40:
62:
194:
2017:
buckthorns alone because their leaves are not appetizing and their fruits are toxic to some animals. Overall they are known to have a negative effect on their surrounding environment. For example, the
European buckthorn is blamed for increased frog egg mortality from a chemical it releases. Other species, such as the
314:
anthers are dorsifixed. The superior ovary is free, rounded, with 2-4 chambers. Fruits are a 2-4 stoned, berrylike drupe, which is obovoid-globose or globose shaped. Seeds are obovoid or oblong-obovoid shaped, unfurrowed or abaxially or laterally margined with a long, narrow, furrow. The seeds have fleshy endosperm.
2110:
2016:
The common buckthorn is well-adapted to spreading in Canada and the U.S. It is an efficient grower that does not need much sunlight and or fertile soil. Its seeds are hardy, as well as being able to grow and spread easily in a variety of environmental conditions. Also other animals prefer to leave
272:
species occur. The leaves are simple, 3 to 15 cm (1 to 6 in) long, and arranged alternately, in opposite pairs, or almost paired (subopposite). One distinctive character of many buckthorns is the way the veination curves upward towards the tip of the leaf. The plant bears fruits which are
313:
campanulate to cup-shaped, with 4 or 5 ovate-triangular sepals, which are adaxially ± distinctly keeled. Petals 4 or 5 but a few species may lack petals. The petals are shorter than the sepals. Flowers have 4 or 5 stamens which are surrounded by and equal in length the petals or are shorter. The
288:
species are shrubs or small to medium-sized trees, with deciduous or rarely evergreen foliage. Branches are unarmed or end in a woody spine. The leaf blades are undivided and pinnately veined. Leaf margins are serrate or rarely entire.
2833:
235:. Its species range from 1 to 10 m (3 to 33 ft) tall (rarely to 15 m, 50 ft) and are native mainly in east Asia and North America, but found throughout the temperate and subtropical
2121:
The fruit of most species contain a yellow dye and the seeds are rich in protein. Oils from the seeds are used for making lubricating oil, printing ink, and soap. Many species have been used to make
2276:
Knight, Kathleen S.; Kurylo, Jessica S.; Endress, Anton G.; Stewart, J. Ryan; Reich, Peter B. (2007-12-01). "Ecology and ecosystem impacts of common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica): a review".
1958:, with about 140 species which are native from temperate to tropical regions, the majority of species are from east Asia and North America, with a few species in Europe and Africa.
2334:
Zeouk, Ikrame; Bekhti, Khadija (2020-03-01). "A critical overview of the traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of
Rhamnus alaternus: a Mediterranean shrub".
297:, with male and female flowers on separate plants. Most species have yellowish green, small, unisexual or rarely polygamous flowers; which are produced singly or in axillary
2145:
1996:
in southern Africa. The two plants are easy to distinguish by slowly pulling a leaf apart; dogwoods will exude thin, white latex strings, while buckthorns will not.
3186:
3225:
2608:
Kurylo, J. S.; Knight, K. S.; Stewart, J. R.; Endress, A. G. (2007). "Rhamnus cathartica: Native and naturalized distribution and habitat preferences1".
2400:
Holmgren, Kjell; Oxelman, Bengt (2004). "Generic Limits in
Rhamnus L. S.l. (Rhamnaceae) Inferred from Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Sequence Phylogenies".
2065:
farmers across the US. The aphids use the buckthorn as a host for the winter and then spread to nearby soybean fields in the spring. Italian buckthorn (
3134:
3199:
3147:
3274:
2892:
277:. The name is due to the woody spine on the end of each twig in many species. One species is known to have potential to be used medicinally.
3397:
2872:
2904:
3043:
2865:
20:
3349:
3048:
2779:
562:
3173:
3387:
3323:
3204:
3212:
2177:
are black and contain a greenish juice, along with four seeds apiece; this serves to distinguish them from those of the
3017:
3004:
2594:
2462:
2676:
2131:
provides china green, a dye used to give a bright green color to silk and wool. Another species, Avignon buckthorn (
3382:
3328:
3287:
2552:
2547:
2489:
2484:
323:
3402:
3230:
2888:
2590:
2458:
1955:
1125:
3292:
2379:"An investigation of the invasive shrub European Buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica L., near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan"
2013:
in the United States and by many local jurisdictions and state governments, including
Minnesota and Wisconsin.
