473:
488:, producing a mass-like lesion. This mass appears to be polypoidal in nature with a granular surface speckled with whitish spores. The rhinosporidial mass has been classically described as a strawberry-like mulberry mass. This mass may extend from the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx and present itself in the
251:
and gave the name "UMH.48." It was originally isolated from the biopsies and nasal swabs of rhinosporidiosis patients. The various developmental stages of UMH.48 showed a strong resemblance with the structures seen in hisopathological sections of rhinosporidiosis in tissue samples. The spores of
733:
Thankamani, V; Lipin-Dev, MS (2011). "Demonstration of viability and development stages of 10 years old refrigerated culture of
Rhinosporidium seeberi (?) UMH. 48 first ever isolated from nasal Rhinosporidiosis yet another milestone, a tribute to Guillermo Seeber".
395:
Demellow postulated that while bathing in common ponds, the nasal mucosa came into contact with infectious material. Karunarathnae proposed that the satellite lesions in skin and conjunctival mucosa arose as a result of autoinoculation.
239:
remain problematic and enigmatic. These include the pathogen’s natural habitat, some aspects of its ‘lifecycle’, its immunology, some aspects of the epidemiology of the disease in humans and in animals, the reasons for the delay at
246:
culture, and establishment of disease in experimental animals, hence paucity of information on its sensitivity to drugs, and the immunology of the pathogen. Thankamani isolated an organism believed to be
446:
expressed only during the mature sporangial stage. This finding suggests that the mapping of antigenic proteins may lead to important antigens with the potential as vaccine candidates.
403:
is presumed to have evolved from aquatic pathogens similar to the other
Mesomycetozoea and evolved to infect mammal and bird hosts. If this happened once or more than once is unknown.
229:, a disease which affects humans, horses, dogs, and to a lesser extent cattle, cats, foxes, and birds. It is most commonly found in tropical areas, especially India and Sri Lanka.
460:
A novel method for the determination of the viability of rhinosporidial endospores by MTT-reduction led to the study of the sensitivity of endospores to biocides and
258:, a lower aquatic fungus that causes black wart disease in potatoes. However, carefully performed molecular studies showed the definitive identity of the organism.
3033:
949:"Phylogenetic Analysis of Rhinosporidium seeberi 's 18S Small-Subunit Ribosomal DNA Groups This Pathogen among Members of the Protoctistan Mesomycetozoa Clade"
656:
Morelli, Luca; Polce, Mario; Piscioli, Francesco; Del Nonno, Franca; Covello, Renato; Brenna, Alessia; Cione, Antonio; Licci, Stefano (December 2006).
304:
is generally classified as having a single species, although some evidence indicates that different host species may be infected by different strains.
3007:
2424:
585:
2031:
1715:
804:
1946:
1686:
1682:
252:
UMH.48 were found to be viable even after a decade of preservation in the refrigerator without any subculture, resembling the features of
324:
427:
hybridization techniques provide evidence that its natural habitat is reservoir water, and perhaps, soil contaminated with this water.
1215:
1896:
1252:
2461:
1931:
1710:
1705:
1412:
312:
Infection in humans with this organism has been reported from about 70 countries, with the majority of cases (95%) reported from
3079:
2456:
2036:
1677:
1402:
1407:
3089:
2540:
2530:
2513:
1751:
3084:
2299:
320:; per capita, Sri Lanka has the highest incidence in the world. The disease is also found in other parts of the world.
2371:
1477:
1419:
3038:
2417:
1200:
2207:
557:
756:
Raquel, Vilela; Leonel
Mendoza (October 2012). "The taxonomy and phylogenetics of the human and animal pathogen
2214:
1776:
1456:
1130:
Kumara
Kaluarachchi; Saranga Sumathipala; Navaratne Eriyagama; Dhammika Atapattu; Sarath Arseculeratne (2008).
254:
947:
Herr, Roger A.; Ajello, Libero; Taylor, John W.; Arseculeratne, Sarath N.; Mendoza, Leonel (September 1999).
3074:
2545:
2410:
2295:
2258:
2200:
2125:
2100:
2094:
1891:
1583:
1505:
290:
2975:
2254:
1993:
1982:
1911:
1901:
1886:
1792:
1757:
1729:
1694:
1666:
1484:
2628:
2508:
2066:
1814:
1470:
1245:
151:
2926:
2579:
2570:
1220:
1844:
1131:
453:
in human patients and in experimental mice have been defined; several mechanisms of immune evasion by
2886:
2240:
2230:
2044:
1941:
1936:
1800:
1723:
1662:
1166:"The Effects of Biocides (Antiseptics and Disinfectants) on the Endospores of Rhinosporidium Seeberi"
2847:
2715:
2652:
2600:
1050:"Rhinosporidium Seeberi: Pathological Histology and Report of the Third Case from the United States"
2949:
2875:
2661:
2621:
2352:
2080:
2072:
1906:
1498:
374:
2942:
2861:
2854:
2791:
2739:
2724:
2935:
2833:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2777:
2768:
2525:
2503:
2491:
2466:
2264:
2246:
2062:
2058:
1975:
1968:
1926:
1672:
912:
Arseculeratne, Sn (July 2002). "Recent
Advances in Rhinosporidiosis and Rhinosporidium Seeberi".
