Rh blood group system

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immediate spin (IS), negative reaction after 37 °C incubation, and positive reaction at anti-human globulin (AHG) phase. Weak D phenotype can occur in several ways. In some cases, this phenotype occurs because of an altered surface protein that is more common in people of European descent. An inheritable form also occurs, as a result of a weakened form of the R0 gene. Weak D may also occur as "C in trans", whereby a C gene is present on the opposite chromosome to a D gene (as in the combination R0r', or "Dce/dCe"). The testing is difficult, since using different anti-D reagents, especially the older polyclonal reagents, may give different results.

1391:. The newborn animal is without NI, but soon develops hemolytic anemia after initial ingestion of its mother’s colostrum that contain antibodies that can be absorbed through the newborn’s intestines and are incompatible to its red blood cell antigen. After 48 hours of birth, the newborn may be allowed to nurse from its mother as her antibodies can no longer be absorbed through the neonate’s intestines. Because the most active newborn animals consume the most colostrum, they may be the ones who are most affected by the blood incompatibility of antigen and antibody. 1334:). The incidence of Rh disease is mathematically related to the frequency of D negative individuals in a population, so Rh disease is rare in old-stock populations of Africa and the eastern half of Asia, and the Indigenous peoples of Oceania and the Americas, but more common in other genetic groups, most especially Western Europeans, but also other West Eurasians, and to a lesser degree, native Siberians, as well as those of mixed-race with a significant or dominant descent from those (e.g. the vast majority of Latin Americans and Central Asians). 46: 1274:

extremely sensitive. When any incompatibility is detected when she conceives the second time in less than two years then, the mother often receives an injection at 28 weeks gestation and at birth to avoid the development of antibodies towards the fetus. If not given, then the baby will be dead and must be aborted. These terms do not indicate which specific antigen-antibody incompatibility is implicated. The disorder in the fetus due to Rh D incompatibility is known as

300: 1244:(IgG) antibodies which are acquired through exposure to Rh-positive blood (generally either through pregnancy or transfusion of blood products). The D antigen is the most immunogenic of all the non-ABO antigens. Approximately 80% of individuals who are D-negative and exposed to a single D-positive unit will produce an anti-D antibody. The percentage of alloimmunization is significantly reduced in patients who are actively 1743: 319:. The exact genotype of any individual can only be identified by DNA analysis. Regarding patient treatment, only the phenotype is usually of any clinical significance to ensure a patient is not exposed to an antigen they are likely to develop antibodies against. A probable genotype may be speculated on, based upon the statistical distributions of genotypes in the patient's place of origin. 1922: 1758:, p36.13–p34.3) with various alleles. Typically, Rhesus positive people have an intact RHD gene while negative people lack the gene (or have mutations in it). However, there are exceptions: for instance, Japanese and black Africans may have an intact gene that is not expressed or only at very low levels. The gene codes for the RhD 1387:

animal species. With human mothers, the maternal antibodies are formed from the sensitization of foreign antigens of her unborn fetus’s red blood cells passing through the placenta causing hemolysis before birth. With other animals, however, these maternal antibodies are not passed through the placenta, but through

270:

gene with multiple specificities (anti-C, anti-c, anti-E, anti-e). Thus, Wiener's postulate that a gene could have multiple specificities (something many did not give credence to originally) has been proved to be correct. On the other hand, Wiener's theory that there is only one gene has proved to be

2116:

The practical implication of this is that people with this sub-phenotype will have a product labeled as "D positive" when donating blood. When receiving blood, they are sometimes typed as a "D negative", though this is the subject of some debate. Most "Weak D" patients can receive "D positive" blood

1405:

According to a comprehensive study, the worldwide frequency of Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood types is approximately 94% and 6%, respectively. The same study concluded that the share of the population with Rh-negative blood type is set to fall further in the future primarily due to low population

1386:

Rh disease only occurs in human fetuses however a similar disease called Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) can be observed in animal species of newborn horses, mules, pigs, cats, cattle, and dogs. What differs between Rh disease and NI is the pathogenesis of hemolysis between human fetuses and the

2193:

As of 2023, over 50 antigens have been described in the Rh group system; among those described here, the D, C, c, E and e antigens are the most important. The others are much less frequently encountered or are rarely clinically significant. Each is given a number, though the highest assigned number

1902:

antibodies have shorter reaction times in tests of simple reaction times. And conversely, RhD-negative subjects with anamnestic titres (i.e. with latent toxoplasmosis) exhibited much longer reaction times than their RhD-positive counterparts. The published data suggested that only the protection of

2137:

difference in the D antigen). Simply put, the weak D phenotype is due to a reduced number of D antigens on a red blood cell. In contrast, the partial D phenotype is due to an alteration in D-epitopes. Thus, in partial D, the number of D antigens is not reduced but the protein structure is altered.

2030:

For a long time, the origin of RHD polymorphism was an evolutionary enigma. Before the advent of modern medicine, the carriers of the rarer allele (e.g. RhD-negative women in a population of RhD positives or RhD-positive men in a population of RhD negatives) were at a disadvantage as some of their

1258:

If anti-E is detected, the presence of anti-c should be strongly suspected (due to combined genetic inheritance). It is therefore common to select c-negative and E-negative blood for transfusion patients who have an anti-E and lack the c antigen (in general, a patient will not produce antibodies

271:

incorrect, as has the Fisher–Race theory that there are three genes, rather than the two. The CDE notation used in the Fisher–Race nomenclature is sometimes rearranged to DCE to more accurately represent the co-location of the C and E encoding on the RhCE gene, and to make interpretation easier.

1273:

The hemolytic condition occurs when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and fetus. There is also potential incompatibility if the mother is Rh negative and the father is positive. When the mother conceives for the first time, with a positive child, she will become

2327:

for antibodies, found in humans such as those previously described by Levine and Stetson. Although differences between these two sera were shown already in 1942 and clearly demonstrated in 1963, the already widely used term "Rh" was kept for the clinically described human antibodies which are

2112:

In serologic testing, D positive blood is easily identified. Units that are D negative are often retested to rule out a weaker reaction. This was previously referred to as D, which has been replaced. By definition, weak D phenotype is characterized by negative reaction with anti-D reagent at

2201:

Some of the other Rh "antigens" are f ("ce", RH6), Ce (RH7), C (RH8), C (RH9), V (RH10), E (RH11), G (RH12), Tar (RH40), VS (RH20), D (RH23), and CE (RH22). Some of these groups, including f, Ce and CE, describe grouping of some existing groups. Others, like V, describe an

1309:

When the condition is caused by the Rh D antigen-antibody incompatibility, it is called Rh D Hemolytic disease of the newborn or Rh disease. Here, sensitization to Rh D antigens (usually by feto-maternal transfusion during pregnancy) may lead to the production of maternal

2117:

without complications. However, it is important to correctly identify the ones that have to be considered D+ or D−. This is important, since most blood banks have a limited supply of "D negative" blood and the correct transfusion is clinically relevant. In this respect,

2238:

red blood cells. It was subsequently discovered that the human factor is not identical to the rhesus monkey factor, but by then, "Rhesus Group" and like terms were already in widespread, worldwide use. Thus, notwithstanding it is a misnomer, the term survives (e.g.,

254:

Notations of the two theories are used interchangeably in blood banking (e.g., Rho(D) meaning RhD positive). Wiener's notation is more complex and cumbersome for routine use. Because it is simpler to explain, the Fisher–Race theory has become more widely used.

