Rhinoceros - Knowledge (XXG)

1218:, the Javan rhino has a single horn. Its hairless, hazy gray skin falls into folds into the shoulder, back, and rump, giving it an armored appearance. Its length reaches 3.1–3.2 m (10–10 ft) including the head, and its height 1.5–1.7 m (4 ft 11 in – 5 ft 7 in). Adults are variously reported to weigh 900–1,400 kg (2,000–3,100 lb) or 1,360–2,000 kg (3,000–4,410 lb). Male horns can reach 26 cm (10 in) in length, while in females they are knobs or altogether absent. These animals prefer dense lowland rain forest, tall grass and reed beds that are plentiful with large floodplains and mud wallows. 2714: 2804:, a biotechnology firm. He proposes the synthesis of an artificial substitute for rhinoceros horn. To enable authorities to distinguish the bioengineered horn from real rhinoceros horn, the genetic code of the bioengineered horn could be registered, similar to the DNA of living rhinoceros in the RhODIS (Rhino DNA Index System). Initial responses from many conservationists were negative, but a 2016 report from TRAFFIC—which monitors trade in wildlife and animal parts—conceded that it "...would be rash to rule out the possibility that trade in synthetic rhinoceros horn could play a role in future conservation strategies". 2813: 2710:(CITES) since 1977. A proposal by Swaziland to lift the international ban was rejected in October 2016. Domestic sale of rhinoceros horn in South Africa, home of 80% of the remaining rhino population, was banned as of 2009. The ban was overturned in a court case in 2017, and South Africa plans to draft regulations for the sale of rhino horn, possibly including export for "non-commercial purposes". The South African government has proposed that a legal trade of rhino horn be established, arguing that this could reduce poaching and prevent the extinction of this species. 2556: 2625: 1048:. The front horn is larger than the other horn and averages 90 cm (35 in) in length and can reach 150 cm (59 in). The white rhinoceros also has a prominent muscular hump that supports its relatively large head. The colour of this animal can range from yellowish brown to slate grey. Most of its body hair is found on the ear fringes and tail bristles, with the rest distributed rather sparsely over the rest of the body. White rhinos have the distinctive flat broad mouth that is used for grazing. 906: 338: 2978: 2920: 2938: 174: 2954: 1332: 1583: 1294:

kilograms (2,200 lb). Like the African species, it has two horns; the larger is the front (25–79 centimetres (9.8–31.1 in)), with the smaller usually less than 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long. Males have much larger horns than the females. Hair can range from dense (the densest hair in young calves) to sparse. The color of these rhinos is reddish brown. The body is short and has stubby legs. The lip is

7323: 3002: 2633: 888: 960: 924: 2572: 2564: 1157:-like bumps, and it has very little body hair. Grown males are larger than females in the wild, weighing from 2,500–3,200 kg (5,500–7,100 lb). Shoulder height is 1.75–2.0 m (5.7–6.6 ft). Females weigh about 1,900 kg (4,200 lb) and are 3–4 m (9.8–13 ft) long. The record-sized specimen was approximately 4,000 kg (8,800 lb). 3025: 2780:

nausea, stomach-ache, and diarrhea, and possibly convulsions. It would not be fatal—the primary deterrent is the knowledge that the treatment has been applied, communicated by signs posted at the refuges. The original idea grew out of research into the horn as a reservoir for one-time tick treatments, and experts selected an acaricide they think is safe for the rhino,

1351: 124: 1007:). As of 2013, the southern subspecies has a wild population of 20,405—making them the most abundant rhino subspecies in the world. The northern subspecies is critically endangered, with all that is known to remain being two captive females. There is no conclusive explanation of the name "white rhinoceros". A popular idea that "white" is a distortion of either the 2792:

Additionally, rhino horn is increasingly purchased for decorative use, rather than for use in traditional medicine. Save the Rhino questions the feasibility of applying the technique to all African rhinos, since workers would have to reapply the acaricide every four years. It was also reported that one out of 150 rhinos treated did not survive the anesthesia.

942: 2694:, administered by the Ministry of Health. In 2011, the Register of Chinese Herbal Medicine in the United Kingdom issued a formal statement condemning the use of rhinoceros horn. A growing number of TCM educators are also speaking out against the practice, although some TCM practitioners still believe that it is a life-saving medicine. 2698:

challenged these claims, noticing that there was no rise in the numbers of criminals who were apprehended or prosecuted. South African rhino poaching's main destination market is Vietnam. An average sized horn can bring in as much as a quarter of a million dollars in Vietnam and many rhino range states have stockpiles of rhino horn.

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ineffective. The most serious estimate, that only 3% of poachers are successfully countered, is reported of Zimbabwe, while Nepal has largely avoided the crisis. Poachers have become more sophisticated. South African officials have called for urgent action against poaching after poachers killed the last female rhino in the

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has criticized horn poisoning on moral and practical grounds. The organization questions the assumptions that the infusion technique works as intended, and that even if the poison were effective, whether middlemen in a lucrative, illegal trade would care much about the effect it would have on buyers.

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Vietnam reportedly has the biggest number of rhino horn consumers, with their demand driving most of the poaching, which has risen to record levels. The "Vietnam CITES Management Authority" has claimed that Hanoi recently experienced a 77% drop in the usage of rhino horn, but National Geographic has

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The white rhino has an immense body and large head, a short neck and broad chest. Females weigh 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) and males 2,400 kg (5,300 lb). The head-and-body length is 3.5–4.6 m (11–15 ft) and the shoulder height is 1.8–2 m (5.9–6.6 ft). On its snout it

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An adult black rhinoceros stands 1.50–1.75 m (59–69 in) high at the shoulder and is 3.5–3.9 m (11–13 ft) in length. An adult weighs from 850 to 1,600 kg (1,870 to 3,530 lb), exceptionally to 1,800 kg (4,000 lb), with the females being smaller than the males.

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Although rhinos are large and aggressive and have a reputation for being resilient, they are very easily poached; they visit water holes daily and can be easily killed while they drink. As of December 2009, poaching increased globally while efforts to protect the rhino are considered increasingly

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The Namibian government has supported the practice of rhino trophy hunting as a way to raise money for conservation. Hunting licenses for five Namibian Black rhinos are auctioned annually, with the money going to the government's Game Products Trust Fund. Some conservationists and members of the

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The family of all modern rhinoceroses, the Rhinocerotidae, first appeared in the Late Eocene in Eurasia. The earliest members of Rhinocerotidae were small and numerous; at least 26 genera lived in Eurasia and North America until a wave of extinctions in the middle Oligocene wiped out most of the

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During the latter half of the 20th century, their numbers were severely reduced from an estimated 70,000 in the late 1960s to a record low of 2,410 in 1995. Since then, numbers have been steadily increasing at a continental level with numbers doubling to 4,880 by the end of 2010. As of 2008, the

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To prevent poaching, in certain areas, rhinos have been tranquillized and their horns removed. Armed park rangers, particularly in South Africa, are also working on the front lines to combat poaching, sometimes killing poachers who are caught in the act. A 2012 spike in rhino killings increased

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identification chips and taking DNA samples. Because of the fibrous nature of rhino horn, the pressurized dye infuses the interior of the horn but does not color the surface or affect rhino behavior. Depending on the quantity of horn a person consumes, experts believe the acaricide would cause

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publicly denounced governments, non-governmental organizations, and other institutions for lacking in their attempts to conserve the Sumatran rhinoceros. To conserve it, they would have to relocate them from small forests to breeding programs that could monitor their breeding success. To boost

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A mature rhino typically stands about 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) high at the shoulder, has a length of 2.4–3.2 m (7 ft 10 in – 10 ft 6 in) and weighs around 700 kg (1,500 lb), though the largest individuals have been known to weigh as much as 1,000

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show that 333 rhinoceroses were killed in South Africa in 2010, increasing to 668 by 2012, over 1,004 in 2013, and over 1,338 killed in 2015. In some cases rhinos are tranquilized and their horns removed leaving them to bleed to death, while in other instances more than the horn is taken.

823:(about 5 million years ago). The main difference between black and white rhinos is the shape of their mouths – white rhinos have broad flat lips for grazing, whereas black rhinos have long pointed lips for eating foliage. There are two living Rhinocerotini species, the 1320:

reproduction, the Malaysian and Indonesian governments could also agree to exchange the gametes of the Sumatran and (smaller) Bornean subspecies. The Indonesian and Malaysian governments have also proposed a single management unit for these two ancient subspecies.

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Robinson, Terry J.; V. Trifonov; I. Espie; E.H. Harley (January 2005). "Interspecific hybridization in rhinoceroses: Confirmation of a Black × White rhinoceros hybrid by karyotype, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and microsatellite analysis".

1407:, also known as "running rhinos", showed adaptations for speed, and would have looked more like horses than modern rhinos. The smallest hyracodontids were dog-sized. Hyracodontids spread across Eurasia from the mid-Eocene to early Oligocene. 2707: 4127:

Liu, Shanlin; Westbury, Michael V.; Dussex, Nicolas; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Heintzman, Peter D.; Duchêne, David A.; Kapp, Joshua D.; von Seth, Johanna; Heiniger, Holly; Sánchez-Barreiro, Fátima (24 August 2021).

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Ahmad Zafir, Abdul Wahab; Payne, Junaidi; Mohamed, Azlan; Lau, Ching Fong; Sharma, Dionysius Shankar Kumar; Alfred, Raymond; Williams, Amirtharaj Christy; Nathan, Senthival; Ramono, Widodo S.; Clements, Gopalasamy Reuben (2011).

