1240:
102:
1008:
Hayward, P.J.; Ryland, J.S. (Ed.) (1990). The marine fauna of the
British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK.
1137:
1176:
1239:
1281:
864:
Mitchell, Charles E.; Michael J. Melchin; Chris B. Cameron; Jörg Maletz (2012). "Phylogenetic analysis reveals that
Rhabdopleura is an extant graptolite".
947:
1111:
1150:
925:
1013:
1274:
1155:
1003:
1163:
899:
Sato, A; Rickards, RB; Holland PWH (2008). "The origins of graptolites and other pterobranchs: a journey from 'Polyzoa'".
1310:
1085:
1072:
1305:
1267:
1181:
766:
717:
799:
755:
744:
707:
1300:
1025:
733:
667:
1090:
788:
1212:
777:
645:
634:
210:
430:
1191:
678:
656:
419:
110:
463:
331:
309:
276:
1063:
573:
287:
998:
375:
342:
232:
221:
497:
397:
386:
353:
243:
118:
408:
320:
298:
265:
101:
1217:
474:
364:
1199:
1098:
1009:
982:
881:
846:
1251:
1204:
1142:
972:
908:
873:
836:
1077:
1294:
912:
877:
561:
452:
165:
153:
59:
1247:
698:
569:
484:
141:
1103:
1048:
1168:
1124:
1057:
565:
441:
34:
961:"Developmental biology of pterobranch hemichordates: history and perspectives"
79:
44:
885:
850:
841:
824:
825:"The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)"
686:
597:
577:
254:
84:
986:
1042:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
1116:
89:
64:
1129:
977:
960:
584:, the gill slits are absent and the collar has two tentaculated arms.
129:
1019:
601:
581:
936:
1023:
576:, colonial, connected with a stolon, living in clear water and
564:, which are small, worm-shaped animals, are the only surviving
588:
is the best studied pterobranch in developmental biology.
1255:
1032:
16:Order of hemichordates in the pterobranchian class
226:Ulrich & Ruedemann, 1931 ex Ruedemann, 1933
1275:
8:
1282:
1268:
1020:
948:Modern Text Book of Zoology: Invertebrates
580:tubes called tubarium. They have a single
100:
20:
976:
959:Sato, A; Bishop JDD; Holland PWH (2008).
840:
604:, containing four to six living species.
815:
7:
1236:
1234:
1192:f2ae5f53-0345-4319-a0c7-d3814a695a2b
793:Chapman, Durman & Rickards, 1995
760:Rickards, Chapman & Temple, 1984
749:Chapman, Durman & Rickards, 1995
560:is one of three orders in the class
663:— Atlantic and parts of the Pacific
1254:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
347:Kozlowski, 1938 ex Kozlowski, 1949
14:
468:Kozlowski 1938 ex Kozlowski, 1949
1238:
913:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00123.x
878:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00319.x
672:Beli, Cameron and Piraino, 2018
926:Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
600:. It has only a single extant
1:
336:Obut & Sobolevskaya, 1967
572:. Species in this order are
457:Chapman, 1917 non Hall, 1847
446:Bengtson & Urbanek, 1986
782:Durman & Sennikov, 1993
1327:
1233:
722:Jullien & Calvet, 1903
248:Chapman & Thomas, 1936
503:
496:
205:
200:
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
99:
23:
842:10.3140/bull.geosci.1465
568:. Members belong to the
829:Bulletin of Geosciences
767:Rhabdopleura kozlowskii
718:Rhabdopleura manubialis
30:Middle Cambrian–present
1250:-related article is a
668:Rhabdopleura recondita
617:Family Rhabdopleuridae
1213:Paleobiology Database
823:Maletz, Jörg (2014).
