
3721:
3410:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
1876:
1849:
1837:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1773:
1705:
1654:
1642:
1613:
1596:
1556:
1544:
1515:
1503:
1473:
1461:
1414:
1402:
1380:
1352:
1340:
1315:
1278:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1174:
1157:
1140:
1116:
1104:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1033:
1016:
977:
945:
928:
857:
845:
251:Plasma Confinement Optimization:
2499:Historical stockpiles and tests
1910:ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility
175:Some RFP experiments, like the
3400:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
2282:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
310:RFX: Reversed-Field eXperiment
1:
3728:Nuclear technology portal
3590:Field-reversed configuration
3200:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
574:Field-reversed configuration
265:Shell Design Considerations:
218:electron cyclotron resonance
118:The Internal Field in an RFP
3774:Magnetic confinement fusion
3547:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
2494:States with nuclear weapons
53:magnetic confinement fusion
3790:
3385:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
2509:Tests in the United States
172:Shell as a Magnetic Coil:
94:(R/a = 1.4/0.4) in China.
3715:
3570:
3510:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
3405:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
3370:
3212:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
2742:
2727:
2714:
1962:
1900:
1456:
428:Fusion energy gain factor
239:Current Drive Mechanisms:
157:Superconducting Magnets:
3415:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
3031:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
2367:Electron-beam processing
298:Dominique Franck Escande
245:Tearing Mode Mitigation:
201:There is no established
3530:Organic nuclear reactor
2702:Nuclear power phase-out
2625:Nuclear decommissioning
2565:Reactor-grade plutonium
2315:Targeted alpha-particle
2194:Accidents and incidents
353:, processes and devices
280:Plasma Physics Research
259:Madison Symmetric Torus
190:Surface Instabilities:
177:Madison Symmetric Torus
162:superconducting magnets
210:Ignition Possibility:
119:
32:
24:
2692:Anti-nuclear movement
117:
86:. Others include the
69:astrophysical plasmas
30:
22:
3600:Reversed field pinch
3395:Traveling-wave (TWR)
2879:Supercritical (SCWR)
2377:Gemstone irradiation
490:Triple-alpha process
438:Magnetohydrodynamics
390:List of technologies
65:magnetohydrodynamics
37:reversed-field pinch
2765:Aqueous homogeneous
2560:Reprocessed uranium
2233:Safety and security
1568:Lockheed Martin CFR
522:Proton–proton chain
385:List of experiments
3679:Dense plasma focus
2594:Actinide chemistry
2059:Isotope separation
1956:Nuclear technology
601:Dense plasma focus
160:RFPs may not need
120:
78:(R/a = 2/0.46) in
33:
25:
3761:
3760:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3658:Magnetized-target
3555:
3554:
3518:
3517:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3289:
3288:
3173:
3172:
3105:
3104:
2710:
2709:
2665:
2664:
2534:
2533:
2521:Weapon-free zones
2348:
2347:
2340:Radiopharmacology
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1896:
1895:
1864:
1863:
1815:Asterix IV (PALS)
1628:
1627:
1530:
1529:
1443:
1442:
1257:
1256:
776:
775:
734:
733:
693:Bubble (acoustic)
675:Magnetized target
652:Toroidal solenoid
408:
407:
110:Magnetic topology
3781:
3749:
3748:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3636:
3595:Levitated dipole
3565:
3557:
3505:Helium gas (GFR)
3368:
3363:
3300:
3184:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3121:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2737:
2729:
2721:Nuclear reactors
2716:
2615:High-level (HLW)
2545:
2392:
2372:Food irradiation
2362:Atomic gardening
2255:
2238:Nuclear meltdown
2064:Nuclear material
2054:Fissile material
2049:Fertile material
1964:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1926:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1695:
1688:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1634:Magneto-inertial
1618:
1617:
1616:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1434:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1392:Wendelstein 7-AS
1385:
1384:
1383:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1268:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1021:
1020:
1019:
982:
981:
980:
960:
950:
949:
948:
933:
932:
931:
886:Electric Tokamak
862:
861:
860:
850:
849:
848:
809:
800:
789:
670:Magnetized liner
662:Magneto-inertial
579:Levitated dipole
474:
463:
433:Lawson criterion
363:
344:
337:
330:
321:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3722:
3720:
3703:
3667:
3634:
3619:
3576:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3514:
3419:
3364:
3357:
3356:
3341:
3285:
3216:
3191:
3169:
3141:
3123:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3101:
3067:
3058:
3040:
3005:
2996:
2910:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2797:Natural fission
2751:
2750:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2706:
2682:Nuclear weapons
2661:
2620:Low-level (LLW)
2598:
2530:
2482:
2381:
2344:
2291:
2244:
2165:
2097:
2020:
1958:
1953:
1923:
1914:
1892:
1877:
1875:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1761:
1706:
1704:
1682:
1675:
1655:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1597:
1595:
1584:
1557:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1489:
1474:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1439:
1428:
1415:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1397:Wendelstein 7-X
1381:
1379:
1368:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1279:
1277:
1253:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1175:
1173:
1158:
1156:
1141:
1139:
1130:
1117:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1047:
1034:
1032:
1017:
1015:
978:
976:
969:
963:
954:
946:
944:
929:
927:
858:
856:
846:
844:
833:
794:
783:
772:
730:
707:
679:
656:
584:Magnetic mirror
560:
547:Silicon-burning
532:Lithium burning
469:
458:
452:
418:Nuclear reactor
404:
354:
348:
306:
294:
282:
232:
154:
146:
112:
100:
98:Characteristics
17:
12:
11:
5:
3787:
3785:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3743:
3731:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Muon-catalyzed
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3629:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3380:Integral (IFR)
3377:
3371:
3365:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3124:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3010:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2900:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2697:Uranium mining
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2570:Minor actinide
2567:
2562:
2551:
2549:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:Autoradiograph
2263:
2261:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1989:Atomic nucleus
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1701:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1651:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1610:
1605:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1565:
1553:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1512:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1470:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1411:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1349:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1274:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1171:
1166:
1154:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1042:
1030:
1025:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
997:
996:
986:
973:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
942:
937:
925:
920:
915:
910:
909:
908:
903:
893:
888:
883:
878:
877:
876:
866:
854:
841:
839:
835:
834:
832:
831:
826:
821:
815:
813:
806:
797:
786:
778:
777:
774:
773:
771:
770:
765:
763:Muon-catalyzed
760:
755:
754:
753:
746:Colliding beam
742:
740:
736:
735:
732:
731:
729:
728:
723:
717:
715:
709:
708:
706:
705:
700:
695:
689:
687:
681:
680:
678:
677:
672:
666:
664:
658:
657:
655:
654:
649:
648:
647:
646:
645:
635:
625:
620:
619:
618:
613:
608:
606:Reversed field
603:
593:
592:
591:
581:
576:
570:
568:
562:
561:
559:
554:
549:
544:
542:Oxygen-burning
539:
534:
529:
527:Carbon-burning
524:
519:
518:
517:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
480:
471:
460:
454:
453:
451:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
423:Atomic nucleus
420:
415:
409:
406:
405:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
375:Burning plasma
371:
369:
367:Nuclear fusion
360:
356:
355:
349:
347:
346:
339:
332:
324:
318:
317:
312:
305:
304:External links
302:
301:
300:
293:
290:
281:
278:
277:
276:
275:functionality.
269:
262:
248:
242:
231:
228:
227:
226:
225:
224:
221:
214:
208:
207:
206:
196:
195:
194:
188:
187:
186:
183:
180:
170:
169:
168:
165:
153:
150:
145:
142:
124:minimum energy
111:
108:
99:
96:
61:reversed field
49:toroidal pinch
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3786:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3754:
3753:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3646:electrostatic
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3425:Generation IV
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:Breeder (FBR)
3373:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3352:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:Nuclear power
2675:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2657:Transmutation
2655:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:high-altitude
2452:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:Proliferation
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2330:Brachytherapy
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Cross section
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1671:Fusion Engine
1669:
1667:
1666:FRX-L – FRCHX
1664:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:ASDEX Upgrade
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
995:
992:
991:
990:
987:
985:
975:
974:
972:
966:
958:
953:
943:
941:
938:
936:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
875:
872:
871:
870:
867:
865:
864:Alcator C-Mod
855:
853:
843:
842:
840:
836:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
814:
812:International
810:
807:
805:
801:
798:
796:
790:
787:
785:
779:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
758:Metal lattice
756:
752:
749:
748:
747:
744:
743:
741:
737:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
716:
714:
713:Electrostatic
710:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
686:
682:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
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659:
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650:
644:
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634:
631:
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629:
626:
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621:
617:
614:
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582:
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569:
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520:
516:
513:
512:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
485:Alpha process
483:
481:
479:
478:Gravitational
475:
472:
468:
464:
461:
455:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
413:Nuclear power
411:
410:
401:
398:
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388:
386:
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381:
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373:
372:
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364:
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326:
325:
322:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
303:
299:
296:
295:
291:
289:
287:
286:plasma dynamo
279:
273:
270:
268:practicality.