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Kosintsev, Pavel; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Devièse, Thibaut; van der Plicht, Johannes; Kuitems, Margot; Petrova, Ekaterina; Tikhonov, Alexei; Higham, Thomas; Comeskey, Daniel; Turney, Chris; Cooper, Alan (26 November 2018).

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20 to 60 cm long. It is nearly as large as the African white rhino. Its thick, silver-brown skin folds into the shoulder, back, and rump, giving it an armored appearance. Its upper legs and shoulders are covered in

4313: 2784:, vultures, and other animals in the preserve's ecosystem. Proponents claim that the dye cannot be removed from the horns, and remains visible on x-ray scanners even when the horn is ground to a fine powder. 3753: 1118:

with the larger front horn typically 50 cm (20 in) long, exceptionally up to 140 cm (55 in). Sometimes, a third smaller horn may develop. The black rhino is much smaller than the

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has reported on the trade for dagger handles in Yemen. In Europe, it was historically believed that rhino horns could purify water and could detect poisoned liquids, and likely believed to be an

1579:, the likely ancestor of the black rhinoceros, appears in the fossil record. The black and white rhinoceros remain so closely related that they can still mate and successfully produce offspring. 1301:

Sumatran rhinoceros once were spread across South-east Asia, but now are on the verge of extinction, confined to several parts of Indonesia and Malaysia by reproductive isolation. There were 320

1263:, their numbers have declined, and it has become the second most threatened rhinoceros. About 275 Sumatran rhinos are believed to remain. There are three subspecies of Sumatran rhinoceros: the 549:, and there is no good evidence of any health benefits. A market also exists for rhino horn dagger handles in Yemen, which was the major source of demand for rhino horn in the 1970s and 1980s. 2745:, conservation of African rhinoceroses as consumers of large amounts of vegetation is crucial to maintaining the shape of the African landscape and the natural resources of local communities. 5778: 5600: 4499:

Lu, X.; Ji, X.; et al. (2019). "Palaeoenvironment examination of the terminal Miocene hominoid locality of the Zhaotong Basin, southwestern China, based on the rhinocerotid remains".

6147: 2682:, "rhinoceros horn"); no TCM text in history has ever mentioned such prescriptions. In TCM, rhino horn is sometimes prescribed for fevers and convulsions, a treatment not supported by 5475: 1160:

Indian rhinos once inhabited many areas ranging from Pakistan to Myanmar and maybe even parts of China. Because of humans, they now exist in only several protected areas of India (in

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In March 2013, some researchers suggested that the only way to reduce poaching would be to establish a regulated trade based on humane and renewable harvesting from live rhinos. The

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in the world. According to 2015 estimates, only about 60 remain, in Java, Indonesia, all in the wild. It is also the least known rhino species. Like the closely related, and larger,

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in 1995, which, by 2011, had dwindled to 216. It has been found through DNA comparison that the Sumatran rhinoceros is the most ancient extant rhinoceros and related to the extinct

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diet, small brains 400–600 g (14–21 oz) for mammals of their size, one or two horns, and a thick 1.5–5 cm (0.59–1.97 in), protective skin formed from layers of

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means fire. The animal would come when a fire was lit in the forest and stamp it out. There are no recent confirmations of this phenomenon. This legend was depicted in the film

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was two meters tall, five meters long and weighed around five tons, with a single enormous horn, hypsodont teeth and long legs for running. The latest known well dated bones of

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Benoît, Goossens; Milena Salgado-Lynn; Jeffrine J. Rovie-Ryan; Abdul H. Ahmad; Junaidi Payne; Zainal Z. Zainuddin; Senthilvel K. S. S. Nathan; Laurentius N. Ambu (2013).

1233:, Java, Indonesia. The last known Javan rhino in Vietnam was reportedly killed for its horn in 2011 by Vietnamese poachers. Now only Java contains the last Javan rhinos. 5851:"The World Votes to Keep Rhino Horn Sales Illegal: A proposal by Swaziland to legalize trade in rhino horn was rejected at the wildlife trade conference in South Africa" 5850: 1455:. The first paraceratheres were only about the size of large dogs, growing progressively larger in the late Eocene and Oligocene. The largest genus of the family was 7478: 5581: 3368:. (2001) Phylogenetic relationships of the five extant Rhinoceros species (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S rRNA genes. 6665:"Structure of White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) Horn Investigated by X-ray Computed Tomography and Histology With Implications for Growth and External Form" 3761: 3483:

Houck, ML; Ryder, OA; Váhala, J; Kock, RA; Oosterhuis, JE (January–February 1994). "Diploid chromosome number and chromosomal variation in the white rhinoceros (

1080:), the most numerous, which once ranged from central Tanzania south through Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique to northern and eastern South Africa; South-western ( 7517: 5749: 6060: 5960: 4464:

Barasoain, D.; Azanza, B. (September 2017). "Geoheritage and education: a practical example from the rhinoceros of Toril 3 (Calatayud-Daroca Basin, Spain)".

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for high prices, leading to most living rhinoceros species being considered endangered. The contemporary market for rhino horn is overwhelmingly driven by

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In 2011, the Rhino Rescue Project began a horn-trade control method consisting of infusing the horns of living rhinos with a mixture of a pink dye and an

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Antoine, P. (February 2003). "Middle Miocene elasmotheriine Rhinocerotidae from China and Mongolia: taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships".

5221: 7594: 7452: 6854: 3179: 3087: 1086:) which are better adapted to the arid and semi-arid savannas of Namibia, southern Angola, western Botswana and western South Africa; East African ( 6732: 6572: 5782: 7604: 7491: 5604: 3622: 5688: 1074:). This can be confusing, as the two species are not truly distinguishable by color. There are four subspecies of black rhino: South-central ( 6653: 6619: 6439: 6408: 6240: 6137: 5671: 4796: 4677: 3526: 3348: 3214: 2726: 4110:

Osteological Correlates of Cephalic Skin Structures in Amniota: Documenting the Evolution of Display and Feeding Structures with Fossil Data

401: 5326: 5912: 6398: 5889: 4263:"Pliocene Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia) from Hadar and Dikika (Lower Awash, Ethiopia), and a revision of the origin of modern African rhinos" 1437:-like in their ecology and appearance, inhabiting rivers and lakes, and sharing many of the same adaptations to aquatic life as hippos. 6559:

White Rhinoceros, White Rhinoceros Profile, Facts, Information, Photos, Pictures, Sounds, Habitats, Reports, News – National Geographic

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had short legs, a barrel chest and lived until about five million years ago. The last rhinos in the Americas became extinct during the

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There are legends about rhinoceroses stamping out fire in Burma, India, and Malaysia. The mythical rhinoceros has a special name in

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might lead to varying chromosome counts. For instance, in a study there were three northern white rhinoceroses with 81 chromosomes.

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describes a South African variation of the black rhino in which the posterior horn is equal to or longer than the anterior horn.

6226: 6086: 5938:"Minister Edna Molewa briefs the media on Cabinet approval of the rhino trade proposal for consideration at CITES CoP17 in 2016" 4190:"Evolution and extinction of the giant rhinoceros Elasmotherium sibiricum sheds light on late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions" 3885: 518:, the two African species of rhinoceros lack teeth at the front of their mouths; they rely instead on their lips to pluck food. 3987: 1451:

The Paraceratheriidae, also known as paraceratheres or indricotheres, originated in the Eocene epoch and lived until the early

1251:) is the smallest extant rhinoceros species, as well as the one with the most hair. It can be found at very high altitudes in 7509: 3077: 7496: 5148: 2640:

notifying visitors that the horn on display is a replica; this is because several rhino horns have been stolen from museums.

5858: 3255: 3159: 3072: 2812: 1461:, which was more than twice as heavy as a bull African elephant, and was one of the largest land mammals that ever lived. 1082: 6753: 173: 7599: 6847: 6115: 5126: 5094: 3126: 2671: 2608: 1283: 538: 1537:

million years ago and first arrived in Europe around 600,000 years ago. It reappeared 200,000 years ago, alongside the

7504: 7400: 6802: 5066: 4582:"Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of continental Tertiary vertebrate faunas in the Lower Rhine Embayment (NW-Germany)" 3911: 2637: 31: 6781: 6280: 6007: 5493: 3991: 3683: 2742: 1221:

Though once widespread throughout Asia, by the 1930s they were nearly hunted to extinction in Nepal, India, Burma,

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Pandolfi, L.; Rivals, F.; Rabinovich, R. (January 2020). "A new species of rhinoceros from the site of Bethlehem:

4548:(Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the Early Miocene Shangzhuang Formation of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China" 7522: 6832: 6764: 1230: 1169: 1094: 1088: 1000: 992: 4278: 7589: 3131: 2600: 862: 6777: 6707: 6533: 4974: 4917:"A new elasmothere (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China" 2960: 2870: 2583:

Adult rhinoceroses have no real predators in the wild, other than humans. Young rhinos sometimes fall prey to

1390:, evolved in the late Eocene, namely the Hyracodontidae, Amynodontidae, Paraceratheriidae and Rhinocerotidae. 7561: 6257: 5937: 1323:

Plantations for palm oil have taken out the living areas and led to the eradication of the rhino in Sumatra.