2346:

The clinical significance of this highly immunizing D antigen (i.e., Rh factor) was soon realized. Some keystones were to recognize its importance for blood transfusion (including reliable diagnostic tests), hemolytic disease of the newborn (including

2138:

These individuals, if alloimmunized to D, can produce an anti-D antibody. Therefore, partial D patients who are donating blood should be labeled as D-positive but, if receiving blood, they should be labeled as D-negative and receive D-negative units.

326:(cDe or Dce) is today most common in Africa. The allele was thus often assumed in early blood group analyses to have been typical of populations on the continent; particularly in areas below the Sahara. Ottensooser et al. (1963) suggested that high R 2184:

woman, in 1961. Only 43 individuals have been reported to have it worldwide. Only nine active donors have been reported. Its properties make it attractive in numerous medical applications, but scarcity makes it expensive to transport and acquire.

3307: 2141:

In the past, partial D was called 'D mosaic' or 'D variant.' Different partial D phenotypes are defined by different D epitopes on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane. More than 30 different partial D phenotypes have been described.

242:

The Wiener system used the Rh–Hr nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that there was one gene at a single locus on each of the two copies of chromosome 1, each contributing to production of multiple antigens. In this theory, a gene

3635:

Novotná M, Havlícek J, Smith AP, Kolbeková P, Skallová A, Klose J, et al. (September 2008). "Toxoplasma and reaction time: role of toxoplasmosis in the origin, preservation and geographical distribution of Rh blood group polymorphism".

1907:

decreased with duration of the infection while the performance of RhD-negative homozygotes decreased immediately after the infection. The overall change in reaction times was always larger in the RhD-negative group than in the RhD-positive.

295:

gene which encodes the RhCE protein with the C, E, c and e antigens (and variants). There is no d antigen. Lowercase "d" indicates the absence of the D antigen (the gene is usually deleted or otherwise nonfunctional).

2516: 2981:

Touinssi M, Chiaroni J, Degioanni A, De Micco P, Dutour O, Bauduer F (2004). "Distribution of rhesus blood group system in the French basques: a reappraisal using the allele-specific primers PCR method".

3276: 235:. Both systems reflected alternative theories of inheritance. The Fisher–Race system, which is more commonly in use today, uses the CDE nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that a separate 85:

in 2005. As of 2023, there are over 50 antigens among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important. There is no d antigen. Rh(D) status of an individual is normally described with a

385:(30.4%). On the contrary, at a frequency of 47.2% of the population of Basque country having the lack of the D antigen, these people display the highest frequency of the Rh negative phenotype. 4110: 4042: 315:

are readily identified through the presence or absence of the Rh surface antigens. As can be seen in the table below, most of the Rh phenotypes can be produced by several different Rh

251:, rh′, and rh″ (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the D, C, and E antigens) and the gene r to produce hr′ and hr″ (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the c and e antigens). 2309:

when described. In 1940, Landsteiner and Wiener made the connection to their earlier discovery, reporting a serum that also reacted with about 85% of different human red blood cells.

2259:

to the Rh D factor and are thus misleading when unmodified). Contemporary practice is to use "Rh" as a term of art instead of "Rhesus" (e.g., "Rh Group", "Rh factors", "Rh D", etc.).

1746:

This is a Punnett square for Rh factor inheritance. This square specifically shows two heterozygous Rh positive parents and the possible genotypes/phenotypes the offspring could have.

2034:

Natural selection aside, the RHD-RHCE region is structurally predisposed to many mutations seen in humans, since the pair arose by gene duplication and remain similar enough for

2343:

was just one in a system of various antigens. Based on different models of genetic inheritance, two different terminologies were developed; both of them are still in use.

3150: 3715:"Increased incidence of traffic accidents in Toxoplasma-infected military drivers and protective effect RhD molecule revealed by a large-scale prospective cohort study" 2158:

individuals have no Rh antigens (no Rh or RhAG) on their red blood cells. This rare condition has been called "Golden Blood". As a consequence of Rh antigen absence, Rh

2031:

children (RhD-positive children born to preimmunised RhD-negative mothers) were at a higher risk of fetal or newborn death or health impairment from hemolytic disease.

4687: 2198:

terminology) is not an accurate reflection of the antigens encountered since many (e.g. Rh38) have been combined, reassigned to other groups, or otherwise removed.

1358:

or yellow discoloration of the newborn's skin, sclera or mucous membrane. This may be evident right after birth or after 24–48 hours after birth. This is caused by

4118: 2474: 4444: 2316:, US, delivered a normal infant in 1931; this pregnancy was followed by a long period of sterility. The second pregnancy (April, 1941) resulted in an infant with 4413: 1255:

D display dosage (antibody reacts more strongly with red cells homozygous for an antigen than cells heterozygous for the antigen (EE stronger reaction vs Ee)).

2806: 4682: 307:

3. These are the antigens on the Rh-positive blood cell that make it positive. The antigens allow the positive blood cell to attach to specific antibodies.

4692: 4565: 2195: 2584:

Harrison GA, Küchemann CF, Moore MA, Boyce AJ, Baju T, Mourant AE, et al. (1969). "The effects of altitudinal variation in Ethiopian populations".

1942:

Should not be here, where we deal with the non-glycosylated variable Rh antigens; there should be an article describing all the Rh proteins (including

239:

controls the product of each corresponding antigen (e.g., a "D gene" produces D antigen, and so on). However, the d gene was hypothetical, not actual.

98:

type (e.g., someone who is A+ has the A antigen and Rh(D) antigen, whereas someone who is A− has the A antigen but lacks the Rh(D) antigen). The terms

2918: 3681:"Neurophysiological effect of the Rh factor. Protective role of the RhD molecule against Toxoplasma-induced impairment of reaction times in women" 4050: 3492:

Biver S, Scohy S, Szpirer J, Szpirer C, André B, Marini AM (2006). "Physiological role of the putative ammonium transporter RhCG in the mouse".

4708: 3081:

Kim JY, Kim SY, Kim CA, Yon GS, Park SS (March 2005). "Molecular characterization of D- Korean persons: development of a diagnostic strategy".

1958: 1318:. This is of particular importance to D negative females at or below childbearing age, because any subsequent pregnancy may be affected by the 2392: 4677: 3983: 2642: 1659: 1319: 4703: 1792:

for the next 4 most common Rh antigens, C, c, E and e are expressed on the highly similar RhCE protein that is genetically encoded in the

1810:

The polypeptides produced from the RHD and RHCE genes form a complex on the red blood cell membrane with the Rh-associated glycoprotein.

4281:

Levine P, Burnham L, Katzin E, Vogel P (December 1941). "The role of iso-immunization in the pathogenesis of erythroblastosis fetalis".

2017:

evidence shows the Rh complex is capable of moving ammonia, its disruption does not cause growth defects under modified ammonia levels.

4437: 2883: 2621:"A genetic study of nine populations from the region of Tlemcen in Western Algeria: a comparative analysis on the Mediterranean scale" 1400: 4720: 2333: 1976: 2290: 1268: 115: 3766:"CeRh1 (rhr-1) is a dominant Rhesus gene essential for embryonic development and hypodermal function in Caenorhabditis elegans" 3125: 2520: 81:, it is the most likely to be involved in transfusion reactions. The Rh blood group system consisted of 49 defined blood group 4975: 2262:

The significance of their discovery was not immediately apparent and was only realized in 1940, after subsequent findings by

4980: 4505: 4430: 1880:

protein and biochemical analysis of the RhD protein complex indicates that the RhD protein is one of three subunits of an

3383: 4755: 4609: 3226:"Distribution of ABO and Rh-D blood groups in the Benin area of Niger-Delta: Implication for regional blood transfusion" 2281:

In 1939, Phillip Levine and Rufus Stetson published in a first case report the clinical consequences of non-recognized

2266:

and Rufus Stetson. The serum that led to the discovery was produced by immunizing rabbits with red blood cells from a

4625: 4405: 2470: 4243:

Landsteiner K, Wiener AS (1940). "An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by immune sera for rhesus blood".

