Cane toad - Knowledge (XXG)

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hours of encountering low temperatures. The toad is able to rapidly acclimate to the cold using physiological plasticity, though there is also evidence that more northerly populations of cane toads in the United States are better cold-adapted than more southerly populations. These adaptations have allowed the cane toad to establish invasive populations across the world. The toad's ability to rapidly acclimate to thermal changes suggests that current models may underestimate the potential range of habitats that the toad can populate. The cane toad has a high tolerance to water loss; some can withstand a 52.6% loss of body water, allowing them to survive outside tropical environments.

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cane fields. As a result, 102 toads were collected from Hawaiʻi and brought to Australia. Queensland's sugar scientists released the toad into cane fields in August 1935. After this initial release, the Commonwealth Department of Health decided to ban future introductions until a study was conducted into the feeding habits of the toad. The study was completed in 1936 and the ban lifted, when large-scale releases were undertaken; by March 1937, 62,000 toadlets had been released into the wild. The toads became firmly established in Queensland, increasing exponentially in number and extending their range into the

982: 1622: 768: 921: 806:(0.067–0.079 in). The rate at which an egg grows into a tadpole increases with temperature. Tadpoles typically hatch within 48 hours, but the period can vary from 14 hours to almost a week. This process usually involves thousands of tadpoles—which are small, black, and have short tails—forming into groups. Between 12 and 60 days are needed for the tadpoles to develop into juveniles, with four weeks being typical. Similarly to their adult counterparts, eggs and tadpoles are toxic to many animals. 736: 1479: 186: 640: 312: 1449:

attributed to the cane toad at the annual meeting of the International Sugar Cane Technologists in Puerto Rico. However, there may have been other factors. The six-year period after 1931—when the cane toad was most prolific, and the white grub had a dramatic decline—had the highest-ever rainfall for Puerto Rico. Nevertheless, the cane toad was assumed to have controlled the white grub; this view was reinforced by a

161: 1124:(Australian water rats) in two years learnt how to eat cane toads safely. They select the largest toads, turn them over, remove the poisonous gallbladder, and eat the heart and other organs with "surgical precision". They remove the toxic skin and eat the thigh muscle. Other animals such as crows and kites turn cane toads inside out and eat non-poisonous organs, also thus avoiding the skin. 5534: 1718:, the cane toad has numerous advantages: they are plentiful, and easy and inexpensive to maintain and handle. The use of the cane toad in experiments started in the 1950s, and by the end of the 1960s, large numbers were being collected and exported to high schools and universities. Since then, a number of Australian states have introduced or tightened importation regulations. 137: 123: 1531:

67 specimens were subsequently imported from Hawaiʻi. Once the toads were established, a 1963 study concluded, as the toad's diet included both harmful and beneficial invertebrates, it was considered "economically neutral". Today, the cane toad can be found on all major islands in Fiji, although they tend to be smaller than their counterparts in other regions.

937:. Components of bufotoxin are toxic to many animals; even human deaths have been recorded due to the consumption of cane toads. Dogs are especially prone to be poisoned by licking or biting toads. Pets showing excessive drooling, extremely red gums, head-shaking, crying, loss of coordination, and/or convulsions require immediate veterinary attention. 810:

0.373 mm (0.0147 in) per day. Growth typically slows once the toads reach sexual maturity. This rapid growth is important for their survival; in the period between metamorphosis and subadulthood, the young toads lose the toxicity that protected them as eggs and tadpoles, but have yet to fully develop the parotoid glands that produce

1565:, the cabbages provided insufficient shelter and the toads rapidly left the immediate area for the superior shelter offered by the forest. A similar situation had previously arisen in the Australian cane fields, but this experience was either unknown or ignored in New Guinea. The cane toad has since become abundant in rural and urban areas. 973:. 200,000 metamorphs, tadpoles, and eggs in total were released in areas ahead of inevitable invasion fronts. Following invasion by wild cane toads, yellow-spotted monitors in control areas bereft of the "teacher toads" were virtually wiped out, but experimental areas still contained substantial populations of yellow-spotted monitors. 1530:

to combat insects that infested sugarcane plantations. The introduction of the cane toad to the region was first suggested in 1933, following the successes in Puerto Rico and Hawaiʻi. After considering the possible side effects, the national government of Fiji decided to release the toad in 1953, and

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Following the apparent success of the cane toad in eating the beetles threatening the sugarcane plantations of Puerto Rico, and the fruitful introductions into Hawaiʻi and the Philippines, a strong push was made for the cane toad to be released in Australia to negate the pests ravaging the Queensland

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in the early 20th century in the hope that it would counter a beetle infestation ravaging the sugarcane plantations. The Puerto Rican scheme was successful and halted the economic damage caused by the beetles, prompting scientists in the 1930s to promote it as an ideal solution to agricultural pests.

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Considered the largest species in the Bufonidae, the cane toad is very large; the females are significantly longer than males, reaching a typical length of 10–15 cm (4–6 in), with a maximum of 24 cm (9.4 in). Larger toads tend to be found in areas of lower population density. They

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spp.), a sugarcane pest. Before this, the pests were manually collected by humans, so the introduction of the toad eliminated labor costs. A second group of toads was imported in 1923, and by 1932, the cane toad was well established. The population of white grubs dramatically decreased, and this was

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are highly toxic to most animals if ingested. Its toxic skin can kill many animals, both wild and domesticated, and cane toads are particularly dangerous to dogs. Because of its voracious appetite, the cane toad has been introduced to many regions of the Pacific and the Caribbean islands as a method

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The cane toad is estimated to have a critical thermal maximum of 40–42 °C (104–108 °F) and a minimum of around 10–15 °C (50–59 °F). The ranges can change due to adaptation to the local environment. Cane toads from some populations can adjust their thermal tolerance within a few

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The skin of the cane toad is dry and warty. Distinct ridges above the eyes run down the snout. Individual cane toads can be grey, yellowish, red-brown, or olive-brown, with varying patterns. A large parotoid gland lies behind each eye. The ventral surface is cream-coloured and may have blotches in

1295:), in part because the cane fields provided insufficient shelter for the predators during the day, and in part because the beetles live at the tops of sugar cane—and cane toads are not good climbers. Since its original introduction, the cane toad has had a particularly marked effect on Australian 706:

The cane toad genome has been sequenced and certain Australian academics believe this will help in understanding how the toad can quickly evolve to adapt to new environments, the workings of its infamous toxin, and hopefully provide new options for halting this species' march across Australia and

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Initial releases into Florida failed. Attempted introductions before 1936 and 1944, intended to control sugarcane pests, were unsuccessful as the toads failed to proliferate. Later attempts failed in the same way. However, the toad gained a foothold in the state after an accidental release by an

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Since 2011, experimenters in the Kimberley region of Western Australia have used poisonous sausages containing toad meat in an attempt to protect native animals from cane toads' deadly impact. The Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, along with the University of Sydney,

3884:, pp. 278–279. "After a completely successful method of killing white grubs by chemical means was found, the only opportunities for its use in Puerto Rico have been limited to small areas in pineapple plantations at elevations where the toad is even yet not present in sufficient abundance." 1424:

populations. A third introduction to the region occurred in 1884, when toads appeared in Jamaica, reportedly imported from Barbados to help control the rodent population. While they had no significant effect on the rats, they nevertheless became well established. Other introductions include the

802:. The cane toad inhabits open grassland and woodland, and has displayed a "distinct preference" for areas modified by humans, such as gardens and drainage ditches. In their native habitats, the toads can be found in subtropical forests, although dense foliage tends to limit their dispersal. 809:

When they emerge, toadlets typically are about 10–11 mm (0.39–0.43 in) in length, and grow rapidly. While the rate of growth varies by region, time of year, and sex, an average initial growth rate of 0.647 mm (0.0255 in) per day is seen, followed by an average rate of

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The cane toad begins life as an egg, which is laid as part of long strings of jelly in water. A female lays 8,000–25,000 eggs at once and the strings can stretch up to 20 m (66 ft) in length. The black eggs are covered by a membrane and their diameter is about 1.7–2.0 mm

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achieve maturity when they are between 90 and 100 mm (3.5 and 3.9 in) in length. In tropical regions, such as their native habitats, breeding occurs throughout the year, but in subtropical areas, breeding occurs only during warmer periods that coincide with the onset of the

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environments. The density of the cane toad is significantly lower within its native distribution than in places where it has been introduced. In South America, the density was recorded to be 20 adults per 100 m (110 yd) of shoreline, 1 to 2% of the density in Australia.

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and sweet potato yields were thought to be improving. As a result, these first releases were followed by further distributions across much of the region, although their effectiveness on other crops, such as cabbages, has been questioned; when the toads were released at

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Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, Geoffrey Hammerson, Blair Hedges, Arvin Diesmos, Masafumi Matsui, Jean-Marc Hero, Stephen Richards, Luis Coloma, Santiago Ron, Enrique La Marca, Jerry Hardy, Robert Powell, Federico Bolaños, Gerardo Chaves, Paulino Ponce (2009).

