462:
477:, producing a mass-like lesion. This mass appears to be polypoidal in nature with a granular surface speckled with whitish spores. The rhinosporidial mass has been classically described as a strawberry-like mulberry mass. This mass may extend from the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx and present itself in the
240:
and gave the name "UMH.48." It was originally isolated from the biopsies and nasal swabs of rhinosporidiosis patients. The various developmental stages of UMH.48 showed a strong resemblance with the structures seen in hisopathological sections of rhinosporidiosis in tissue samples. The spores of
722:
Thankamani, V; Lipin-Dev, MS (2011). "Demonstration of viability and development stages of 10 years old refrigerated culture of
Rhinosporidium seeberi (?) UMH. 48 first ever isolated from nasal Rhinosporidiosis yet another milestone, a tribute to Guillermo Seeber".
384:
Demellow postulated that while bathing in common ponds, the nasal mucosa came into contact with infectious material. Karunarathnae proposed that the satellite lesions in skin and conjunctival mucosa arose as a result of autoinoculation.
228:
remain problematic and enigmatic. These include the pathogen’s natural habitat, some aspects of its ‘lifecycle’, its immunology, some aspects of the epidemiology of the disease in humans and in animals, the reasons for the delay at
235:
culture, and establishment of disease in experimental animals, hence paucity of information on its sensitivity to drugs, and the immunology of the pathogen. Thankamani isolated an organism believed to be
435:
expressed only during the mature sporangial stage. This finding suggests that the mapping of antigenic proteins may lead to important antigens with the potential as vaccine candidates.
392:
is presumed to have evolved from aquatic pathogens similar to the other
Mesomycetozoea and evolved to infect mammal and bird hosts. If this happened once or more than once is unknown.
218:, a disease which affects humans, horses, dogs, and to a lesser extent cattle, cats, foxes, and birds. It is most commonly found in tropical areas, especially India and Sri Lanka.
449:
A novel method for the determination of the viability of rhinosporidial endospores by MTT-reduction led to the study of the sensitivity of endospores to biocides and
247:, a lower aquatic fungus that causes black wart disease in potatoes. However, carefully performed molecular studies showed the definitive identity of the organism.
3022:
938:"Phylogenetic Analysis of Rhinosporidium seeberi 's 18S Small-Subunit Ribosomal DNA Groups This Pathogen among Members of the Protoctistan Mesomycetozoa Clade"
645:
Morelli, Luca; Polce, Mario; Piscioli, Francesco; Del Nonno, Franca; Covello, Renato; Brenna, Alessia; Cione, Antonio; Licci, Stefano (December 2006).
293:
is generally classified as having a single species, although some evidence indicates that different host species may be infected by different strains.
2996:
2413:
574:
2020:
1704:
793:
1935:
1675:
1671:
241:
UMH.48 were found to be viable even after a decade of preservation in the refrigerator without any subculture, resembling the features of
313:
416:
hybridization techniques provide evidence that its natural habitat is reservoir water, and perhaps, soil contaminated with this water.
1204:
1885:
1241:
2450:
1920:
1699:
1694:
1401:
301:
Infection in humans with this organism has been reported from about 70 countries, with the majority of cases (95%) reported from
3068:
2445:
2025:
1666:
1391:
1396:
3078:
2529:
2519:
2502:
1740:
3073:
2288:
309:; per capita, Sri Lanka has the highest incidence in the world. The disease is also found in other parts of the world.
2360:
1466:
1408:
3027:
2406:
1189:
2196:
546:
745:
Raquel, Vilela; Leonel
Mendoza (October 2012). "The taxonomy and phylogenetics of the human and animal pathogen
2203:
1765:
1445:
1119:
Kumara
Kaluarachchi; Saranga Sumathipala; Navaratne Eriyagama; Dhammika Atapattu; Sarath Arseculeratne (2008).
243:
936:
Herr, Roger A.; Ajello, Libero; Taylor, John W.; Arseculeratne, Sarath N.; Mendoza, Leonel (September 1999).