800:Rhabdopleura vistulae
756:Rhabdopleura hollandi
745:Rhabdopleura graysoni
708:Rhabdopleura grimaldi
646:Rhabdopleura compacta
641:— Indo-Pacific region
635:Rhabdopleura annulata
734:Rhabdopleura delmari
679:Rhabdopleura striata
657:Rhabdopleura normani
608:Order Rhabdopleurida
596:This small order is
111:Rhabdopleura normani
789:Rhabdopleura sinica
538:Rhabdopleuroididae
1311:Hemichordate stubs
778:Rhabdopleura obuti
540:Mierzejewski, 1986
534:Mierzejewski, 1986
532:Rhabdopleuritidae
211:Archaeocryptolaria
1306:Bilaterian orders
1263:
1262:
1228:
1227:
1200:Open Tree of Life
1026:Taxon identifiers
999:Marinespecies.org
978:10.1002/dvg.20395
805:
794:
783:
772:
761:
750:
739:
727:Extinct species:
723:
713:
684:
683:Schepotieff, 1909
673:
662:
651:
640:
630:
621:
612:
555:
554:
547:
544:Stolonodendridae
541:
535:
529:
523:
512:
490:
480:
469:
458:
447:
436:
425:
414:
403:
392:
381:
370:
359:
348:
337:
326:
315:
304:
293:
282:
271:
260:
249:
238:
227:
216:
1318:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1242:
1235:
1221:
1220:
1208:
1207:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1172:
1171:
1169:NBNSYS0000160882
1159:
1158:
1146:
1145:
1133:
1132:
1120:
1119:
1107:
1106:
1094:
1093:
1081:
1080:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1021:
991:
990:
980:
956:
950:
945:
939:
934:
928:
923:
917:
916:
896:
890:
889:
861:
855:
854:
844:
820:
803:
792:
781:
770:
759:
748:
737:
721:
711:
682:
671:
660:
649:
638:
628:
619:
610:
545:
539:
533:
527:
521:
510:
488:
478:
467:
456:
445:
434:
431:Rhabdopleuroides
423:
412:
401:
390:
379:
368:
357:
346:
335:
324:
313:
302:
291:
280:
269:
258:
247:
236:
225:
214:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1211:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1188:
1180:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1115:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1028:
995:
994:
958:
957:
953:
946:
942:
935:
931:
924:
920:
898:
897:
893:
863:
862:
858:
822:
821:
817:
812:
804:Kozlowski, 1956
738:Mortelmans 1955
674:— Mediterranean
594:
528:Kozlowski, 1949
522:Kozlowski, 1949
520:Graptovermidae
511:Kozlowski, 1938
435:Kozlowski, 1961
424:Kozlowski, 1967
420:Rhabdopleurites
391:Kozlowski, 1959
369:Kozłowski, 1949
314:Kozlowski, 1970
303:Kozlowski, 1949
292:Kozłowski, 1959
270:Kozlowski, 1959
196:
193:
192:
190:Rhabdopleuridae
180:
168:
156:
144:
132:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1243:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1209:
1196:
1186:
1173:
1160:
1147:
1134:
1121:
1108:
1095:
1082:
1078:Rhabdopleurida
1069:
1064:Rhabdopleurida
1054:
1038:
1036:
1034:Rhabdopleurida
1030:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1006:
1001:
993:
992:
971:(11): 587–91.
951:
940:
929:
918:
907:(4): 303–316.
891:
856:
835:(3): 477–540.
814:
813:
811:
808:
807:
806:
795:
784:
773:
762:
751:
740:
725:
724:
714:
695:
694:
693:
692:
691:
690:
675:
664:
653:
642:
593:
590:
558:Rhabdopleurida
553:
552:
551:
550:
549:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
515:
514:
513:
501:
500:
494:
493:
492:
491:
481:
479:Eisenack, 1937
470:
464:Stolonodendrum
459:
448:
437:
426:
415:
413:Eisenack, 1934
404:
402:Eisenack, 1932
393:
382:
380:Kolowski, 1959
371:
360:
349:
338:
332:Fasciculitubus
327:
325:Eisenack, 1941
316:
310:Eorhabdopleura
305:
294:
283:
281:Eisenack, 1937
277:Chitinodendron
272:
261:
250:
239:
228:
217:
203:
202:
198:
197:
194:
188:
186:
182:
181:
178:Rhabdopleurida
176:
174:
170:
169:
164:
162:
158:
157:
152:
150:
146:
145:
140:
138:
134:
133:
128:
126:
122:
121:
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:
26:
24:Rhabdopleurida
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1323:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:Hemichordates
1299:
1298:
1296:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1014:0-19-857356-1