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As with rates of growth, the point at which the toads become sexually mature varies across different regions. In New Guinea, sexual maturity is reached by female toads with a snout–vent length between 70 and 80 mm (2.8 and 3.1 in), while toads in

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Most frogs identify prey by movement, and vision appears to be the primary method by which the cane toad detects prey; however, it can also locate food using its sense of smell. They eat a wide range of material; in addition to the normal prey of small

1412:. The Barbados introductions were focused on the biological control of pests damaging the sugarcane crops, and while the toads became abundant, they have done even less to control the pests than in Australia. The toad was introduced to Martinique from 1177:

The cane toad has been introduced to many regions of the world—particularly the Pacific—for the biological control of agricultural pests. These introductions have generally been well documented, and the cane toad may be one of the most studied of any

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in 1930 as a biological control agent of pests in sugarcane plantations, after the success of the experimental introductions into Puerto Rico. It subsequently became the most ubiquitous amphibian in the islands. It still retains the common name of

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crops. The first release occurred in 1937 using toads imported from Hawaiʻi, with a second release the same year using specimens from the Australian mainland. Evidence suggests a third release in 1938, consisting of toads being used for human

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There are several commercial uses for dead cane toads. Cane toad skin is made into leather and novelty items. Stuffed cane toads, posed and accessorised, are merchandised at souvenir shops for tourists. Attempts have been made to produce

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Rivera, Danielle; Prates, Ivan; Firneno, Thomas J.; Trefaut Rodrigues, Miguel; Caldwell, Janalee P.; Fujita, Matthew K. (16 December 2021). "Phylogenomics, introgression, and demographic history of South American true toads

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are unaffected by the cane toads' toxins, so are able to kill them. The cane toad's normal response to attack is to stand still and let its toxin kill or repel the attacker, which allows the ants to attack and eat the toad.

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in Hawaiʻi in 1932, and the population swelled to 105,517 after 17 months. The toads were sent to the other islands, and more than 100,000 toads were distributed by July 1934; eventually over 600,000 were transported.

1556:—many species of toad were found to be effective for this task, and were employed for about 20 years after the discovery was announced in 1948. Initial reports argued the toads were effective in reducing the levels of 966:

developed these sausage-shaped baits as a tool in order to train native animals not to eat the toads. By blending bits of toad with a nausea-inducing chemical, the baits train the animals to stay away from the amphibians.

553:, who mistakenly believed the cane toad to inhabit both terrestrial and marine environments. Other common names include "giant neotropical toad", "Dominican toad", "giant marine toad", and "South American cane toad". In 814:. Only an estimated 0.5% of cane toads reach adulthood, in part because they lack this key defense—but also due to tadpole cannibalism. Although cannibalism does occur in the native population in South America, the 932:

The skin of the adult cane toad is toxic, as well as the enlarged parotoid glands behind the eyes, and other glands across its back. When the toad is threatened, its glands secrete a milky-white fluid known as

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Pramuk, Jennifer B.; Robertson, Tasia; Sites, Jack W.; Noonan, Brice P. (2007). "Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae)".

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Typically, juvenile cane toads have smooth, dark skin, although some specimens have a red wash. Juveniles lack the adults' large parotoid glands, so they are usually less poisonous. The

826:. They have also evolved to shorten their tadpole phase in response to the presence of older tadpoles. These changes are likely genetic, although no genetic basis has been determined. 962:

In addition to releasing toxin, the cane toad is capable of inflating its lungs, puffing up, and lifting its body off the ground to appear taller and larger to a potential predator.

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in 1957, and deliberate releases by animal dealers in 1963 and 1964 established the toad in other parts of Florida. Today, the cane toad is well established in the state, from the

677:), because both are large and warty in appearance; however, the latter can be readily distinguished from the former by its vertical pupils and its silver-grey (as opposed to gold) 607:

was subsequently introduced as a synonym through misspelling by Pramuk, Robertson, Sites, and Noonan (2008). Though controversial (with many traditional herpetologists still using

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The cane toad was introduced to various Caribbean islands to counter a number of pests infesting local crops. While it was able to establish itself on some islands, such as

524:, giving rise to its common name. The cane toad has many other common names, including "giant toad" and "marine toad"; the former refers to its size, and the latter to the 3355: 5367: 4701:

Doody, J. S.; Green, B.; Rhind, D.; Castellano, C. M.; Sims, R.; Robinson, T. (2009). "Population-level declines in Australian predators caused by an invasive species".

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata

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A recent split in the species into further subspecies may have occurred approximately 2.7 million years ago following the isolation of population groups by the rising

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Vallinoto, Marcelo; Sequeira, Fernando; Sodré, Davidson; Bernardi, José A. R.; Sampaio, Iracilda; Schneider, Horacio (March 2010). "Phylogeny and biogeography of the

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have a life expectancy of 10 to 15 years in the wild, and can live considerably longer in captivity, with one specimen reportedly surviving for 35 years.

1466:, the latter appearance occurring in spite of the failure of the earlier introductions. On September 8, 2013, the cane toad was also discovered on the island of 1633:, the cane toad has been employed in a number of commercial and noncommercial applications. Traditionally, within the toad's natural range in South America, the 6075: 6050: 5847: 592: 748:

shades of black or brown. The pupils are horizontal and the irises golden. The toes have a fleshy webbing at their base, and the fingers are free of webbing.

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As a result, many countries in the Pacific region emulated the lead of Puerto Rico and introduced the toad in the 1930s. Introduced populations are in

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is morphologically indistinguishable from modern cane toads from northern South America. It was discovered in a floodplain deposit, which suggests the

1577:, but attempts (both deliberate and accidental) have been made to introduce the species to other parts of the country. These include introductions to 6095: 5953: 5746: 5221: 5322: 5979: 5798: 1931: 1601:, and they are gradually extending further northward. In Florida, the toad is a regarded as a threat to native species and pets; so much so, the 4423: 3738: 6070: 6045: 4291: 6040: 5311: 5292: 5210: 5167: 5133: 5081: 4975: 4868: 4638: 4544: 4525: 4481: 3982: 1677:

in China to lower the heart rates of patients. New research has suggested that the cane toad's poison may have some applications in treating

1433:, which had an introduction before 1879 that led to the establishment of a solid population, which was apparently sufficient to survive the 6030: 3278: 4027:

Identifying Environmental Changes in Mt. Data Watershed, Bauko, Mt. Province, Northern Philippines: Implications to Sustainable Management

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was made in 1844 in an attempt to reduce the rat population. Despite its failure to control the rodents, the cane toad was introduced to

3972: 6080: 5524: 3644: 4228: 955:, lasts less than an hour. As the cane toad excretes bufotenin in small amounts, and other toxins in relatively large quantities, 6065: 5899: 5759: 5523: 1095:

spp.) have also learned strategies allowing them to feed on cane toads, such as using their beak to flip toads onto their backs.

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Arvin C. Diesmos; Mae L. Diesmos; Rafe M. Brown (2005). "Status and Distribution of Alien Invasive Frogs in the Philippines".

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species were suitable, including the cane toad. As a result, toads were employed in this task for around 20 years. As a

5984: 5803: 1429:—possibly before 1916, although this initial population may have died out by 1934 and been reintroduced at a later date—and 466:, of both dead and living matter. Adults average 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in length; the largest recorded specimen had a 4763:

Easteal, Simon; van Beurden, Eric K.; Floyd, Robert B.; Sabath, Michael D. (June 1985). "Continuing Geographical Spread of

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Studies of the genome confirm its evolutionary origins in northern part of South America and its close genetic relation to

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Other modern applications of the cane toad include pregnancy testing, as pets, laboratory research, and the production of

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In the United States, the cane toad closely resembles many bufonid species. In particular, it could be confused with the

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article titled "Toads save sugar crop", and this led to large-scale introductions throughout many parts of the Pacific.

5558: 4931: 4495: 6100: 6035: 5891: 5785: 5707: 5668: 5179: 4491: 2205: 1590: 951:. The effects of bufotenin are thought to be similar to those of mild poisoning; the stimulation, which includes mild 4313: 943:, one of the chemicals excreted by the cane toad, is classified as a schedule 9 drug under Australian law, alongside 1259:. Since then, the cane toad has become a pest in many host countries, and poses a serious threat to native animals. 6090: 5566: 4986: 3679: 2119: 969:

Young cane toads that aren't lethal upon ingestion have also been used to teach native predators avoidance, namely

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behind their eyes and the lack of a ridge between the nostril and the eye. Cane toads have been confused with the

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Smith, K. G. (2005). "Effects of nonindigenous tadpoles on native tadpoles in Florida: evidence of competition".

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habitat preferences have long been for open areas. The cane toad is a prolific breeder; females lay single-clump

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of 'American frog', referring to its origins. It is also commonly known as "bullfrog" in Philippine English.