4132:

Landsteiner K, Wiener AS (1940). "An Agglutinable Factor in Human Blood Recognized by Immune Sera for Rhesus Blood".

2541:

Ottensooser F, Leon N, Sato M, Saldanha PH (March 1963). "Blood groups of a population of Ashkenazi Jews in Brazil".

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in maternal circulation by Holzgrieve et al. led to the noninvasive genotyping of fetal Rh genes in many countries.

2821: 1865: 4835: 4830: 4795: 4775: 4730: 4672: 2263: 1993:) – worms, bacteria, and algae. All these Rh proteins have the same biochemical function of transporting CO 1937: 74: 4642: 2495: 4652: 4086: 1807:

The RHAG gene, which is responsible for encoding Rh-associated glycoprotein (RhAG), is found on chromosome 6a.

4800: 1864:

On the basis of structural homology it has been proposed that the product of RHD gene, the RhD protein, is a

4949: 4900: 4880: 4527: 4169:"Studies on an agglutinogen (Rh) in human blood reacting with anti-rhesus sera and with human isoantibodies" 2397: 2294: 4924: 4870: 4845: 4765: 4743: 4490: 2302: 2181: 1331: 78: 4865: 4770: 2313: 2035: 1892:

on psychomotor performance in infected subjects. RhD-negative compared to RhD-positive subjects without

366: 280: 1884:. Three recent studies have reported a protective effect of the RhD-positive phenotype, especially RhD 361:

populations and the relative genetic isolation of Ashkenazim. However, more recent studies have found R

2038:

to occur. In addition to the case where D is deleted, crossover can also produce a single gene mixing

45: 4875: 4790: 4780: 4662: 4604: 4483: 4457: 3894: 3777: 3540: 2593: 2348: 2286: 1755: 3825:"What is Rhesus factor? Did we get it from Rhesus monkeys? Can Rh factor be found in other animals?" 2914: 2403: 4860: 4850: 4500: 4071: 3824: 2424: 2359: 2231: 1998: 1881: 339: 2899: 2620: 1259:

against their own antigens). Anti-c is a common cause of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions.

4890: 4384: 4341: 4260: 4149: 3947: 3912: 3661: 3357: 3299: 3106: 3007: 2566: 2452: 1028:• Figures taken from a study performed in 1948 on a sample of 2000 people in the United Kingdom. 258:

DNA testing has shown that both are partially correct: There are in fact two linked genes, the

4944: 4939: 4825: 4522: 4453: 4376: 4333: 4298: 4198: 4021: 3979: 3805: 3746: 3695: 3653: 3617: 3568: 3509: 3474: 3431: 3349: 3257: 3206: 3098: 3063: 2999: 2963: 2879: 2787: 2746: 2697: 2558: 2444: 2226:

The term "Rh" was originally an abbreviation of "Rhesus factor". It was discovered in 1939 by

1932: 1706: 1439: 111: 4422: 2934:"Distribution of Rhesus blood group antigens and weak D alleles in the population of Albania" 1341:

Enlarged liver, spleen, or heart and fluid buildup in the fetus' abdomen seen via ultrasound.

4647: 4594: 4560: 4534: 4368: 4325: 4290: 4252: 4225: 4188: 4180: 4141: 4013: 3939: 3902: 3861: 3795: 3785: 3736: 3726: 3645: 3607: 3599: 3558: 3548: 3501: 3466: 3421: 3341: 3291: 3247: 3237: 3196: 3188: 3140: 3090: 3055: 2991: 2953: 2945: 2777: 2736: 2728: 2687: 2677: 2632: 2601: 2550: 2436: 2227: 2170: 1241: 3527:

Gruswitz F, Chaudhary S, Ho JD, Schlessinger A, Pezeshki B, Ho CM, et al. (May 2010).

3277:"Distribution of ABO and Rhesus (RHD) Blood Groups in Al-Jouf Province of the Saudi Arabia" 3177:"It is worthwhile filling in the remaining blank spots for blood group antigen frequencies" 1997:, differing slightly in their amino acid sequences. The Rh family as a whole is related to 287:. The main antigens are D, C, E, c and e, which are encoded by two adjacent gene loci, the 4934: 4748: 4515: 4510: 4004:

Cartron JP (December 1999). "RH blood group system and molecular basis of Rh-deficiency".

2298: 1893: 3043: 2864:

Mais, DD. ASCP Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology, 2nd Ed. Chicago, ASCP Press, 2009.

2121:

has much simplified this detection of the various variants in the Rh blood group system.

3898: 3781: 3544: 2597: 4970: 4820: 4715: 4630: 4590: 4555: 4193: 4168: 3866: 3849: 3800: 3765: 3741: 3714: 3612: 3603: 3587: 3563: 3528: 3252: 3225: 3201: 3176: 2958: 2933: 2741: 2716: 2692: 2665: 2329: 2323:

Based on the serologic similarities, 'Rh factor' was later also used for antigens, and

2267: 2235: 2166: 2162:

red blood cells also lack LW and Fy5 and show weak expression of S, s, and U antigens.

1990: 1487: 1245: 299: 58: 4294: 4229: 2382:. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2005, Chapter. 7. 4964: 4805: 4598: 4465: 4372: 3930:

Li CC (1953). "Is the Rh facing a crossroad? A critique of the compensation effect".

3094: 2807:"Rh Subgroups and Kell Antigens in Patients With Thalassemia and in Donors in Turkey" 1889: 1721: 222: 62: 35: 4388: 4345: 4264: 4153: 3951: 3361: 3303: 3110: 3011: 2715:

Flores-Bello A, Mas-Ponte D, Rosu ME, Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D (December 2018).

2570: 2456: 1742: 4854: 4495: 3916: 3665: 3295: 1903:

RhD-positive heterozygotes was long term in nature; the protection of RhD-positive

1885: 1690: 378: 374: 54: 1856: 3505: 3470: 1989:

Rh-like proteins can be found even in species other than vertebrates (which have

1876:) and unknown physiological role. The three-dimensional structure of the related 1844: 4810: 4637: 4473: 2586:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

2328:

different from the ones related to the rhesus monkey. This real factor found in

2293:

in its most severe form. It was recognized that the serum of the reported woman

2165:

Red blood cells lacking Rh/RhAG proteins have structural abnormalities (such as

284: 266: 39: 31: 3770:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3533:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3426: 3409: 3145: 2782: 2765: 2301:

of about 80% of the people although the then known blood groups, in particular

4738: 4550: 4256: 4145: 3649: 3126:"Prevalence of weak D phenotype among D negative C/E+ blood donors in Morocco" 2732: 2352: 2118: 1904: 1898: 1751: 1643: 1609: 1323: 260: 226: 110:

refer to the Rh(D) antigen only. Antibodies to Rh antigens can be involved in

4302: 3410:"RHCE represents the ancestral RH position, while RHD is the duplicated gene" 3067: 2900:"Blood Type Frequencies by Country including the Rh Factor – Rhesus Negative" 2448: 291:

gene which encodes the RhD protein with the D antigen (and variants) and the

4815: 4697: 4586: 4329: 4216:

Levine P, Stetson RE (1939). "An unusual case of intragroup agglutination".

