805:
248:
833:
654:
231:
19:
264:
197:
601:
483:, which is universally agreed to refer to the rhinoceros, does not occur in oracle bone inscriptions, so there is no certain literary evidence that rhinoceroses were hunted during the Shang dynasty. Nevertheless, there is some archaeological evidence, in the form of a tarsal bone and a carpal bone from a rhinoceros, that rhinoceroses were present in the region of the Shang capital
214:
731:
1762:
819:
675:
The rhinoceros-hide armour was of seven folds or links, one over another; the wild-buffalo's-hide armour was of six folds or links; and the armour, made of two hides together was of five folds or links. The rhinoceros-hide armour would endure 100 years; the wild-buffalo-hide armour 200 years; and the
556:
of the Han dynasty, where a complete rhinoceros's skeleton was unearthed. It is thought that this was a specimen from the royal zoo. The
Analects has this interesting saying which indicates rhinos were held captive even during the period of Confucius (500 B.C.E): "And further, you speak wrongly. When
644:
has noted that "n its bony head, powerful shoulders, ponderous hindquarters, thick folds of skin, firmly planted hoofs, and stance with head lifted on the alert, the essential reality of a rhinoceros is present in a bronze of superlative quality". This rhinoceros has two horns and shows distinctive
792:
In addition to cups, rhinoceros horn was also sometimes used to make other objects, such as medicine / snuff bottles, hair pins, belt hooks, and dress toggles. Due to high demand for rhinoceros horn medicine, rhinoceros horn carvings were ground down for medicine. Whilst the popularity of libation
777:
Cups made out of rhinoceros horn were very popular during the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) dynasties, when they were used as libation cups for ritual purposes. Many examples of Ming and Qing rhinoceros horn cups are held in museums and private collections, and in recent years a number of
645:
wrinkles around the eyes which are characteristic features of the
Sumatran Rhinoceros. The lid of the vessel is in the form of a saddle, and straps attaching the saddle to the rhinoceros go around the belly of the animal, suggesting that the model for this vessel must have been a tame rhinoceros.
349:
which were more widely distributed within China, the one-horned Javan
Rhinoceros was also present in ancient China. On the other hand, the posterior horn of the Sumatran Rhinoceros is often undeveloped and inconspicuous, so it is still possible that such examples of one-horned rhinoceroses may in
742:
From an early date, rhinoceros horn was believed to have special properties, in particular that it would react by fizzing if it came into contact with poison, and so cups made out of rhinoceros horn were valued as a protection against poisoning. It is thought that rhinoceros horn cups developed
639:
in 1963 (shown at the top of this page). This one is even more lifelike and realistic than the Shang dynasty example, and must have been modelled on an actual rhinoceros. It is also a more highly decorated piece of art, with complex cloud patterns inlaid into its skin with gold and silver wire.
696:, who was an official in Chu for a short time, notes that "he soldiers of Chu were equipped with armour made of sharkskin and rhinoceros hide as hard as metal or stone, and with pikes of Nanyang steel that could sting a man like a wasp or a scorpion".
38:
in ancient
Chinese art are typically very accurate and lifelike, suggesting that they were modelled first-hand by the artist on living rhinoceroses rather than being based on legend or traveller's tales. The main species of rhinoceros that lived in
341:(Indian and Javan rhinoceroses only having a single horn). However, a few examples of sculptures showing one-horned rhinoceroses are also known, for example on a bronze cylinder supported by three rhinoceroses from the tomb of
397:, where rhinoceroses were reported to be living up to the late 17th century. The last native population of rhinoceros only became extinct in Yunnan province in the 20th century, although a small population of
751:(nos. 3, 154, 215 and 292). Although there are no surviving examples of rhinoceros horn cups from this period, imitation rhinoceros horn cups are known, such as a version made of jade from the tomb of King
512:
King Wu hunted and netted 22 tigers, 2 panthers, 5,235 stags, 12 rhinoceri, 721 yaks, 151 bears, 118 yellow-bears, 353 boars, 18 badgers, 16 king-stags, 50 musk-deer, 30 tailed-deer, and 3,508 deer.
433:
On the day Jiawu the king went to hunt a rhinoceros. The carriage of courtier Chu broke its axis. A gelding tripped over stones and bolted away from the king's carriage. Prince Yang also fell down.