61:
3377:
2921:
2621:
2185:, which contain only one or two apiece. Its syrup is said to be churlish. Its toxicity makes this a very risky
258:
674:
3121:
1900:
1522:
1446:
1417:
1150:
913:
1713:
1651:
1562:
1437:
1302:
654:
395:
39:
3095:
2947:
2109:
1839:
1682:
1552:
1392:
1159:
1030:
1009:
999:
938:
839:
778:
684:
419:
3022:
1925:
1915:
1809:
1758:
1738:
1661:
1641:
1612:
1367:
1237:
1208:
1198:
1105:
1074:
1064:
1049:
1040:
969:
819:
799:
734:
583:
504:
459:
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3126:
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2572:
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1799:
1748:
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1357:
1282:
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1252:
1188:
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859:
829:
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514:
439:
404:
375:
2133:
1829:
1778:
1768:
1703:
1622:
1292:
1262:
1228:
1115:
1095:
979:
883:
868:
724:
664:
593:
484:
429:
3152:
2834:"Peripheral Neuropathy: Peripheral Nervous System and Motor Unit Disorders: Merck Manual Professional"
1935:
1891:
1819:
1602:
1572:
1532:
1512:
1427:
959:
849:
809:
758:
743:
644:
624:
449:
3354:
3240:
3056:
1880:
1870:
1692:
1542:
1347:
989:
928:
903:
634:
524:
494:
2753:
2127:
1849:
1723:
1502:
1312:
1218:
704:
354:
198:
1582:
603:
385:
240:
236:
2069:), an evergreen species from the Mediterranean region, has become a serious weed in some parts of
3392:
3336:
3279:
3108:
2729:
2633:
2417:
2359:
2311:
2153:
2114:
2038:
2005:
1975:
1402:
1332:
1084:
1019:
768:
469:
257:), is able to flourish as an invasive plant in parts of Canada and the U.S., where it has become
253:
56:
48:
2804:
Methods of
Eradicating Buckthorn (rhamnus) Susceptible to Crown Rust (puccinia Coronata) of Oats
3266:
2869:
2651:
3248:
3191:
3030:
2625:
2351:
2303:
2093:
1992:
1963:
1461:
1139:
534:
343:
332:
155:
3253:
2617:
2409:
2343:
2293:
2285:
2030:
2010:
1860:
1788:
1322:
948:
613:
2876:
2186:
2058:
2049:
shrub and has become an invasive species in many areas there. It is a primary host of the
1671:
1377:
788:
99:
3087:
2730:"Midwestern frogs decline, mammal populations altered by invasive plant, studies reveal"
3113:
1969:
544:
364:
86:
2165:. It was in mid 17th-century England the only native purgative. It was also known pre-
193:
3371:
2985:
2378:
2363:
2166:
2138:
2050:
2042:
298:
248:
172:
2637:
2315:
3341:
2774:
2509:
2074:
3035:
3009:
2996:
2701:
2802:
3315:
3217:
3160:
2979:
2476:
2178:
2070:
2347:
2534:
2289:
232:
145:
2629:
2355:
2307:
3082:
3069:
2929:
2233:
2162:
1410:
294:
269:
265:
3305:
2970:
2856: : Number 23, beginning the third year, March 11, 1666 at p.409, p.424
2097:. In a 1930 study, both kerosene and salt were employed for eradication of
1629:– rock Buckthorn, Avignon buckthorn, Avignon berry, dyer's buckthorn (syn.
2870:"A Curious Herbal, Containing Five Hundred Cuts Of The Most Useful Plants"
3300:
2964:
2240:
2200:
1133:
112:
2298:
3139:
2421:
2062:
1983:
306:
216:
135:
1973:, hollyleaf buckthorn, in the west. Though not native to this region,
3165:
2182:
2158:
2046:
302:
244:
125:
2941:
2413:
2021:
also make chemicals that prevent other animals from consuming them.
3074:
2108:
2081:
1340:
310:
274:
220:
212:
192:
73:
3178:
2807:. USDA Circulars. Vol. 133. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
2204:
2101:
and both proved to be less expensive than felling these bushes.
1987:
1385:
1146:– black hawthorn, European buckthorn, or Mediterranean buckthorn
224:
2945:
19:"Buckthorn" redirects here. For other plants of that name, see
3061:
2209:
2122:
2088:
1967:, alder-leaf buckthorn, occurring across the continent, and
16:
Genus of flowering plants in the buckthorn family
Rhamnaceae
2754:"SDSU Department of Plant Science: Managing Soybean Aphids"
2622:
10.3159/1095-5674(2007)134[420:RCNAND]2.0.CO;2
2236:, an unrelated genus of shrubs with a similar common name
2377:
Archibold, William; Brooks, Darin; Delanoy, L. (1997).
2954:
2087:The American species are known to be hosts for the
476:– common buckthorn, purging buckthorn (orth. var.
2893:"An Experimental History Of The Materia Medica"
2220:shows some promise for medicinal use as well.