761: 435: 7327: 6840: 4398:(Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the Upper Miocene Namurungule and Nakali Formations, Northern Kenya". 3092: 3082: 2988: 2683: 2257: 1619: 1526: 1181: 4016:"Now or never: what will it take to save the Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis from extinction?" 2733:, suggesting that more thorough knowledge of economic factors is required to justify the pro-trade option. 1040:, etc.,), meaning "wide" and referring to the rhino's square lips, is not supported by linguistic studies. 803:(Indian and Javan rhinoceros). The living species fall into three categories. The two African species, the 7343: 6518: 2905: 2555: 1076: 739: 558: 394: 35: 4189: 3183: 2686:: this treatment has been compared to consuming fingernail clippings in water. In 1993, China signed the 2081: 7584: 7543: 6591: 3067: 3062: 2656: 7405: 6986: 6323:

Poole, Colin M.; Duckworth, John W. (2005). "A documented 20th century record of Javan Rhinoceros

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for the supposed medical powers of their horns and blood. As of 2015, only 58–61 individuals remain in

847: 337: 4341:"A new species of the rhinoceros Alicornops from the Middle Miocene of the Linxia Basin, Gansu, China" 4222: 905: 7426: 7289: 5975: 4931: 4842: 4508: 4355: 4201: 3298: 2652: 2057: 851: 2977: 2505: 2497: 1970: 7381: 7179: 5455: 3730: 3675: 2919: 2722: 2522: 2384: 2232: 1775: 1494: 1264: 1242: 1222: 1070: 966: 832: 642: 140: 7082: 4916: 4543: 3407: 3337: 749: 418: 7137: 6761: 6695: 6379: 6344: 5999: 5373: 5013: 4978: 4897: 4858: 4802: 4714: 4524: 4481: 4415: 4371: 4290: 4243: 3842: 3465: 3121: 3116: 2861: 2182: 1900: 1272: 799: 304: 264: 168: 6431:

From Mulberry Leaves to Silk Scrolls: New approaches to the study of Asian manuscript traditions

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Video on South African government minister's alleged involvement in illegal rhino horn trade.

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structure. They generally eat leafy material, although their ability to ferment food in their

507: 469: 148: 7535: 7483: 4961:(Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the Upper Miocene in the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China)". 4108: 3784: 7271: 7227: 7203: 7155: 7017: 6971: 6679: 6371: 6336: 5983: 5476:"Why Does a Rhino Horn Cost $ 300,000? Because Vietnam Thinks It Cures Cancer and Hangovers" 5357: 5005: 4970: 4939: 4889: 4850: 4784: 4745: 4706: 4661: 4660:

Geraads, Denis (2010). "Chapter 34: Rhinocerotidae". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J. (eds.).

4640: 4630: 4593: 4516: 4473: 4407: 4363: 4274: 4217: 4209: 4151: 4141: 4068: 4027: 3725: 3457: 3426: 3316: 3306: 2775:) which is safe for rhinos but toxic to humans. The procedure also includes inserting three 2588: 2514: 2443: 2324: 2288: 2276: 2191: 1811: 1670: 1650: 1355: 1201: 1064: 1057: 982: 948: 912: 894: 828: 808: 804: 665: 609: 592: 473: 358: 156: 132: 4298: 2800:

Another way to undercut the rhinoceros horn market has been suggested by Matthew Markus of

6822: 6768: 6757: 6470: 6111: 5122: 4435:"Late Neogene Rhinocerotidae of Greece: distribution, diversity and stratigraphical range" 3565: 3383: 3039: 3034: 2992: 2116: 2089: 2006: 1457: 1387: 1331: 1316: 1099: 511: 480: 235: 6534:"How A Lavender Rhino Became A Symbol Of Gay Resistance In '70s Boston | The ARTery" 6362:

Stönner, Heinrich (1925). "Erklärung des Nashornreiters auf den Reliefs von Angkor-Vat".

6179: 4777:"The Fossil Record of Rhinocerotids (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae) in Greece" 4776: 4434: 5979: 5301: 5195: 5040: 4935: 4846: 4512: 4359: 4205: 3960: 3430: 3378: 3302: 2953: 1493:. Alongside the extant species, four additional species of rhinoceros survived into the 7280: 7073: 6904: 6864: 6798: 6648:. IUCN/SSC African Rhino Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 6208: 5689:"Rich Vietnamese snorting rhino horns are causing a poaching explosion in South Africa" 5582:"Bitter Pills – Parts from some endangered species are worth more than gold or cocaine" 5537: 5498: 4828:"A new genus of Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Oligocene of Europe" 4827: 4090:"Sharks, Tigers, and Elephants: New Analysis Reveals TPP Threats to Endangered Species" 3097: 2882: 2788: 2451: 2412: 2332: 2248: 2107: 2098: 1921: 1538: 1513: 1404: 1399: 1384: 1149: 1111: 1045: 773: 571: 546: 318: 225: 5424: 4880:

gen. et sp. nov., and Other Perissodactyla from the Middle Miocene of Maboko, Kenya".

4750: 4733: 4130:"Ancient and modern genomes unravel the evolutionary history of the rhinoceros family" 3868: 3653: 3285:

Cheung, Hubert; Mazerolle, Lorraine; Possingham, Hugh; Biggs, Duan (1 February 2021).

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The Amynodontidae, also known as "aquatic rhinos", dispersed across North America and

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found in North America date to this period. This small hornless ancestor resembled a

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showing the relationships of recent and Late Pleistocene rhinoceros species (minus

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or small horse more than a rhino. Four families, sometimes grouped together as the

1295: 877: 793: 526: 465: 292: 4943: 4520: 887: 861:(diploid number, 2N, per cell), all other rhinoceros species have 82 chromosomes. 7418: 6429: 4854: 4788: 4710: 4057:"Genetics and the last stand of the Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis" 3783:

Panda, Sasmita; Panigrahi, Gagan Kumar; Padhi, Surendra nath (16 February 2016).

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It is a common misconception that rhinoceros horn in powdered form is used as an

1122:, and has a pointed mouth, which it uses to grasp leaves and twigs when feeding. 514:

allows them to subsist on more fibrous plant matter when necessary. Unlike other

479:; it can also refer to a member of any of the extinct species of the superfamily 7465: 7375: 6920: 2944: 2667: 2660: 2530: 2430: 2421: 2296: 2136: 1943: 1119: 56: 5940:. Department of Environmental Affairs (Government of South Africa). 3 July 2013 4146: 4129: 3263: 2708:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

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Geraads, Denis; McCrossin, Monte; Benefit, Brenda (2012). "A New Rhinoceros,

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A wine vessel in the form of a bronze rhinoceros with silver inlay, from the

776:") with a horn on the nose. The name has been in use since the 14th century. 7439: 6496: 5987: 2860:

of a rhinoceros in 1515, based on a written description and brief sketch by

2768: 2563: 2488: 2401: 2014: 1590: 1472: 1430: 1375: 1177: 1173: 1008: 499: 491: 185: 106: 17: 7366: 6691: 5995: 5760:"Rhino poaching on the rise, ministers pledge to tackle illegal horn trade" 5369: 4826:

Becker, Damien; Pierre-Olivier, Antoine; Maridet, Olivier (22 March 2013).

4239: 4173: 1350: 123: 6565:

Chinese Clay Figures, Part I: Prolegomena on the History of Defence Armour

6340: 3500: 3024: 1553:(the area that is today Kazakhstan) date as recently as 39,000 years ago. 850:(Zoological Garden Dvur Kralove nad Labem) in the Czech Republic in 1977. 7392: 7360: 6898: 6892: 6886: 5556:

Bensky, Dan; Clavey, Steven; Stoger, Erich; Gamble, Andrew, eds. (2004).

3965: 3321: 2801: 2781: 2725:

opposes legalization of the horn trade, as it may increase demand, while

2576: 2559:

Graph showing the number of rhinos poached annually in Africa (2008–2018)

2239: 1961: 1572: 1483: 1476:, a pig-sized rhinoceros, had two horns side by side. The North American 1260: 1172:

in Pakistan reintroduced there from Nepal. They are confined to the tall

820: 503: 205: 96: 91: 76: 71: 61: 6243:. George Stroumboulopoulos, Canadian Broadcasting Company. 5 April 2013. 5959:

Biggs, D.; Courchamp, F.; Martin, R.; Possingham, H. P. (1 March 2013).

5391: 4635: 4614: 2706:

International trade in rhinoceros horn has been declared illegal by the

1180:. Two-thirds of the world's Indian rhinoceroses are now confined to the 7556: 7262: 7218: 6929: 6808:

UK Times article: "South African spy chief linked to rhino horn trade"

6683: 6383: 5346:"Formation, structure, and function of extra-skeletal bones in mammals" 5067:"Poachers kill last female rhino in South African park for prized horn" 4645: 4156: 3102: 2968: 2857: 2645: 2584: 2283: 1557: 1550: 1490: 1489:

Modern rhinos are thought to have begun dispersal from Asia during the

1452: 1422: 1306: 1256: 1226: 1115: 812: 787: 542: 534: 298: 111: 86: 6772: 5825:"Legalizing the Sale of Rhino Horn May Only Endanger the Animals More" 5361: 5176:(Press release). Department of Environmental Affairs. 19 December 2013 4411: 3287:"Rhino horn use by consumers of traditional Chinese medicine in China" 1562: 1556:

The origin of the two living African rhinos can be traced to the late

941: 915:

has a beak shaped lip and is similar in color to the white rhinoceros.