393:(960–1279), it was revealed that the demand for rhino horn caused the extinction of rhinoceros in central to northern China. One of the last outposts of the native Chinese rhinoceros was
699:
Rhinoceros and buffalo hide was also recorded to have been used for the inner coffin of the emperor, as it was supposed to preserve the body, similar in function to Han dynasty
129:
is like a water buffalo, but with a large paunch, short legs, three toes on each foot, and three horns on a pig-like head, two on its forehead and one on its nose; and the
628:, during the first half of the 11th century BC. The vessel is in the form of a two-horned rhinoceros with a rotund body and splayed legs, possibly a Sumatran rhino.
1102:
105:
is defined as "an ox occurring beyond the southern frontier. It has a horn on its nose and another one on the crown of its head; it resembles a pig"; and the
735:
1787:
557:
a tiger or rhinoceros escapes from his cage; when a tortoise or piece of jade is injured in its repository:-whose is the fault?" ("Analects 16:7).
1049:
1508:
The
Ceremonial Usages of the Chinese: B. C. 1121, as prescribed in the "Institutes of the Chow dynasty strung as pearls;" or, Chow le kwan choo
1741:
1616:
1567:
1539:
1490:
1418:
1244:
1209:
1175:
970:. Field Museum of Natural History Publication 177 (Anthropological Series Vol. XIII, No. 2). Field Museum of Natural History. pp. 89–96.
904:
1766:
770:, Japan, that date to the Tang dynasty. During the Tang dynasty cups like these were used as presents for successful candidates in the
1635:
1797:
1274:
Rookmaaker, Cornelis (1980). "The
Distribution of the Rhinoceros in Eastern India, Bangladesh, China, and the Indo-Chinese Region".
1587:
1802:
560:
During the Tang dynasty a number of rhinoceroses were presented to the imperial court from south-east Asian countries, including
337:
art show two distinct horns, and in some cases wrinkles around the eyes are also evident, which are features only found in the
361:
valley, but over time its range was reduced, and by the Han dynasty it was no longer present in northern China, north of the
569:
346:
314:. A wooden sculpture of a charging bull-like creature with a huge single horn, similar to modern reconstructions of the
219:
52:
856:
345:(late 4th century BC). Some historians have taken this as evidence that, in addition to the Sumatran Rhinoceros and
1555:
851:
1792:
1705:
398:
145:
refers to the one-horned Javan
Rhinoceros, and some follow the definition given, for examples, in the Tang book
1130:
Fiskesjö, Magnus (2001). "Rising from blood-stained fields: royal hunting and state formation in Shang China".
747:兕觥) feature prominently in pre-Han literature; they are, for example, mentioned in four of the 300 odes of the
589:
1293:
34:
is attested both by archaeological evidence and by references in ancient
Chinese literature. Depictions of
1782:
1521:
1078:
1406:
1013:
998:
846:
681:
342:
267:
369:. It was thought the colder climate of northeast Asia caused habitat loss for the rhinoceroses. By the
247:
504:逸周書), where the results of a hunting trip on an enormous scale by the first king of the Zhou dynasty,
771:
553:
1026:
838:
338:
236:
44:
653:
612:
The earliest, and one of the most impressive, examples of a rhinoceros in
Chinese art is a bronze
1680:
625:
549:
1531:
1525:
1308:
548:
One of the earliest pieces of evidence for a captive rhinoceros in China comes from the tomb of
18:
296:, becoming extinct as late as about 20,000 years ago. It has been speculated that the Chinese "
230:
1737:
1612:
1563:
1535:
1486:
1460:
1414:
1371:
1331:
1240:
1232:
1205:
1171:
1045:
900:
861:
748:
581:
487:, and most historians accept that rhinoceroses probably were hunted during the Shang dynasty.
438:
263:
202:
109:(written as 𤉡, a variant of 兕) is defined as being "like a wild ox and dark-colored". In the
60:
1201:
1195:
896:
890:
83:
There are two ancient
Chinese characters that have been interpreted as meaning 'rhinoceros':
1710:
1363:
1354:
1349:
1323:
1162:
Stephen, Barbara (1991). "The Bow-Shaped Bronze Fitting and Its Context in Shang China". In
886:
700:
641:
253:
68:
793:
cups has aided their survival, it appears far fewer of these other examples have survived.
963:
505:
196:
150:
1392:
1197:
Tiger bone & Rhino Horn: the Destruction of Wildlife for Traditional Chinese Medicine
1706:"A Set Of Rhinoceros Horn Cups Becomes The Most Valuable Find Ever On Antiques Roadshow"
1659:
1527:
The Songs of the South: An Anthology of Ancient Chinese Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets
183:
may have been used as a name for both the more common buffalo and the rarer rhinoceros.