266:
263:
260:
256:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
235:
230:Disadvantages
229:
222:
219:
215:
212:
211:
209:
204:
200:
199:
197:
192:
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189:
184:
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127:
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109:
107:
105:
97:
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93:
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85:
81:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
29:
21:
3750:
3738:
3719:
3699:Pyroelectric
3653:Laser-driven
3599:
3433:Sodium (SFR)
3360:fast-neutron
3199:
2745:
2635:Reprocessing
2516:WMD treaties
2335:Radiosurgery
2305:Fast-neutron
2277:Scintigraphy
1494:
1468:Perhapsatron
768:Pyroelectric
698:Laser-driven
605:
537:Neon-burning
505:Helium flash
351:Fusion power
283:
271:
264:
250:
244:
238:
233:
198:Beta Limit:
147:
135:
128:
121:
101:
73:
60:
40:
36:
34:
3610:Stellarator
3574:confinement
3468:Superphénix
3295:Molten-salt
3247:VHTR (HTGR)
3024:HW BLWR 250
2990:R4 Marviken
2919:Pressurized
2889:Heavy water
2873:many others
2802:Pressurized
2757:Light water
2459:underground
2417:Disarmament
2325:Tomotherapy
2320:Proton-beam
2184:Power plant
2146:Temperature
1979:Engineering
1683:confinement
1429: [
1359:Heliotron J
1263:Stellarator
1131: [
1048: [
955: [
795:confinement
784:experiments
739:Other forms
623:Stellarator
589:Bumpy torus
467:Confinement
359:Core topics
102:Unlike the
3635:(acoustic)
3252:PBR (PBMR)
2640:Spent fuel
2630:Repository
2610:Fuel cycle
2577:Activation
2354:Processing
2221:Propulsion
2179:by country
2111:Activation
703:Ion-driven
457:Processes,
400:Aneutronic
395:Commercial
203:beta limit
152:Advantages
47:. It is a
3605:Spheromak
3304:Fluorides
2968:IPHWR-700
2963:IPHWR-540
2958:IPHWR-220
2747:Moderator
2427:Explosion
2402:Arms race
2189:Economics
2141:Reflector
2136:Radiation
2131:Generator
2086:Plutonium
2039:Deuterium
2004:Radiation
1974:Chemistry
1888:Z machine
1869:Non-laser
1780:GEKKO XII
1732:Long path
1426:Uragan-3M
1421:Uragan-2M
918:Riggatron
638:Spheromak
633:Spherical
557:S-process
552:R-process
495:CNO cycle
205:for RFPs.
3768:Category
3740:Category
3694:Polywell
3625:Inertial
3582:Magnetic
3337:TMSR-LF1
3332:TMSR-500
3312:Fuji MSR
3272:THTR-300
3112:Graphite
2975:PHWR KWU
2941:ACR-1000
2869:IPWR-900
2852:ACPR1000
2847:HPR-1000
2837:CPR-1000
2812:APR-1400
2603:Disposal
2555:Actinide
2548:Products
2407:Delivery
2250:Medicine
2079:depleted
2074:enriched
2044:Helium-3
2009:ionizing
1832:LULI2000
1698:Americas
1681:Inertial
1271:Americas
838:Americas
793:Magnetic
782:Devices,
726:Polywell
685:Inertial
566:Magnetic
515:remnants
380:Timeline
292:See also
255:tokamaks
3752:Commons
3663:Z-pinch
3633:Bubble
3615:Tokamak
3478:FBR-600
3458:CFR-600
3453:BN-1200
3119:coolant
