33:
238:
77:
798:, but is generally no longer used for this purpose on account of the fruit's violent action and potentially dangerous effects on the body. It also appeared to be routinely used as a purgative in some monastic settings, as was clear from the latrine pits of the Benedictine Abbey at St Albans excavated in the 1920s, where great numbers of buckthorn seeds were found mixed up with the fragments of cloth used by the monks as lavatory paper
733:
52:
716:. A current map of its distribution can be found at Early Detection and Distribution Mapping System (EDDmapS). This species is largely bird-dispersed, but only a subset of bird species that eat the fruit are competent dispersers. It is winter hardy in USDA zones: 3 to 8. It is a prohibited species in a few US states;
692:
Soils enriched by extra nitrogen from decayed buckthorn leaves and additional earthworm activity have a negative impact on North
American forest ecosystems: "Invasive earthworms, which need rich litter, break down rapidly, destroying beneficial fungi and exposing bare soils in the process. These
777:
Mechanical control methods such as pulling and chopping of plants are more environmentally friendly, but also very time-consuming. Plants with stems less than half an inch in diameter or less than a metre (3') tall can easily be pulled, but pulling risks disturbing the roots of adjacent, native
953:
Torrey, J. (1824). A flora of the northern and middle sections of the United States: or, a systematic arrangement of all the plants hitherto discovered in the United States north of
Virginia. Vol 1. New York:T. and J. Swords, pp.
753:
application to newly cut stumps is a popular and effective control method, but seeds stay viable in the soil for several years before sprouting, so repeated treatments and long-term monitoring of infested areas is required.
1780:
452:, who disperse the seeds in their droppings. The toxins cause stomach cramps and laxative effects that may function in seed dispersal. The chemical compounds responsible for this laxative effect are
641:
has a competitive advantage over native trees and shrubs in North
America because of root competition, the shade it produces, and it leafs out before native species. Of the annual carbon gain in
724:
making it illegal to import, sell, or transport the plant, Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, also restrict or ban the plant, and Vermont lists it as a Class B noxious weed.
693:
soils provide ideal conditions for buckthorn germination and seedling growth but many native trees and shrubs need the beneficial fungi and will not reproduce without it."
358: in) broad; they are green, turning yellow in autumn, have toothed margins, and are arranged somewhat variably in opposite to subopposite pairs or alternately. The
1688:
1610:
1316:
987:
2325:
1920:
1765:
EDDMapS. 2019. Early
Detection & Distribution Mapping System. The University of Georgia - Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. Available online at
766:
can be used but is less reliable. An application of these chemicals in early winter reduces the risk of negatively affecting non-target species, as most have gone
778:
plants and harming them as well. Propane weed-torches may also be used to kill seedlings, which will generally not resprout if burned in spring or early summer.
2426:
2611:
1703:
572:
significantly avoid eating unripe fruits, and if forced to ingest emodin or unripe fruit, the animals regurgitate the meal or produce loose, watery stools.
2070:
1551:
1023:
749:
is difficult to control in its invasive range, because it sprouts vigorously and repeatedly from the root collar following cutting, girdling or burning.
2250:
2351:
2276:
2080:
1630:
1478:
1469:
1067:
560:, have been found in the fruit, leaves, and bark of the plant, and may protect it from insects, herbivores and pathogens. The emodin present in
482:
neurological disease in horses, although no causative agent was officially identified. In trials where rodents were fed the leaves and stems of
2511:
1905:
1517:
2656:
2004:
1954:
564:
fruit may prevent early consumption, as it is found most in unripe fruits, which allows seeds to reach maturity before being dispersed.
1338:
2651:
2056:
2020:
1988:
1114:
1093:
1648:"Interactions of an introduced shrub and introduced earthworms in an Illinois urban woodland: impact on leaf litter decomposition"
2636:
2263:
2312:
1127:
2641:
2631:
2392:
2490:
1826:
2356:
2413:
1474:
1927:
1968:
1781:"Birds that Eat Nonnative Buckthorn Fruit (Rhamnus cathartica and Frangula alnus, Rhamnaceae) in Eastern North America"
32:
2537:
2338:
2162:
1850:
1419:
1492:
286:. It was introduced to North America as an ornamental shrub in the early 19th century or perhaps before, and is now
2524:
1742:
2646:
2621:
2431:
2387:
1586:
1294:
533:. Crown rust fungus results in leaf damage and reductions in photosynthesis during its transit in this species.