1639:
824:
621:
565:
354:
175:
is the name for a female rhinoceros; on the other hand, many scholars believe that the
1001:
quote: "犀，似豕。（形似水牛，豬頭，大腹，痺腳。腳有三蹄，黑色。三角，一在頂上，一在額上，一在鼻上。鼻上者，即食角也。小而不橢，好食棘。亦有一角者。○橢，音墮。）"
600:
353:
During the Shang dynasty the range of the rhinoceros may have reached as far north in
1776:
1437:
1260:
667:
605:
374:
362:
326:
288:
167:
97:
763:
1367:
1098:
810:
714:) it states that rhino and buffalo hide was used for saddles, armor and weapons of
711:
662:
537:
533:
521:
442:
402:
390:
370:
358:
330:
325:
All three Asian rhinoceros once lived in China. Most depictions of rhinoceroses in
319:
159:
137:
refers to the two-horned Sumatran Rhinoceros, but it is not clear what exactly the
1163:
1110:
685:
632:
468:
414:
334:
293:
23:
1327:
1090:
800:
767:
693:
275:
35:
1464:
1375:
1335:
588:). Performing elephants and rhinoceroses took part in the entertainments for
91:兕 (the former character is used in the modern Chinese word for 'rhinoceros',
762:
The earliest surviving examples of rhinoceros cups are examples held at the
730:
500:
378:
366:
271:
1031:
ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
926:
213:
1761:
968:
Chinese Clay Figures Part 1: Prolegomena on the History of Defensive Armor
743:
during the Warring States Period or earlier, and rhinoceros cups (Chinese
421:, including one famous inscription that tells how an accident befell King
945:
617:
938:
919:
752:
715:
636:
525:
422:
394:
382:
297:
279:
756:
719:
689:
577:
561:
529:
386:
122:
983:
479:
was a wild buffalo rather than a rhinoceros. The character for the
818:
729:
652:
599:
573:
484:
302:
262:
154:
40:
17:
1411:
Before Confucius: Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics
1168:
Sages and Filial Sons: Mythology and Archaeology in Ancient China
688:
was renowned for its rhinoceros hide armour, and the philosopher
536:, and that it was believed that killing one would always bring a
133:
has a single horn. It is evident from these two sources that the
1588:"The Songzhutang Collection of Chinese Rhinoceros Horn Carvings"
475:
However, as discussed above, some scholars now believe that the
286:
In prehistoric times, China was home to the gigantic one-horned
110:
318:, was discovered in a late Western Han (206 BC – AD 9) tomb at
580:. At least some of these rhinoceroses were specimens of the
113:
glossary, probably compiled during the 3rd century BC, the
1681:"Rhino cup goes for £300,000 at Cheltenham auction house"
1237:
The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics
778:
rhinoceros horn cups have sold for large sums of money:
494:
rhinoceros occurs in the "Great Capture" chapter of the
1105:
quote: "犀字篆文象形其牸名兕亦曰沙犀" translation: "The character 犀 (
665:(1045–256 BC) rhinoceros hide was used for armour. The
461:
The spoil will be presented to the visitors and guests,
1660:"Rare rhinoceros horn cup goes for £80,000 at auction"
1316:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
631:
Another bronze rhinoceros wine vessel, dating to the
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
445:(c. 1046–771 BC), also describes the hunting of the
373:(618–907) it was only found in an area south of the
1309:"Shang ritual animals: colour and meaning (part 1)"
657:
Drawing of rhinoceros hide and buffalo hide armour.
179:refers to a type of wild buffalo, or even that the
149:by Su Jing (aka Su Gong, died 674), in the 1037 CE
1476:
1474:
1239:. University of California Press. pp. 83–84.
1065:Siku Quanshu "vol. 51, section 犀". quote: "恭曰牸是雌犀"
895:. Pelican History of Art (3rd ed.). pp.
1132:Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities
734:Jade imitation of a rhinoceros horn cup from the
604:Rhinoceros-shaped wine vessel dating to the late
524:) it states that rhinoceroses were hunted by the
274:in the form of a two-horned rhinoceros, from the
121:is said to resemble an ox, but the commentary by
1125:
1123:
1453:Journal of the Hong Kong Archaeological Society
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
624:, which is thought to date to the reign of the
1581:
1579:
1170:. Chinese University Press. pp. 186–187.
881:
879:
877:
377:, such as in the modern southern provinces of
1189:
1187:
958:
956:
954:
490:The earliest literary mention of hunting the
350:fact also represent the Sumatran Rhinoceros.