845:
170:
42:
2840:
2798:
2784:
2607:
232:
The pathogen was first identified in 1892, and was comprehensively described in 1900 by Seeber.
2868:
2697:
2690:
3046:
2535:
2498:
2486:
2476:
2391:
2376:
1527:
1463:
1392:
1112:
1071:
1030:
978:
929:
894:
837:
800:
777:
689:
633:
368:
2681:
708:
3051:
2450:
2329:
2285:
2225:
2144:
1961:
1881:
1870:
1642:
1578:
1238:
1177:
1102:
1061:
1020:
1012:
968:
960:
921:
884:
876:
865:"Rhinosporidium seeberi: a human pathogen from a novel group of aquatic protistan parasites"
829:
769:
679:
669:
623:
439:
328:
323:
An all-India survey conducted in 1957 found that this disease was absent from the states of
226:
2906:
2186:
1541:
1434:
1429:
1370:
1333:
533:
378:
2643:
2614:
2593:
2481:
2437:
2314:
2131:
1988:
1838:
1827:
1806:
1700:
1365:
1283:
1265:
1107:
1090:
1066:
1049:
1025:
1000:
889:
864:
833:
684:
657:
628:
611:
545:
537:
499:
359:). The common factor found in these areas was the practice of bathing in common ponds.
332:
284:
279:
124:
1230:
1182:
1165:
925:
3068:
2915:
2895:
2704:
2586:
2386:
2347:
2280:
2193:
2116:
2021:
2005:
1954:
1820:
1787:
1782:
1563:
1397:
1375:
1353:
973:
948:
461:
450:
388:
89:
1016:
999:
Silva, Victor; Pereira, Cristiane N.; Ajello, Libero; Mendoza, Leonel (April 2005).
964:
849:
2748:
2561:
2176:
2137:
2086:
2026:
1597:
1591:
1547:
1491:
1424:
1387:
1382:
1349:
1328:
1001:"Molecular Evidence for Multiple Host-Specific Strains in the Genus Rhinosporidium"
485:
101:
65:
820:
Arseculeratne, Sarath Nanda (April 2005). "Rhinosporidiosis: what is the cause?".
2826:
2433:
2161:
2015:
1876:
1832:
1743:
1533:
352:
298:, but diverged from them close to the time when they diverged from each other.
282:(or "DRIP clade"), which includes a number of well-known fish pathogens such as
2998:
1225:
773:
472:
2757:
2402:
2381:
2364:
2156:
2050:
1916:
1653:
1633:
1572:
1319:
1292:
477:
416:
340:
17:
2670:
2171:
1306:
356:
317:
222:
53:
1164:
Arseculeratne, SN; Atapattu, DN; Balasooriya, P; Fernando, R (April 2006).
1116:
1075:
1034:
982:
933:
898:
880:
841:
781:
693:
674:
637:
3020:
2992:
2520:
2358:
1921:
1301:
242:
863:
Fredricks, D N; Jolley, J A; Lepp, P W; Kosek, J C; Relman, D A (2000).
3012:
1737:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1278:
1273:
1261:
541:
443:
344:
336:
275:
77:
576:
435:
One report indicates that patients with rhinosporidiosis possess anti-
3025:
1358:
1297:
348:
295:
271:
2969:
530:
Treatment is generally by surgical removal of the infected tissues.
797:
Rhinosporidiosis in Humans and
Animals & Rhinosporidium seeberi
1860:
1439:
1288:
489:
471:
423:
form inside living tissues. Recent studies done using fluorescent
420:
313:
1310:
2973:
2406:
1234:
492:. These lesions commonly cause bleeding from the nasal cavity.
294:. The Mesomycetozoea are neither part of the fungi nor of
1153:(1). Infectious Disease Association of Thailand: 25–32.
795:
Arseculeratne, Sarath N; Atapattu, Dhammika N. (2011).
1048:
Weller, Carl Vernon; Riker, Aaron D. (November 1930).
658:"Human nasal rhinosporidiosis: an Italian case report"
278:), but it was shown to be part of a group called the
343:, four endemic areas were identified in the survey—(
266:
For most of the 20th century, the classification of
2982:
2925:
2905:
2885:
2767:
2747:
2738:
2714:
2680:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2569:
2560:
2340:
2313:
2279:
2224:
2170:
2155:
2115:
2004:
1859:
1768:
1652:
1641:
1632:
1612:
1562:
1519:
1448:
1342:
1327:
1318:
1272:
736:
IJPI's
Journal of Biotechnology and Biotherapeutics
799:. Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya.