76:
2626:
2616:
1031:
924:
626:
287:
2529:
316:
or small tree growing up to 10 metres (33 ft) tall, with grey-brown bark and often thorny branches. The
2237:
1647:
2242:
2229:
2133:
509:
is shade-tolerant, moderately fast-growing and short-lived. It is a food plant of the brimstone butterfly,
2224:
2177:
2095:
2062:
610:
2167:
1682:
1604:
1310:
981:
193:
2281:
2076:
1627:
1464:
1275:
846:
515:. The sulphur-yellow males are indicative of the presence of this species or of its alternative host,
2198:
1718:
1662:
1438:
1357:
795:
2475:
553:
237:
41:
2405:
2583:
2516:
1808:
1734:
1578:
1383:
1337:
Kathleen S. Knight; Jessica S. Kurylo; Anton G. Endress; J. Ryan
Stewart; Peter B. Reich (2007).
1298:
1202:
936:
217:
71:
2575:
2480:
1418:
Liam
Heneghan; Farrah Fatemi; Lauren Umek; Kevin Grady; Kristen Fagen; Margaret Workman (2006).
770:
by this time. It is also easier to spot infestations at this time of the year, as the leaves of
2330:
2025:
617:
performs well in such disturbed habitats, so this may be adaptive for the setting of its seed.
537:
is also the primary overwintering host in North
America for a significant agricultural pest of
2452:
2369:
2185:
1984:
1901:
1800:
1513:
1507:
1256:
1194:
1110:
1089:
1001:
928:
529:
511:
1766:
1506:
Ravinder Kumar Kohli; Shibu Jose; Harminder Pal Singh; Daizy Rani Batish (9 September 2008).
2457:
1792:
1726:
1670:
1570:
1446:
1373:
1365:
1290:
1248:
1186:
920:
841:
413:
2304:
882:
2439:
2084:
1634:
1391:
363:
267:
170:
114:
823:
2503:
2053:, Biological and Control Information from the Ontario Invading Species Awareness Program
1722:
1666:
1442:
1361:
732:
2498:
646:
630:
517:
403:
291:
101:
2605:
2364:
968:
L.: A threat to riparian plant communities of the northern
Allegheny plateau (USA)".
868:
832:
736:
697:
634:
606:
597:
of other plant species in the soil. Soils in buckthorn-dominated areas are higher in
542:
453:
421:
275:
209:
61:
56:
1874:
1812:
1738:
1582:
1387:
1302:
1206:
2588:
2190:
2050:
740:
721:
649:
occurring before the leaves of other plants emerge. Soil in woodlands dominated by
579:
461:
2268:
2144:
2542:
2379:
1674:
1450:
909:"Rhamnus cathartica: Native and Naturalized Distribution and Habitat Preferences"
762:
and their derivatives have been found to be effective chemical means of control.
2565:
2467:
2418:
2400:
2289:
2127:
1055:
701:
594:
590:
1190:
1730:
1369:
1223:
Sulaiman Eve, Hassan Y; Runno-Paurson; Kaurilind, Eve; Niinemets, Ülo (2023).
964:
Possessky, S. L., Williams, C. E., Moriarty, W. J. (2000). "Glossy
Buckthorn,
763:
479:
283:
274:. It is native to Europe, northwest Africa and western Asia, from the central
271:
160:
2118:
1804:
932:
2211:
791:
755:
750:
717:
709:
705:
681:
491:
310:
306:
2555:
2343:
1260:
1252:
1198:
2550:
2154:
2112:
1796:
1229:) infection on photosynthesis and volatile emissions in the primary host
1051:
767:
759:
713:
670:
654:
598:
583:
495:
487:
127:
2444:
1574:
1378:
1010:
County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
940:
908:
2255:
689:
led to a decrease of around 50% in the biomass of invasive earthworms.