350:– alderleaf buckthorn, alder-leaved buckthorn
8:
2656:National Invasive Species Information Center
2514:Ontario's Invading Species Awareness Program
2820:The Art of Dyeing in the History of Mankind
2610:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
239:, and also more locally in the subtropical
2942:
2080:Buckthorns are used as food plants by the
2009:, the common buckthorn, is considered an
38:
27:
2709:Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
2681:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
2435:
2433:
2431:
2297:
2922:Scientific chemical research on African
1990:; indeed, "dogwood" is a local name for
2257:
2756:. Sdstate.edu. 2012-04-03. Box: 2207A
2329:
2327:
2325:
2161:native species used in the past as a
251:. One species, the common buckthorn (
7:
3329:ecff5b0d-5bc6-4433-a4a0-a1ceb6c00ff0
3241:57cffe00-e338-4887-87e1-a60a98d2b5ae
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
3293:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30006159-2
14:
2801:Dietz, S.M.; Leach, L.D. (1930).
21:List of plants known as buckthorn
2780:Global Invasive Species Database
2336:Advances in Traditional Medicine
1982:Buckthorns may be confused with
326:accepted the following species:
60:
2244:, a genus formerly included in
1979:can be found in North America.
1961:North American species include
555:), hollyleaf buckthorn (subsp.
2189:, and it is no longer in use.
2146:demyelinating polyneuropathies
2033:outside their natural ranges.
1986:, which share the curved leaf
1384:– Persian buckthorn (grows in
1:
2203:, where it is used to make a
2084:of many Lepidoptera species.
1676:Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.
1587:M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.
551:– redberry buckthorn (subsp.
1793:(H.Lév. & Vaniot) H.Lév.
3398:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2595:Harvard University Herbaria
2463:Harvard University Herbaria
1126:Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris
3419:
2702:"Bucking a Thorny Invader"
2553:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2548:Plants of the World Online
2490:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2485:Plants of the World Online
2348:10.1007/s13596-019-00388-8
2137:) provides the yellow dye
1169:Alijanpoor & Khodayari
324:Plants of the World Online
322:As of February 2023,
309:containing a few flowers.
18:
2591:Missouri Botanical Garden
2589:– via eFloras.org,
2459:Missouri Botanical Garden
2457:– via eFloras.org,
2389:– via ResearchGate.
2383:Canadian Field-Naturalist
2290:10.1007/s10530-007-9091-3
1956:cosmopolitan distribution
1432:C.K.Schneid. & Bornm.
184:
179:
57:Scientific classification
55:
46:
37:
30:
273:black or red berry-like
2151:The purging buckthorn (
2144:Some species may cause
2141:, made from the fruit.
1930:Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou
1920:Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou
1844:Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou
1567:Alijanpoor & Assadi
1527:Bhandari & Bhansali
1233:Y.Z.Zhao & L.Q.Zhao
1004:Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou
719:Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou
675:Rhamnus erythroxyloides
489:Bhandari & Bhansali
371:– sharp-tooth buckthorn
2593:, St. Louis, MO &
2461:, St. Louis, MO &
2118:
1523:Rhamnus purandharensis
1468:– shiny-leaf buckthorn
1442:Y.C.Liu & C.M.Wang
1418:Rhamnus philippinensis
1151:Rhamnus maximovicziana
888:J.R.Booth ex G.Kirchn.
598:G.S.Fan & L.L.Deng
414:P.Fraga & Rosselló
293:species are generally
215:of about 140 accepted
203:
3388:Butterfly food plants
3262:Paleobiology Database
2903:Plants for a Future:
2822:. AATCC. p. 381.
2818:Brunello, F. (1973).
2112:
1718:Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
1714:Rhamnus spathulifolia
1652:Rhamnus seravschanica
1563:Rhamnus rahiminejadii
1438:Rhamnus pilushanensis
1303:Rhamnus ninglangensis
1026:– lanceleaf buckthorn
984:Yalt. & P.H.Davis
655:Rhamnus dolichophylla
588:S.Y.Li & Z.H.Ning
396:Rhamnus baldschuanica
196:
2278:Biological Invasions
1840:Rhamnus tzekweiensis
1824:Sommier & Levier
1683:Rhamnus sibthorpiana
1666:Greuter & Burdet
1553:Rhamnus qianweiensis
1407:Boiss. & Balansa
1393:Rhamnus persicifolia
1091:– Lebanese buckthorn
1031:Rhamnus laoshanensis
1010:Rhamnus lamprophylla
1000:Rhamnus kwangsiensis
955:– Japanese buckthorn
939:Rhamnus iteinophylla
923:Steud. & Hochst.
904:Rhamnus integrifolia
840:Rhamnus heterophylla
779:Rhamnus glaucophylla
685:Rhamnus erythroxylum
620:– Dahurian buckthorn
420:Rhamnus biglandulosa
227:, commonly known as
2866:Elizabeth Blackwell
2775:"Rhamnus alaternus"
2543:(Kellogg) C.B.Wolf"
1926:Rhamnus xizangensis
1916:Rhamnus wumingensis
1887:– Wight's buckthorn
1856:– Chinese buckthorn
1810:Rhamnus tonkinensis
1759:Rhamnus sumatrensis
1739:Rhamnus standleyana
1699:– Smith's buckthorn
1678:– sawleaf buckthorn
1662:Rhamnus serpyllacea
1642:Rhamnus schlechteri
1613:Rhamnus sargentiana
1368:Rhamnus pentapomica
1209:Rhamnus minnanensis
1199:Rhamnus mildbraedii
1110:(E.H.Wilson) Koidz.