3046:Organic
2931:CANDU 9
2928:CANDU 6
2896:coolant
2857:ACP1000
2832:CAP1400
2770:Boiling
2735:Fission
2582:Fission
2526:Weapons
2466:Warfare
2449:Testing
2439:History
2432:effects
2387:Weapons
2297:Therapy
2272:RadBall
2259:Imaging
2151:Thermal
2116:Capture
2103:Neutron
2091:Thorium
2069:Uranium
2034:Tritium
2014:braking
1994:Fission
1984:Physics
1967:Science
1717:Cyclops
1649:SPECTOR
1620:Trisops
1480:Sceptre
1333:Oceania
1305:Model C
1191:IGNITOR
1123:COMPASS
970:Oceania
952:Novillo
913:Pegasus
804:Tokamak
643:Dynomak
628:Tokamak
459:methods
443:Neutron
138:magnets
104:Tokamak
57:tokamak
45:plasmas
3563:Fusion
3523:Others
3463:Phénix
3448:BN-800
3443:BN-600
3438:BN-350
3267:HTR-PM
3262:HTR-10
3242:UHTREX
3207:Magnox
3202:(UNGG)
3095:Lucens
3090:KS 150
2827:ATMEA1
2807:AP1000
2790:Kerena
2670:Debate
2422:Ethics
2412:Design
2395:Topics
2226:rocket
2204:Fusion
2199:Policy
2161:Fusion
2121:Poison
1999:Fusion
1856:Vulcan
1789:Europe
1563:Astron
1536:Mirror
1373:Europe
1239:MAST-U
1203:ISTTOK
1169:TEXTOR
1097:Europe
1023:ADITYA
1011:SUNIST
881:DIII-D
852:STOR-M
448:Plasma
261:(MST).
3684:Migma
3672:Other
3641:Fusor
3540:Piqua
3535:Arbus
3493:PRISM
3235:MHR-T
3230:GTMHR
3160:EGP-6
3155:AMB-X
3130:Water
3075:HWGCR
3014:HWLWR
2953:IPHWR
2924:CANDU
2785:ESBWR
2540:Waste
2504:Tests
2487:Lists
2471:Yield
2214:MMRTG
2171:Power
1883:PACER
1844:ISKRA
1803:HiPER
1757:Shiva
1752:OMEGA
1722:Janus
1712:Argus
1691:Laser
1661:Linus
1589:Other
1449:Pinch
1433:]
1409:TJ-II
1347:H-1NF
1331:Asia,
1322:SCR-1
1295:HIDRA
1244:START
1135:]
1128:GOLEM
1076:KSTAR
1064:GLAST
1052:]
1045:QUEST
1040:JT-60
1028:SST-1
1006:HL-2M
1001:HL-2A
984:CFETR
968:Asia,
959:]
940:TCABR
874:SPARC
829:PROTO
751:Migma
721:Fusor
611:Theta
596:Pinch
500:Fusor
131:torus
84:Italy
80:Padua
3500:Lead
3483:CEFR
3473:PFBR
3355:None
3165:RBMK
3150:AM-1
3080:EL-4
3054:WR-1
3036:AHWR
2980:MZFR
2948:CVTR
2937:AFCR
2864:VVER
2822:APWR
2817:APR+
2780:ABWR
2650:cask
2645:pool
2587:LLFP
2476:TNTe
2156:Fast
2026:Fuel
1766:Asia
1747:Nova
1742:Nike
1727:LIFE
1608:PFRC
1573:MFTF
1485:ZETA
1387:WEGA
1310:NCSX
1249:STEP
1215:T-15
1152:WEST
1088:TT-1
994:HT-7
989:EAST
923:SSPX
906:TFTR
896:NSTX
824:DEMO
819:ITER
616:Zeta
510:Nova
470:type
3572:by
3488:PFR
3279:PMR
3257:AVR
3179:Gas
3117:by
3085:KKN
3019:ATR
2934:EC6
2894:by
2842:EPR
2775:BWR
1827:LMJ
1737:NIF
1603:LDX
1578:TMX
1551:GDT
1522:MST
1510:RFX
1495:RFP
1364:LHD
1300:HSX
1290:CTH
1285:CNT
1227:TCV
1186:FTU
1181:DTT
1147:TFR
1111:JET
935:ETE
901:PLT
891:LTX
869:ARC
92:KTX
88:MST
76:RFX
41:RFP
3770::
3222:He
3188:CO
3064:CO
2985:R3
1431:uk
1133:cs
1050:ja
957:es
140:.
126:.
82:,
35:A
3362:)
3358:(
3190:2
3142:O
3140:2
3138:H
3066:2
3006:O
3004:2
3002:H
2911:O
2909:2
2907:D
1948:e
1941:t
1934:v
343:e
336:t
329:v
39:(
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