4043:"Rhnull, the Rarest Blood Type on Earth, Has Been Called the "Golden Blood"" 3790: 3553: 3375: 3345: 3242: 2915:"Re: Is the RH negative blood type more prevalent in certain ethnic groups?" 2682: 2554: 1639: 1624: 1564: 1401:

Blood_type_distribution_by_country § ABO_and_Rh_distribution_by_country

1388: 1382:

Other animals with Rh-like antigens causing hemolytic disease of the newborn

1359: 1327: 351: 312: 128: 4380: 4337: 4202: 4025: 4017: 3809: 3750: 3731: 3699: 3657: 3621: 3572: 3513: 3478: 3435: 3353: 3261: 3210: 3102: 3044:"Distribution of ABO and Rh (D) Blood groups in India: A systematic review" 3003: 2967: 2791: 2750: 2701: 2605: 2562: 2320:. In May 1941, the third anti-Rh serum (M.S.) of Group O became available. 17: 3680: 2619:

Metri AA, Sidi-Yakhlef A, Biémont C, Saidi M, Chaif O, Ouraghi SA (2012).

221:

The Rh blood group system has two sets of nomenclatures: one developed by

4570: 4478: 4316:

Avent ND, Reid ME (January 2000). "The Rh blood group system: a review".

4184: 3332:

Avent ND, Reid ME (January 2000). "The Rh blood group system: a review".

3192: 2949: 2844:

Roback et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, AABB Press, 2008.

2517:"RHCE Rh blood group, CcEe antigens [Homo sapiens] – Gene Result" 2427:(1 February 1949). "Genetics and Nomenclature of the Rh–Hr Blood Types". 2317: 2306: 1839: 1517: 1355: 1315: 347: 316: 82: 3124:

Wafi ME, Housse HE, Nourichafi N, Bouisk K, Benajiba M, Habti N (2016).

4929: 4895: 3713:

Flegr J, Klose J, Novotná M, Berenreitterová M, Havlícek J (May 2009).

3059: 2637: 2440: 2270:. The antigen that induced this immunization was designated by them as 2203: 1789: 1759: 1675: 1594: 1471: 1455: 114:

and antibodies to the Rh(D) and Rh antigens confer significant risk of

2995: 4840: 3907: 3882: 2005:

worms, disruption of the Rh1 gene causes growth defects under high CO

1766:

gene do not produce the D antigen, and may be immunized by D+ blood.

1762:

on the red blood cell membrane. D− individuals who lack a functional

1532: 1411: 1407: 1349: 382: 358: 2878:. Quick Look Series (1st ed.). Teton NewMedia. pp. 32–33. 2496:"RHD Rh blood group, D antigen [Homo sapiens] – Gene Result" 2013:

algae fail to grow rapidly if its Rh gene is knocked down. Although

1769:

The D antigen is a dominant trait. If both of a child's parents are

77:. It contains proteins on the surface of red blood cells. After the 3978:(15th ed.). Bethesda MD: American Association of Blood Banks. 3943: 4919: 4905: 4885: 4409: 1741: 1579: 1549: 1502: 1369: 335: 331: 298: 3449:

Kustu S, Inwood W (2006). "Biological gas channels for NH3 and CO

2932:

Xhetani M, Seferi I, Férec C, Zoraqi G, Fichou Y (October 2014).

2234:, who, at the time, believed it to be a similar antigen found in 264:

gene which produces a single immune specificity (anti-D) and the

4914: 4785: 4760: 2039: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1877: 1851: 354: 236: 4426: 3764:

Ji Q, Hashmi S, Liu Z, Zhang J, Chen Y, Huang CH (April 2006).

3133:

International Journal of Blood Transfusion and Immunohematology

4417: 4006:

Baillière's Best Practice & Research. Clinical Haematology

2351:), and very importantly the prevention of it by screening and 1915: 1311: 95: 1796:

gene, also found on chromosome 1. It has been shown that the

2717:"Sequence diversity of the Rh blood group system in Basques" 2336:(antigen LW, antibody anti-LW) in honor of the discoverers. 4359:

Scott ML (July 2004). "The complexities of the Rh system".

3275:

Eweidah MH, Rahiman S, Ali MH, Al-Shamary AM (April 2011).

1804:

gene during primate evolution. Mice have just one RH gene.

369:-speaking groups in the Horn of Africa, as well as higher R 3529:"Function of human Rh based on structure of RhCG at 2.1 A" 3679:

Flegr J, Novotná M, Lindová J, Havlícek J (August 2008).

1410:. The frequency of Rh factor blood types and the RhD neg 1362:(one of the end products of red blood cell destruction). 373:

frequencies among certain other Afroasiatic speakers in

3588:"The structure and function of the Rh antigen complex" 2133:

difference in the D antigen) from partial D (due to a

2057: 1419:

Population data for the Rh D factor and RhD neg allele

330:

frequencies were likely characteristic of the ancient

3042:

Patidar, Gopal K.; Dhiman, Yashaswi (February 2021).

2666:"The Rh allele frequencies in Gaza city in Palestine" 2278:

blood had been used for the production of the serum.

2255:– all three of which actually refer specifically and 2471:"dbRBC – Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database" 1352:

that creates the newborn's pallor (pale appearance).

27:

Human blood group system involving 49 blood antigens

4729: 4661: 4618: 4579: 4543: 4464: 1850: 1838: 1830: 1825: 1820: 30:"Rh-" redirects here. For the Siddharta album, see 2214:genes. V in particular is caused by a mutation on 2129:It is important to differentiate weak D (due to a 247:is supposed to give rise to the "blood factors" Rh 4688:Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease 4037: 4035: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 1322:if the baby is D positive. The vast majority of 1299:refers to the making of immature red blood cells 1293:" (solution) or breaking down of red blood cells 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 2169:) and cell membrane defects that can result in 1032:Rh phenotypes in patients and donors in Turkey 4412:Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at 4276: 4274: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 1785:depending on the parents' specific genotypes. 1365:Enlargement of the newborn's liver and spleen. 4438: 4283:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1954:, RHD, RHCE]], and that's where it should go. 1330:care by injections of IgG anti-D antibodies ( 1314:anti-D antibodies which can pass through the 279:The proteins which carry the Rh antigens are 8: 4683:Transfusion associated circulatory overload 4167:Landsteiner K, Wiener AS (September 1941). 3453:: evidence that Rh (Rhesus) proteins are CO 2050:, forming the majority of partial D types. 4693:Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction 4566:International Society of Blood Transfusion 4445: 4431: 4423: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3403: 3401: 3224:Enosolease ME, Bazuaye GN (January 2008). 3181:Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione del Sangue 2938:Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione del Sangue 2766:"The Rh chromosome frequencies in England" 1416: 1030: 387: 4192: 3906: 3865: 3799: 3789: 3740: 3730: 3611: 3562: 3552: 3425: 3251: 3241: 3200: 3144: 2957: 2781: 2740: 2691: 2681: 2636: 2543:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1977:Learn how and when to remove this message 283:, whose structure suggests that they are 3850:"Selection against heterozygosis in Man" 2305:were matched. No name was given to this 1888:, against the negative effect of latent 1750:The D antigen is inherited as one gene ( 338:prior to their dispersal throughout the 125: 44: 2921:from the original on February 24, 2011. 2371: 389:Rh phenotypes and genotypes (UK, 1948) 365:frequencies as low as 24.3% among some 3881:Fisher RA, Race RR, Taylor GL (1944). 3382:. Australian Red Cross Blood Service. 2206:created by some other mutation on the 1817: 305:2. This is the Rh-negative blood cell. 303:1. This is the Rh-positive blood cell. 4678:Transfusion related acute lung injury 1414:gene differs in various populations. 1320:Rh D hemolytic disease of the newborn 7: 4173:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 3386:from the original on 1 November 2013 3380:Inheritance patterns of blood groups 3313:from the original on January 2, 2013 3230:Asian Journal of Transfusion Science 3156:from the original on August 28, 2016 2670:Asian Journal of Transfusion Science 2380:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens . 3408:Wagner FF, Flegel WA (March 2002). 2814:Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2805:Canatan D, Acar N, Kiliç B (1999). 2645:from the original on 29 August 2017 1346:Symptoms and signs in the newborn: 3883:"Mutation and the Rhesus reaction" 3867:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1941.tb02297.x 3604:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2006.09.010 3494:Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 3459:Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 2721:European Journal of Human Genetics 38:. For the production company, see 25: 4721:Transfusion transmitted infection 4230:10.1001/jama.1939.72800270002007a 2764:Race RR, Mourant AE (June 1948). 2334:Landsteiner-Weiner antigen system 1800:gene arose by duplication of the 1338:Symptoms and signs in the fetus: 342:and Europe on the basis of high R 4373:10.1111/j.1741-6892.2004.00431.x 4117:. 2 October 2019. Archived from 3095:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.04311.x 2664:El-Wahhab Skaik YA (July 2011). 2291:hemolytic disease of the newborn 1920: 1821:Blood group Rh C/E/D polypeptide 1269:Hemolytic disease of the newborn 1263:Hemolytic disease of the newborn 116:hemolytic disease of the newborn 4087:"The man with the golden blood" 2523:from the original on 2010-03-20 2477:from the original on 2011-02-13 2312:In 1941, Group O: a patient in 2194:(CEVF or RH61 according to the 112:hemolytic transfusion reactions 3296:10.1080/09720073.2011.11891182 1375:Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) 1: 4295:10.1016/S0002-9378(41)90260-0 1777:. Otherwise the child may be 1773:the child will definitely be 334:Jews, who had emigrated from 53:(Rh) goes back to the use of 4610:Intraoperative blood salvage 3823:Cho, Shein Ei (2018-11-20). 3586:Westhoff CM (January 2007). 3506:10.1016/j.tracli.2006.03.003 3471:10.1016/j.tracli.2006.03.001 3175:Weinstock C (January 2014). 1868:of uncertain specificity (CO 1368:The newborn may have severe 394:Phenotype expressed on cell 57:extracted from the blood of 4626:Blood compatibility testing 3688:Neuro Endocrinology Letters 2339:It was recognized that the 2180:blood was discovered in an 1940:. The specific problem is: 1754:) (on the short arm of the 4997: 3427:10.1182/blood-2001-12-0153 3376:"ABO inheritance patterns" 3146:10.5348/ijbti-2016-22-OA-2 2783:10.1182/blood.V3.6.689.689 2119:genotyping of blood groups 2026:Origin of RHD polymorphism 1866:membrane transport protein 1398: 1266: 397:Genotype expressed in DNA 29: 4673:Transfusion hemosiderosis 4257:10.3181/00379727-43-11151 4146:10.3181/00379727-43-11151 3650:10.1017/S003118200800485X 2874:Cotter S (June 1, 2001). 2733:10.1038/s41431-018-0232-1 2241:rhesus blood group system 2011:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 1326:is preventable in modern 873: 837: 801: 750: 714: 663: 624: 570: 516: 414: 399: 396: 393: 4653:Monocyte monolayer assay 2473:. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 1276:erythroblastosis fetalis 75:human blood group system 61:for obtaining the first 4528:Granulocyte transfusion 4330:10.1182/blood.V95.2.375 3791:10.1073/pnas.0600901103 3719:BMC Infectious Diseases 3554:10.1073/pnas.1003587107 3346:10.1182/blood.V95.2.375 3243:10.4103/0973-6247.39502 2820:: 155–7. Archived from 2683:10.4103/0973-6247.83241 2625:Anthropological Science 2555:10.1002/ajpa.1330210106 2429:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2398:Canadian Blood Services 2243:and the obsolete terms 2189:Other Rh group antigens 2080:Structural alternation 1285:comes from two words: " 377:(37.3%) and among some 4134:Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 4115:Professional Education 4018:10.1053/beha.1999.0047 3732:10.1186/1471-2334-9-72 3592:Seminars in Hematology 2606:10.1098/rstb.1969.0040 2332:was classified in the 1747: 1332:Rho(D) Immune Globulin 308: 281:transmembrane proteins 79:ABO blood group system 66: 4976:Blood antigen systems 4663:Transfusion reactions 4245:Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 4085:Mosaic (2014-10-21). 2913:Mack S (2001-03-21). 