1106:Rhamnus liukiuensis
1075:Rhamnus leptophylla
1065:Rhamnus leptacantha
1041:Rhamnus ledermannii
994:Boiss. & Hohen.
970:Rhamnus kanagusukii
820:Rhamnus hainanensis
800:Rhamnus grandiflora
735:Rhamnus fulvotincta
584:Rhamnus dalianensis
519:Boiss. & Hohen.
505:Rhamnus coriophylla
460:Rhamnus calderoniae
380:Gardner ex Thwaites
339:– Italian buckthorn
241:Southern Hemisphere
237:Northern Hemisphere
2906:Rhamnus cathartica
2875:2021-08-28 at the
2836:. Merckmanuals.com
2652:"Common Buckthorn"
2510:"Common Buckthorn"
2157:) is a widespread
2119:
2115:Rhamnus cathartica
2006:Rhamnus cathartica
1976:Rhamnus cathartica
1800:Rhamnus thymifolia
1795:– Jejudo buckthorn
1749:Rhamnus subapetala
1593:Rhamnus rosthornii
1493:Rhamnus pulogensis
1483:Rhamnus prunifolia
1473:Rhamnus procumbens
1403:Rhamnus petiolaris
1358:Rhamnus parvifolia
1333:Rhamnus orbiculata
1283:Rhamnus nigrescens
1277:(Wall.) M.A.Lawson
1273:Rhamnus napalensis
1253:Rhamnus myrtifolia
1189:Rhamnus microcarpa
1085:Rhamnus libanotica
1020:Rhamnus lanceolata
894:Rhamnus infectoria
860:Rhamnus hupehensis
830:Rhamnus hemsleyana
769:Rhamnus glandulosa
715:Rhamnus flavescens
695:Rhamnus esquirolii
576:Rhamnus ilicifolia
572:(Kellogg) C.B.Wolf
515:Rhamnus cornifolia
470:Rhamnus cathartica
440:Rhamnus brachypoda
376:Rhamnus arnottiana
254:Rhamnus cathartica
204:
49:Rhamnus cathartica
3383:Rhamnaceae genera
3365:
3364:
3249:Open Tree of Life
2948:Taxon identifiers
2581:Flora of Pakistan
2218:Rhamnus alaternus
2173:. The berries of
2094:Puccinia coronata
2029:Some species are
2019:Rhamnus alaternus
1964:Rhamnus alnifolia
1941:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1897:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1830:Rhamnus triquetra
1825:
1815:
1805:
1794:
1784:
1779:Rhamnus tangutica
1774:
1769:Rhamnus sumbawana
1764:
1754:
1744:
1729:
1719:
1709:
1704:Rhamnus songorica
1698:
1688:
1677:
1667:
1657:
1647:
1628:
1623:Rhamnus saxatilis
1618:
1608:
1598:
1588:
1578:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1467:
1462:Rhamnus prinoides
1457:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1408:
1398:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1338:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1298:
1293:Rhamnus nigricans
1288:
1278:
1268:
1263:Rhamnus nakaharae
1258:
1248:
1234:
1229:Rhamnus mongolica
1224:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1170:
1156:
1145:
1140:Rhamnus lycioides
1131:
1121:
1116:Rhamnus lojaconoi
1111:
1101:
1096:Rhamnus liboensis
1090:
1080:
1070:
1060:
1046:
1036:
1025:
1015:
1005:
995:
985:
980:Rhamnus kayacikii
975:
965:
954:
944:
934:
933:Miyabe & Kudô
924:
909:
899:
889:
884:Rhamnus imeretina
879:
865:
855:
845:
835:
825:
815:
805:
795:– Lokao buckthorn
794:
784:
774:
764:
754:
740:
730:
725:Rhamnus formosana
720:
710:
700:
690:
680:
670:
665:Rhamnus dumetorum
660:
650:
649:Ehrenb. ex Boiss.
640:
630:
619:
609:
599:
594:Rhamnus daliensis
589:
573:
550:
540:
535:Rhamnus crenulata
530:
520:
510:
500:
490:
485:Rhamnus collettii
475:
465:
455:
445:
435:
430:Rhamnus bodinieri
425:
415:
401:
391:
381:
370:
360:
349:
344:Rhamnus alnifolia
338:
333:Rhamnus alaternus
202:, dwarf buckthorn
191:
190:
175:
3410:
3403:Dioecious plants
3358:
3357:
3345:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3319:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3296:
3295:
3283:
3282:
3270:
3269:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3243:
3234:
3233:
3221:
3220:
3218:NHMSYS0000462343
3208:
3207:
3195:
3194:
3182:
3181:
3169:
3168:
3156:
3155:
3143:
3142:
3130:
3129:
3117:
3116:
3104:
3103:
3091:
3090:
3078:
3077:
3065:
3064:
3052:
3051:
3039:
3038:
3026:
3025:
3013:
3012:
3000:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2943:
2909:
2901:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2597:, Cambridge, MA.