7470: 7035: 7026: 7011: 6880: 6827: 5750:"Tiger Skins And Rhino Horns: Can A Trade Deal Halt The Trafficking?" 3311: 2984: 2909:(1980), which shows an African rhinoceros putting out two campfires. 2874:

is a somewhat inaccurate depiction. Rhinoceroses are depicted in the

2865: 2843: 1426: 1370: 1252: 1211: 767: 441: 424: 407: 215: 195: 7457: 7337: 6375: 5601:"Chinese Medicine Organization Speaks Out Against Use of Rhino Horn" 3354:

from the original on 7 March 2023 – via Rhino Resource Center.

2644:

Rhinoceros horns develop from subcutaneous tissues, and are made of

1068:) was chosen to distinguish this species from the white rhinoceros ( 7444: 6715: 1571:. The lineages containing the living species diverged by the early 7245: 7058: 7044: 6997: 6956: 6663:

Hieronymus, Tobin L.; Lawrence M. Witmer; Ryan C. Ridgely (2006).

6573:"Cladistic Analysis of the Family Rhinocerotidae (Perissodactyla)" 4734:"Evolutionary history of Rhinocerotina (Mammalia, Perissodactyla)" 4394:

Handa, N.; Nakatsukasa, M.; et al. (2015). "New specimens of

2918: 2811: 2712: 2687: 2631: 2623: 2592: 2570: 2562: 2554: 1936: 1581: 1380: 1359: 1349: 1330: 1189: 1161: 831:, which diverged from one another about 10 million years ago. The 530: 495: 131:

Rhinoceros species of different genera; from top-left, clockwise:

2648:

mineralized compartments. The horns root in a germinative layer.

811:, belong to the tribe Dicerotini, which originated in the middle 5095:"Rhino poachers bring death toll in South Africa to record high" 3338:"Amid conflict, Yemen's demand for rhino horn daggers continues" 2923:

A lavender rhinoceros, a symbol used as a sign of gay visibility

2839: 2776: 2772: 1344: 1154: 7341: 6836: 6457:

The Rhinoceros and the Megatherium: An Essay in Natural History

6061:"Horn of contention: pro-trade thinking comes in for criticism" 4619:(Rhinocerotidae, Mammalia) from the Middle Miocene of Pakistan" 3930:"Last rare rhinoceros in Vietnam killed by poacher, group says" 779:

The family Rhinocerotidae consists of only four extant genera:

483:. Two of the extant species are native to Africa, and three to 6828:

People Not Poaching: The Communities and IWT Learning Platform

6138:"How chopping off their horns helps save rhinos from poachers" 5044: 3569: 2947:(202 BC – 9 AD) period of China, sporting a saddle on its back 2846:. Similarly in medieval era Thai literature, Agni also called 379: 7431: 6787: 4783:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 409–500, 3231:"Vietnam's Appetite For Rhino Horn Drives Poaching In Africa" 759: 747: 6567:. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, pp. 73–173. 2655:

in parts of Asia, and for dagger handles in Yemen and Oman.

4775:

Giaourtsakis, Ioannis X. (2022), Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.),

4279:

10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0451:PRMFHA]2.0.CO;2

3838:"Racing to Know the Rarest of Rhinos, Before It's Too Late" 2898: 2892: 2886: 835:

is the only surviving representative of the Dicerorhinini.

382: 364: 5913:"South Africa moves ahead on domestic trade in rhino horn" 5882:"A Brief History of the Long Fight to End Rhino Slaughter" 5764:

International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development

5451:"The Hard Truth about the Rhino Horn 'Aphrodisiac' Market" 1098:) which was declared extinct in November 2011. The native 373: 6646:

African Rhino. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

6612:

Asian Rhinos – Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

6563:

Laufer, Berthold. 1914. "History of the Rhinoceros". In:

6252: 6250: 6112:"Media Release: Latest on Rhino Poaching in South Africa" 4975:

10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[467:SOPPRF]2.0.CO;2

3544:"Why the name of the white rhinoceros is not appropriate" 2567:

Rhino bleeding after having its horn removed by a poacher

854:

of black and white rhinoceroses has also been confirmed.

819:

million years ago. The species diverged during the early

6434:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 26–27, 35. 1597:

based on whole nuclear genomes, after Liu et al., 2021:

1470:

smaller species. Several independent lineages survived.

1126:

numbers are still 90% lower than three generations ago.

6241:"Injecting Poison into Rhinos' Horns To Fight Poaching" 5779:"Spike in rhino poaching threatens survival of species" 1358:

of the rhinoceros evolved at the same time as shearing

2878:

in France, pictures dated to 10,000–30,000 years ago.

6790:(formerly the International Anti-Poaching Foundation) 6733:"Rare black rhino born Christmas Eve at Michigan zoo" 5727:"Has Demand for Rhino Horn Truly Dropped in Vietnam?" 4314:"Mikko's Phylogeny Archive entry on "Rhinoceratidae"" 2827:(2nd century BC) mentions the rhinoceros in his book 1586:

Comparison of sizes between extant and extinct rhinos

385: 376: 370: 6714:. The International Rhino Foundation. Archived from 5327:"Rhino heads, horns worth €500,000 stolen in Dublin" 3912:"Group: Last Javan rhino in Vietnam killed for horn" 1886: 1743: 1720: 1615: 537:, where it is bought by wealthy consumers to use in 361: 7350: 7260: 7244: 7216: 7192: 7168: 7135: 7118: 6945: 6928: 5777:Frank, Meghan; Hopper, Jessica (21 February 2012). 5628:"TCM Educators Speak Out Against Use of Rhino Horn" 5030:

Data compiled by the International Rhino Foundation

3754:"One of world's biggest rhino horns found in Assam" 2916:began to be used as a symbol of the gay community. 367: 6810:South African spy chief linked to rhino horn trade 5725:Society, Wildlife Conservation (3 November 2014). 5656:The South Africa – Viet Nam Rhino Horn Trade Nexus 4613:Khan, A.M.; Cerdeno, E.; et al. (June 2014). 3676:"WWF Factsheet; Black Rhinoceros Diceros Bicornis" 3336:Vigne, Lucy; Martin, Esmond (January–March 2018). 3198: 1533:. The woolly rhinoceros appeared in China around 1 3517:Skinner, John D.; Chimimba, Christian T. (2005). 5222:"Record number of African rhinos killed in 2015" 3197:Owen-Smith, Norman (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). 1369:diverged from other perissodactyls by the early 947:Smaller in size than the Indian rhinoceros, the 6816:VIDEO: Rhino poacher says Mahlobo is his 'mate' 6614:. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK. 4113:(PhD dissertation). Ohio University. p. 3. 2850:is sometimes described as riding a rhinoceros. 1013: 490:Rhinoceroses are some of the largest remaining 5392:"GCC: Esmond Bradly Martin Reports From Yemen" 3731:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T6557A152728945.en 3180:"Glossary. American Museum of Natural History" 6848: 6309:Agatharchides, & Burstein, S. M. (1989). 3519:The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion 8: 6428:Justin Thomas McDaniel; Lynn Ransom (2015). 4389: 4387: 4385: 3592:"Keitloa | Define Keitloa at Dictionary.com" 2690:treaty and removed rhinoceros horn from the 1092:), primarily in Tanzania; and West African ( 541:, among other uses. Rhino horns are made of 30:"Rhino" redirects here. For other uses, see 6630:The Art of Rhinoceros Horn Carving in China 6610:Foose, Thomas J.; van Strien, Nico (1997). 6034:"Should the rhino horn trade be legalized?" 5533:"Poaching for Traditional Chinese Medicine" 4668:. University of California Press. pp. 3521:. Cambridge University Press. p. 527. 3442: 3440: 1035: 1029: 1023: 7338: 7257: 7132: 7104: 6942: 6914: 6855: 6841: 6833: 6032:Braun, Maja; et al. (15 March 2013). 4223:11370/78889dd1-9d08-40f1-99a4-0e93c72fccf3 3512: 3510: 2759:concerns about the future of the species. 336: 122: 42: 6220: 6218: 4749: 4644: 4634: 4597: 4221: 4155: 4145: 4072: 4031: 3729: 3320: 3310: 2796:Artificial substitute for rhinoceros horn 2616:public oppose or question this practice. 2579:shield from rhinoceros skin, 19th century 728:Cladogram following a phylogenetic study 468:species (or numerous extinct species) of 3088:List of odd-toed ungulates by population 521:Rhinoceroses are killed by poachers for 6497:"Rhinoceros Frequently Asked Questions" 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 5708:"Vietnam's illegal trade in rhino horn" 5706:Roberts, Sue Lloyds (9 February 2014). 5630:. RhinoConservation.org. Archived from 5603:. RhinoConservation.org. Archived from 5558:Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica 5149:"South Africa: Rhino Killings Increase" 3623:World Association of Zoos and Aquariums 3171: 4697:sp. nov. (Mammalia, Rhinocerotidae)". 3961:"Javan rhino 'now extinct in Vietnam'" 3566:"Western black rhino declared extinct" 1210:) is one of the most endangered large 5961:"Legal Trade of Africa's Rhino Horns" 5911:Torchia, Christopher (24 July 2017). 5545:from the original on 2 November 2012. 5123:"Update on rhino poaching statistics" 4122: 4120: 3880: 3878: 3007:Rhinoceros depicted on a wall of the 2868:. He never saw the animal itself, so 2842:is depicted with a rhinoceros as his 1144:, or greater one-horned rhinoceros, ( 969:is the smallest of the rhino species. 7: 7562:39F1995E-711C-479E-B31A-01A6A14B35DB 6260:. Save the Rhino International. 2013 6227:"Dye and Poison Stop Rhino Poachers" 5687:Wener-Fligner, Zach (13 July 2014). 5599:Larson, Rhishja (9 September 2011). 5251:"R100 000 reward for rhino poachers" 5249:Mngoma, Nosipho (19 December 2013). 5147:Lucero, Louis II (17 January 2014). 3752:Prasanta Mazumdar (30 August 2016). 3256:"What is a rhinoceros horn made of?" 3205:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 1269:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis sumatrensis 1176:and forests in the foothills of the 6731:Theresa Seiger (25 December 2019). 6313:(No. 172). London: Hakluyt Society. 5880:Bale, Rachael (22 September 2015). 5748:Northam, Jackie (28 January 2015). 5280:"Kill a Rhino to save its species?" 4835:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4781:Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 2 4312:Haraamo, Mikko (15 November 2005). 4107:Hieronymus, Tobin L. (March 2009). 3865:"Species extinct: Javan Rhinoceros" 3717:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3431:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09030482.x 1804: 1713: 1706: 1699: 1643: 1636: 1607: 1600: 1277:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni 658: 634: 584: 577: 567: 525:, which are bought and sold on the 449: 6708:"White Rhino (Ceratotherum simum)" 6162:"Cutting off horns to save rhinos" 5626:Larson, Rhishja (15 August 2011). 5514:"Rhino Horn Use: Fact vs. Fiction" 5463:from the original on 3 March 2021. 5041:"'Global surge' in rhino poaching" 4963:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4586:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 4267:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3408:"Helping a Species Go Extinct: The 2628:Weight of seized rhino horns, 2018 1164:, West Bengal, and a few pairs in 857:While the black rhinoceros has 84 838:A subspecific hybrid white rhino ( 738:is derived through Latin from the 25: 6799:Rhinoceros Resources & Photos 6150:from the original on 11 May 2023. 5531:Richard Ellis (2 November 2012). 4751:10.32774/FosRepPal.20.1810.102732 4623:Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 3291:Conservation Science and Practice 2983:A rhinoceros depicted on a Roman 2551:Rhino poaching in Southern Africa 1549:in found in the south of Western 1288:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis 1028:(or its other possible spellings 464:, is a member of any of the five 7322: 7321: 6522:, James Uys, C.A.T. Films, 1980. 6205:"About the Rhino Rescue Project" 6059:Michler, Ian (16 January 2014). 5653:Milliken, Tom; Shaw, Jo (2012). 5560:(3rd ed.). Eastland Press. 5010:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00106.x 4368:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00420.x 3959:Kinver, Mark (25 October 2011). 3812:"Assam rhino poaching 'spirals'" 3810:Bhaumik, Subir (17 April 2007). 3616:Dollinger, Peter; Silvia Geser. 3262:. 9 October 2003. Archived from 3023: 3000: 2976: 2952: 2936: 958: 940: 922: 904: 886: 545:, the same material as hair and 357: 172: 7595:Extant Eocene first appearances 6644:Emslie, R.; Brooks, M. (1999). 5849:Actman, Jani (3 October 2016). 5823:Baker, Aryn (29 January 2016). 5474:Guilford, Gwynn (15 May 2013). 4088:Beachy, Ben (7 December 2015). 3886:"Rhino Guide: Javan Rhinoceros" 3031:How the Rhinoceros Got His Skin 2864:, a German printer resident in 2823:Greek historian and geographer 2545:Predators, poaching and hunting 7605:Taxa named by John Edward Gray 5662:. Johannesburg, South Africa: 5421:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 5302:"Weight of seized rhino horns" 5278:Welz, Adam (14 January 2014). 4882:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 4194:Nature Ecology & Evolution 3789:. Anchor Academic Publishing. 3078:International Rhino Foundation 1259:. Because of habitat loss and 414: 'nose-horned'; from 1: 6532:Gray, Arielle (3 June 2019). 6403:. MOCA Bangkok. p. 250. 6281:"Can Biotech save the rhino?" 4944:10.1016/j.geobios.2008.01.006 4521:10.1080/08912963.2017.1360294 3160:Rhinoceroses in ancient China 3073:Care For Wild Rhino Sanctuary 3012: 2991:, an archeological site near 2692:Chinese medicine pharmacopeia 2651:Rhinoceros horns are used in 1751:Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis 1523:Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis 1083:Diceros bicornis occidentalis 1062:The name "black rhinoceros" ( 6400:Khon Mask: Thailand Heritage 6225:Martin Angler (9 May 2013). 6116:South African National Parks 5449:Hsu, Jeremy (5 April 2017). 5127:South African National Parks 4855:10.1080/14772019.2012.699007 4789:10.1007/978-3-030-68442-6_14 4711:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.01.011 3127:List of fictional pachyderms 2787:The UK charity organization 2672:traditional Chinese medicine 2609:South African National Parks 1284:Northern Sumatran rhinoceros 1168:) and Nepal, plus a pair in 768: 539:traditional Chinese medicine 279:Extant and subfossil genera 6803:African Wildlife Foundation 6632:. Christies Books, London. 6571:Cerdeño, Esperanza (1995). 5813:. Retrieved 9 January 2008. 4957:Deng, T. (2007). "Skull of 4433:Giaourtsakis, I.X. (2003). 3836:Derr, Mark (11 July 2006). 3201:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 2663:and an antidote to poison. 2638:National Museum of Scotland 1595:Stephanorhinus hemitoechus) 1531:Stephanorhinus hemitoechus) 1005:Ceratotherium simum cottoni 852:Interspecific hybridisation 797:(Sumatran rhinoceros), and 460:), commonly abbreviated to 32:Rhinoceros (disambiguation) 7626: 6782:World Wide Fund for Nature 5196:"946 rhino killed in 2013" 4664:Cenozoic Mammals of Africa 4339:Deng, T. (November 2004). 4147:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.032 3384:Merriam-Webster Dictionary 3379:"Definition of RHINOCEROS" 2914:lavender rhinoceros symbol 2808:Historical representations 2743:World Wide Fund for Nature 2548: 1444: 1414: 1397: 1240: 1199: 1133: 1055: 980: 760: 748: 743: 556: 498:in adulthood. They have a 434: 417: 400: 29: 7319: 7107: 7103: 6917: 6913: 6875: 6628:Chapman, January (1999). 4894:10.1007/s10914-011-9183-9 4599:10.1017/S0016774600022411 4478:10.1007/s12371-017-0258-8 4214:10.1038/s41559-018-0722-0 4074:10.1017/S0030605313000045 4033:10.1017/S0030605310000864 3542:Rookmaaker, Kees (2003). 3462:10.1007/s10592-004-7750-9 3412:Sumatran Rhino in Borneo" 3406:Rabinowitz, Alan (1995). 2346:Subfamily Elasmotheriinae 1829: 1809: 1802: 1773: 1741: 1718: 1711: 1704: 1697: 1668: 1648: 1641: 1634: 1613: 1605: 1247:The Sumatran rhinoceros ( 1231:Ujung Kulon National Park 1170:Lal Suhanra National Park 1114:on the skull are made of 1095:Diceros bicornis longipes 1089:Diceros bicornis michaeli 1001:northern white rhinoceros 997:Ceratotherium simum simum 993:southern white rhinoceros 991:of white rhinoceros: the 680: 663: 656: 639: 632: 606: 589: 582: 575: 494:: all weigh at least one 431: 'nose' and 344: 335: 283: 278: 262: 255: 169:Scientific classification 167: 130: 121: 45: 6794:Free To Use Rhino Images 6397:Clontz, Jack M. (2016). 5795:Milledge, Simon (2005). 