538:
279:
150:
1224:
2294:
907:
Kurylo, J. S.; Knight, K. S.; Stewart, J. R.; Endress, A. G. (2007).
602:
557:
457:
445:
359:
140:
2089:
1556:) and its effect on some ecosystem properties in an urban woodland"
2317:
2216:
731:
565:
371:
367:
313:
236:
88:
1704:"Removal of invasive shrubs reduces exotic earthworm populations"
1024:"Common Buckthorn | Ontario's Invading Species Awareness Program"
1550:
Heneghan, L., Rauschenberg, C., Fatemi, F., Workman, M. (2004).
569:
527:
is the alternate host for the rust disease of cereals caused by
449:
395:
317:
2203:
2093:
490:
metabolism became abnormal and glycogen deposits formed in the
290:
in the northern half of the continent, and is classified as an
802:
696:
Common buckthorn can be found in most northern states of the
494:
of liver cells. Abnormalities in glycogen metabolism lead to
16:
Species of flowering plant in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae
2077:"Invasive Species—Best Control Practices, Common Buckthorn."
1628:"Invasive Species—Best Control Practices, Common Buckthorn."
661:
and water content than soil in woodlands relatively free of
448:
for humans and most other animals, but are readily eaten by
1295:
10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097[0204:sabina]2.0.co;2
658:
1875:"Plants Profile for Rhamnus cathartica (common buckthorn)"
1424:, L.) alters soil properties in Midwestern U.S. woodlands"
925:
10.3159/1095-5674(2007)134[420:RCNAND]2.0.CO;2
774:
stay out an average of 58 days longer than native plants.
685:
spp.) in the northern Midwest of North America. Removing
411:
may be visually confused with a plant of another family,
1702:
Michael D. Madritch & Richard L. Lindroth (2009).
1173:
Lichtensteiger, C; Johnston, N.; Beasley, V. (1997). "
679:
is also associated with invasive European earthworms (
1413:
1411:
1150:
Gale, Samuel (2000). "Control of the invasive exotic
869:"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"
1897:
Barnes, Burton V. and Wagner Jr., Warren H. (2004).
1339:"Ecology and ecosystem impacts of common buckthorn (
2102:
1052:
Citizen science observations for Rhamnus cathartica
673:in its leaves and these leaves decompose rapidly.
366:and insect pollinated and bloom in April–June. The
847:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T61957125A128942433.en
801:The wood is hard and dense, and the bark yields a
2069:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
2005:"Invasive Plants of Wisconsin Common Buckthorn (
1540:complex. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin.
1274:Ragsdale, D., Voegtlin, D., O'Neil, R. (2004).
1012:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
362:are yellowish-green with four petals; they are
1283:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
1177:(buckthorn) hepatocellular toxicity in mice".
1646:Heneghan, L., Steffen, J., Fagen, K. (2007).
294:in several US states and in Ontario, Canada.
8:
1687:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1609:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1315:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
986:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2071:United States National Agricultural Library
1532:Barnes, W. J. (1972) The autecology of the
1491:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources:
1086:Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles
913:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
593:, roots, bark, leaves and fruit may reduce
394: in) across, and contains two to four
2090:
2079:Michigan Department of Natural Resources.
1626:Michigan Department of Natural Resources:
1218:
1216:
50:
31:
20:
1855:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
1377:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
887:Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States
845:
609:rates of leaf litter. This can result in
1967:naturalmedicinalherbs.net. Available at
1420:"The invasive shrub European buckthorn (
1276:"Soybean aphid biology in North America"
700:and it is particularly prevalent in the
436:is treated as being of feminine gender.
1949:
1947:
1915:
1913:
1622:
1620:
1479:United States Department of Agriculture
1470:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
814:
320:are elliptic to oval, 25–90 mm (1–
1680:
1602:
1308:
1154:in temperate North American forests".