2314:Irvington, New Jersey 2182:Aboriginal Australian 2036:unequal crossing over 1912:Non-human Rh proteins 1745: 1013:D− C− E− c+ e+ (RhD−) 999:D− C− E+ c+ e− (RhD−) 985:D− C− E+ c+ e+ (RhD−) 971:D− C+ E− c− e+ (RhD−) 957:D− C+ E− c+ e+ (RhD−) 936:D− C+ E+ c− e− (RhD−) 919:D− C+ E+ c− e+ (RhD−) 902:D− C+ E+ c+ e− (RhD−) 874:D− C+ E+ c+ e+ (RhD−) 838:D+ C− E− c+ e+ (RhD+) 802:D+ C− E+ c+ e− (RhD+) 751:D+ C− E+ c+ e+ (RhD+) 715:D+ C+ E− c− e+ (RhD+) 664:D+ C+ E− c+ e+ (RhD+) 625:D+ C+ E+ c− e− (RhD+) 571:D+ C+ E+ c− e+ (RhD+) 517:D+ C+ E+ c+ e− (RhD+) 415:D+ C+ E+ c+ e+ (RhD+) 302: 94:(−) suffix after the 71:Rh blood group system 48: 4981:Transfusion medicine 4643:Kleihauer–Betke test 4605:Exchange transfusion 4484:Platelet transfusion 4458:transfusion medicine 4185:10.1084/jem.74.4.309 3829:The Tech Interactive 3193:10.2450/2013.0192-13 2950:10.2450/2014.0240-13 2349:exchange transfusion 2287:transfusion reaction 2103:D positive (usually) 1999:ammonia transporters 1959:improve this section 1936:to meet Knowledge's 1707:Subequatorial Africa 1305:refers to the fetus. 407:Fisher–Race notation 34:. For the band, see 4731:Blood group systems 4666:and adverse effects 4501:Fresh frozen plasma 4367:(Suppl. 1): 58–62. 4121:on 7 November 2020. 4111:"Rh System: Anti-V" 3974:Brecher ME (2005). 3899:1944Natur.153..106F 3848:Haldane JB (1942). 3782:2006PNAS..103.5881J 3545:2010PNAS..107.9638G 3048:ISBT Science Series 2598:1969RSPTB.256..147H 2400:at learnserology.ca 2360:cell-free fetal DNA 2232:Alexander S. Wiener 2060: 1882:ammonia transporter 1421: 1372:of the entire body. 1033: 390: 357:compared to native 340:Mediterranean Basin 132: 4053:on 5 December 2019 3854:Annals of Eugenics 3284:The Anthropologist 3060:10.1111/voxs.12576 2917:. MadSci Network. 2638:10.1537/ase.120618 2441:10.1007/BF02062626 2058: 1748: 1434:Rh(D) Neg alleles 1417: 1251:All Rh antibodies 1240:Rh antibodies are 1031: 388: 346:percentages among 309: 126: 67: 4958: 4957: 4535:Blood substitutes 4523:White blood cells 4454:Blood transfusion 3985:978-1-56395-196-1 3776:(15): 5881–5886. 2996:10.1159/000083027 2727:(12): 1859–1866. 2358:The discovery of 2274:to indicate that 2110: 2109: 2098:Can receive blood 1987: 1986: 1979: 1938:quality standards 1929:This section may 1862: 1861: 1735: 1734: 1440:African Americans 1233: 1232: 1026: 1025: 219: 218: 16:(Redirected from 4988: 4648:Antibody elution 4595:plateletpheresis 4561:Blood management 4544:General concepts 4447: 4440: 4433: 4424: 4393: 4392: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4278: 4269: 4268: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4196: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4049:. Archived from 4039: 4030: 4029: 4001: 3990: 3989: 3976:Technical Manual 3971: 3956: 3955: 3938:(835): 257–261. 3927: 3921: 3920: 3910: 3908:10.1038/153106b0 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3803: 3793: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3744: 3734: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3685: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3615: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3566: 3556: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3429: 3405: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3312: 3281: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3255: 3245: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3204: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3155: 3148: 3130: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3039: 3016: 3015: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2961: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2826: 2811: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2785: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2744: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2695: 2685: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2640: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2592:(805): 147–182. 2581: 2575: 2574: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2503: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2411: 2402:. Archived from 2389: 2383: 2376: 2228:Karl Landsteiner 2171:hemolytic anemia 2077:Decreased amount 2061: 2021:RHD polymorphism 1982: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1924: 1923: 1916: 1818: 1756:first chromosome 1660:Native Americans 1422: 1297:Erythroblastosis 1242:Immunoglobulin G 1034: 410:Wiener notation 391: 234: 233: 133: 21: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4749:Secretor status 4725: 4665: 4657: 4614: 4575: 4539: 4516:Cryosupernatant 4511:Cryoprecipitate 4491:Red blood cells 4460: 4451: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4280: 4279: 4272: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4095: 4093: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4056: 4054: 4041: 4040: 4033: 4003: 4002: 3993: 3986: 3973: 3972: 3959: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3833: 3831: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3683: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3644:(11): 1253–61. 3634: 3633: 3629: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3539:(21): 9638–43. 3526: 3525: 3521: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3465:(1–2): 103–10. 3456: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3407: 3406: 3399: 3389: 3387: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3128: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3041: 3040: 3019: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2524: 2519:. nlm.nih.gov. 2515: 2514: 2510: 2501: 2499: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2478: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2409: 2407: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2299:red blood cells 2253:rhesus negative 2249:rhesus positive 2224: 2191: 2179: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2127: 2099: 2086: 2056: 2028: 2023: 2008: 1996: 1991:red blood cells 1983: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1956: 1925: 1921: 1914: 1896:titres of anti- 1875: 1871: 1816: 1740: 1403: 1397: 1395:Population data 1384: 1289:" (blood) and " 1271: 1265: 1238: 1206: 1202: 1171: 1167: 1150: 1146: 1128: 1097: 1093: 1076: 1072: 1054: 949: 945: 928: 911: 883: 865: 851: 847: 829: 815: 811: 793: 778: 764: 760: 742: 728: 724: 707: 703: 688: 673: 656: 652: 638: 634: 617: 613: 598: 584: 580: 562: 548: 544: 530: 526: 508: 493: 478: 464: 460: 446: 442: 428: 424: 401: 372: 364: 345: 329: 325: 306: 304: 277: 250: 246: 231: 230: 229:, the other by 183: 172: 161: 150: 124: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4994: 4992: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4963: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4716:Serum sickness 4713: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4631:Cross-matching 4622: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4591:plasmapheresis 4583: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4556:Blood donation 4553: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4493: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4476: 4470: 4468: 4466:Blood products 4462: 4461: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4401: 4400:External links 4398: 4395: 4394: 4351: 4308: 4289:(6): 925–937. 4270: 4235: 4208: 4159: 4124: 4102: 4091:Mosaic science 4077: 4063: 4031: 3991: 3984: 3957: 3944:10.1086/281782 3922: 3873: 3840: 3815: 3756: 3705: 3671: 3627: 3578: 3519: 3500:(1–2): 167–8. 3484: 3454: 3450: 3441: 3397: 3367: 3340:(2): 375–387. 3324: 3267: 3216: 3167: 3116: 3073: 3017: 2984:Human Heredity 2973: 2924: 2905: 2891: 2885:978-1893441361 2884: 2866: 2846: 2837: 2797: 2756: 2707: 2656: 2631:(3): 209–216. 