5414:"Facts about Rhino Horn" 5259:. Independent Newspapers 4699:Quaternary International 4400:Paleontological Research 3596:Dictionary.reference.com 3132:Rhinoceros of Versailles 2749:Ways to prevent poaching 2676:Cornu Rhinoceri Asiatici 2670:or a cure for cancer in 2601:Krugersdorp Game Reserve 1915:Subfamily Rhinocerotinae 1780:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 1433:. The amynodontids were 1249:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 863:Chromosomal polymorphism 643:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 330:Fossil genera, see text 145:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 6821:18 October 2017 at the 6455:Pimentel, Juan (2017). 6279:Roberts, Jacob (2017). 6258:"Poisoning rhino horns" 5988:10.1126/science.1229998 5174:"Rhino poaching update" 4878:Victoriaceros kenyensis 4695:‘Dihoplus’ bethlehemsis 4580:Mörs, T. (April 2016). 4261:Geraads, Denis (2005). 3650:"About the Black Rhino" 3489:The Journal of Heredity 3110:Individual rhinoceroses 3093:Nicolaas Jan van Strien 3083:Kaziranga National Park 2989:Villa Romana del Casale 2684:evidence-based medicine 2258:Narrow-nosed rhinoceros 1935:lived from 33.9 to 3.4 1728:Coelodonta antiquitatis 1620:Elasmotherium sibiricum 1541:, and became numerous. 1527:Narrow-nosed rhinoceros 1508:Elasmotherium sibiricum 1503:Coelodonta antiquitatis 1341:Coelodonta antiquitatis 1182:Kaziranga National Park 951:also has a single horn. 844:C. s. cottoni 746:, which is composed of 7290:South American tapir ( 6519:The Gods Must Be Crazy 5798:"Rhino Horn Stockpile" 5731:nationalgeographic.com 4555:Vertebrata PalAsiatica 3758:The New Indian Express 2924: 2906:The Gods Must Be Crazy 2899: 2897:means rhinoceros, and 2893: 2887: 2820: 2718: 2641: 2629: 2580: 2568: 2560: 2158:Subtribe Rhinocerotina 1587: 1569:Ceratotherium neumayri 1363: 1347: 1309:woolly rhino species, 1206:The Javan rhinoceros ( 1077:Diceros bicornis minor 1036: 1030: 1024: 1014: 840:Ceratotherium s. simum 559:List of perissodactyls 36:Rhino (disambiguation) 7544:Paleobiology Database 7180:Sumatran rhinoceros ( 6773:Rhino Resource Center 6672:Journal of Morphology 6471:"The Refusal of Time" 6341:10.1515/mamm.2005.039 6311:On the Erythraean sea 6040:. Deutsche Welle (DW) 5282:. Deutsche Welle (DW) 4732:Pandolfi, L. (2018). 4140:(19): 4874–4885.e16. 3786:Wild Animals of India 3724:: e.T6557A152728945. 3450:Conservation Genetics 3068:Chitwan National Park 3063:Bardiya National Park 2922: 2829:On the Erythraean Sea 2815: 2729:released a report by 2716: 2657:Esmond Bradley Martin 2653:traditional medicines 2635: 2627: 2574: 2566: 2558: 2145:40.4–11.1 Ma–Present 1894:Family Rhinocerotidae 1889:denotes extinct taxa 1585: 1353: 1334: 758:, "of the nose") and 6987:Przewalski's horse ( 6867:(Odd-toed ungulates) 6767:11 July 2017 at the 6756:17 July 2009 at the 6417:on 20 December 2019. 6325:Rhinoceros sondaicus 5892:on 24 September 2015 5785:on 22 February 2012. 5607:on 25 September 2011 5430:on 19 September 2020 4544:"Incisor fossils of 3419:Conservation Biology 3266:on 28 September 2011 3186:on 20 November 2021. 3016: 10,000–30,000 2717:A rhinoceros in 1956 2369:Tribe Diceratheriini 1836:Rhinoceros unicornis 1816:Rhinoceros sondaicus 1208:Rhinoceros sondaicus 1146:Rhinoceros unicornis 791:(black rhinoceros), 785:(white rhinoceros), 684:Rhinoceros unicornis 667:Rhinoceros sondaicus 487:and Southeast Asia. 153:Rhinoceros unicornis 7600:Herbivorous mammals 7147:Indian rhinoceros ( 6870:species by suborder 5980:2013Sci...339.1038B 5974:(6123): 1038–1039. 5886:National Geographic 5855:National Geographic 5766:. 19 February 2015. 5737:on 5 November 2014. 5456:Scientific American 5344:Nasoori, A (2020). 4936:2008Geobi..41..719D 4847:2013JSPal..11..947B 4636:10.3906/yer-1312-24 4513:2019HBio...31..234L 4360:2004Palgy..47.1427D 4320:on 27 November 2005 4206:2018NatEE...3...31K 3706:Emslie, R. (2020). 3684:World Wildlife Fund 3656:on 22 February 2014 3485:Ceratotherium simum 3303:2021ConSP...3E.365C 2930:Rhinoceroses in art 2838:art, the Hindu god 2723:World Wildlife Fund 2233:Sumatran rhinoceros 2201:Tribe Dicerorhinini 2143:Tribe Rhinocerotini 2082:Brachydiceratherium 2066:Tribe Teleoceratini 1776:Sumatran rhinoceros 1655:Ceratotherium simum 1511:and two species of 1495:Last Glacial Period 1303:D. sumatrensis 1279:) and the possibly 1265:Sumatran rhinoceros 1243:Sumatran rhinoceros 1223:Peninsular Malaysia 1071:Ceratotherium simum 967:Sumatran rhinoceros 833:Sumatran rhinoceros 593:Ceratotherium simum 553:Taxonomy and naming 141:Sumatran rhinoceros 137:Ceratotherium simum 7228:Black rhinoceros ( 7204:White rhinoceros ( 7156:Javan rhinoceros ( 7018:African wild ass ( 6684:10.1002/jmor.10465 6180:"Dehorning rhinos" 6118:. 14 February 2012 6013:on 23 January 2014 5829:The New York Times 5380:– via Wiley. 5350:Biological Reviews 5202:. 19 December 2013 5153:The New York Times 4915:Deng, Tao (2008). 4592:(Sp2): 1771–1783. 4501:Historical Biology 3843:The New York Times 3618:"Black Rhinoceros" 2961:Dürer's Rhinoceros 2925: 2871:Dürer's Rhinoceros 2862:Valentim Fernandes 2821: 2719: 2642: 2630: 2607:. Statistics from 2581: 2569: 2561: 2254:Merck's rhinoceros 1747:Merck's rhinoceros 1588: 1519:Merck's rhinoceros 1364: 1348: 1273:Bornean rhinoceros 933:has a single horn. 846:) was bred at the 470:odd-toed ungulates 7572: 7571: 7531:Open Tree of Life 7344:Taxon identifiers 7335: 7334: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7254: 7240: 7239: 7129: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7094: 6989:E. f. przewalskii 6962: 6939: 6868: 6678:(10): 1172–1176. 6655:978-2-8317-0502-6 6621:978-2-8317-0336-7 6441:978-0-8122-4736-7 6410:978-1-78301-872-7 5861:on 4 October 2016 5673:978-0-9584025-8-3 5634:on 3 October 2011 5520:. 20 August 2010. 5362:10.1111/brv.12597 5306:Our World in Data 5103:. 4 November 2011 5047:. 1 December 2009 4998:Zoologica Scripta 4798:978-3-030-68441-9 4679:978-0-520-25721-4 4542:Deng, T. (2013). 4412:10.2517/2014PR035 3764:on 31 August 2016 3572:. 9 November 2011 3528:978-0-521-84418-5 3216:978-0-87196-871-5 2856:created a famous 2741:According to the 2589:African wild dogs 2455:synonymized with 2222:Woolly rhinoceros 2024:Plesiaceratherium 1998:Hoploaceratherium 1883: 1882: 1874: 1873: 1865: 1864: 1856: 1855: 1847: 1846: 1832:Indian rhinoceros 1791: 1790: 1762: 1761: 1724:Woolly rhinoceros 1686: 1685: 1499:woolly rhinoceros 1447:Paraceratheriidae 1441:Paraceratheriidae 1354:The thick dermal 1337:woolly rhinoceros 1216:Indian rhinoceros 1186:Golaghat district 1142:Indian rhinoceros 1136:Indian rhinoceros 931:Indian rhinoceros 897:is actually grey. 825:Indian rhinoceros 732: 731: 722: 721: 713: 712: 704: 703: 695: 694: 621: 620: 349: 348: 345:Rhinoceros range 251: 149:Indian rhinoceros 27:Family of mammals 16:(Redirected from 7617: 7565: 7564: 7552: 7551: 7539: 7538: 7526: 7525: 7513: 7512: 7500: 7499: 7487: 7486: 7474: 7473: 7461: 7460: 7448: 7447: 7435: 7434: 7422: 7421: 7409: 7408: 7396: 7395: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7339: 7325: 7324: 7281:Mountain tapir ( 7258: 7253: 7252: 7248: 7133: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7105: 7074:Mountain zebra ( 6998:Domestic horse ( 6961: 6960: 6952: 6943: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6915: 6866: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6834: 6778:Rhinoceros entry 6740: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6703: 6669: 6659: 6625: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6597:on 27 March 2009 6596: 6590:. Archived from 6577: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6529: 6523: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6475:Harvard Magazine 6467: 6461: 6460: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6413:. Archived from 6394: 6388: 6387: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6335:(3–4): 443–444. 6327:from Cambodia". 6320: 6314: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6254: 6245: 6244: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6222: 6213: 6212: 6211:on 6 April 2014. 6207:. Archived from 6201: 6188: 6187: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6087:"African rhinos" 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6067:. Daily Maverick 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6012: 6006:. Archived from 5965: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5888:. Archived from 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5857:. Archived from 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5804: 5802: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5781:. Archived from 5774: 5768: 5767: 5757: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5733:. Archived from 5722: 5716: 5715: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5661: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5494:"Rhino Poaching" 5490: 5484: 5483: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5429: 5423:. Archived from 5418: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5037: 5031: 5028: 5022: 5021: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4959:Parelasmotherium 4954: 4948: 4947: 4921: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4832: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4753: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4667: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4638: 4615:"New fossils of 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4552: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4391: 4380: 4379: 4354:(6): 1427–1439. 4345: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4316:. Archived from 4309: 4303: 4302: 4297:. Archived from 4258: 4252: 4251: 4225: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4159: 4149: 4124: 4115: 4114: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4035: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3940:on 10 March 2016 3936:. Archived from 3926: 3920: 3919: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3888:. Archived from 3882: 3873: 3872: 3871:on 6 March 2008. 3867:. Archived from 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3760:. Archived from 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3733: 3710:Diceros bicornis 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3680: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3652:. Archived from 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3626:. Archived from 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3444: 3435: 3434: 3416: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3387:. 