141:refers to. Some authorities suppose that the
8:
788:5 cups were valued at $ 1m to $ 1.5m in 2011
785:a 17th-century cup sold for £300,000 in 2011
357:as the territory of the Shang kings, in the
43:in ancient times has been identified as the
1734:The Art of Rhinoceros Horn Carving in China
1483:The Art of Rhinoceros Horn Carving in China
782:a 17th-century cup sold for £80,000 in 2010
620:in 1843, and formerly in the collection of
222:possibly become extinct during 20th century
1352:(1986–1987). "A New View of King Wuding".
95:犀牛). In the early 2nd century dictionary,
1451:Meacham, William (1993). "Sha Po Tsuen".
1432:
1430:
1387:
1385:
425:'s hunting party whilst in pursuit of a
117:is said to resemble a boar, whereas the
873:
417:inscriptions record the hunting of the
125:(276–324) elaborates, stating that the
1630:
1628:
1510:. Smith, Elder, & co. p. 81.
1113:is a pictogram; female is named 兕 (
22:Rhinoceros wine vessel dating to the
7:
463:Along with the cup of sweet wine. —
1052:, column 4 from right. quote: "是雌犀"
635:(206 BC – AD 9), was discovered in
459:There is a large rhinoceros killed.
1736:. Christies's Books. p. 114.
552:(died 155 BC), a concubine of the
14:
1485:. Christies's Books. p. 37.
892:The Art and Architecture of China
676:armour of double hide 300 years.
596:Rhinoceroses in early Chinese art
457:Here is a small boar transifixed;
455:We have our arrows on the string.
57:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis
1760:
1611:. Frances Lincoln. p. 259.
1506:William Raymond Gingell (1852).
831:
817:
803:
292:, which survived until the late
246:
229:
212:
195:
1788:Rhinoceroses in popular culture
1294:"Rhinos Reintroduced to Yunnan"
736:Mausoleum of the King of Nanyue
1368:10.1080/02549948.1986.11731180
1:
929:quote: "犀：南徼外牛。一角在鼻，一角在頂，似豕。"
582:Greater One-horned Rhinoceros
32:rhinoceroses in ancient China
984:"Elucidations on the Beasts"
347:Northern Sumatran rhinoceros
310:is a cultural memory of the
220:Northern Sumatran rhinoceros
53:Northern Sumatran rhinoceros
1767:Rhinoceroses in Chinese art
1166:; Guisso, R. W. L. (eds.).
1061:Also quoted in Li Shizhen,
889:; Soper, Alexander (1971).
857:Hymn to the Fallen (Jiu Ge)
405:) were introduced in 2003.
399:Southern white rhinoceroses
256:extinct in China since 1922
239:extinct in China since 1916
205:extinct in China since 1920
1819:
1413:. SUNY Press. p. 35.
1395:. Chinese Text Initiative.
1025:Theobald, Ulrich (2013), "
1016:quote: "兕，似牛。（一角，青色，重千斤。）"
852:Elephants in ancient China
1530:. Penguin Books. p.
1393:"Shi Jing (Book of Odes)"
1328:10.1017/S0041977X07000444
1200:. Island Press. pp.
616:wine vessel unearthed in
544:Rhinoceroses in captivity
1798:Extinct animals of China
1562:. Kessinger Publishing.
1560:Myths of China and Japan
1117:); also called a sand 犀"
590:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
187:Species and distribution
49:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis
1803:Extinct mammals of Asia
1607:Cremin, Aedeen (2007).
1194:Ellis, Richard (2005).
576:and a country named as
51:), more especially the
1407:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
759:(reigned 137–122 BC).
739:
678:
658:
649:Rhinoceros hide armour
609:
514:
473:
453:We have bent our bows;
435:
413:Several Shang dynasty
283:
27:
1732:Chapman, Jan (1999).
1636:"Rhinoceros horn cup"
1481:Chapman, Jan (1999).
1276:Zoologischer Anzeiger
847:Dogs in ancient China
772:imperial examinations
733:
682:Warring States period
673:
656:
603:
510:
451:
431:
343:King Cuo of Zhongshan
268:Warring States period
266:
75:) were also present.
21:
1769:at Wikimedia Commons
1556:MacKenzie, Donald A.
1103:"vol. 51, section 犀"
586:Rhinoceros unicornis
73:Rhinoceros sondaicus
65:Rhinoceros unicornis
1438:"Manshu: Chapter 7"
839:Paleontology portal
633:Western Han dynasty
592:(reigned 712–756).