2588:
2587:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2465:, Cambridge, MA.
2456:
2455:
2437:
2426:
2425:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2331:
2320:
2319:
2301:
2273:
2073:, especially on
2011:invasive species
2000:Invasive species
1939:
1936:Rhamnus yoshinoi
1929:
1919:
1909:
1895:
1892:Rhamnus wilsonii
1885:Wight & Arn.
1884:
1874:
1864:
1861:Rhamnus velutina
1853:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1820:Rhamnus tortuosa
1813:
1803:
1792:
1789:Rhamnus taquetii
1782:
1772:
1762:
1752:
1742:
1727:
1717:
1707:
1696:
1686:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1603:Rhamnus rugulosa
1596:
1586:
1576:
1573:Rhamnus rhodopea
1566:
1556:
1546:
1536:
1533:Rhamnus purpurea
1526:
1516:
1513:Rhamnus punctata
1506:
1496:
1486:
1476:
1465:
1455:
1441:
1431:
1428:Rhamnus pichleri
1421:
1406:
1396:
1381:
1371:
1361:
1351:
1336:
1326:
1323:Rhamnus oleoides
1316:
1306:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1168:
1154:
1143:
1129:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1058:
1044:
1034:
1023:
1013:
1003:
993:
983:
973:
963:
960:Rhamnus javanica
952:
949:Rhamnus japonica
942:
932:
922:
907:
897:
887:
877:
863:
853:
850:Rhamnus hirtella
843:
833:
824:Merr. & Chun
823:
813:
810:Rhamnus grubovii
803:
792:
782:
772:
762:
759:Rhamnus gilgiana
752:
738:
728:
718:
708:
698:
688:
678:
668:
658:
648:
645:Rhamnus disperma
638:
628:
625:Rhamnus depressa
617:
614:Rhamnus davurica
607:
597:
587:
571:
548:
538:
528:
518:
508:
498:
488:
473:
463:
453:
450:Rhamnus bungeana
443:
433:
424:Sessé & Moc.
423:
413:
399:
389:
379:
368:
358:
347:
336:
231:, in the family
171:
65:
64:
42:
28:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3378:Rhamnus (plant)
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3312:
3304:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3278:
3273:
3265:
3260:
3252:
3247:
3239:
3237:
3229:
3224:
3216:
3211:
3203:
3198:
3190:
3185:
3177:
3172:
3164:
3159:
3151:
3146:
3138:
3133:
3125:
3120:
3112:
3107:
3099:
3094:
3086:
3081:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3029:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2950:
2935:Rhamnus diffusa
2918:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2898:
2887:
2883:
2877:Wayback Machine
2864:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2784:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2585:
2583:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2555:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2492:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2453:
2451:
2439:
2438:
2429:
2414:10.2307/4135616
2399:
2398:
2394:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2333:
2332:
2323:
2275:
2274:
2259:
2254:
2226:
2187:herbal medicine
2107:
2027:
2002:
1949:
1944:
1881:Rhamnus wightii
1871:Rhamnus virgata
1834:(Wall.) Brandis
1730:– Staddo (syn.
1693:Rhamnus smithii
1672:Rhamnus serrata
1543:Rhamnus pyrella
1378:Rhamnus persica
1348:Rhamnus papuana
1267:(Hayata) Hayata
990:Rhamnus kurdica
929:Rhamnus ishidae
789:Rhamnus globosa
635:Rhamnus diffusa
525:Rhamnus costata
495:Rhamnus cordata
320:
283:
170:
59:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3416:
3414:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3346:
3342:wfo-4000032872
3333:
3320:
3310:
3297:
3284:
3271:
3258:
3245:
3235:
3222:
3209:
3196:
3183:
3170:
3157:
3144:
3131:
3118:
3105:
3092:
3079:
3066:
3053:
3040:
3027:
3014:
3001:
2991:
2976:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2927:
2917:
2916:External links
2914:
2911:
2910:
2896:
2881:
2858:
2846:
2825:
2810:
2793:
2766:
2745:
2721:
2693:
2668:
2643:
2616:(3): 420–430.
2600:
2564:
2537:Rhamnus crocea
2526:
2501:
2468:
2449:Flora of China
2427:
2408:(2): 383–390.
2392:
2369:
2321:
2284:(8): 925–937.