28 August 2023 3375: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3342: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3314: 3312:10.1111/csp2.365 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3204: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3182:. Archived from 3176: 3027: 3017: 3014: 3004: 2995:in Sicily, Italy 2980: 2956: 2940: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2515:Parelasmotherium 2444:Giant rhinoceros 2325:Protaceratherium 2289:Black rhinoceros 2277:White rhinoceros 2265:Tribe Dicerotini 2192:Javan rhinoceros 2160:17.5 Ma–Present 1888: 1812:Javan rhinoceros 1805: 1745: 1722: 1714: 1707: 1700: 1675:Diceros bicornis 1671:Black rhinoceros 1651:White Rhinoceros 1644: 1637: 1617: 1611:Elasmotheriinae 1608: 1601: 1566: 1425:, from the late 1376:Hyrachyus eximus 1202:Javan rhinoceros 1184:situated in the 1065:Diceros bicornis 1058:Black rhinoceros 1039: 1033: 1027: 1017: 983:White rhinoceros 962: 949:Javan rhinoceros 944: 926: 913:black rhinoceros 908: 895:white rhinoceros 890: 848:Dvůr Králové Zoo 829:Javan rhinoceros 809:black rhinoceros 805:white rhinoceros 771: 765: 764: 753: 752: 745: 659: 635: 610:Diceros bicornis 585: 578: 568: 563: 562: 506:positioned in a 451: 445: 438: 428: 421: 411: 404: 392: 391: 388: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 340: 249: 177: 176: 161:Diceros bicornis 157:black rhinoceros 133:white rhinoceros 126: 116: 53: 49:Temporal range: 43: 21: 7625: 7624: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7590:Rhinocerotoidea 7575: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7560: 7555: 7547: 7542: 7534: 7529: 7521: 7516: 7508: 7503: 7495: 7490: 7482: 7477: 7469: 7464: 7456: 7451: 7443: 7438: 7430: 7425: 7417: 7412: 7404: 7399: 7391: 7389: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7346: 7336: 7331: 7307: 7299:Malayan tapir ( 7272:Baird's tapir ( 7250: 7249: 7236: 7212: 7188: 7164: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7114: 7091: 7083:Grévy's zebra ( 6954: 6953: 6951: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6924: 6909: 6871: 6865:Perissodactyla 6861: 6823:Wayback Machine 6769:Wayback Machine 6758:Wayback Machine 6747: 6730: 6721: 6719: 6718:on 20 July 2009 6706: 6667: 6662: 6656: 6643: 6622: 6609: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6575: 6570: 6555: 6553:Further reading 6550: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6526: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6427: 6426: 6422: 6411: 6396: 6395: 6391: 6376:10.2307/3248014 6361: 6360: 6356: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6308: 6304: 6294: 6292: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6263: 6261: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6224: 6223: 6216: 6203: 6202: 6191: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6146:. 31 May 2018. 6136: 6135: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6095: 6093: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6016: 6014: 6010: 5963: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5919: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5864: 5862: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5806: 5800: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5758: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5659: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5637: 5635: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5608: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5588:. 18 July 2014. 5580: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5356:(4): 986–1019. 5343: 5342: 5338: 5331:The Irish Times 5325: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5205: 5203: 5200:Eyewitness News 5194: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5025: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4830: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4811: 4809: 4799: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4564: 4562: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4393: 4392: 4383: 4343: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4321: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4301:on 23 May 2008. 4260: 4259: 4255: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4126: 4125: 4118: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3892:on 6 March 2007 3884: 3883: 3876: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3630:on 16 July 2009 3615: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3516: 3515: 3508: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3414: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3340: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3156: 3141: 3136: 3112: 3107: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3040:Just So Stories 3035:Rudyard Kipling 3028: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2993:Piazza Armerina 2981: 2973: 2972: 2957: 2949: 2948: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2810: 2798: 2765: 2756: 2751: 2739: 2704: 2622: 2553: 2547: 2315:Rhinocerotinae 2243:11.610–1.810 Ma 2117:Shennongtherium 2090:Brachypotherium 2058:Subchilotherium 2007:Mesaceratherium 1884: 1875: 1866: 1857: 1848: 1792: 1763: 1687: 1632:Rhinocerotinae 1577:Diceros praecox 1561: 1467: 1458:Paraceratherium 1449: 1443: 1419: 1413: 1402: 1396: 1388:Rhinocerotoidea 1329: 1317:Alan Rabinowitz 1245: 1239: 1204: 1198: 1148:) has a single 1138: 1132: 1060: 1054: 985: 979: 974: 973: 972: 971: 970: 963: 954: 953: 952: 945: 936: 935: 934: 927: 918: 917: 916: 909: 900: 899: 898: 891: 882: 881: 871: 723: 714: 705: 696: 622: 561: 555: 481:Rhinocerotoidea 360: 356: 329: 322: 315: 308: 302: 296: 290: 274: 268: 248: 236:Rhinocerotoidea 171: 117: 115: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 51: 50: 47: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7623: 7621: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7577: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7553: 7540: 7527: 7514: 7501: 7488: 7475: 7462: 7449: 7436: 7423: 7410: 7397: 7387: 7382:Rhinocerotidae 7372: 7356: 7354: 7352:Rhinocerotidae 7348: 7347: 7342: 7333: 7332: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7296: 7287: 7278: 7268: 7266: 7255: 7242: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7224: 7222: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7200: 7198: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7182:D. sumatrensis 7176: 7174: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7130: 7126:(Rhinoceroses) 7120:Rhinocerotidae 7116: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7080: 7071: 7065:Plains zebra ( 7052: 7051: 7042: 7033: 7024: 7005: 7004: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6965: 6963: 6940: 6936:(Horse family) 6926: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6905:Laurasiatheria 6901: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6812: 6806: 6796: 6791: 6785: 6775: 6746: 6745:External links 6743: 6742: 6741: 6728: 6704: 6660: 6654: 6641: 6626: 6620: 6607: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6524: 6510: 6499:. Sosrhino.org 6488: 6462: 6447: 6440: 6420: 6409: 6389: 6370:(2): 128–130. 6354: 6315: 6302: 6271: 6246: 6232: 6214: 6189: 6184:Save The Rhino 6171: 6153: 6129: 6103: 6078: 6051: 6024: 5951: 5929: 5903: 5872: 5841: 5815: 5807:(1.34 MB) 5788: 5769: 5740: 5717: 5698: 5679: 5672: 5666:. p. 15. 5645: 5618: 5591: 5573: 5566: 5548: 5538:Save the Rhino 5523: 5505: 5499:Save the Rhino 5485: 5466: 5441: 5405: 5383: 5336: 5318: 5293: 5270: 5241: 5230:. 9 March 2016 5213: 5187: 5165: 5139: 5114: 5086: 5075:. 18 July 2010 5058: 5032: 5023: 4988: 4969:(2): 467–475. 4949: 4930:(6): 719–728. 4907: 4868: 4841:(8): 947–972. 4818: 4797: 4767: 4760: 4724: 4685: 4678: 4652: 4605: 4572: 4534: 4507:(2): 234–242. 4491: 4472:(3): 364–374. 4456: 4425: 4406:(3): 181–194. 4396:Chilotheridium 4381: 4331: 4304: 4273:(2): 451–460. 4253: 4179: 4116: 4099: 4080: 4067:(3): 340–344. 4047: 4026:(2): 225–233. 4005: 3979: 3951: 3921: 3903: 3874: 3856: 3828: 3802: 3795: 3775: 3744: 3698: 3687:. October 2004 3667: 3641: 3608: 3583: 3557: 3534: 3527: 3506: 3475: 3456:(1): 141–145. 3436: 3425:(3): 482–488. 3398: 3370: 3357: 3328: 3277: 3247: 3222: 3215: 3189: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3098:Save the Rhino 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3029: 3022: 3021: 3006: 2999: 2998: 2982: 2975: 2974: 2966:Albrecht Dürer 2958: 2951: 2950: 2942: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2854:Albrecht Dürer 2809: 2806: 2797: 2794: 2789:Save the Rhino 2764: 2763:Horn poisoning 2761: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2738: 2735: 2703: 2700: 2621: 2618: 2587:, crocodiles, 2546: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2526: 2518: 2510: 2506:Ougandatherium 2501: 2498:Ningxiatherium 2493: 2484: 2476: 2468: 2460: 2457:Huaqingtherium 2452:Hispanotherium 2447: 2434: 2426: 2413:Elasmotheriini 2408: 2407: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2380: 2366: 2357: 2356:23.03–20.43 Ma 2343: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2333:Lartetotherium 2328: 2317:incertae sedis 2312: 2311: 2310: 2301: 2300:15.97–11.61 Ma 2292: 2280: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2252:9.7–0.04 Ma – 2249:Stephanorhinus 2244: 2235: 2224: 2212: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2179: 2170: 2155: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2120: 2112: 2108:Prosantorhinus 2103: 2099:Diaceratherium 2094: 2085: 2077: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2053: 2045: 2037: 2028: 2019: 2010: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1975: 1971:Chilotheridium 1966: 1957: 1948: 1939: 1912: 1904: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1612: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1539:woolly mammoth 1514:Stephanorhinus 1466: 1465:Rhinocerotidae 1463: 1445:Main article: 1442: 1439: 1415:Main article: 1412: 1409: 1405:Hyracodontidae 1400:Hyracodontidae 1398:Main article: 1395: 1394:Hyracodontidae 1392: 1367:Rhinocerotoids 1335:Skeleton of a 1328: 1325: 1241:Main article: 1238: 1235: 1200:Main article: 1197: 1194: 1134:Main article: 1131: 1128: 1056:Main article: 1053: 1050: 987:There are two 981:Main article: 978: 975: 964: 957: 956: 955: 946: 939: 938: 937: 928: 921: 920: 919: 910: 903: 902: 901: 892: 885: 884: 883: 875: 874: 873: 872: 870: 869:Extant species 867: 730: 729: 725: 724: 720: 719: 716: 715: 711: 710: 707: 706: 702: 701: 698: 697: 693: 692: 689: 688: 679: 676: 675: 672: 671: 662: 657: 655: 652: 651: 648: 647: 638: 633: 631: 628: 627: 624: 623: 619: 618: 615: 614: 605: 602: 601: 598: 597: 588: 583: 581: 576: 574: 572:Rhinocerotidae 566: 554: 551: 516:perissodactyls 477:Rhinocerotidae 448: 'horn'; 347: 346: 342: 341: 333: 332: 319:Stephanorhinus 281: 280: 276: 275: 269: 260: 259: 253: 252: 246:Rhinocerotidae 243: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 226:Perissodactyla 223: 219: 218: 213: 209: 208: 203: 199: 198: 193: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 165: 164: 128: 127: 119: 118: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 54: 52:Eocene–Present 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7622: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7563: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7383: 7377: 7373: 7368: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7340: 7330: 7329: 7318: 7304: 7302: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7292:T. terrestris 7288: 7286: 7284: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7256: 7247: 7243: 7233: 7231: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7209: 7207: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7195:Ceratotherium 7191: 7185: 7183: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7161: 7159: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7131: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7112: 7106: 7102: 7088: 7086: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6996: 6992: 6990: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6958: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6941: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6922: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6874: 6869: 6858: 6853: 6851: 6846: 6844: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6751:Rhino Species 6749: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6647: 6642: 6639: 6638:0-903432-57-9 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6613: 6608: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6552: 6535: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6514: 6511: 6498: 6492: 6489: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6463: 6459:. p. 88. 