3063:
2534:
2399:
2284:
2247:
2189:
2114:
2089:
2083:
1880:
1572:
1494:
279:
2964:
2243:
1982:
1971:
1900:
1890:
1875:
1781:
1746:
1718:
1683:
1655:
1473:
2617:
2497:
2055:
1803:
1459:
1234:
140:
2915:
2568:
2559:
1209:
1833:
1120:
442:
in human patients and in experimental mice have been defined; several mechanisms of immune evasion by
2875:
2229:
2219:
2033:
1930:
1925:
1789:
1712:
1651:
1155:"The Effects of Biocides (Antiseptics and Disinfectants) on the Endospores of Rhinosporidium Seeberi"
2836:
2704:
2641:
2589:
1039:"Rhinosporidium Seeberi: Pathological Histology and Report of the Third Case from the United States"
2938:
2864:
2650:
2610:
2341:
2069:
2061:
1895:
1487:
363:
2931:
2850:
2843:
2780:
2728:
2713:
2924:
2822:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2766:
2757:
2514:
2492:
2480:
2455:
2253:
2235:
2051:
2047:
1964:
1957:
1915:
1661:
901:
Arseculeratne, Sn (July 2002). "Recent
Advances in Rhinosporidiosis and Rhinosporidium Seeberi".
834:
159:
31:
2829:
2787:
2773:
2596:
221:
The pathogen was first identified in 1892, and was comprehensively described in 1900 by Seeber.
2857:
2686:
2679:
3035:
2524:
2487:
2475:
2465:
2380:
2365:
1516:
1452:
1381:
1101:
1060:
1019:
967:
918:
883:
826:
789:
766:
678:
622:
357:
2670:
697:
3040:
2439:
2318:
2274:
2214:
2133:
1950:
1870:
1859:
1631:
1567:
1227:
1166:
1091:
1050:
1009:
1001:
957:
949:
910:
873:
865:
854:"Rhinosporidium seeberi: a human pathogen from a novel group of aquatic protistan parasites"
818:
758:
668:
658:
612:
428:
317:
312:
An all-India survey conducted in 1957 found that this disease was absent from the states of
215:
2895:
2175:
1530:
1423:
1418:
1359:
1322:
522:
367:
2632:
2603:
2582:
2470:
2426:
2303:
2120:
1977:
1827:
1816:
1795:
1689:
1354:
1272:
1254:
1096:
1079:
1055:
1038:
1014:
989:
878:
853:
822:
673:
646:
617:
600:
534:
526:
488:
348:). The common factor found in these areas was the practice of bathing in common ponds.
321:
273:
268:
113:
1219:
1171:
1154:
914:
3057:
2904:
2884:
2693:
2575:
2375:
2336:
2269:
2182:
2105:
2010:
1994:
1943:
1809:
1776:
1771:
1552:
1386:
1364:
1342:
962:
937:
450:
439:
377:
78:
1005:
988:
Silva, Victor; Pereira, Cristiane N.; Ajello, Libero; Mendoza, Leonel (April 2005).
953:
838:
2737:
2550:
2165:
2126:
2075:
2015:
1586:
1580:
1536:
1480:
1413:
1376:
1371:
1338:
1317:
990:"Molecular Evidence for Multiple Host-Specific Strains in the Genus Rhinosporidium"
474:
90:
54:
809:
Arseculeratne, Sarath Nanda (April 2005). "Rhinosporidiosis: what is the cause?".
2815:
2422:
2150:
2004:
1865:
1821:
1732:
1522:
341:
287:, but diverged from them close to the time when they diverged from each other.
271:(or "DRIP clade"), which includes a number of well-known fish pathogens such as
2987:
1214:
762:
461:
2746:
2391:
2370:
2353:
2145:
2039:
1905:
1642:
1622:
1561:
1308:
1281:
466:
405:
329:
2659:
2160:
1295:
345:
306:
211:
42:
1153:
Arseculeratne, SN; Atapattu, DN; Balasooriya, P; Fernando, R (April 2006).
1105:
1064:
1023:
971:
922:
887:
869:
830:
770:
682:
663:
626:
3009:
2981:
2509:
2347:
1910:
1290:
231:
852:
Fredricks, D N; Jolley, J A; Lepp, P W; Kosek, J C; Relman, D A (2000).