2256:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2237:
2225:
2222:
2106:
2103:
2055:Aphis glycines
2026:
2023:
2001:
1998:
1970:Rhamnus crocea
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1912:
1898:
1888:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1850:Rhamnus utilis
1846:
1836:
1826:
1816:
1806:
1796:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1735:
1724:Rhamnus staddo
1720:
1710:
1700:
1689:
1679:
1668:
1658:
1656:(Kom.) Kamelin
1648:
1638:
1635:R. infectorius
1619:
1609:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1559:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1519:
1509:
1503:Rhamnus pumila
1499:
1489:
1479:
1469:
1458:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1409:– (endemic to
1399:
1389:
1374:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1329:
1319:
1313:Rhamnus nitida
1309:
1299:
1289:
1279:
1269:
1259:
1249:
1235:
1225:
1219:Rhamnus mollis
1215:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1171:
1157:
1147:
1136:
1122:
1112:
1102:
1092:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1016:
1006:
996:
986:
976:
966:
956:
945:
935:
925:
911:
900:
890:
880:
866:
856:
846:
836:
826:
816:
806:
796:
785:
775:
765:
755:
753:Kárpáti ex Soó
741:
731:
721:
711:
705:Rhamnus fallax
701:
691:
681:
671:
661:
651:
641:
631:
621:
610:
600:
590:
580:
579:
578:
564:Rhamnus crocea
545:Rhamnus crocea
541:
531:
521:
511:
501:
491:
481:
478:R. catharticus
466:
456:
446:
436:
426:
416:
402:
392:
382:
372:
365:Rhamnus arguta
361:
355:Rhamnus alpina
351:
340:
328:
319:
316:
282:
279:
199:Rhamnus pumila
189:
188:
182:
181:
177:
176:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
116:
115:
110:
103:
102:
97:
90:
89:
84:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3415:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2889:William Lewis
2885:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2797:
2794:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2710:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2565:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2527:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2446:
2444:
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2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
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2384:
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2373:
2370:
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2361:
2357:
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2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2230:Sea buckthorn
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:Spina Cervina
2172:
2171:Spina Cervina
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2154:R. cathartica
2149:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2139:Persian berry
2136:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2099:R. lanceolata
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:soybean aphid
2048:
2044:
2043:United States
2040:
2036:
2035:R. cathartica
2032:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1954:has a nearly
1953:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:R. rhodesicus
1726:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:R. infectoria
1625:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1583:Rhamnus rosei
1580:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1132:– endemic to
1128:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1001:
997:
992:
991:
987:
982:
981:
977:
972:
971:
967:
962:
961:
957:
951:
950:
946:
941:
940:
936:
931:
930:
926:
921:
920:
916:
912:
906:
905:
901:
896:
895:
891:
886:
885:
881:
876:
875:
871:
867:
862:
861:
857:
852:
851:
847:
842:
841:
837:
832:
831:
827:
822:
821:
817:
812:
811:
807:
802:
801:
797:
791:
790:
786:
781:
780:
776:
771:
770:
766:
761:
760:
756:
751:
750:
746:
742:
737:
736:
732:
727:
726:
722:
717:
716:
712:
707:
706:
702:
697:
696:
692:
687:
686:
682:
677:
676:
672:
667:
666:
662:
657:
656:
652:
647:
646:
642:
637:
636:
632:
627:
626:
622:
616:
615:
611:
606:
605:
604:Rhamnus darii
601:
596:
595:
591:
586:
585:
581:
577:
570:
569:
565:
561:
560:
558:
554:
547:
546:
542:
537:
536:
532:
527:
526:
522:
517:
516:
512:
507:
506:
502:
497:
496:
492:
487:
486:
482:
479:
472:
471:
467:
462:
461:
457:
452:
451:
447:
442:
441:
437:
432:
431:
427:
422:
421:
417:
412:
411:
407:
403:
398:
397:
393:
388:
387:
386:Rhamnus aurea
383:
378:
377:
373:
367:
366:
362:
357:
356:
352:
346:
345:
341:
335:
334:
330:
329:
327:
325:
317:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
280:
278:
276:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
255:
250:
249:South America
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:
201:
200:
195:
187:
183:
178:
174:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:Tracheophytes
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
51:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
2955:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2905:
2899:
2884:
2861:
2854:Phil. trans.
2853:
2849:
2838:. Retrieved
2828:
2819:
2813:
2803:
2796:
2785:. Retrieved
2778:
2769:
2758:. Retrieved
2748:
2737:. Retrieved
2734:ScienceDaily
2733:
2724:
2712:. Retrieved
2708:
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2680:
2671:
2659:. Retrieved
2655:
2646:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2584:. Retrieved
2580:
2574:
2567:
2556:. Retrieved
2546:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:
2504:
2493:. Retrieved
2483:
2478:
2471:
2452:. Retrieved
2448:
2442:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2339:
2335:
2299:11299/175602
2281:
2277:
2245:
2239:
2229:
2217:
2216:The species
2215:
2208:
2196:
2195:is known as
2193:R. prinoides
2192:
2191:
2174:
2170:
2152:
2150:
2143:
2134:R. saxatilis
2132:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2079:
2075:Hauraki Gulf
2067:R. alaternus
2066:
2054:
2034:
2028:
2018:
2015:
2004:
2003:
1993:R. prinoides
1991:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1947:Distribution
1934:
1924:
1914:
1906:woloszczakii
1905:
1901:
1896:C.K.Schneid.