979:
1926:. USDA Forest Service. Archived from
1509:Invasive Plants and Forest Ecosystems
478:was implicated in the outbreak of an
428:, but this spelling was corrected to
7:
2063:Species Profile - Common Buckthorn (
1225:"Differential impact of crown rust (
576:is a constitutive isoprene emitter
420:The species was originally named by
266:, is a species of small tree in the
2612:IUCN Red List least concern species
1921:"Common Buckthorn Glossy Buckthorn"
1827:"Rhamnus cathartica - Plant Finder"
833:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
822:Barstow, M.; Rivers, M.C. (2018) .
605:than normal soils, which speeds up
2059:, Ontario Invasive Species Council
1156:Restoration and Reclamation Review
334: in) long and 12–35 mm (
14:
2021:University of Wisconsin Extension
1769:; last accessed October 27, 2019.
2530:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:718256-1
2057:Most Unwanted – Common Buckthorn
444:The seeds and leaves are mildly
75:
2024:. June 16, 2010. Archived from
1831:www.missouribotanicalgarden.org
739:made from common buckthorn and
1241:Journal of Experimental Botany
1:
1475:Agricultural Research Service
1088:8th ed., vol. 3. John Murray
1675:10.1016/j.pedobi.2006.10.002
1512:. CRC Press. pp. 436–.
1494:Buckthorn – Invasive Species
1451:10.1016/j.apsoil.2005.03.009
2657:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1107:Trees of Britain and Europe
401:In addition to the kindred
2673:
1191:10.1177/019262339702500503
1779:Craves, Julie A. (2015).
1767:"http://www.eddmaps.org/"
1731:10.1007/s10530-008-9281-7
1370:10.1007/s10530-007-9091-3
840:: e.T61957125A128942433.
720:lists it as a Restricted
223:
216:
199:
192:
72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
2652:Plants described in 1753
2637:Flora of temperate Asia
1233:and the alternate host
1028:www.invadingspecies.com
1983:. Sinclair-Stevenson.
1563:Ecological Restoration
1105:Rushforth, K. (1999).
786:The bark and fruit of
743:
471:refer to this effect.
242:
2642:Butterfly food plants
2632:Flora of North Africa
1970:(Accessed 10/07/2022)
1953:Plants for a Future:
1785:Natural Areas Journal
1552:"European buckthorn (
1179:Toxicologic Pathology
970:Natural Areas Journal
735:
240:
226:Cervispina cathartica
2051:Invading Species.com
2009:) Glossy Buckthorn (
1797:10.3375/043.035.0208
1711:Biological Invasions
1465:"Rhamnus cathartica"
1431:Applied Soil Ecology
1350:Biological Invasions
1126:Flora of NW Europe:
1084:Bean, W. J. (1980).
883:"European Buckthorn"
796:traditional medicine
645:, 27–35% comes from
611:bare patches of soil
467:and the common name
2031:on February 7, 2022
1723:2009BiInv..11..663M
1667:2007Pedob..50..543H
1575:10.3368/er.22.4.275
1443:2006AppSE..32..142H
1362:2007BiInv...9..925K
1253:10.1093/jxb/erad001
1068:"Purging buckthorn"
772:R. catharticus
669:has high levels of
665:, probably because
554:Secondary compounds
426:Rhamnus catharticus
370:is a globose black
42:Conservation status
2481:Rhamnus cathartica
2468:Rhamnus_cathartica
2134:Rhamnus cathartica
2104:Rhamnus cathartica
2083:2020-10-18 at the
2065:Rhamnus cathartica
2007:Rhamnus cathartica
1956:Rhamnus cathartica
1633:2020-10-18 at the
1554:Rhamnus cathartica
1422:Rhamnus cathartica
1341:Rhamnus cathartica
1175:Rhamnus cathartica
1152:Rhamnus cathartica
1129:Rhamnus cathartica
1004:Rhamnus cathartica
826:Rhamnus cathartica
788:Rhamnus cathartica
747:Rhamnus cathartica
744:
687:R. cathartica
677:Rhamnus cathartica
667:R. cathartica
663:R. cathartica
651:R. cathartica
643:R. cathartica
639:Rhamnus cathartica
615:R. cathartica
588:R. cathartica
574:Rhamnus cathartica
562:R. cathartica
535:Rhamnus cathartica
525:Rhamnus cathartica
507:Rhamnus cathartica
484:R. cathartica
476:R. cathartica
432:as the genus name
409:Rhamnus cathartica
303:Rhamnus cathartica
252:European buckthorn
247:Rhamnus cathartica