3001:
1726:
1613:
1607:
1602:
1267:
1262:
1250:
530:
432:
333:
325:
264:
66:
565:
424:
One report indicates that patients with rhinosporidiosis possess anti-
3014:
1347:
1286:
337:
284:
260:
2958:
519:
Treatment is generally by surgical removal of the infected tissues.
786:
Rhinosporidiosis in Humans and
Animals & Rhinosporidium seeberi
1849:
1428:
1277:
478:
460:
412:
form inside living tissues. Recent studies done using fluorescent
409:
302:
1299:
2962:
2395:
1223:
481:. These lesions commonly cause bleeding from the nasal cavity.
283:. The Mesomycetozoea are neither part of the fungi nor of
1142:(1). Infectious Disease Association of Thailand: 25–32.
784:
Arseculeratne, Sarath N; Atapattu, Dhammika N. (2011).
1037:
Weller, Carl Vernon; Riker, Aaron D. (November 1930).
647:"Human nasal rhinosporidiosis: an Italian case report"
267:), but it was shown to be part of a group called the
332:, four endemic areas were identified in the survey—(
255:
For most of the 20th century, the classification of
2971:
2914:
2894:
2874:
2756:
2736:
2727:
2703:
2669:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2558:
2549:
2329:
2302:
2268:
2213:
2159:
2144:
2104:
1993:
1848:
1757:
1641:
1630:
1621:
1601:
1551:
1508:
1437:
1331:
1316:
1307:
1261:
725:
IJPI's
Journal of Biotechnology and Biotherapeutics
788:. Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya.
740:
738:
465:Image showing a large rhinosporidial mass in the
224:Many aspects of the disease and of the pathogen
599:Berrocal, Alexis; López, Alfonso (March 2007).
388:Because of its relationship to fish pathogens,
1121:"The Identification of the Natural Habitat of
2407:
1235:
537:have been suggested as possible antiseptics.
453:drugs (paper in preparation for submission).
8:
2959:
2733:
2646:
2637:
2555:
2414:
2400:
2392:
2156:
1638:
1627:
1618:
1328:
1313:
1304:
1242:
1228:
1220:
594:
592:
328:and the north eastern states of India. In
20:
1467:Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes
1170:
1095:
1054:
1013:
961:
877:
672:
662:
640:
638:
636:
616:
983:
981:
575:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
491:and also rarely the skin and genitalia.
473:This organism infects the mucosa of the
2021:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
1705:Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis
1205:Concise information on Rhinosporidiosis
1129:—Specific in situ Hybridization Probes"
557:
373:Haematogenous spread – to distant sites
259:was unclear (being considered either a
1159:Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology
903:Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology
811:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
7:
1936:Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica
1676:Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis
1672:Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis
1078:Hoff, B.; Hall, D. A. (June 1986).
751:Revista Iberoamericana de Micología
823:10.1097/01.qco.0000160898.82115.e8
601:"Nasal rhinosporidiosis in a mule"
14:
1043:The American Journal of Pathology
400:Karunarathnae also proposed that
120:A. Minchin & H. Fantham, 1905
1921:Congenital cutaneous candidiasis
1700:Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis
1695:Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis
1402:Proximal subungual onychomycosis
994:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
942:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
570:A.Minchin & H.Fantham, 1905"
2026:Primary cutaneous aspergillosis
1667:Disseminated coccidioidomycosis
1392:White superficial onychomycosis
1084:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
1006:10.1128/JCM.43.4.1865-1868.2005
954:10.1128/JCM.37.9.2750-2754.1999
605:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
404:existed in a dimorphic state—a
1397:Distal subungual onychomycosis
1136:J Infect Dis Antimicrob Agents
352:Transmission and dissemination
1:
1741:Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
1215:drtbalu otolaryngology online
1172:10.1016/S0255-0857(21)02404-X
915:10.1016/S0255-0857(21)03243-6
525:and antifungal drugs such as
2289:Encephalitozoon intestinalis
1782:South American blastomycosis
1777:North American blastomycosis
1382:Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
858:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2361:Granuloma gluteale infantum
1387:Tinea unguium/onychomycosis
1080:"Rhinosporidiosis in a Dog"
696:V, Thankamani (June 2005).