2611: 2576: 2533: 2508: 2487: 2462: 2416: 2384: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2330:rhesus macaque 2318:icterus gravis 2268:rhesus macaque 2236:rhesus macaque 2223: 2220: 2190: 2187: 2177: 2167:stomatocytosis 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2126: 2123: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2055: 2052: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2006: 1994: 1985: 1984: 1928: 1926: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1886:heterozygosity 1873: 1869: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1812: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1602:> 99% 1600: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1588: 1587:> 99% 1585: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1572:> 99% 1570: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1511: 1510:> 99% 1508: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1396: 1393: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1366: 1363: 1353: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1307: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1267:Main article: 1264: 1261: 1246:exsanguinating 1237: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 996: 995: 992: 989: 986: 982: 981: 978: 975: 972: 968: 967: 964: 961: 958: 954: 953: 950: 947: 943: 940: 937: 933: 932: 929: 926: 923: 920: 916: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 899: 898: 895: 892: 888: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 871: 870: 867: 863: 860: 856: 855: 852: 849: 845: 842: 839: 835: 834: 831: 827: 824: 820: 819: 816: 813: 809: 806: 803: 799: 798: 795: 791: 788: 784: 783: 780: 776: 773: 769: 768: 765: 762: 758: 755: 752: 748: 747: 744: 740: 737: 733: 732: 729: 726: 722: 719: 716: 712: 711: 708: 705: 701: 698: 694: 693: 690: 686: 683: 679: 678: 675: 671: 668: 665: 661: 660: 657: 654: 650: 647: 643: 642: 639: 636: 632: 629: 626: 622: 621: 618: 615: 611: 608: 604: 603: 600: 596: 593: 589: 588: 585: 582: 578: 575: 572: 568: 567: 564: 560: 557: 553: 552: 549: 546: 542: 539: 535: 534: 531: 528: 524: 521: 518: 514: 513: 510: 506: 503: 499: 498: 495: 491: 488: 484: 483: 480: 476: 473: 469: 468: 465: 462: 458: 455: 451: 450: 447: 444: 440: 437: 433: 432: 429: 426: 422: 419: 416: 412: 411: 408: 404: 403: 398: 395: 370: 362: 343: 327: 323: 276: 273: 248: 244: 217: 216: 213: 209: 208: 205: 201: 200: 197: 193: 192: 189: 185: 184: 181: 178: 174: 173: 170: 167: 163: 162: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 145: 141: 140: 137: 123: 120: 59:rhesus monkeys 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4993: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4766:Chido-Rodgers 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4599:leukapheresis 4596: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4361:Vox Sanguinis 4355: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4324:(2): 375–87. 4323: 4319: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4179:(4): 309–20. 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4052: 4048: 4047:Curiosity.com 4044: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4012:(4): 655–89. 4011: 4007: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3893:(3873): 106. 3892: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3874: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3694:(4): 475–81. 3693: 3689: 3682: 3675: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3420:(6): 2272–3. 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3325: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3290:(2): 99–102. 3289: 3285: 3278: 3271: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3168: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3089:(3): 345–52. 3088: 3084: 3077: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2827:on 2008-12-17 2823: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2776:(6): 689–95. 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2657: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2534: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2498:. nlm.nih.gov 2497: 2491: 2488: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2406:on 2020-10-25 2405: 2401: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2378:Dean, Laura. 2375: 2372: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264:Philip Levine 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2245:rhesus factor 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2197: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2114: 2105: 2102: 2100:as if being: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2087:as if being: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2062: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1981: 1978: 1970: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1927: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1890:toxoplasmosis 1887: 1883: 1879: 1867: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1744: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1722:United States 1720: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1599:< 1% 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1584:< 1% 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1569:< 1% 1568: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1507:< 1% 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1402: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1381: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1277: 1270: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1236:Rh antibodies 1235: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1029: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 997: 993: 990: 987: 984: 983: 979: 976: 973: 970: 969: 965: 962: 959: 956: 955: 951: 941: 938: 935: 934: 930: 924: 921: 918: 917: 913: 907: 904: 901: 900: 896: 893: 890: 889: 885: 879: 876: 872: 868: 861: 858: 857: 853: 843: 840: 836: 832: 825: 822: 821: 817: 807: 804: 800: 796: 789: 786: 785: 781: 774: 771: 770: 766: 756: 753: 749: 745: 738: 735: 734: 730: 720: 717: 713: 709: 699: 696: 695: 691: 684: 681: 680: 676: 669: 666: 662: 658: 648: 645: 644: 640: 630: 627: 623: 619: 609: 606: 605: 601: 594: 591: 590: 586: 576: 573: 569: 565: 558: 555: 554: 550: 540: 537: 536: 532: 522: 519: 515: 511: 504: 501: 500: 496: 489: 486: 485: 481: 474: 471: 470: 466: 456: 453: 452: 448: 438: 435: 434: 430: 420: 417: 413: 409: 406: 405: 392: 386: 384: 380: 376: 368: 360: 356: 353: 349: 341: 337: 333: 320: 318: 314: 301: 297: 294: 290: 286: 282: 274: 272: 269: 268: 263: 262: 256: 252: 240: 238: 228: 224: 223:Ronald Fisher 214: 211: 210: 206: 203: 202: 198: 195: 194: 190: 187: 186: 179: 176: 175: 168: 165: 164: 157: 154: 153: 146: 143: 142: 138: 135: 134: 130: 121: 119: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 84: 80: 76: 72: 64: 60: 56: 52: 51:rhesus factor 47: 41: 37: 36:The RH Factor 33: 19: 4910: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4286: 4282: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4224:(2): 126–7. 4221: 4217: 4211: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4119:the original 4114: 4105: 4094:. Retrieved 4090: 4080: 4066: 4055:. Retrieved 4051:the original 4046: 4009: 4005: 3975: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3832:. Retrieved 3828: 3818: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3691: 3687: 3674: 3641: 3638:Parasitology 3637: 3630: 3598:(1): 42–50. 3595: 3591: 3581: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3462: 3458: 3444: 3417: 3413: 3388:. Retrieved 3379: 3370: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3315:. Retrieved 3287: 3283: 3270: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3158:. Retrieved 3136: 3132: 3119: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3054:(1): 37–48. 