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appeared in the toad's urine, the patient was deemed to be pregnant. The tests using toads were faster than

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species complex (Amphibia, Bufonidae) revisited: implications for Neotropical diversification hypotheses".

1345: 687:, but their adult colleagues can be distinguished by the lack of bright colouring on the groin and thighs. 5608: 5337: 4878:

Griffiths, Anthony (2007). "Cane toads reduce the abundance and site occupancy of Merten's water monitor (

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Ranell Martin M. Dedicatoria; Carmelita M. Rebancos; Leticia E. Afuang; Ma. Victoria O. Espaldon (2010).

3531: 5355: 4593: 4500: 1792: 1562: 623:, Amphibian Species of the World and increasing numbers of scientific publications adopting its usage. 620: 525: 280: 3304: 818:

occurring in the unnaturally large population in Australia has produced tadpoles 30x more likely to be

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Kidera, N.; Tandavanitj, N.; Oh, D.; Nakanishi, N.; Satoh, A.; Denda, T.; Izawa, M.; Ota, H. (2008).

4710: 4665: 3157:"Predation of top predators: cane toad consumption of bullet ants in a Panamanian lowland wet forest" 3104: 2768: 2651: 1362: 1335: 1323: 997: 670: 5342: 5323:"How frogs and humans interact: Influences beyond habitat destruction, epidemics and global warming" 4582: 2757:"Rapid acclimation to cold allows the cane toad to invade montane areas within its Australian range" 794:(~5.4‰), and recent field observations found living tadpoles and toadlets at salinities of 27.5‰ on 462:. Its reproductive success is partly because of opportunistic feeding: it has a diet, unusual among 5839: 5091:

Lee, Julian C. (2001). Price, A. H (ed.). "Evolution of a Secondary Sexual Dimorphism in the Toad,

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Crossland, Michael R.; Alford, Ross A.; Shine, Richard (2009). "Impact of the invasive cane toad (

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Ward-Fear, Georgia; Rangers, Bunuba; Bruny, Miles; Everitt, Corrin; Shine, Richard (2024-04-08).

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Kozlov, Max (2021-08-25). "Australia's cane toads evolved as cannibals with frightening speed".

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However, the toad was generally unsuccessful in reducing the targeted grey-backed cane beetles (

5971: 6025: 5940: 5826: 5720: 5446: 5411: 5378: 5307: 5288: 5206: 5163: 5129: 5077: 4971: 4864: 4681: 4634: 4610: 4540: 4521: 4477: 4292:"Eating cane toads a win-win solution for Australia's environment and stomachs, says academic" 4007: 3978: 3650: 3640: 3356:"Australian water rats cut cane toads open with 'surgical precision' to feast on their hearts" 3176: 3122: 2841: 2823: 2784: 2675: 2667: 2327: 2309: 2248: 2240: 2172: 2147: 2067: 1511: 1311: 1230: 1165: 956: 712: 467: 5488: 5438: 5403: 5347: 5271: 5104: 5048: 5013: 5005: 4891: 4811: 4776: 4751: 4718: 4673: 3228: 3207: 3168: 3112: 3093:"Teacher toads: Buffering apex predators from toxic invaders in a remote tropical landscape" 2921: 2831: 2815: 2776: 2659: 2647: 2638: 2317: 2293: 2230: 2214: 2156: 1851: 1771: 1693: 1451: 1366: 1317: 1305: 1238: 1222: 1082: 1029: 698:), which can be distinguished by the presence of two bulbs in front of the parotoid glands. 499: 5886: 5816: 4602: 1357:, however, are able to kill cane toads. The cane toad has also been linked to decreases in 311: 5860: 5458:

Zug, G. R.; Lindgrem, E.; Pippet, J. R. (1975). "Distribution and ecology of marine toad,

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A field guide to frogs of Australia: from Port Augusta to Fraser Island including Tasmania

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Oliver, J. A.; Shaw, C. E. (1953). "The amphibians and reptiles of the Hawaiian Islands".

4029:. 4th Asian Rural Sociology Association (ARSA) International Conference. pp. 402–412. 3279:"American possums the solution to cane toads in Australia? – Science Show – 20 March 2010" 1678: 1674: 1279: 1234: 1074: 815: 772: 573: 455: 400: 1692:

was conducted in the mid-20th century by injecting urine from a woman into a male toad's

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Many species prey on the cane toad and its tadpoles in its native habitat, including the

5660: 5399: 5267: 4714: 4669: 3108: 2874: 2772: 2655: 2115:"We've cracked the cane toad genome, and that could help put the brakes on its invasion" 1919: 1657:. When properly prepared, the meat of the toad is considered healthy and as a source of 5673: 4755: 2836: 2322: 2275: 1715: 1689: 1654: 1634: 1598: 1553: 1467: 1358: 1300: 1042: 783: 724: 678: 666: 786:, but cane toads do not live in the sea. However, laboratory experiments suggest that 429:

found throughout Central and South America, but it was formerly assigned to the genus

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In 1920, the cane toad was introduced into Puerto Rico to control the populations of

1413: 1245: 1194: 952: 691: 649: 550: 533: 459: 396: 337: 297: 170: 165: 80: 5116: 4730: 4693: 2184: 1817: 1704:; the toads were easier to raise, and, although the initial 1948 discovery employed 1299:. The population of a number of native predatory reptiles has declined, such as the 5945: 5725: 5596: 5027: 4963: 3208:"Toads fall victim to crows in NT – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)" 3046: 1638: 1594: 1548: 1421: 1402: 1296: 1141: 877: 795: 661: 483: 5764: 4446:

Alcala, A. C. (1957). "Philippine notes on the ecology of the giant marine toad".

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and northwestern South America are sometimes considered to be a separate species,

5931: 5522: 5275: 4424:"The biological effects, including lethal toxic ingestion, caused by cane toads ( 3739:"The biological effects, including lethal toxic ingestion, caused by Cane Toads ( 647:

In Australia, the adults may be confused with large native frogs from the genera

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Van Volkenberg, H. L. (1935). "Biological Control of an Insect Pest by a Toad".

1820:. Frost, Darrel R. American Museum of Natural History, New York. 31 January 2011 1701: 1697: 1666: 1574: 1498: 1486: 1441: 1390: 1226: 1206: 1137: 1011: 925: 897: 893: 665:. These species can be distinguished from the cane toad by the absence of large 627: 487: 55: 5351: 3728:

Australian Environmental Pest Managers Association (AEPMA) (accessed July 2022)

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McCann, Samantha; Greenlees, Matthew J.; Newell, David; Shine, Richard (2014).

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Lampo, Margarita; De Leo, Giulio A. (1998). "The Invasion Ecology of the Toad

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Distribution of the cane toad, native distribution in blue, introduced in red

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was created from a revision of this article dated 19 September 2006

4567:"Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America" 4011: 3654: 3180: 3126: 2827: 2819: 2788: 2671: 2313: 2305: 2244: 2226: 2176: 2168: 1964: 5492: 2780: 1662: 1661:. More recently, the toad's toxins have been used in a number of new ways: 1642: 1582: 1544: 1459: 1214: 1149: 1104: 1058: 1015: 940: 934: 909: 865: 811: 683: 655: 521: 412: 392: 247: 227: 197: 136: 105: 49: 5790: 5415: 4685: 2845: 2679: 2297: 2252: 1837: 1835: 591:(feminine) to conform with the rules of gender agreement as set out by the 5450: 3954: 3723: 2926: 2909: 2331: 2235: 1132:

The cane toad is native to the Americas, and its range stretches from the

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Predators outside the cane toad's native range include the rock flagtail (

912:), they also eat plants, dog food, cat food, feces, and household refuse. 122: 5925: 5865: 5625: 2803: 2285:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences

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Pests: A Guide to the World's Most Maligned, Yet Misunderstood Creatures

3042:"Wild quolls take bait of cane-toad sausages, offering hope for species" 755:

are small and uniformly black, and are bottom-dwellers, tending to form

5992: 5958: 5751: 5060: 5018: 4823: 4788: 4566: 4422:

Australian Government, Department of the Environment (April 12, 2005).

3117: 3092: 1989: 1685: 1578: 1557: 1426: 1382: 1218: 1202: 1161: 1034: 861: 759:. Tadpoles range from 10 to 25 mm (0.4 to 1.0 in) in length. 752: 478: 443: 426: 408: 110: 85: 5686: 2218: 1637:

would "milk" the toads for their toxin, which was then employed as an

1089:) have been reported as feeding on cane toads; some Australian crows ( 639: 5777: 4968:

The Biological Diversity of Trinidad and Tobago: A Naturalist's Notes

4802: 4554:

Bateman, Daniel (May 10, 2008). "Toad business the stuff of dreams".

4459:

Angus, R. (1994). "Observation of a Papuan Frogmouth at Cape York ".