376:Lymphatic spread – causing
3095:
1409:Tinea corporis gladiatorum
763:10.1016/j.riam.2012.03.012
438:Humoral and cell-mediated
196:Minchin & Fantham 1905
2433:
2197:Syncephalastrum racemosum
547:List of parasites (human)
214:pathogen responsible for
165:
158:
146:
139:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
2204:Apophysomyces variabilis
1766:Blastomyces dermatitidis
1481:Trichophyton schoenleini
1446:Epidermophyton floccosum
408:in soil and water and a
244:Synchytrium endobioticum
2285:Enterocytozoon bieneusi
2248:Conidiobolus incongruus
2190:Lichtheimia corymbifera
2115:Cryptococcus neoformans
2084:Pseudallescheria boydii
1573:Malassezia folliculitis
1495:Trichophyton verrucosum
494:Common sites affected:
360:'s theory of infection
280:Sphaerothecum destruens
193:Rhinosporidium kinealyi
3069:Parasitic opisthokonts
2973:Rhinosporidium seeberi
2313:Rhinosporidium seeberi
2244:Conidiobolus coronatus
1983:Pneumocystis pneumonia
1972:Pneumocystis jirovecii
1901:Candidal onychomycosis
1891:Antibiotic candidiasis
1747:Paracoccidioidomycosis
1719:African histoplasmosis
1684:Histoplasma capsulatum
1656:Coccidioides posadasii
1474:Trichophyton tonsurans
1192:Rhinosporidium seeberi
1123:Rhinosporidium seeberi
870:10.3201/eid0603.000307
749:: A critical review".
747:Rhinosporidium seeberi
700:Rhinosporidium Seeberi
664:10.1186/1746-1596-1-25
470:
446:have been identified.
226:Rhinosporidium seeberi
207:Rhinosporidium seeberi
150:Rhinosporidium seeberi
25:Rhinosporidium seeberi
2056:Phialophora verrucosa
1886:Chronic mucocutaneous
1804:Talaromyces marneffei
1460:Microsporum audouinii
1210:Rhinosporidium Images
1198:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
464:
180:Allen & Dave 1936
177:Rhinosporidium ayyari
3079:Parasites of mammals
2230:Basidiobolus ranarum
2220:Entomophthoramycosis
2034:Exophiala jeanselmei
1931:Systemic candidiasis
1926:Perianal candidiasis
1790:Sporothrix schenckii
1713:Histoplasma duboisii
1652:Coccidioides immitis
651:Diagnostic Pathology
487:can also affect the
3074:Opisthokont species
2342:Fungal folliculitis
2070:Geotrichum candidum
2062:Chromoblastomycosis
1906:Candidal paronychia
1896:Candidal intertrigo
1488:Trichophyton rubrum
185:Rhinosporidium equi
16:Eukaryotic pathogen
2254:Conidiobolomycosis
2236:Basidiobolomycosis
2052:Fonsecaea compacta
2048:Fonsecaea pedrosoi
1916:Diaper candidiasis
1662:Coccidioidomycosis
471:
3051:
3050:
3036:Open Tree of Life
2965:Taxon identifiers
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2916:Parataeniellaceae
2723:
2722:
2627:
2626:
2569:Amphibiocystidium
2560:Rhinosporidiaceae
2389:
2388:
2381:Phaeohyphomycosis
2366:Hyalohyphomycosis
2298:
2297:
2264:
2263:
2100:
2099:
1844:
1843:
1597:
1596:
1562:Malassezia furfur
1547:
1546:
1517:Hortaea werneckii
1504:
1503:
1453:Microsporum canis
1049:(6): 721–732.11.
795:978-955-589-157-8
702:Grown in Culture"
501:Nasopharynx – 68%
457:Clinical features
431:to an inner wall
314:Jammu and Kashmir
203:
202:
197:
189:
181:
173:
169:Coccidium seeberi
102:Dermocystidiaceae
3086:
3044:
3043:
3031:
3030:
3018:
3017:
3005:
3004:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2960:
2734:
2647:
2638:
2556:
2462:
2442:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2393:
2319:Rhinosporidiosis
2275:Microsporidiosis
2215:Entomophthorales
2157:
2134:Trichosporonosis
1860:Candida albicans
1834:Adiaspiromycosis
1639:
1628:
1619:
1568:Tinea versicolor
1329:
1314:
1305:
1251:Fungal infection
1244:
1237:
1230:
1221:
1201:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1017:
1000:(4): 1865–1868.