243:
203:Rhamnus cathartica
185:R. cathartica
25:Rhamnus cathartica
2599:
2598:
2453:Open Tree of Life
2096:Taxon identifiers
1906:978-0-472-08921-5
1519:978-1-4200-4338-9
1227:Puccinia coronata
613:being formed and
530:Puccinia coronata
512:Gonepteryx rhamni
469:purging buckthorn
260:purging buckthorn
235:
234:
230:
65:
2664:
2647:Medicinal plants
2622:Dioecious plants
2592:
2591:
2579:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2546:
2545:
2533:
2532:
2520:
2519:
2507:
2506:
2494:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2471:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2435:
2434:
2422:
2421:
2419:NBNSYS0000003198
2409:
2408:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2359:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2333:
2321:
2320:
2308:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2285:
2284:
2272:
2271:
2259:
2258:
2246:
2245:
2233:
2232:
2220:
2219:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2158:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2091:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2017:
1991:
1981:Flora Britannica
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1908:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1741:. Archived from
1708:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1585:. Archived from
1560:
1547:
1541:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1428:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1390:. Archived from
1381:
1347:
1334:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1247:(6): 2029–2046.
1235:Rhamnus frangula
1220:
1211:
1210:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1147:
1132:
1124:
1118:
1103:
1097:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1030:. Archived from
1020:
1014:
1013:
998:
992:
991:
985:
977:
966:Rhamnus frangula
961:
955:
951:
945:
944:
904:
898:
897:
895:
893:
879:
873:
872:
865:
859:
858:
856:
854:
849:
819:
621:Invasive species
414:Cornus sanguinea
393:
392:
388:
383:
382:
378:
374:, 6–10 mm (
357:
356:
352:
349:
343:
342:
338:
333:
332:
328:
325:
256:common buckthorn
228:
205:
80:
79:
59:
54:
53:
35:
21:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2627:Flora of Europe
2617:Rhamnus (plant)
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2464:
2456:
2451:
2443:
2440:Observation.org
2438:
2430:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2377:MichiganFlora:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2301:
2293:
2288:
2280:
2275:
2267:
2262:
2254:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2228:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2202:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2176:
2174:
2166:
2161:
2153:
2151:
2143:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2098:
2085:Wayback Machine
2047:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2015:
2003:
2000:
1998:Further reading
1995:
1994:
1979:Mabey R. 1996.
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1896:
1892:
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2045:External links
2043:
2042:
2041:
2011:Frangula alnus
1999:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1972:
1960:
1943:
1909:
1899:Michigan Trees
1890:
1866:
1842:
1818:
1791:(2): 279–287.
1771:
1758:
1717:(3): 663–671.
1694:
1661:(6): 543–551.
1638:
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1569:(4): 275–280.
1542:
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1437:(1): 142–148.
1407:
1356:(8): 925–937.
1322:
1289:(2): 204–208.
1266:
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1185:(5): 449–452.
1165:
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1098:
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1072:Woodlang Trust
1059:
1044:
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956:
946:
919:(3): 420–430.