1256: 1248: 1242: 1198: 1157: 1121: 1091: 1050: 944: 889: 885: 857: 853: 831: 799: 486:. The common name of the species is derived from its use against the 207: 5602: 5070:

Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species

4895: 4815: 4780: 716:

and other similar species of the genus. Recent studies suggest that

2804:"Rapid adaptation to cold in the invasive cane toadRhinella marina" 3070:"First helicopter drops of cane toad sausages prompt design tweak" 1818:"Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.5" 1646: 1620: 1477: 980: 919: 822:

in cannibalising their siblings, and 2.6x more likely to actually

766: 756: 734: 638: 569: 474: 4903:

Hardie, Alan (January 22, 2001). "It's tough selling toads ...".

2508: 1581:

and to Hawaiʻi, as well as largely unsuccessful introductions to

4074: 4072: 2054: 2052: 1711: 1650: 1609: 1527: 1394: 1252: 1145: 1038: 869: 681:. Juvenile cane toads may be confused with species of the genus 616: 463: 431: 237: 5738: 5606: 5321:

Tyler, Michael J.; Wassersug, Richard; Smith, Benjamin (2007).

5126:

The Cane Toad. The history and ecology of a successful colonist

4991:(Amphibia: Bufonidae) on Ishigakijima, southern Ryukyus, Japan" 1185:

Before the early 1840s, the cane toad had been introduced into

1117:

have also been seen successfully and safely eating cane toads.

3637:

Cane toads : a tale of sugar, politics and flawed science

3489: 3487: 1867: 1865: 1746: 1744: 1649:

people. The toad has been hunted as a food source in parts of

881: 873: 508:

documented the trials and tribulations of the introduction of

4742:(Amphibia : Anura); a natural experiment in evolution". 2416: 2414: 2412: 1906: 520:

Historically, the cane toad was used to eradicate pests from

5520: 3517: 2869: 2867: 5109:

10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0928:EOASSD]2.0.CO;2

5053:

10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0388:tieott]2.0.co;2

4592:(Report). Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. Vol. 11. 4405: 1416:

before 1944 and became established. Today, they reduce the

4842:

Freeland, W. J. (1985). "The Need to Control Cane Toads".

5010:

10.2984/1534-6188(2008)62[423:DHOTIC]2.0.CO;2

3707: 1497:

The cane toad was first introduced deliberately into the

1408:

The earliest recorded introductions were to Barbados and

5577:. Lists general information and resources for cane toad. 4738:

Easteal, Simon (1981). "The history of introductions of

928:: The large parotoid glands are visible behind the eyes. 3567: 3565: 2039: 2037: 1812: 1810: 1808: 5177:

McCarin, Julie (April 29, 2008). "Kisses for a toad".

4767:

in Australia: Range Expansion between 1974 and 1980".

4656:) depends on minor variation in reproductive timing". 4516:

Australian State of the Environment Committee (2002).

4474:

Tadpoles of South-Eastern Australia: A Guide with Keys

1710:

for the tests, it soon became clear that a variety of

1653:, and eaten after the careful removal of the skin and 790:

can tolerate salt concentrations equivalent to 15% of

778:

The common name "marine toad" and the scientific name

5580: 4225:"Poisonous Bufo May Have Toad Hold On Temple Terrace" 3254:"The native animals that turn cane toads into tucker" 3138: 3136: 1282:. In 2010, one was found on the far western coast in 4831:

Fawcett, Anne (August 4, 2004). "Really caning it".

4535:

Barker, John; Grigg, Gordon; Tyler, Michael (1995).