985:
976:
975:
965:
948:(9): 2750–2754.
933:
927:
926:
898:
892:
891:
881:
849:
843:
842:
806:
800:
799:
781:
775:
774:
742:
733:
732:
719:
713:
712:
706:
693:
687:
686:
676:
666:
642:
631:
630:
620:
596:
587:
586:
584:
582:
562:
510:Skin – very rare
440:immune responses
318:Himachal Pradesh
216:rhinosporidiosis
195:
187:
179:
171:
152:
21:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2967:
2957:
2944:
2910:
2896:Paramoebidiidae
2890:
2876:Ichthyophonidae
2870:
2752:
2719:
2699:
2665:
2623:
2545:
2544:
2460:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2390:
2385:
2325:
2294:
2272:
2260:
2217:
2209:
2176:Rhizopus oryzae
2163:
2148:
2140:
2096:
1989:
1840:
1753:
1634:
1611:
1606:
1593:
1543:
1531:Piedraia hortae
1500:
1433:
1424:Tinea incognito
1419:Tinea imbricata
1323:Dermatophytosis
1320:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1036:
1035:
1031:
987:
986:
979:
935:
934:
930:
900:
899:
895:
851:
850:
846:
808:
807:
803:
796:
783:
782:
778:
757:(4): 185–199 .
744:
743:
736:
721:
720:
716:
704:
695:
694:
690:
644:
643:
634:
598:
597:
590:
580:
578:
564:
563:
559:
555:
543:
523:Povidone-iodine
517:
459:
422:
398:
396:Natural habitat
368:autoinoculation
354:
299:
253:
154:
148:
135:
132:R. seeberi
121:
118:
117:
103:
93:
81:
69:
57:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3064:Mesomycetozoea
3056:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3032:
3019:
3006:
2993:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2837:Paramacrinella
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2742:
2740:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2709:
2707:
2705:Psorospermidae
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2653:
2644:
2642:Sphaeroformina
2635:
2633:Ichthyophonida
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2604:Rhinosporidium
2600:
2593:
2590:Dermosporidium
2586:
2583:Dermocystidium
2579:
2572:
2564:
2562:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:Mesomycetozoea
2532:
2527:
2517:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2471:Diaphoretickes
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2427:Mesomycetozoea
2421:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2308:
2306:
2304:Mesomycetozoea
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2280:
2278:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2225:
2223:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2123:
2121:Cryptococcosis
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2090:Allescheriasis
2080:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2000:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1978:Pneumocystosis
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1855:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1828:Emmonsia parva
1824:
1819:
1817:Scedosporiosis
1814:
1813:
1812:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1796:Sporotrichosis
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1690:Histoplasmosis
1680:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1664:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1625:
1616:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1365:Dermatophytids
1362:
1355:Tinea corporis
1352:
1351:
1350:
1335:
1333:
1326:
1311:
1302:
1273:dermatomycosis
1259:
1258:
1255:mesomycetozoea
1249:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1184:
1183:External links
1181:
1179:
1178:
1145:
1111:
1090:(6): 231–232.
1070:
1029:
977:
928:
909:(3): 119–131.
893:
864:(3): 273–282.
844:
817:(2): 113–118.
801:
794:
776:
734:
714:
688:
632:
611:(3): 305–306.