899:
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783:
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729:
726:
653:was higher in
647:photosynthesis
622:
619:
550:
547:
518:Frangula alnus
503:
500:
441:
438:
404:Frangula alnus
299:
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292:invasive plant
282:, and east to
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2014:
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1989:1-85-619377-2
1986:
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1933:on 2015-07-01
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1748:on 2011-07-21
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1592:on 2014-05-25
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1397:on 2017-03-16
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1115:0-00-220013-9
1112:
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1094:0-7195-2427-X
1091:
1087:
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1078:
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1048:
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1034:on 2016-12-22
1033:
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737:Cutting board
734:
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723:
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698:United States
694:
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656:
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635:North America
632:
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620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
607:decomposition
604:
600:
596:
592:
589:
585:
581:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
548:
546:
544:
543:soybean aphid
540:
536:
532:
531:
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522:
520:
519:
514:
513:
508:
501:
499:
497:
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489:
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466:
463:
459:
455:
454:anthraquinone
451:
447:
439:
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431:
427:
423:
422:Carl Linnaeus
418:
416:
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276:British Isles
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257:
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239:
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195:
194:Binomial name
191:
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159:
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102:Tracheophytes
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
78:
73:
69:
63:
58:
57:Least Concern
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2103:
2064:
2033:. Retrieved
2026:the original
2019:
2010:
2006:
1980:
1975:
1963:
1955:
1935:. Retrieved
1928:the original
1898:
1893:
1882:. Retrieved
1878:
1869:
1858:. Retrieved
1854:
1845:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:
1821:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1761:
1750:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1714:
1710:
1697:
1683:cite journal
1658:
1655:Pedobiologia
1654:
1641:
1605:cite journal
1594:. Retrieved
1587:the original
1566:
1562:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1487:
1468:
1459:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1399:. Retrieved
1392:the original
1379:11299/175602
1353:
1349:
1343:): a review"
1340:
1311:cite journal
1286:
1282:
1269:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:Avena sativa
1230:
1226:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1128:
1122:
1106:
1101:
1085:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1047:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:the original
1027:
1018:
1009:
1003:
996:
982:cite journal
973:
969:
965:
959:
949:
916:
912:
902:
890:. Retrieved
886:
877:
863:
851:. Retrieved
837:
831:
825:
817:
800:
787:
785:
776:
771:
746:
745:
741:Norway maple
722:noxious weed
695:
691:
686:
680:
676:
675:
666:
662:
650:
642:
638:
633:in parts of
624:
614:
587:
580:Allelopathic
578:
573:
561:
552:
534:
528:
524:
523:
516:
510:
506:
505:
483:
475:
473:
468:
464:
462:species name
443:
433:
429:
425:
419:
412:
408:
402:
400:
302:
301:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
245:
244:
225:
224:
202:
200:
184:
183:
171:
134:
121:
108:
95:
24:
18:
2504:kew-2523018
2401:NatureServe
2290:iNaturalist
2128:Wikispecies
2035:February 3,
1851:"Buckthorn"
1056:iNaturalist
892:11 February
702:Great Lakes
627:naturalised
595:germination
591:leaf litter
582:effects of
549:Allelopathy
498:in humans.
298:Description
288:naturalized
229:(L.) Moench
115:Angiosperms
2606:Categories
2573:WisFlora:
2499:Plant List
2175:Calflora:
1937:2012-12-14
1884:2020-12-20
1860:2020-12-20
1836:2020-12-20
1752:2010-10-24
1596:2012-06-20
1401:2010-01-30
1109:. Collins
1038:2016-09-12
976:: 290–292.
809:References
704:states of
480:idiopathic
465:cathartica
430:cathartica
284:Kyrgyzstan
272:Rhamnaceae
262:, or just
161:Rhamnaceae
2243:200013368
2230:200013368
1805:0885-8608
933:1095-5674
853:8 October
792:purgative
756:Triclopyr
751:Herbicide
718:Minnesota
710:Wisconsin
706:Minnesota
682:Lumbricus
492:cytoplasm
474:In 1994,
446:poisonous
364:dioecious
311:dioecious
307:deciduous
278:south to
264:buckthorn
179:Species:
85:Kingdom:
2563:VASCAN:
2556:27500016
2551:Tropicos
2465:PalDat:
2406:2.145273
2370:61957125
2331:10197947
2318:718256-1
2152:BioLib:
2113:Wikidata
2081:Archived
1813:84822462
1739:26504134
1631:Archived
1583:86141124
1534:Lonicera
1388:10701363
1303:49219867
1261:36610799
1207:37418031
941:20063933
760:picloram
714:Michigan
671:nitrogen
655:nitrogen
631:invasive
599:nitrogen
584:exudates
539:soybeans
496:diabetes
488:glycogen
440:Toxicity
218:Synonyms
157:Family:
128:Eudicots
62:IUCN 3.1
2388:MoBotPF
2256:3039491
2119:Q147861
1719:Bibcode
1663:Bibcode
1439:Bibcode
1358:Bibcode
1199:9323832
1162:: 1–13.