4104: 4102: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 1871: 5915: 5615: 5479:: A natural history resumé of native populations". 4155: 4153: 4078: 3639:. Sydney, NSW: Sydney University Press. p. 3. 2802:Mittan, Cinnamon S; Zamudio, Kelly R (2019-01-01). 4626: 4314:"Cane toad poison 'attacks prostate cancer cells'" 3618: 3616: 3614: 3305:"Killer ants are weapons of mass toad destruction" 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 1965:Australian State of the Environment Committee 2002 720:diverged between 2.75 and 9.40 million years ago. 5475:Zug, G. R.; Zug, P. B. (1979). "The Marine Toad, 4914:Hinckley, A. D. (1963). "Diet of the giant toad, 4089: 4087: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3493: 1603:Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 615:is gaining in acceptance with such bodies as the 502:in many of its introduced regions. The 1988 film 5573:, National Invasive Species Information Center, 4341: 4339: 4273: 4271: 4269: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3371: 3369: 2939: 2937: 2735: 2733: 2587: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2088: 2043: 707:other places it has spread as an invasive pest. 498:. The cane toad is now considered a pest and an 4000:Journal of Environmental Science and Management 3601: 3599: 3019:"Cane toad sausages served up in the Kimberley" 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 1397:before 1900 and in 1946, and on the islands of 5533: 3881: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2420: 2100: 1777:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T41065A10382424.en 4581:Brandt, Laura A.; Mazzotti, Frank J. (2005). 593:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 438:A fossil toad (specimen UCMP 41159) from the 8: 4987:"Dietary habits of the introduced cane toad 1952: 1928:National Invasive Species Information Center 1797:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 626:Since 2016, cane toad populations native to 5575:United States National Agricultural Library 5427:: a potent hallucinogen of animal origin". 4629:Conservation biology in theory and practice 3949: 3947: 3710:, pp. 46–53. On snake populations see 3532:"Cane toad invasion raises alarm in Nantou" 3530:Sean Chang, Sean Chang (December 7, 2021). 3399: 1148:, and some of the continental islands near 5603: 3556: 1255:and many other Pacific islands, including 959:could result in serious illness or death. 532:. It was one of many species described by 310: 159: 135: 121: 38: 5341: 5017: 4744:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3116: 3005: 2925: 2835: 2321: 2234: 2113:Russo, Alice; White, Peter; Shine, Rick. 1775: 1608:Around 150 cane toads were introduced to 1108:likely can eat cane toads with impunity. 5550:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 5366:Vanderduys, Eric; Wilson, Steve (2000). 4330: 4201:@ Florida Wildlife Extension at UF/IFAS" 3893: 3571: 3281:. Abc.net.au. 2010-03-19. Archived from 2392: 1883: 5587: 4393: 4369: 4260: 4159: 4132: 4063: 3840: 3622: 3423: 3411: 2993: 2478: 2461: 2280:from its natural and introduced ranges" 1932:United States Department of Agriculture 1740: 568:is considered to constitute a distinct 4381: 4227:. .tbo.com. 2007-11-02. Archived from 3505: 3435: 3387: 2910:"Fish and amphibians as bat predators" 2700: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2509:Invasive Species Specialist Group 2006 2345: 2343: 2341: 2274:Slade, R.W.; Moritz, C. (7 May 1998). 2016:"Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833)" 1790: 1641:. The toxins may have been used as an 1037:(order Siluriformes), some species of 549:on an illustration by Dutch zoologist 5222:"Controlling Cane Toads Ecologically" 4625:Caughley, Graeme; Gunn, Anne (1996). 4357: 4345: 4277: 4248: 4183: 4171: 4144: 4120: 4108: 4093: 4051: 4039: 3931:"Killer Toad Found in New Providence" 3917: 3905: 3869: 3852: 3828: 3816: 3804: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3711: 3695: 3667: 3605: 3590: 3478: 3466: 3447: 3375: 3193: 3142: 2955: 2943: 2895: 2858: 2750: 2748: 2739: 2724: 2712: 2575: 2553:De León, L.F.; Castillo, A. (2015). " 2528: 2489: 2449: 2437: 1976: 1895: 1339:; in contrast, the population of the 7: 6076:Amphibians of the Northern Territory 6051:Amphibians of the Dominican Republic 5998:E6356CAD-ACF9-4336-A15A-E4E4F2B98639 5481:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 5039:: from South America to Australia". 4601:Cameron, Elizabeth (June 10, 2009). 3155:Morrison, Colin R. (November 2018). 2022:. American Museum of Natural History 576:of the cane toad. In this case, the 6021:IUCN Red List least concern species 4796:Ely, C. A. (1944). "Development of 4565:Beltz, Ellin (September 10, 2007). 4290:Terzon, Emilia (11 November 2014). 3332:. Queensland Museum. Archived from 2969:"Poisons Standard (No.2) June 2020" 2540: 2403: 1763:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1605:recommends residents to kill them. 1041:(subfamily Threskiornithinae), the 763:Ecology, behaviour and life history 4756:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb01645.x 2975:. Australian Government. June 2020 2557:(Cane Toad). Salinity Tolerance". 1872:Crossland, Alford & Shine 2009 1573:The cane toad naturally exists in 1539:The cane toad was introduced into 1526:The cane toad was introduced into 1493:, a corruption of 'American frog'. 1458:The cane toad has been spotted in 1393:, other introductions, such as in 595:, changing the binomial name from 557:English, they are commonly called 25: 6086:Amphibians of Trinidad and Tobago 4932:Invasive Species Specialist Group 4537:A Field Guide to Australian Frogs 4079:Tyler, Wassersug & Smith 2007 3303:Sweeney, Claire (31 March 2009). 992:) preying on a juvenile cane toad 5590: 5532: 5423:Weil, A. T.; Davis, W. (1994). " 4944:Global Invasive Species Database 4723:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00219.x 4406:Australian Associated Press 2006 3354:Zhou, Naaman (25 October 2019). 3040:McNeilage, Amy (19 March 2018). 2161:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00415.x 1856:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00348.x 505:Cane Toads: An Unnatural History 425:, which includes many true toad 184: 6096:Fauna of the Rio Grande valleys 5287:. William Collins (Australia). 4520:. Australia: CSIRO Publishing. 3494:Zug, Lindgrem & Pippet 1975 1844:Global Ecology and Biogeography 5160:Frogs & Toads of the World 5153:. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). 5074:University of California Press 3206:Bolton, Katrina (2007-09-15). 2588:Barker, Grigg & Tyler 1995 2089:Barker, Grigg & Tyler 1995 1160:). This area encompasses both 1004:), the banded cat-eyed snake ( 572:of its own, thus changing the 419:. It is a member of the genus 407:to various islands throughout 1: 6071:Amphibians of New South Wales 6046:Amphibians of Central America 5567:Species Profile – Cane Toad ( 4800:larvae in dilute sea water". 1665:has been used in Japan as an 1099:also prey on the amphibians. 470:of 24 cm (9.4 in). 6041:Amphibians described in 1758 5443:10.1016/0378-8741(94)90051-5 5430:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 5276:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.005 4539:. Surrey Beatty & Sons. 3068:Parke, Erin (15 June 2018). 2044:Vanderduys & Wilson 2000 1631:biological control for pests 1349:—known to be a prey item of 1333:, and the crocodile species 561:, the French word for toad. 6031:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 5408:10.1126/science.82.2125.278 5124:Lever, Christopher (2001). 5068:Lannoo, Michael J. (2005). 4492:Australian Associated Press 3803:Kennedy, Anthony quoted in 3680:Cane toad found on WA coast 3161:Journal of Tropical Ecology 2914:European Journal of Ecology 2020:Amphibians of the World 6.0 1591:Miami International Airport 542:(1758). Linnaeus based the 6122: 5375:Queensland Museum Learning 5352:10.1163/157075407779766741 5302:Tyler, Michael J. (1989). 5283:Tyler, Michael J. (1976). 5235:(6): 20–23. Archived from 3536:Taiwan News of Taipeitimes 2664:10.1038/d41586-021-02317-9 2421:Brandt & Mazzotti 2005 2101:Brandt & Mazzotti 2005 1361:in the southern region of 1266: 1251:, most Caribbean islands, 32:Cane toad (disambiguation) 29: 5368:"Cane Toads (Fact Sheet)" 5220:Shine, Rick (July 2009). 5201:Robinson, Martyn (1998). 4834:The Sydney Morning Herald 4678:10.1007/s00442-008-1167-y 4652:) on an Australian frog ( 3977:. ABC-CLIO. p. 236. 3635:Turvey, Nigel D. (2013). 3173:10.1017/S0266467418000342 1284:Broome, Western Australia 536:in his 18th-century work 473:The cane toad has poison 330: 323: 318: 309: 286: 279: 181:Scientific classification 179: 157: 148: 143: 134: 129: 120: 41: 27:World's largest true toad 6081:Amphibians of Queensland 5462:, in Papua New Guinea". 5158:Mattison, Chris (1987). 1953:Caughley & Gunn 1996 1629:Other than the use as a 1173:As an introduced species 675:Heleioporus australiacus 643:Light-coloured cane toad 6066:Amphibians of Mauritius 5493:10.5479/si.00810282.284 5256:Biological Conservation 5128:. Westbury Publishing. 5041:Ecological Applications 4906:Northern Territory News 4855:Grenard, Steve (2007). 3400:Lampo & De Leo 1998 3021:. ABC. 15 December 2011 2808:Conservation Physiology 2781:10.1111/1365-2435.12255 2355:(Cane Toad or Crapaud)" 1996:. Encyclopaedia of Life 1702:those employing mammals 1435:Soufrière Hills volcano 1330:Acanthophis antarcticus 1269:Cane toads in Australia 971:yellow-spotted monitors 510:cane toads in Australia 5528: 5508:Listen to this article 4769:Journal of Herpetology 3747:www.environment.gov.au 3557:Oliver & Shaw 1953 2820:10.1093/conphys/coy075 2298:10.1098/rspb.1998.0359 2060:"Giant Burrowing Frog" 1626: 1494: 1292:Dermolepida albohirtum 1102:Opossums of the genus 1014:), various species of 993: 929: 775: 740: 702:Taxonomy and evolution 644: 492:Dermolepida albohirtum 382:giant neotropical toad 5527: 4594:University of Florida 4501:Sydney Morning Herald 4432:Australian Government 3684:Australian Geographic 3006:Weil & Davis 1994 2927:10.1515/eje-2015-0010 2559:Herpetological Review 1850:: 070817112457001––. 