588:
568:Rhinosporidium
556:
554:
551:
550:
549:
542:
539:
535:silver nitrate
527:amphotericin B
516:
513:
512:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
489:lacrimal gland
458:
455:
421:
418:
402:Rhinosporidium
397:
394:
390:Rhinosporidium
382:
381:
374:
371:
361:
353:
350:
298:
295:
291:Rhinosporidium
274:Dermocystidium
269:Mesomycetozoea
252:
249:
201:
200:
199:
198:
190:
182:
174:
163:
162:
156:
155:
144:
143:
137:
136:
129:
127:
123:
122:
119:
114:Rhinosporidium
111:
109:
105:
104:
101:
99:
95:
94:
89:
87:
83:
82:
77:
75:
71:
70:
65:
63:
59:
58:
53:
51:
47:
46:
41:
39:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3091:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2941:
2940:
2939:Parataeniella
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2905:Paramoebidium
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2885:Ichthyophonus
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2865:Taeniellopsis
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2651:Creolimacidae
2648:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2611:Sphaerothecum
2608:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2576:Chromosphaera
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Stramenopiles
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2461:(major groups
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Keratomycosis
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:Alternariosis
2335:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2270:Microsporidia
2267:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2183:Mucor indicus
2180:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2106:Basidiomycota
2103:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Aspergillosis
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1965:C. tropicalis
1962:
1960:
1959:
1958:C. lusitaniae
1955:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1810:Talaromycosis
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:Blastomycosis
1770:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1727:Lacazia loboi
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:opportunistic
1609:
1604:
1600:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1553:Basidiomycota
1550:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:tinea capitis
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
982:
978:
973:
969:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
894:
889:
885:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
802:
797:
791:
787:
780:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
741:
739:
735:
730:
726:
718:
715:
710:
703:
701:
692:
689:
684:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
639:
637:
633:
628:
624:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
595:
593:
589:
577:
576:
571:
569:
561:
558:
552:
548:
545:
544:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
514:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
496:
495:
492:
490:
486:
482:
480:
476:
468:
463:
456:
454:
452:
451:antimicrobial
447:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
427:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
395:
393:
391:
386:
379:
378:lymphadenitis
375:
372:
369:
365:
364:Karunarathnae
362:
359:
356:
355:
351:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
296:
294:
292:
288:
286:
282:
281:
276:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
250:
248:
246:
245:
239:
234:
233:
227:
222:
219:
217:
213:
209:
208:
194:
191:
188:Zschokke 1913
186:
183:
178:
175:
172:Wernicke 1903
170:
167:
166:
164:
161:
157:
153:
151:
145:
142:
141:Binomial name
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
124:
116:
115:
110:
107:
106:
100:
97:
96:
92:
88:
85:
84:
80:
79:Ichthyosporea
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
40:
37:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2972:
2937:
2932:Nodocrinella
2930:
2923:
2903:
2883:
2863:
2856:
2851:Ramacrinella
2849:
2844:Passalomyces
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2781:Astreptonema
2779:
2772:
2765:
2745:
2738:Amoebidiidae
2729:Trichomycina
2714:Psorospermis
2712:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2658:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2551:Dermocystida
2520:Opisthokonta
2346:
2312:
2311:
2283:
2242:
2228:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2166:Mucormycosis
2127:Trichosporon
2125:
2113:
2082:
2076:Geotrichosis
2068:
2046:
2032:
2016:Aspergilloma
2003:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1881:Vulvovaginal
1858:
1826:
1802:
1788:
1764:
1739:
1725:
1711:
1682:
1650:
1635:(yeast+mold)
1603:Subcutaneous
1587:White piedra
1581:Trichosporon
1579:
1560:
1537:Black piedra
1529:
1515:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1414:Tinea faciei
1377:Tinea manuum
1372:Tinea cruris
1339:Tinea barbae
1318:Dermatophyte
1197:
1191:
1165:(2): 85–91.