768:dormant
764:Roundup
728:Control
502:Ecology
434:Rhamnus
389:⁄
379:⁄
360:flowers
353:⁄
339:⁄
329:⁄
280:Morocco
270:family
172:Rhamnus
167:Genus:
151:Rosales
147:Order:
89:Plantae
60: (
2512:PLANTS
2458:904368
2393:286311
2204:582356
2168:101006
2145:152459
2142:APDB:
1987:
1904:
1811:
1803:
1737:
1581:
1516:
1386:
1301:
1259:
1205:
1197:
1113:
1092:
939:
931:
712:, and
603:carbon
558:emodin
541:, the
460:. The
458:emodin
318:leaves
250:, the
141:Rosids
2543:14452
2517:RHCA3
2488:PFI:
2357:28573
2344:46996
2326:IRMNG
2302:IPA:
2295:54811
2282:31018
2217:RHACT
2191:4RZYQ
2155:40393
2029:(PDF)
2016:(PDF)
1931:(PDF)
1924:(PDF)
1809:S2CID
1746:(PDF)
1735:S2CID
1707:(PDF)
1651:(PDF)
1590:(PDF)
1579:S2CID
1559:(PDF)
1538:bella
1427:(PDF)
1395:(PDF)
1384:S2CID
1346:(PDF)
1299:S2CID
1279:(PDF)
1203:S2CID
937:JSTOR
586:from
566:Birds
450:birds
396:seeds
372:drupe
368:fruit
314:shrub
305:is a
241:Fruit
135:Clade
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
2576:4787
2566:8597
2525:POWO
2491:3069
2476:PfaF
2445:7308
2432:3610
2427:NCBI
2380:2414
2365:IUCN
2352:ITIS
2313:IPNI
2305:3070
2277:GRIN
2264:GISD
2251:GBIF
2212:EPPO
2178:9211
2163:BOLD
2037:2022
1985:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1801:ISSN
1689:link
1611:link
1514:ISBN
1317:link
1257:PMID
1195:PMID
1111:ISBN
1090:ISBN
988:link
929:ISSN
894:2021
855:2021
838:2018
782:Uses
758:and
629:and
601:and
570:mice
568:and
456:and
2584:WFO
2538:RHS
2414:NBN
2339:ISC
2269:809
2238:FoC
2225:FNA
2199:EoL
2186:CoL
1793:doi
1727:doi
1671:doi
1571:doi
1447:doi
1374:hdl
1366:doi
1291:doi
1249:doi
1187:doi
1054:at
954:513
921:doi
917:134
842:doi
803:dye
794:in
424:as
2608::
2586::
2553::
2540::
2527::
2514::
2501::
2478::
2455::
2442::
2429::
2416::
2403::
2390::
2367::
2354::
2341::
2328::
2315::
2292::
2279::
2266::
2253::
2240::
2227::
2214::
2201::
2188::
2165::
2130::
2115::
2018:.
2013:)"
1946:^
1912:^
1877:.
1853:.
1829:.
1807:.
1799:.
1789:35
1787:.
1783:.
1733:.
1725:.
1715:11
1713:.
1709:.
1685:}}
1681:{{
1669:.
1659:50
1657:.
1653:.
1619:^
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1577:.
1567:22
1565:.
1561:.
1536:×
1477:,
1473:.
1467:.
1445:.
1435:32
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1429:.
1410:^
1382:.
1372:.
1364:.
1352:.
1348:.
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1313:}}
1309:{{
1297:.
1287:97
1285:.
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1255:.
1245:74
1243:.
1239:.
1215:^
1201:.
1193:.
1183:25
1181:.
1158:.
1136:^
1070:.
1026:.
1008:.
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