1890:
1879:
1869:
1859:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1787:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1747:
1737:
1731:
1722:
1712:
1702:
1691:
1681:
1670:
1660:
1650:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1617:C.K.Schneid.
1611:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1571:
1561:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1491:
1481:
1471:
1460:
1452:pissjaukovae
1451:
1447:
1436:
1426:
1416:
1401:
1391:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1346:
1331:
1321:
1311:
1301:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1242:
1238:
1227:
1217:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1160:
1149:
1138:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1083:
1079:C.K.Schneid.
1073:
1069:C.K.Schneid.
1063:
1054:
1050:
1039:
1029:
1018:
1014:C.K.Schneid.
1008:
998:
988:
978:
968:
958:
947:
943:C.K.Schneid.
937:
927:
918:
914:
902:
892:
882:
873:
869:
864:C.K.Schneid.
858:
848:
838:
834:C.K.Schneid.
828:
818:
808:
798:
787:
777:
767:
757:
748:
744:
733:
723:
713:
703:
693:
683:
673:
669:C.K.Schneid.
663:
653:
643:
633:
623:
612:
602:
592:
582:
575:
567:
563:
556:
552:
543:
533:
523:
513:
503:
493:
483:
477:
468:
458:
448:
438:
428:
418:
409:
405:
394:
384:
374:
363:
353:
342:
331:
321:
305:, or cymose
290:
285:
284:
263:
252:
243:in parts of
228:
207:
206:
205:
197:
185:
166:
165:
119:
106:
93:
80:
47:
31:
25:
3161:iNaturalist
2980:Wikispecies
2931:Chilebosque
2677:"Buckthorn"
2342:(1): 1–11.
2179:black alder
2071:New Zealand
1783:J.J.Vassil.
1297:Hand.-Mazz.
1155:J.J.Vassil.
739:F.P.Metcalf
509:Hand.-Mazz.
454:J.J.Vassil.
281:Description
259:naturalized
100:Angiosperms
3372:Categories
2840:2013-05-07
2787:2013-05-07
2760:2013-05-07
2739:2020-04-20
2586:2013-05-07
2558:2024-03-09
2541:ilicifolia
2495:2023-02-11
2454:2013-05-07
2252:References
2039:introduced
1456:O.A.Popova
1165:mehreganii
919:intermedia
910:– moralito
814:I.M.Turner
679:Hoffmanns.
574:– synonym
568:ilicifolia
311:Calyx tube
233:Rhamnaceae
229:buckthorns
146:Rhamnaceae
3393:Laxatives
3083:FloraBase
2630:1095-5674
2364:199453600
2356:2662-4060
2308:1573-1464
2234:Hippophae
2163:purgative
2128:R. utilis
2077:islands.
2041:into the
1547:O.Schwarz
1411:Sri Lanka
1343:buckthorn
1317:P.H.Davis
1243:mulleyana
1055:lemaniana
301:, cymose
295:dioecious
270:evergreen
266:deciduous
223:or small
186:See text
70:Kingdom:
3324:VicFlora
3313:VASCAN:
3306:40024272
3301:Tropicos
3044:eFloraSA
2965:Wikidata
2873:Archived
2638:86023237
2316:10701363
2241:Frangula
2224:See also
2201:Ethiopia
2183:dogberry
2167:Linnaeus
2159:European
2031:invasive
1988:venation
1984:dogwoods
1773:Lauterb.
1743:C.B.Wolf
1708:Gontsch.
1646:Lauterb.
1597:E.Pritz.
1422:C.B.Rob.
1372:R.Parker
1352:Lauterb.
1307:Y.L.Chen
1287:Lauterb.
1179:mercieri
1134:Mallorca
1120:Raimondo
1100:Y.F.Deng
1045:Lauterb.
1035:D.K.Zang
763:Heppeler
659:Gontsch.
608:Govaerts
410:bermejoi
390:Heppeler
307:panicles
180:Species
156:Rhamneae
142:Family:
113:Eudicots
3192:1378632
3179:33514-1
3140:3039471
3114:Rhamnus
3049:Rhamnus
2986:Rhamnus
2956:Rhamnus
2924:Rhamnus
2879:, p.134
2575:Rhamnus
2539:subsp.
2479:Rhamnus
2443:Rhamnus
2422:4135616
2246:Rhamnus
2207:called
2091:fungus
2063:soybean
2025:Ecology
1952:Rhamnus
1910:Kárpáti
1902:Rhamnus
1728:A.Rich.
1687:Schult.