1011:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
988:
984:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:
952:
949:
944:
941:
938:
933:
930:
927:
922:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
857:
852:
848:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
816:
809:
802:
801:
796:
791:
790:
785:
780:
779:
774:
771:Kulicki, 1969
769:
768:
763:
758:
757:
752:
747:
746:
741:
736:
735:
730:
729:
728:
720:
719:
715:
710:
709:
705:
704:
703:
701:
700:
688:
681:
680:
676:
670:
669:
665:
661:Allmann, 1869
659:
658:
654:
648:
647:
643:
637:
636:
632:
631:
627:
623:
622:
618:
615:
614:
613:
609:
605:
603:
599:
591:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:hemichordates
567:
563:
562:Pterobranchia
559:
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
518:
516:
508:
507:
505:
504:
502:
499:
495:
487:
486:
482:
477:
476:
471:
466:
465:
460:
455:
454:
453:Sphenothallus
449:
444:
443:
438:
433:
432:
427:
422:
421:
416:
411:
410:
405:
400:
399:
394:
389:
388:
383:
378:
377:
372:
367:
366:
361:
356:
355:
350:
345:
344:
339:
334:
333:
328:
323:
322:
317:
312:
311:
306:
301:
300:
295:
290:
289:
288:Cylindrohydra
284:
279:
278:
273:
268:
267:
262:
259:Walcott, 1919
257:
256:
251:
246:
245:
240:
235:
234:
229:
224:
223:
218:
215:Chapman, 1919
213:
212:
207:
206:
204:
199:
191:
187:
184:
183:
179:
175:
172:
171:
167:
166:Graptolithina
163:
160:
159:
155:
154:Pterobranchia
151:
148:
147:
143:
139:
136:
135:
131:
127:
124:
123:
120:
116:
113:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
1256:expanding it
1248:hemichordate
1245:
1230:
1033:
968:
964:
954:
943:
932:
921:
904:
900:
894:
869:
865:
859:
832:
828:
818:
798:
787:
776:
765:
754:
743:
732:
726:
716:
712:Julien, 1890
706:
699:Nomen dubium
697:
696:
677:
666:
655:
650:Hincks, 1880
644:
639:Norman, 1921
633:
629:Allman, 1869
626:Rhabdopleura
625:
620:Harmer, 1905
616:
611:Fowler, 1892
607:
606:
595:
586:Rhabdopleura
585:
557:
556:
546:Bulman, 1955
526:Idiotubidae
509:Stolonoidea
489:Allman, 1869
485:Rhabdopleura
483:
473:
462:
451:
440:
429:
418:
407:
396:
385:
376:Kystodendron
374:
363:
352:
343:Graptovermis
341:
330:
319:
308:
297:
286:
275:
264:
253:
242:
233:Malongitubus
231:
222:Haplograptus
220:
209:
195:Allman, 1869
189:
177:
142:Hemichordata
109:
18:
1125:iNaturalist
1058:Wikispecies
685:— Pacific (
566:graptolites
442:Rhabdotubus
398:Palaeokylix
387:Lagenohydra
354:Haliolophus
244:Sphenoecium
1295:Categories
810:References
652:— Atlantic
409:Palaeotuba
358:Sars, 1868
321:Epigraptus
299:Diplohydra
266:Calyxhydra
161:Subclass:
1049:Q21447068
1016:. 627 pp.
886:0024-1164
872:: 34–56.
851:1214-1119
687:Sri Lanka
598:monotypic
475:Xenotheca
365:Idiotubus
255:Yuknessia
125:Kingdom:
1043:Wikidata
1004:ITIS.gov
987:18798243
592:Taxonomy
498:Synonyms
237:Hu, 2005
185:Family:
137:Phylum:
130:Animalia
1117:8505583
965:Genesis
937:Eol.org
901:Lethaia
866:Lethaia
578:secrete
574:sessile
517:Family
201:Genera
173:Order:
149:Class:
1205:841338
1189:NZOR:
1156:158643
1130:551169
1091:494607
1012:
985:
884:
849:
624:Genus
506:Order
1246:This
1218:33522
1182:33629
1143:10545
1138:IRMNG
602:genus
582:gonad
1252:stub
1177:NCBI
1151:ITIS
1112:GBIF
1086:BOLD
1010:ISBN
983:PMID
882:ISSN
847:ISSN
35:PreꞒ
1164:NBN
1104:3Y7
1099:CoL
1073:AFD
973:doi
909:doi
874:doi
837:doi
1297::
1215::
1202::
1179::
1166::
1153::
1140::
1127::
1114::
1101::
1088::
1075::
1060::
1045::
981:.
969:46
967:.
963:.
905:41
903:.
880:.
870:46
868:.
845:.
833:89
831:.
827:.
702::
252:?†
241:?†
230:?†
219:?†
208:?†
85:Pg
1283:e
1276:t
1269:v
1258:.
989:.
975::
915:.
911::
888:.
876::
853:.
839::
797:†
786:†
775:†
764:†
753:†
742:†
731:†
689:)
472:†
461:†
450:†
439:†
428:†
417:†
406:†
395:†
384:†
373:†
362:†
351:†
340:†
329:†
318:†
307:†
296:†
285:†
274:†
263:†
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
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