1770:: e.T41065A10382424. 1726:from toad carcasses. 1625:Cane toad merchandise 1624: 1481: 1405:, were unsuccessful. 1346:Amphibolurus gilberti 1201:. An introduction to 1055:Hydromys chrysogaster 984: 923: 770: 738: 642: 621:Encyclopaedia of Life 403:, but which has been 380:), also known as the 6056:Amphibians of Guyana 5559:More spoken articles 5229:Australasian Science 5205:. Reed New Holland. 5190:Zoologica (New York) 4496:"Toads to be juiced" 4494:(January 25, 2006). 4476:. Reed New Holland. 4320:. 17 September 2014. 3097:Conservation Letters 1363:Kakadu National Park 1336:Crocodylus johnstoni 1324:Pseudechis australis 998:broad-snouted caiman 671:giant burrowing frog 30:For other uses, see 6061:Amphibians of Japan 5400:1935Sci....82..278V 5330:Applied Herpetology 5268:2005BCons.123..433S 5162:. Blandford Press. 4861:John Wiley and Sons 4715:2009AnCon..12...46D 4703:Animal Conservation 4670:2009Oecol.158..625C 4633:. Wiley-Blackwell. 4557:Townsville Bulletin 4472:Anstis, M. (2002). 3882:Van Volkenberg 1935 3109:2024ConL...17E3012W 2883:Animaldiversity.org 2773:2014FuEco..28.1166M 2656:2021Natur.597...19K 2276:"Phylogeography of 1907:Easteal et al. 1985 1659:omega-3 fatty acids 1489:are referred to as 1115:Saw-shelled turtles 1079:Podargus strigoides 1047:Haliastur sphenurus 1033:), some species of 1007:Leptodeira annulata 990:Dacelo novaeguineae 986:Laughing kookaburra 633:Rhinella horribilis 151:Conservation status 6101:Frogs of Australia 6036:Agricultural pests 5529: 4970:. Prospect Press. 4950:on August 17, 2009 4658:Population Ecology 4654:Opisthodon ornatus 4607:Wildlife of Sydney 4135:, pp. 100–102 4054:, pp. 130–131 4042:, pp. 128–129 3908:, pp. 113–115 3896:, pp. 211–215 3574:, pp. 253–259 3520:, pp. 423–440 3518:Kidera et al. 2008 3481:, pp. 433–441 3469:, pp. 113–114 3450:, pp. 112–113 3388:Zug & Zug 1979 3118:10.1111/conl.13012 2973:Legislation.gov.au 2958:, pp. 134–136 2908:Mikula, P (2015). 2898:, pp. 130–132 2761:Functional Ecology 2701:Zug & Zug 1979 2612:Zug & Zug 1979 2600:Zug & Zug 1979 2452:, pp. 117–118 2064:Wildlife of Sydney 1627: 1495: 1437:eruption in 1995. 1321:, the land snakes 1276:Northern Territory 1180:introduced species 1087:Podargus papuensis 1021:Paraponera clavata 1002:Caiman latirostris 994: 930: 782:suggest a link to 776: 741: 645: 458:with thousands of 417:Northern Australia 6091:Fauna of Barbados 6008: 6007: 5609:Taxon identifiers 5525: 5394:(2125): 278–279. 5379:Queensland Museum 5313:978-0-670-90123-4 5306:. Penguin Books. 5294:978-0-00-211442-4 5212:978-1-876334-83-3 5169:978-0-7137-1825-6 5147:Linnaeus, Carolus 5135:978-1-84103-006-7 5083:978-0-520-23592-2 4977:978-976-95082-3-1 4884:Wildlife Research 4870:978-0-470-16510-2 4640:978-0-86542-431-9 4611:Australian Museum 4546:978-0-949324-61-0 4527:978-0-643-06749-3 4483:978-1-876334-63-5 3984:978-0-313-38426-4 3708:Doody et al. 2009 3145:, p. 138–139 2292:(1398): 769–777. 2219:10.1111/mec.16280 2206:Molecular Ecology 2148:Zoologica Scripta 2068:Australian Museum 1716:laboratory animal 1690:Pregnancy testing 1512:Visayan languages 1144:and southeastern 1134:Rio Grande Valley 713:Rhinella diptycha 494:), which damages 468:snout-vent length 368: 367: 352: 344: 174: 16:(Redirected from 6113: 6001: 6000: 5988: 5987: 5975: 5974: 5962: 5961: 5949: 5948: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5908: 5907: 5895: 5894: 5882: 5881: 5869: 5868: 5856: 5855: 5843: 5842: 5830: 5829: 5820: 5819: 5807: 5806: 5794: 5793: 5781: 5780: 5768: 5767: 5755: 5754: 5742: 5741: 5729: 5728: 5716: 5715: 5703: 5702: 5690: 5689: 5677: 5676: 5664: 5663: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5604: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5586: 5549: 5547: 5536: 5535: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5509: 5496: 5471: 5454: 5419: 5382: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5354:. Archived from 5345: 5327: 5317: 5304:Australian Frogs 5298: 5279: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5241: 5226: 5216: 5197: 5184: 5173: 5154: 5144: 5139: 5120: 5087: 5064: 5031: 5021: 4995: 4981: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4946:. Archived from 4934:(June 1, 2006). 4927: 4910: 4899: 4880:Varanus mertensi 4874: 4851: 4838: 4827: 4792: 4759: 4734: 4697: 4644: 4632: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4597: 4591: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4561: 4550: 4531: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4487: 4468: 4461:Australian Birds 4455: 4448:Silliman Journal 4442: 4440: 4438: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4360:, pp. 88–89 4355: 4349: 4343: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4111:, pp. 83–84 4106: 4097: 4091: 4082: 4076: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4022: 4016: 4015: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3951: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3927: 3921: 3920:, pp. 72–73 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3856: 3855:, pp. 81–82 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3831:, pp. 78–79 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3782:, pp. 73–74 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3749:. April 12, 2005 3735: 3729: 3721: 3715: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3677: 3671: 3670:, pp. 78–79 3665: 3659: 3658: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3609: 3603: 3594: 3588: 3575: 3569: 3560: 3559:, pp. 65–95 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3508:, pp. 90–96 3503: 3497: 3496:, pp. 31–50 3491: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3215: 3203: 3197: 3196:, pp. 10–11 3191: 3185: 3184: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3120: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2871: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2839: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2767:(5): 1166–1174. 2752: 2743: 2737: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2648:Nature Portfolio 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2602:, pp. 14–15 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2511: 2506: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2476: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2424: 2418: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2390: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2359: 2347: 2336: 2335: 2325: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2238: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2120:The Conversation 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2070:. April 15, 2009 2056: 2047: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1860: 1859: 1839: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1814: 1803: 1802: 1796: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1748: 1470:in the Bahamas. 1367:local extinction 1353:—has increased. 1306:Varanus mertensi 1223:Papua New Guinea 1083:Papuan frogmouth 1071:Varanus salvator 1030:Kuhlia rupestris 1010:), eels (family 725:Venezuelan Andes 605:Rhinella marinus 544:specific epithet 500:invasive species 482:of agricultural 356:Rhinella marinus 350: 336: 314: 292: 189: 188: 168: 163: 162: 139: 125: 115: 52: 45:Temporal range: 39: 21: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6106:Frogs of Brazil 6011: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5996: 5991: 5983: 5978: 5970: 5965: 5957: 5952: 5944: 5939: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5911: 5903: 5898: 5890: 5885: 5877: 5872: 5864: 5861:Observation.org 5859: 5851: 5846: 5838: 5833: 5825: 5823: 5815: 5810: 5802: 5797: 5789: 5784: 5776: 5771: 5763: 5758: 5750: 5745: 5737: 5732: 5724: 5719: 5711: 5706: 5700:Rhinella-marina 5698: 5693: 5685: 5680: 5674:Rhinella_marina 5672: 5667: 5661:Rhinella_marina 5659: 5654: 5647:Rhinella marina 5645: 5644: 5639: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5617:Rhinella marina 5611: 5601: 5591: 5589: 5581: 5569:Rhinella marina 5563: 5562: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5540:This audio file 5537: 5530: 5521: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5499: 5474: 5464:Pacific Science 5457: 5422: 5385: 5370: 5365: 5358: 5343:10.1.1.695.9111 5325: 5320: 5314: 5301: 5295: 5282: 5253: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5224: 5219: 5213: 5200: 5187: 5176: 5170: 5157: 5145: 5142: 5136: 5123: 5090: 5084: 5067: 5034: 4998:Pacific Science 4993: 4984: 4978: 4962: 4953: 4951: 4930: 4918:(L.) in Fiji". 4913: 4902: 4896:10.1071/wr07024 4877: 4871: 4857:Frogs and Toads 4854: 4850:(7–8): 211–215. 4841: 4830: 4816:10.2307/1438692 4795: 4781:10.2307/1564171 4762: 4737: 4700: 4647: 4641: 4624: 4615: 4613: 4600: 4589: 4580: 4571: 4569: 4564: 4553: 4547: 4534: 4528: 4515: 4506: 4504: 4490: 4484: 4471: 4458: 4445: 4436: 4434: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4297: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4234: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4209: 4207: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4100: 4092: 4085: 4077: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4023: 4019: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3957:. Binisaya.com. 3953: 3952: 3945: 3936: 3934: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3718: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3686:, July 21, 2010 3678: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3647: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3612: 3604: 3597: 3589: 3578: 3570: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3367: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3314: 3312: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3288: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3263: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3238: 3236: 3235:. Ozanimals.com 3227: 3226: 3222: 3213: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3134: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2935: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2877:Rhinella marina 2873: 2872: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2754: 2753: 2746: 2738: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2555:Rhinella marina 2552: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2514: 2507: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2427: 2419: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2391: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2357: 2353:Rhinella marina 2349: 2348: 2339: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2143:Rhinella marina 2140: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2058: 2057: 2050: 2042: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2014: 2013: 2009: 1999: 1997: 1992:Rhinella marina 1988: 1987: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1937: 1935: 1934:. June 15, 2009 1918: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1870: 1863: 1841: 1840: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1815: 1806: 1789: 1782: 1780: 1756:Rhinella marina 1750: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1679:prostate cancer 1675:cardiac surgery 1655:parotoid glands 1619: 1571: 1554:pregnancy tests 1543:to control the 1537: 1524: 1476: 1474:The Philippines 1375: 1365:and even their 1359:northern quolls 1280:New South Wales 1271: 1265: 1235:Ishigaki Island 1175: 1140:to the central 1130: 1075:tawny frogmouth 1024:(bullet ants). 