339:Sumatran Rhinoceros
237:Sumatran rhinoceros
45:Sumatran Rhinoceros
1307:Wang, Tao (2007).
1233:Schafer, Edward H.
1027:Xinxiu Bencao 新修本草
1011:Erya - Commentated
996:Erya - Commentated
766:treasure house in
740:
692:from the northern
659:
626:last king of Shang
610:
550:Empress Dowager Bo
409:Rhinoceros hunting
284:
28:
1765:Media related to
1743:978-0-903432-57-3
1618:978-0-7112-2822-1
1569:978-1-4179-6429-1
1541:978-0-14-044375-2
1492:978-0-903432-57-3
1420:978-0-7914-3378-2
1350:Chang, Tsung-tung
1246:978-0-520-05462-2
1211:978-1-55963-532-5
1177:978-962-201-469-5
1046:Peking University
906:978-0-14-056110-4
887:Sickman, Laurence
862:Wildlife of China
701:jade burial suits
508:, are recounted:
496:Lost Book of Zhou
203:Indian rhinoceros
61:Indian Rhinoceros
30:The existence of
1810:
1793:Mammals of China
1764:
1748:
1747:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1711:Business Insider
1702:
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1355:Monumenta Serica
1346:
1340:
1339:
1313:
1304:
1298:
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1159:
1140:
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1127:
1118:
1088:
1082:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1048:Library's copy,
1039:
1033:
1023:
1017:
1014:"Chapter 10 - 兕"
1008:
1002:
999:"Chapter 10 - 犀"
993:
987:
986:quote: "兕似牛，犀似豕"
978:
972:
971:
964:Laufer, Berthold
960:
949:
936:
930:
917:
911:
910:
883:
841:
836:
835:
834:
827:
822:
821:
813:
808:
807:
806:
642:Laurence Sickman
441:, dating to the
300:", known as the
254:Javan rhinoceros
250:
233:
216:
199:
69:Javan Rhinoceros
59:), although the
26:(206 BC – AD 9).
1818:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1773:
1772:
1757:
1752:
1751:
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1726:
1717:
1715:
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1703:
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1688:
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1665:
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1662:. 28 March 2010
1658:
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1450:
1449:
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1347:
1343:
1311:
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1305:
1301:
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1259:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1231:
1230:
1219:
1212:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1161:
1160:
1143:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1089:
1085:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1042:Xinxiu Bencao 2
1040:
1036:
1024:
1020:
1009:
1005:
994:
990:
979:
975:
962:
961:
952:
937:
933:
918:
914:
907:
885:
884:
875:
870:
837:
832:
830:
823:
816:
809:
804:
802:
799:
728:
726:Rhinoceros horn
684:, the southern
651:
598:
546:
467:no.180, trans.
462:
460:
458:
456:
454:
411:
261:
260:
259:
258:
257:
251:
242:
241:
240:
234:
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217:
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189:
151:rime dictionary
81:
12:
11:
5:
1816:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1800:
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1790:
1785:
1775:
1774:
1771:
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948:"𤉡：如野牛而青。"
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1777:Categories
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1322:(2): 367.
1091:Li Shizhen
868:References
718:troops in
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1459:: 33–54.
1376:0254-9948
1336:0041-977X
1138:: 49–191.
534:pit traps
501:Yizhoushu
379:Guangdong
367:Zhongyuan
322:in 1959.
272:belt hook
158:, or the
1685:BBC News
1558:(2005).
1524:(1985).
1409:(1997).
1362:: 1–12.
1261:"Manshu"
1235:(1963).
1101:version)
966:(1914).
797:See also
618:Shandong
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278:(modern
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920:Xu Shen
764:Shōsōin
753:Zhao Mo
716:Nanzhao
706:In the
637:Shaanxi
570:Kalinga
566:Chinrap
526:Nanzhao
516:In the
506:King Wu
423:Wu Ding
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383:Guangxi
365:and in
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690:Xun Zi
578:Persia
568:, and
562:Champa
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518:Manshu
387:Yunnan
123:Guo Pu
101:, the
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1312:(PDF)
1202:74–77
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1075:Jiyun
574:Tibet
327:Shang
303:qilin
155:Jiyun
93:xīniú
41:China
1738:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1461:ISSN
1415:ISBN
1372:ISSN
1332:ISSN
1280:2005
1241:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1172:ISBN
981:Erya
901:ISBN
768:Nara
437:The
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