3051: 3047: 2990:(2): 69–72. 2987: 2983: 2976: 2944:(4): 565–9. 2941: 2937: 2927: 2908: 2894: 2875: 2869: 2840: 2829:. Retrieved 2822:the original 2817: 2813: 2800: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2676:(2): 150–2. 2673: 2669: 2659: 2647:. Retrieved 2628: 2624: 2614: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2525:. Retrieved 2511: 2500:. Retrieved 2490: 2479:. Retrieved 2465: 2435:(1): 17–28. 2432: 2428: 2419: 2408:. Retrieved 2404:the original 2396: 2387: 2379: 2374: 2357: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2324: 2322: 2311: 2295:agglutinated 2285:, hemolytic 2282: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2225: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2192: 2176:The first Rh 2175: 2164: 2153: 2140: 2134: 2131:quantitative 2130: 2128: 2115: 2111: 2074:Change in D 2047: 2043: 2033: 2029: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1988: 1973: 1967:January 2024 1964: 1957:Please help 1941: 1930: 1897: 1863: 1809: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1783:Rh negative, 1782: 1778: 1774: 1771:Rh negative, 1770: 1768: 1763: 1749: 1691:Saudi Arabia 1466:weak D 1.4% 1418: 1404: 1385: 1308: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1275: 1272: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1239: 1043:Patients (%) 1037:Rh Phenotype 1027: 952:< 0.0001 659:< 0.0001 379:Palestinians 375:North Africa 321: 310: 292: 288: 285:ion channels 278: 265: 259: 257: 253: 241: 220: 122:Nomenclature 107: 103: 99: 91: 87: 70: 68: 55:erythrocytes 50: 4739:Blood types 4638:Coombs test 4474:Whole blood 3860:: 333–340. 3457:channels". 3317:February 3, 3160:February 3, 3083:Transfusion 2549:(1): 41–8. 2393:"Rh System" 2353:prophylaxis 2135:qualitative 2106:D negative 2093:D positive 2059:Comparison 1961:if you can. 1905:homozygotes 1826:Identifiers 1779:Rh positive 1775:Rh negative 1425:Population 1046:Donors (%) 367:Afroasiatic 136:Fisher–Race 108:Rh negative 104:Rh positive 63:blood serum 40:Regina Hall 32:Rh- (album) 18:Rh negative 4965:Categories 4551:Blood bank 4140:(1): 223. 4096:2024-09-22 4057:2019-06-05 3834:2022-10-24 3390:30 October 3236:(1): 3–5. 3187:(1): 3–6. 3139:(1): 3–7. 2876:Hematology 2831:2008-10-17 2527:2010-06-15 2502:2010-06-15 2481:2010-06-15 2410:2021-01-19 2366:References 2307:agglutinin 2090:D positive 2085:Can donate 2069:Partial D 2042:from both 2003:C. elegans 2001:(Amt). In 1899:Toxoplasma 1894:anamnestic 1644:High Atlas 1610:Madagascar 1518:Ethiopians 1431:Rh(D) Pos 1428:Rh(D) Neg 1406:growth in 1399:See also: 1324:Rh disease 400:Prevalence 313:phenotypes 227:R. R. Race 4756:Augustine 4700:reaction 4698:Hemolytic 4587:Apheresis 4479:Platelets 4303:0002-9378 4251:: 223–4. 4072:"J-STAGE" 3068:1751-2816 2649:28 August 2449:0003-6072 2425:Weiner AS 2341:Rh factor 2283:Rh factor 2272:Rh factor 2150:phenotype 2125:Partial D 1845:IPR002229 1640:Moroccans 1625:Moroccans 1565:Indonesia 1535:(others) 1533:Europeans 1389:colostrum 1360:bilirubin 1328:antenatal 1283:Hemolytic 352:Ashkenazi 317:genotypes 131:notation 129:haplotype 100:Rh factor 49:The name 4881:Lutheran 4786:Dombrock 4571:ISBT 128 4389:42103877 4381:15200606 4346:13803474 4338:10627438 4265:58298368 4203:19871137 4154:58298368 4026:10895258 3952:84715943 3810:16595629 3751:19470165 3700:18766148 3658:18752708 3622:17198846 3573:20457942 3514:16564721 3479:16563833 3436:11902138 3384:Archived 3362:13803474 3354:10627438 3308:Archived 3304:75537061 3262:20041069 3211:24120599 3151:Archived 3111:42899178 3103:15752151 3012:44542508 3004:15711086 2968:24960662 2919:Archived 2792:18860341 2751:30089826 2702:21897594 2643:Archived 2571:21795826 2563:13940710 2521:Archived 2475:Archived 2457:35680084 2015:in vitro 2009:levels. 1931:require 1840:InterPro 1814:Function 1790:epitopes 1738:Genetics 1714:99%–97% 1476:21%–36% 1356:Jaundice 1316:placenta 1022:15.1020 797:10.9657 731:17.6803 692:32.6808 467:11.8648 359:European 348:Sephardi 275:Antigens 92:negative 88:positive 83:antigens 4920:Scianna 4806:Gerbich 4709:delayed 4580:Methods 4194:2135190 3917:2104065 3895:Bibcode 3801:1458667 3778:Bibcode 3742:2692860 3666:5956901 3613:1831834 3564:2906887 3541:Bibcode 3253:2798756 3202:3926725 2959:4212038 2742:6244411 2693:3159245 2594:Bibcode 2325:anti-Rh 2222:History 2204:epitope 1933:cleanup 1760:protein 1676:Nigeria 1595:Koreans 1557:94.13% 1488:Britain 1472:Basques 1460:10.86% 1456:Albania 1303:Fetalis 1016:dce/dce 1008:0.0141 1002:dcE/dcE 994:0.9235 988:dce/dcE 980:0.0097 974:dCe/dCe 966:0.7644 960:dce/dCe 939:dCE/dCE 931:0.0001 922:dCe/dCE 914:0.0001 905:dcE/dCE 897:0.0234 891:dCe/dcE 886:0.0039 877:dce/dCE 869:1.9950 859:Dce/dce 854:0.0659 841:Dce/Dce 833:0.3353 823:DcE/dcE 818:1.9906 805:DcE/DcE 787:DcE/dce 782:0.0610 772:Dce/dcE 767:0.7243 754:DcE/Dce 746:0.8270 736:DCe/dCe 718:DCe/DCe 710:2.1586 697:DCe/Dce 682:DCe/dce 677:0.0505 667:Dce/dCe 646:DCE/dCE 641:0.0006 628:DCE/DCE 620:0.2048 607:DCe/DCE 602:0.0048 592:DCE/dCe 587:0.0042 574:DCe/dCE 566:0.0058 556:DCE/dcE 551:0.0014 538:DcE/dCE 533:0.0687 520:DcE/DCE 512:0.1893 502:DCE/dce 497:0.2775 487:DcE/dCe 482:0.9992 472:DCe/dcE 454:DCe/DcE 449:0.0003 436:Dce/dCE 431:0.0125 418:Dce/DCE 381:in the 139:Wiener 90:(+) or 4831:Indian 4776:Cromer 4771:Colton 4496:Plasma 4387: 4379: 4344: 4336: 4301: 4263: 4201: 4191: 4152: 4024: 3982: 3950: 3932:Am Nat 3915: 3887:Nature 3808: 3798: 3749: 3739: 3725:: 72. 3698: 3664: 3656: 3620: 3610: 3571: 3561: 3512: 3477: 3434: 3360: 3352: 3302: 3260: 3250: 3209: 3199: 3109: 3101: 3066: 3010: 3002: 2966: 2956: 2882: 2790: 2749: 2739: 2700: 2690: 2569: 2561: 2455: 2447: 2289:, and 2276:rhesus 2251:, and 2066:Weak D 2054:Weak D 1857:1.A.11 1831:Symbol 1711:1%–3% 1701:29.5% 1698:91.2% 1670:~ 10% 1649:~ 29% 1632:90.5% 1554:5.87% 1525:80.6% 1522:19.4% 1482:~ 60% 1450:~ 26% 1412:allele 1408:Europe 1350:Anemia 1253:except 383:Levant 332:Judean 232:Wiener 106:, and 4971:Blood 4950:Other 4876:Lewis 4866:Knops 4846:KANNO 4791:Duffy 4781:Diego 4704:acute 4619:Tests 4410:BGMUT 4385:S2CID 4342:S2CID 4318:Blood 4261:S2CID 4150:S2CID 3948:S2CID 3913:S2CID 3684:(PDF) 3662:S2CID 3414:Blood 3358:S2CID 3334:Blood 3311:(PDF) 3300:S2CID 3280:(PDF) 3154:(PDF) 3129:(PDF) 3107:S2CID 3008:S2CID 2825:(PDF) 2810:(PDF) 2770:Blood 2567:S2CID 2453:S2CID 2297:with 2040:exons 1872:or NH 1695:8.8% 1664:~ 1% 1629:9.5% 1580:Japan 1550:India 1503:China 1444:~ 7% 1370:edema 1291:lysis 1215:0.03 1194:0.98 1138:10.4 1120:11.6 1106:21.8 1085:30.5 1079:CcDEe 1064:33.0 1005:r″r″ 977:r′r′ 894:r′r″ 336:Egypt 73:is a 4930:T-Tn 4915:RHAG 4913:and 4906:Raph 4901:P1PK 4861:Kidd 4851:Kell 4816:GLOB 4801:FORS 4761:CD59 4506:PF24 4456:and 4414:NCBI 4377:PMID 4334:PMID 4299:ISSN 4218:JAMA 4199:PMID 4022:PMID 3980:ISBN 3806:PMID 3747:PMID 3696:PMID 3654:PMID 3618:PMID 3569:PMID 3510:PMID 3475:PMID 3432:PMID 3392:2013 3350:PMID 3319:2018 3258:PMID 3207:PMID 3162:2018 3099:PMID 3064:ISSN 3000:PMID 2964:PMID 2880:ISBN 2788:PMID 2747:PMID 2698:PMID 2651:2017 2559:PMID 2445:ISSN 2257:only 2230:and 2216:RHCE 2212:RHCE 2210:and 2196:ISBT 2178:null 2160:null 2156:null 2148:null 2048:RHCE 2046:and 1952:RHCG 1948:RHBG 1944:RHAG 1878:RHCG 1852:TCDB 1802:RHCE 1794:RHCE 1788:The 1729:85% 1726:15% 1683:94% 1667:99% 1652:71% 1617:99% 1544:40% 1541:84% 1538:16% 1495:83% 1492:17% 1479:65% 1463:89% 1447:93% 1287:hema 1180:2.4 1159:2.7 1132:cDEe 1117:10.3 1082:35.7 1061:37.4 1058:CcDe 991:rr″ 963:rr′ 402:(%) 355:Jews 350:and 293:RHCE 267:RHCE 237:gene 225:and 69:The 4935:Vel 4925:Sid 4891:MNS 4871:Lan 4841:JMH 4811:GIL 4744:ABO 4418:NIH 4408:at 4369:doi 4326:doi 4291:doi 4253:doi 4226:doi 4222:113 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