1162:
1158:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1046:
1042:
1032:
997:
993:
945:
941:
931:
906:
902:
896:
861:
857:
847:
814:
810:
804:
785:
779:
754:
750:
746:
728:
724:
717:
708:
699:
691:
654:
650:
608:
604:
579:. Retrieved
573:
567:
560:
521:
518:
493:
484:
483:
475:nasal cavity
472:
469:of a patient
448:
443:
437:
425:
423:
413:
401:
399:
389:
387:
383:
311:
300:
297:Epidemiology
290:
289:
278:
272:
256:
254:
242:
237:
230:
225:
223:
220:
206:
205:
204:
192:
184:
176:
168:
149:
147:
131:
130:
112:
91:Dermocystida
62:(unranked):
55:Opisthokonta
50:(unranked):
24:
18:
2925:Lajassiella
2823:Leidyomyces
2816:Enteropogon
2809:Enteromyces
2802:Enterobryus
2795:Eccrinoides
2767:Alacrinella
2758:Eccrinaceae
2423:Opisthokont
2151:Zygomycosis
2005:Aspergillus
1951:C. glabrata
1866:Candidiasis
1822:Emmonsiosis
1733:Lobomycosis
1523:Tinea nigra
1438:By organism
1332:By location
1263:Superficial
504:Tonsil – 3%
479:oral cavity
342:Rajapalayam
3058:Categories
2830:Palavascia
2788:Eccrinidus
2774:Arundinula
2747:Amoebidium
2618:Valentines
2597:Dermotheca
2371:Otomycosis
2354:Fusariosis
2146:Zygomycota
2040:Eumycetoma
1876:Esophageal
1643:Onygenales
1623:Ascomycota
1309:Ascomycota
1127:R. seeberi
711:: 118–123.
581:10 January
553:References
498:Nose – 78%
485:R. seeberi
467:oropharynx
444:R. seeberi
426:R. seeberi
406:saprotroph
330:Tamil Nadu
257:R. seeberi
238:R. seeberi
212:eukaryotic
2858:Taeniella
2687:Caullerya
2680:Abeoforma
2660:Creolimax
2515:Amoebozoa
2493:Alveolata
2481:Cryptista
2456:Eukaryota
2330:Ungrouped
2161:Mucorales
1632:Dimorphic
1296:endothrix
1268:cutaneous
657:(1): 25.
515:Treatment
420:Pathology
346:Sivaganga
307:Sri Lanka
251:Phylogeny
126:Species:
43:Eukaryota
3010:MycoBank
2988:Q3764550
2982:Wikidata
2510:Amorphea
2488:Rhizaria
2476:Hacrobia
2466:Excavata
2451:Bacteria
2348:Fusarium
1944:C. auris
1911:Candidid
1608:systemic
1360:Ringworm
1291:exothrix
1200:. 90339.
1106:17422665
1065:19969938
1024:15815010
972:10449446
923:17657050
888:10827117
839:38343304
831:15735413
771:22504725
731:: 11–21.
683:16945122
627:17436910
541:See also
507:Eye – 1%
358:Demellow
232:in vitro
160:Synonyms
98:Family:
38:Domain:
3002:3285730
2671:Piridae
2525:Animals
2446:Archaea
1097:1680264
1056:2007358
1015:1081358
879:2640875
709:Sajosps
674:1560165
618:1800950
531:dapsone
433:antigen
414:in situ
370:theory
334:Madurai
326:Haryana
285:animals
265:protist
108:Genus:
86:Order:
74:Class:
67:Holozoa
3041:258812
3015:499478
2503:Plants
2440:Domain
1348:Kerion
1287:Piedra
1104:
1094:
1063:
1053:
1022:
1012:
970:
960:
921:
886:
876:
837:
829:
792:
769:
681:
671:
625:
615:
533:, and
380:(rare)
344:, and
338:Ramnad
322:Punjab
261:fungus
3028:90339
2694:Pirum
2530:Fungi
1997:-like
1852:-like
1850:Yeast
1758:Other
1509:Other
1429:Favus
1278:Tinea
1132:(PDF)
1125:with
963:85368
835:S2CID
705:(PDF)
410:yeast
303:India
277:and
263:or a
210:is a
3023:NCBI
2997:GBIF
1995:Mold
1871:Oral
1612:and
1300:hair
1298:) =
1282:skin
1253:and
1102:PMID
1061:PMID
1020:PMID
968:PMID
919:PMID
884:PMID
827:PMID
790:ISBN
767:PMID
679:PMID
623:PMID
583:2024
305:and
2130:spp
1265:and
1167:doi
1092:PMC
1051:PMC
1010:PMC
1002:doi
958:PMC
950:doi
911:doi
874:PMC
866:doi
819:doi
759:doi
669:PMC
659:doi
613:PMC
429:IgG
366:'s
3060::
3038::
3025::
3012::
2999::
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1196:.
1163:24
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1138:.
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1008:.
998:43
996:.
992:.
980:^
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813:.
765:.
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635:^
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