6458: 6451: 6448: 6443: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6424: 6421: 6416: 6412: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6393: 6390: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6364:Artibus Asiae 6358: 6355: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6290: 6286: 6285:Distillations 6282: 6275: 6272: 6259: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6228: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6133: 6130: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6104: 6092: 6091:wwf.panda.org 6088: 6082: 6079: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6052: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6025: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5952: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5904: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5873: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5842: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5799: 5792: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5773: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5702: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5680: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5657: 5649: 5646: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5619: 5606: 5602: 5595: 5592: 5587: 5586:The Economist 5583: 5577: 5574: 5569: 5567:0-939616-42-4 5563: 5559: 5552: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5489: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5445: 5442: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5409: 5406: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5281: 5274: 5271: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5245: 5242: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5140: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5004:(2): 95–118. 5003: 4999: 4992: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4819: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4768: 4763: 4761:9791220034081 4757: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4665: 4656: 4653: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4618: 4617:Gaindatherium 4609: 4606: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4573: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4547: 4538: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4457: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4348:Palaeontology 4342: 4335: 4332: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4111: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4081: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4009: 4006: 3993: 3989: 3988:"Javan Rhino" 3983: 3980: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3952: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3832: 3829: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3796:9783960675143 3792: 3788: 3787: 3779: 3776: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3745: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3702: 3699: 3686: 3685: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3609: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3535: 3530: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3411: 3402: 3399: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3329: 3323: 3322:11573/1713877 3318: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3278: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3236: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3218: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3193: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3010: 3003: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2955: 2946: 2939: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2825:Agatharchides 2818: 2814: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2760: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2639: 2634: 2626: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2573: 2565: 2557: 2552: 2544: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2523:Procoelodonta 2519: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2492:23.03–16.3 Ma 2491: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2481:Meninatherium 2477: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2439:Elasmotherium 2435: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2386: 2385:Penetrigonias 2381: 2378: 2377: 2376:Diceratherium 2372: 2371: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2362:Victoriaceros 2358: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2272:Ceratotherium 2269: 2268: 2267:23.0–Present 2266: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2151:Gaindatherium 2147: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2134:Rhinocerotina 2132: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2076:28.4–5.330 Ma 2075: 2074: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2008: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1965:20.43–5.33 Ma 1964: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1922:Aceratheriini 1918: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1879: 1878: 1870: 1869: 1861: 1860: 1852: 1851: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1716: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1547:Elasmotherium 1544: 1543:Elasmotherium 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1459: 1454: 1448: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1417:Amynodontidae 1411:Amynodontidae 1410: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1373:. Fossils of 1372: 1368: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1203: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166:Uttar Pradesh 1163: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1137: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1059: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 984: 976: 968: 961: 950: 943: 932: 925: 914: 907: 896: 889: 879: 868: 866: 864: 860: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 801: 796: 795: 790: 789: 784: 783: 782:Ceratotherium 777: 775: 770: 763: 757: 751: 741: 740:Ancient Greek 737: 727: 726: 718: 717: 709: 708: 700: 699: 691: 690: 687: 686: 685: 678: 677: 674: 673: 670: 669: 668: 661: 660: 654: 653: 650: 649: 646: 645: 644: 637: 636: 630: 629: 626: 625: 617: 616: 613: 612: 611: 604: 603: 600: 599: 596: 595: 594: 587: 586: 580: 579: 573: 570: 569: 565: 564: 560: 552: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 447: 444: 437: 433: 430: 427: 420: 416: 413: 410: 403: 399: 396: 395:Ancient Greek 390: 354: 343: 339: 334: 331: 328: 327: 326:Elasmotherium 321: 320: 314: 313: 307: 306: 301: 300: 295: 294: 289: 288: 287:Ceratotherium 282: 277: 272: 267: 266: 261: 258: 254: 247: 244: 241: 240: 237: 234: 232:Superfamily: 231: 230: 227: 224: 221: 220: 217: 214: 211: 210: 207: 204: 201: 200: 197: 194: 191: 190: 187: 184: 181: 180: 175: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 129: 125: 120: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7585:Rhinoceroses 7351: 7326: 7300: 7291: 7283:T. pinchaque 7282: 7273: 7261: 7229: 7217: 7205: 7193: 7181: 7171:Dicerorhinus 7169: 7158:R. sondaicus 7157: 7149:R. unicornis 7148: 7136: 7119: 7111:Ceratomorpha 7109: 7084: 7075: 7066: 7057: 7055: 7046: 7037: 7028: 7020:E. africanus 7019: 7010: 7008: 6999: 6988: 6979: 6978:Wild horse ( 6970: 6968: 6946: 6919: 6771:page on the 6762:Rhino Images 6736: 6720:. Retrieved 6716:the original 6711: 6675: 6671: 6645: 6629: 6611: 6599:. Retrieved 6592:the original 6579: 6564: 6538:. Retrieved 6527: 6517: 6513: 6503:23 September 6501:. Retrieved 6491: 6479:. Retrieved 6477:. 1 May 2012 6474: 6465: 6456: 6450: 6430: 6423: 6415:the original 6399: 6392: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6310: 6305: 6293:. Retrieved 6288: 6284: 6274: 6262:. Retrieved 6235: 6209:the original 6183: 6174: 6165: 6156: 6143:The Guardian 6141: 6132: 6120:. Retrieved 6106: 6094:. Retrieved 6090: 6081: 6069:. Retrieved 6065:South Africa 6064: 6054: 6042:. Retrieved 6037: 6027: 6015:. Retrieved 6008:the original 5971: 5967: 5954: 5942:. Retrieved 5932: 5920:. Retrieved 5916: 5906: 5894:. Retrieved 5890:the original 5885: 5875: 5863:. Retrieved 5859:the original 5854: 5844: 5832:. Retrieved 5828: 5818: 5810: 5791: 5783:the original 5772: 5763: 5753: 5743: 5735:the original 5730: 5720: 5711: 5701: 5692: 5682: 5655: 5648: 5636:. Retrieved 5632:the original 5621: 5609:. Retrieved 5605:the original 5594: 5576: 5557: 5551: 5536: 5526: 5517: 5508: 5497: 5488: 5480:The Atlantic 5479: 5469: 5454: 5444: 5432:. Retrieved 5425:the original 5420: 5408: 5398:23 September 5396:. Retrieved 5386: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5330: 5321: 5309:. Retrieved 5305: 5296: 5284:. Retrieved 5273: 5261:. Retrieved 5254: 5244: 5232:. Retrieved 5227:The Guardian 5225: 5216: 5204:. Retrieved 5199: 5190: 5178:. Retrieved 5168: 5156:. Retrieved 5152: 5142: 5130:. Retrieved 5117: 5105:. Retrieved 5100:The Guardian 5098: 5089: 5077:. Retrieved 5072:The Guardian 5070: 5061: 5049:. Retrieved 5035: 5026: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4927: 4923: 4910: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4838: 4834: 4821: 4810:, retrieved 4780: 4770: 4741: 4737: 4727: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4663: 4655: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4608: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4563:. Retrieved 4558: 4554: 4545: 4537: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4447:. 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