979: 918: 876:and a range of 849: 816:rapid evolution 780:Rhinella marina 765: 739:Young cane toad 733: 704: 696:Bufo terrestris 667:parotoid glands 613:Rhinella marina 611:) the binomial 603:; the binomial 601:Rhinella marina 574:scientific name 539:Systema Naturae 518: 401:Central America 377:Rhinella marina 361:Chaunus marinus 351:Schneider, 1799 305: 294: 290:Rhinella marina 288: 275: 183: 175: 164: 160: 153: 116: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 47: 46: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Rhinella marina 15: 12: 11: 5: 6119: 6117: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6013: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5989: 5976: 5963: 5950: 5937: 5921: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5896: 5883: 5870: 5857: 5844: 5831: 5821: 5808: 5795: 5782: 5769: 5756: 5743: 5730: 5717: 5704: 5691: 5678: 5665: 5652: 5637: 5621: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5600: 5599: 5579: 5578: 5552: 5538: 5531: 5519: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502:External links 5500: 5498: 5497: 5472: 5455: 5420: 5383: 5363: 5361:on 2016-06-04. 5318: 5312: 5299: 5293: 5280: 5262:(4): 433–441. 5251: 5217: 5211: 5198: 5185: 5174: 5168: 5155: 5140: 5134: 5121: 5103:(4): 928–935. 5088: 5082: 5065: 5047:(2): 388–396. 5032: 5004:(3): 423–430. 4982: 4976: 4960: 4928: 4911: 4900: 4875: 4869: 4852: 4839: 4828: 4793: 4760: 4735: 4698: 4664:(4): 625–632. 4645: 4639: 4622: 4598: 4583:Marine Toads ( 4578: 4562: 4551: 4545: 4532: 4526: 4513: 4488: 4482: 4469: 4456: 4443: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4350: 4335: 4323: 4305: 4282: 4265: 4253: 4241: 4216: 4188: 4176: 4164: 4149: 4137: 4125: 4113: 4098: 4083: 4081:, pp. 6–7 4068: 4056: 4044: 4032: 4017: 3990: 3983: 3960: 3943: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3857: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3809: 3796: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3730: 3716: 3700: 3688: 3672: 3660: 3645: 3627: 3610: 3595: 3576: 3561: 3549: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3483: 3471: 3452: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3390:, pp. 1–2 3380: 3365: 3346: 3321: 3295: 3270: 3245: 3220: 3198: 3186: 3167:(6): 390–394. 3147: 3132: 3083: 3060: 3032: 3010: 3008:, pp. 1–8 2998: 2986: 2960: 2948: 2933: 2900: 2888: 2863: 2851: 2794: 2744: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2545: 2533: 2512: 2494: 2482: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2425: 2408: 2396: 2374: 2337: 2266: 2236:2027.42/171619 2213:(3): 978–992. 2190: 2155:(2): 128–140. 2133: 2105: 2093: 2081: 2048: 2033: 2007: 1981: 1969: 1957: 1945: 1911: 1899: 1888: 1876: 1861: 1831: 1804: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1635:Embera-Wounaan 1618: 1615: 1570: 1567: 1547:larvae eating 1536: 1533: 1523: 1520: 1475: 1472: 1468:New Providence 1374: 1371: 1267:Main article: 1264: 1261: 1174: 1171: 1129: 1126: 1043:whistling kite 978: 975: 953:hallucinations 924:Specimen from 917: 914: 856:, other small 848: 845: 764: 761: 732: 729: 703: 700: 517: 514: 440:La Venta fauna 388:, is a large, 366: 365: 364: 363: 358: 353: 345: 328: 327: 321: 320: 316: 315: 307: 306: 295: 284: 283: 277: 276: 272:R. marina 269: 267: 263: 262: 255: 251: 250: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 177: 176: 158: 155: 154: 149: 146: 145: 141: 140: 132: 131: 127: 126: 118: 117: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 53: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6118: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 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5300: 5296: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5242:on 2020-03-21 5238: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4990: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4964:Kenny, Julian 4961: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4920:Herpetologica 4917: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4750:(2): 93–113. 4749: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4631: 4630: 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Tribute 242 3932: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3894:Freeland 1985 3890: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3875: 3872:, p. 112 3871: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3748: 3744: 3742: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3714:, p. 20. 3713: 3709: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3646:9781743323595 3642: 3638: 3631: 3628: 3625:, p. 104 3624: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3593:, p. 113 3592: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3572:Hinckley 1963 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3550: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3438:, p. 417 3437: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3402:, p. 392 3401: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3381: 3378:, p. 111 3377: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3347: 3336:on 2015-03-22 3335: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3296: 3285:on 2010-03-22 3284: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3234: 3232: 3224: 3221: 3209: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3071: 3064: 3061: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3033: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2946:, p. 134 2945: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2878: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2814:(1): coy075. 2813: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2742:, p. 119 2741: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2727:, p. 118 2726: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2632: 2629: 2626:, p. 274 2625: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2590:, p. 380 2589: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2565:(2): 237–238. 2564: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2546: 2543:, p. 256 2542: 2537: 2534: 2531:, p. 116 2530: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2443: 2440:, p. 117 2439: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2406:, p. 928 2405: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2393:Robinson 1998 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2363: 2356: 2354: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2194: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2091:, p. 381 2090: 2085: 2082: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2008: 1995: 1993: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1967:, p. 107 1966: 1961: 1958: 1955:, p. 140 1954: 1949: 1946: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1923: 1915: 1912: 1909:, p. 185 1908: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1886:, p. 824 1885: 1884:Linnaeus 1758 1880: 1877: 1874:, p. 626 1873: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1819: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1794: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1707:Bufo arenarum 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1671:hair restorer 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1623: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1569:United States 1568: 1566: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1453: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414:French Guiana 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1270: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1239:Daitō Islands 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195:French Guiana 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1120:In Australia 1118: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067:water monitor 1064: 1063:Rattus rattus 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1003: 999: 991: 987: 983: 976: 974: 972: 967: 963: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 936: 927: 922: 915: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 878:invertebrates 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 846: 844: 840: 838: 833: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 807: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 774: 769: 762: 760: 758: 754: 749: 745: 737: 730: 728: 726: 721: 719: 715: 714: 708: 701: 699: 697: 693: 692:southern toad 688: 686: 685: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 663: 658: 657: 652: 651: 650:Limnodynastes 641: 637: 635: 634: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 587:) changes to 586: 582: 579: 578:specific name 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 551:Albertus Seba 548: 545: 541: 540: 535: 534:Carl Linnaeus 531: 527: 526:binomial name 523: 515: 513: 511: 507: 506: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 480: 476: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 436: 434: 433: 428: 424: 423: 418: 415:, as well as 414: 410: 406: 402: 399:and mainland 398: 394: 391: 387: 383: 379: 378: 373: 362: 359: 357: 354: 349: 346: 343: 339: 335: 332: 331: 329: 326: 322: 317: 313: 308: 303: 299: 293: 291: 285: 282: 281:Binomial name 278: 274: 273: 268: 265: 264: 261: 260: 256: 253: 252: 249: 246: 243: 242: 239: 236: 233: 232: 229: 226: 223: 222: 219: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 187: 182: 178: 172: 167: 166:Least Concern 156: 152: 147: 144:Adult female 142: 138: 133: 128: 124: 119: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 51: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5916: 5616: 5568: 5484: 5480: 5477:Bufo marinus 5476: 5467: 5463: 5460:Bufo marinus 5459: 5437:(1–2): 1–8. 