1557:Z.Y.Zhu
1448:Rhamnus
1247:Fritsch
1239:Rhamnus
1175:Rhamnus
1161:Rhamnus
1051:Rhamnus
915:Rhamnus
874:hybrida
870:Rhamnus
783:Sommier
745:Rhamnus
729:Matsum.
566:subsp.
464:R.Fern.
406:Rhamnus
318:Species
303:racemes
291:Rhamnus
286:Rhamnus
217:species
208:Rhamnus
167:Rhamnus
162:Genus:
152:Tribe:
136:Rosales
132:Order:
74:Plantae
32:Rhamnus
3355:426043
3275:PLANTS
3254:329914
3238:NZOR:
3127:128246
3101:128246
3023:101005
3010:113338
2997:194353
2994:APDB:
2971:Q79190
2937:images
2782:(GISD)
2714:27 May
2686:27 May
2661:9 July
2636:
2628:
2519:27 May
2420:
2362:
2354:
2314:
2306:
2082:larvae
2047:garden
1940:Makino
1865:Boiss.
1854:Decne.
1804:Bornm.
1697:Greene
1607:Hemsl.
1577:Velen.
1537:Edgew.
1517:Boiss.
1477:Edgew.
1466:L'Hér.
1382:Boiss.
1337:Bornm.
1257:Willk.
1213:K.M.Li
1193:Boiss.
1130:Chodat
1089:Boiss.
974:Makino
953:Maxim.
878:L'Hér.
854:Boiss.
804:C.Y.Wu
749:gayeri
709:Boiss.
699:H.Lév.
629:Grubov
557:pilosa
553:crocea
529:Maxim.
444:C.Y.Wu
434:H.Lév.
400:Grubov
369:Maxim.
348:L'Hér.
275:drupes
245:Africa
221:shrubs
126:Rosids
3350:WoRMS
3280:RHAMN
3267:54702
3205:28561
3187:IRMNG
3166:54812
3153:10359
3109:FoAO2
3088:21735
3075:1RHAG
3062:32785
2933:.cu:
2705:(PDF)
2634:S2CID
2418:JSTOR
2402:Taxon
2360:S2CID
2312:S2CID
2197:gesho
2057:), a
2045:as a
1875:Roxb.
1763:Ridl.
1753:Merr.
1627:Jacq.
1507:Turra
1497:Merr.
1397:Moris
1362:Bunge
1341:Orjen
1223:Merr.
1203:Engl.
1183:Briq.
1059:Briq.
1024:Pursh
844:Oliv.
793:Bunge
773:Aiton
689:Pall.
618:Pall.
549:Nutt.
539:Aiton
499:Medw.
299:cymes
264:Both
225:trees
213:genus
211:is a
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
81:Clade
3316:1615
3288:POWO
3231:3609
3226:NCBI
3200:ITIS
3174:IPNI
3148:GRIN
3135:GBIF
3070:EPPO
3036:78CD
3018:BOLD
3005:APNI
2716:2019
2688:2019
2663:2018
2626:ISSN
2521:2019
2352:ISSN
2304:ISSN
2205:mead
2181:and
2123:dyes
2105:Uses
2061:for
2059:pest
2037:was
1814:Pit.
1386:Iran
964:Miq.
639:Clos
268:and
247:and
3337:WFO
3213:NBN
3122:FoC
3096:FNA
3057:EoL
3031:CoL
2618:doi
2614:134
2481:L."
2410:doi
2387:111
2344:doi
2294:hdl
2286:doi
2232:or
2210:tej
2199:in
2169:as
2089:oat
1487:Sm.
908:DC.
219:of
3374::
3352::
3339::
3326::
3303::
3290::
3277::
3264::
3251::
3228::
3215::
3202::
3189::
3176::
3163::
3150::
3137::
3124::
3111::
3098::
3085::
3072::
3059::
3046::
3033::
3020::
3007::
2982::
2967::
2891:,
2868:,
2777:.
2732:.
2707:.
2679:.
2654:.
2632:.
2624:.
2612:.
2579:.
2551:.
2545:.
2512:.
2488:.
2447:.
2430:^
2416:.
2406:53
2404:.
2385:.
2381:.
2358:.
2350:.
2340:20
2338:.
2324:^
2310:.
2302:.
2292:.
2280:.
2260:^
2213:.
2148:.
2125:.
1904:×
1633:,
1450:×
1339:–
1327:L.
1241:×
1177:×
1163:×
1144:L.
1053:×
917:×
898:L.
872:×
747:×
559:)
474:L.
408:×
359:L.
337:L.
261:.
173:L.
122::
109::
96::
83::
2843:.
2790:.
2763:.
2742:.
2718:.
2690:.
2665:.
2640:.
2620::
2577:"
2573:"
2561:.
2535:"
2523:.
2498:.
2477:"
2445:"
2441:"
2424:.
2412::
2366:.
2346::
2318:.
2296::
2288::
2282:9
2053:(
1734:)
1637:)
1413:)
1388:)
480:)
23:.
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