5434: 5428: 5424: 5391: 5387: 5374: 5356:the original 5333: 5329: 5303: 5284: 5259: 5255: 5244:. Retrieved 5237:the original 5232: 5228: 5202: 5193: 5189: 5178: 5159: 5150: 5125: 5100: 5096: 5093:Bufo marinus 5092: 5069: 5044: 5040: 5037:Bufo marinus 5036: 5001: 4997: 4989:Bufo marinus 4988: 4967: 4952:. Retrieved 4948:the original 4943: 4938:Bufo marinus 4937: 4936:"Ecology of 4923: 4919: 4916:Bufo marinus 4915: 4904: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4856: 4847: 4843: 4837:. p. 9. 4832: 4807: 4801: 4798:Bufo marinus 4797: 4772: 4768: 4765:Bufo marinus 4764: 4747: 4743: 4740:Bufo marinus 4739: 4709:(1): 46–53. 4706: 4702: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4650:Bufo marinus 4649: 4628: 4614:. Retrieved 4606: 4585:Bufo marinus 4584: 4570:. Retrieved 4555: 4536: 4518:Biodiversity 4517: 4505:. Retrieved 4499: 4473: 4464: 4460: 4451: 4447: 4435:. Retrieved 4431: 4426:Bufo marinus 4425: 4415:Bibliography 4401: 4396:, p. 48 4394:Bateman 2008 4389: 4377: 4370:McCarin 2008 4365: 4353: 4348:, p. 85 4326: 4317: 4308: 4296:. Retrieved 4285: 4280:, p. 32 4261:Easteal 1981 4256: 4251:, p. 64 4244: 4233:. Retrieved 4229:the original 4219: 4208:. Retrieved 4204: 4199:Bufo marinus 4198: 4191: 4186:, p. 59 4179: 4174:, p. 58 4167: 4160:Easteal 1981 4147:, p. 57 4140: 4133:Easteal 1981 4128: 4116: 4064:Easteal 1981 4059: 4047: 4035: 4026: 4020: 4006:(2): 41–53. 4003: 3999: 3993: 3973: 3963: 3935:. Retrieved 3925: 3913: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3848: 3843:, p. 98 3841:Easteal 1981 3836: 3824: 3819:, p. 81 3812: 3807:, p. 72 3799: 3794:, p. 71 3787: 3775: 3770:, p. 67 3763: 3751:. Retrieved 3746: 3741:Bufo marinus 3740: 3733: 3724: 3719: 3703: 3698:, p. 83 3691: 3683: 3675: 3663: 3636: 3630: 3623:Easteal 1981 3608:, p. 77 3552: 3540:. Retrieved 3538:. Sean Chang 3535: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3474: 3443: 3431: 3426:, p. 96 3424:Easteal 1981 3419: 3414:, p. 94 3412:Easteal 1981 3407: 3395: 3383: 3360:The Guardian 3359: 3349: 3338:. Retrieved 3334:the original 3330:"Cane Toads" 3324: 3313:. Retrieved 3309:Times Online 3308: 3298: 3287:. Retrieved 3283:the original 3273: 3262:. Retrieved 3260:. 2019-10-31 3257: 3248: 3237:. Retrieved 3231:Bufo marinus 3230: 3229:"Cane Toad ( 3223: 3212:. Retrieved 3210:. Abc.net.au 3201: 3189: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3074:. Retrieved 3063: 3051:. Retrieved 3047:The Guardian 3045: 3035: 3023:. Retrieved 3013: 3001: 2994:Fawcett 2004 2989: 2977:. Retrieved 2972: 2963: 2951: 2920:(1): 71–80. 2917: 2913: 2903: 2891: 2882: 2879:(Cane Toad)" 2876: 2861:, p. 10 2854: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2764: 2760: 2720: 2708: 2696: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2619: 2614:, p. 15 2607: 2595: 2583: 2571: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2536: 2492:, p. 81 2485: 2479:Cameron 2009 2464:, p. 55 2462:Grenard 2007 2457: 2445: 2399: 2365:. Retrieved 2361: 2352: 2289: 2283: 2278:Bufo marinus 2277: 2269: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2152: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2124:. Retrieved 2118: 2108: 2096: 2084: 2072:. Retrieved 2063: 2024:. Retrieved 2019: 2010: 1998:. Retrieved 1991: 1984: 1979:, p. 35 1972: 1960: 1948: 1936:. Retrieved 1927: 1922:Bufo marinus 1921: 1920:"Cane Toad ( 1914: 1902: 1891: 1879: 1847: 1843: 1822:. Retrieved 1793:cite journal 1781:. Retrieved 1767: 1761: 1755: 1720: 1705: 1683: 1639:arrow poison 1628: 1607: 1597:to north of 1589:importer at 1587: 1572: 1549:sweet potato 1538: 1525: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1490: 1482: 1457: 1450: 1445: 1439: 1422:mole cricket 1407: 1403:Grand Cayman 1376: 1350: 1344: 1334: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1312:V. mitchelli 1310: 1304: 1297:biodiversity 1290: 1288: 1272: 1212: 1184: 1176: 1131: 1128:Distribution 1119: 1103: 1101: 1090: 1086: 1078: 1070: 1062: 1054: 1046: 1028: 1026: 1019: 1005: 1001: 995: 989: 968: 964: 961: 957:toad licking 939: 931: 898:grasshoppers 850: 841: 828: 823: 819: 808: 804: 796:Coiba Island 779: 777: 750: 746: 742: 722: 717: 711: 709: 705: 695: 689: 682: 674: 660: 654: 648: 646: 631: 625: 612: 609:Bufo marinus 608: 604: 600: 597:Bufo marinus 596: 588: 580: 565: 563: 558: 546: 537: 529: 519: 503: 491: 484:pest control 472: 451: 442:of the late 437: 430: 420: 385: 381: 376: 375: 371: 369: 360: 355: 348:Bufo marinus 347: 333: 289: 287: 271: 270: 258: 48:13.8–0 36: 5917:Rana marina 5874:SeaLifeBase 5835:NatureServe 5773:iNaturalist 5682:AmphibiaWeb 5641:Wikispecies 5336:(1): 1–18. 5019:10125/22718 4603:"Cane Toad" 4437:October 29, 4384:, p. 3 4382:Hardie 2001 4372:, p. 8 4298:11 November 4205:Wec.ufl.edu 3753:October 29, 3542:October 16, 3506:Alcala 1957 3436:Lannoo 2005 2996:, p. 9 2715:, p. 6 2703:, p. 8 2624:Anstis 2002 2578:, p. 3 2362:Sta.uwi.edu 2126:26 December 2103:, p. 3 2046:, p. 1 1783:19 November 1698:spermatozoa 1667:aphrodisiac 1575:South Texas 1499:Philippines 1487:Philippines 1446:Phyllophaga 1425:release on 1391:Puerto Rico 1351:V. panoptes 1318:V. panoptes 1227:Philippines 1207:Puerto Rico 1138:South Texas 1097:Kookaburras 1012:Anguillidae 926:El Salvador 906:crustaceans 894:dragonflies 872:, and even 784:marine life 731:Description 628:Mesoamerica 555:Trinidadian 488:cane beetle 390:terrestrial 386:marine toad 334:Rana marina 130:Adult male 6015:Categories 5555:Audio help 5546:2006-09-19 5246:2019-11-05 5180:The Leader 5143:(in Latin) 4890:(8): 609. 4810:(4): 256. 4775:(2): 185. 4358:Tyler 1976 4346:Tyler 1976 4278:Lever 2001 4249:Lever 2001 4235:2010-04-26 4210:2010-04-26 4184:Lever 2001 4172:Lever 2001 4145:Lever 2001 4121:Lever 2001 4109:Tyler 1976 4094:Lever 2001 4052:Lever 2001 4040:Lever 2001 3969:Ross Piper 3937:2013-09-07 3918:Lever 2001 3906:Tyler 1989 3870:Tyler 1989 3853:Lever 2001 3829:Lever 2001 3817:Lever 2001 3805:Lever 2001 3792:Lever 2001 3780:Lever 2001 3768:Lever 2001 3712:Shine 2009 3696:Tyler 1976 3668:Tyler 1976 3606:Tyler 1976 3591:Tyler 1989 3479:Smith 2005 3467:Tyler 1989 3448:Tyler 1989 3376:Tyler 1989 3340:2012-07-31 3315:2009-03-31 3289:2010-04-26 3264:2023-10-06 3239:2011-11-12 3214:2011-11-12 3194:Angus 1994 3143:Tyler 1989 2956:Tyler 1989 2944:Tyler 1989 2896:Tyler 1989 2859:Lever 2001 2740:Tyler 1989 2725:Tyler 1989 2713:Lever 2001 2576:Lever 2001 2529:Tyler 1989 2490:Tyler 1976 2450:Tyler 1989 2438:Tyler 1989 1977:Kenny 2008 1896:Beltz 2007 1730:References 1724:fertiliser 1694:lymph sacs 1541:New Guinea 1535:New Guinea 1516:corruption 1442:white grub 1431:Montserrat 1410:Martinique 1387:Hispaniola 1241:of Japan, 1187:Martinique 1081:) and the 1065:) and the 910:gastropods 866:amphibians 837:wet season 820:interested 771:Cane toad 564:The genus 496:sugar cane 477:, and the 405:introduced 395:native to 5932:Q24813606 5840:2.1146759 5338:CiteSeerX 4012:0119-1144 3955:"kamprag" 3725:Meat Ant. 3655:857766002 3181:0266-4674 3127:1755-263X 2828:2051-1434 2789:1365-2435 2688:237305658 2672:0028-0836 2650:: 19–20. 2314:0962-8452 2306:1471-2954 2261:244131909 2245:0962-1083 2227:1365-294X 2177:0300-3256 2169:1463-6409 1735:Citations 1696:, and if 1673:, and in 1663:bufotenin 1643:entheogen 1583:Louisiana 1545:hawk moth 1483:R. marina 1460:Carriacou 1373:Caribbean 1355:Meat ants 1263:Australia 1231:Ogasawara 1215:Australia 1152:(such as 1150:Venezuela 1110:Meat ants 1105:Didelphis 1059:black rat 1016:killifish 977:Predators 941:Bufotenin 935:bufotoxin 902:true bugs 880:(such as 812:bufotoxin 718:R. marina 684:Uperoleia 662:Mixophyes 656:Cyclorana 585:masculine 530:R. marina 522:sugarcane 452:R. marina 413:Caribbean 393:true toad 372:cane toad 266:Species: 248:Bufonidae 204:Kingdom: 198:Eukaryota 42:Cane toad 6026:Rhinella 5972:11008704 5926:Wikidata 5626:Wikidata 5557: · 5416:17792964 5149:(1758). 5117:85826932 4966:(2008). 4731:86177629 4694:23753852 4686:18853191 4616:June 18, 4572:June 15, 4318:ABC News 3971:(2011). 3311:. London 3258:ABC News 2846:30800317 2680:34433984 2646:(7874). 2541:Ely 1944 2404:Lee 2001 2253:34784086 2201:Rhinella 2185:84074871 2074:June 17, 2026:19 April 1938:June 17, 1558:cutworms 1464:Dominica 1418:mosquito 1399:Dominica 1379:Barbados 1303:lizards 1237:and the 1191:Barbados 1166:semiarid 1162:tropical 1154:Trinidad 916:Defences 864:, other 862:reptiles 792:seawater 788:tadpoles 753:tadpoles 566:Rhinella 516:Taxonomy 479:tadpoles 448:Colombia 422:Rhinella 411:and the 338:Linnaeus 325:Synonyms 298:Linnaeus 259:Rhinella 244:Family: 228:Amphibia 218:Chordata 214:Phylum: 208:Animalia 194:Domain: 171:IUCN 3.1 5993:ZooBank 5959:2422757 5905:1432725 5752:5216933 5632:Q321087 5544: ( 5515:minutes 5451:8170151 5396:Bibcode 5388:Science 5264:Bibcode 5061:2641079 5028:9234254 4954:July 2, 4824:1438692 4789:1564171 4711:Bibcode 4666:Bibcode 4507:July 7, 3105:Bibcode 3076:2 March 3053:2 March 3025:2 March 2837:6379050 2769:Bibcode 2652:Bibcode 2367:11 June 2332:9628036 2323:1689048 2000:June 4, 1824:June 4, 1688:goods. 1686:leather 1645:by the 1579:Florida 1510:in the 1508:kamprag 1491:kamprag 1485:in the 1427:Antigua 1383:Jamaica 1343:lizard 1301:varanid 1257:Hawaiʻi 1219:Florida 1203:Jamaica 1193:, from 1073:). 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