751:
749:
476:Image showing a large rhinosporidial mass in the
235:Many aspects of the disease and of the pathogen
610:Berrocal, Alexis; López, Alfonso (March 2007).
399:Because of its relationship to fish pathogens,
1132:"The Identification of the Natural Habitat of
2418:
1246:
548:have been suggested as possible antiseptics.
464:drugs (paper in preparation for submission).
8:
2970:
2744:
2657:
2648:
2566:
2425:
2411:
2403:
2167:
1649:
1638:
1629:
1339:
1324:
1315:
1253:
1239:
1231:
605:
603:
339:and the north eastern states of India. In
31:
1478:Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes
1181:
1106:
1065:
1024:
972:
888:
683:
673:
651:
649:
647:
627:
994:
992:
586:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
502:and also rarely the skin and genitalia.
484:This organism infects the mucosa of the
2032:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
1716:Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis
1216:Concise information on Rhinosporidiosis
1140:—Specific in situ Hybridization Probes"
568:
384:Haematogenous spread – to distant sites
270:was unclear (being considered either a
1170:Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology
914:Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology
822:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
7:
1947:Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica
1687:Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis
1683:Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis
1089:Hoff, B.; Hall, D. A. (June 1986).
762:Revista Iberoamericana de Micología
834:10.1097/01.qco.0000160898.82115.e8
612:"Nasal rhinosporidiosis in a mule"
25:
1054:The American Journal of Pathology
411:Karunarathnae also proposed that
131:A. Minchin & H. Fantham, 1905
1932:Congenital cutaneous candidiasis
1711:Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis
1706:Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis
1413:Proximal subungual onychomycosis
1005:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
953:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
581:A.Minchin & H.Fantham, 1905"
2037:Primary cutaneous aspergillosis
1678:Disseminated coccidioidomycosis
1403:White superficial onychomycosis
1095:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
1017:10.1128/JCM.43.4.1865-1868.2005
965:10.1128/JCM.37.9.2750-2754.1999
616:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
415:existed in a dimorphic state—a
1408:Distal subungual onychomycosis
1147:J Infect Dis Antimicrob Agents
363:Transmission and dissemination
1:
1752:Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
1226:drtbalu otolaryngology online
1183:10.1016/S0255-0857(21)02404-X
926:10.1016/S0255-0857(21)03243-6
536:and antifungal drugs such as
2300:Encephalitozoon intestinalis
1793:South American blastomycosis
1788:North American blastomycosis
1393:Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
869:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2372:Granuloma gluteale infantum
1398:Tinea unguium/onychomycosis
1091:"Rhinosporidiosis in a Dog"
707:V, Thankamani (June 2005).
387:Lymphatic spread – causing
3106:
1420:Tinea corporis gladiatorum
774:10.1016/j.riam.2012.03.012
449:Humoral and cell-mediated
207:Minchin & Fantham 1905
2444:
2208:Syncephalastrum racemosum
558:List of parasites (human)
225:pathogen responsible for
176:
169:
157:
150:
43:Scientific classification
41:
34:
2215:Apophysomyces variabilis
1777:Blastomyces dermatitidis
1492:Trichophyton schoenleini
1457:Epidermophyton floccosum
419:in soil and water and a
255:Synchytrium endobioticum
2296:Enterocytozoon bieneusi
2259:Conidiobolus incongruus
2201:Lichtheimia corymbifera
2126:Cryptococcus neoformans
2095:Pseudallescheria boydii
1584:Malassezia folliculitis
1506:Trichophyton verrucosum
505:Common sites affected:
371:'s theory of infection
291:Sphaerothecum destruens
204:Rhinosporidium kinealyi
3080:Parasitic opisthokonts
2984:Rhinosporidium seeberi
2324:Rhinosporidium seeberi
2255:Conidiobolus coronatus
1994:Pneumocystis pneumonia
1983:Pneumocystis jirovecii
1912:Candidal onychomycosis
1902:Antibiotic candidiasis
1758:Paracoccidioidomycosis
1730:African histoplasmosis
1695:Histoplasma capsulatum
1667:Coccidioides posadasii
1485:Trichophyton tonsurans
1203:Rhinosporidium seeberi
1134:Rhinosporidium seeberi
881:10.3201/eid0603.000307
760:: A critical review".
758:Rhinosporidium seeberi
711:Rhinosporidium Seeberi
675:10.1186/1746-1596-1-25
481:
457:have been identified.
237:Rhinosporidium seeberi
218:Rhinosporidium seeberi
161:Rhinosporidium seeberi
36:Rhinosporidium seeberi
2067:Phialophora verrucosa
1897:Chronic mucocutaneous
1815:Talaromyces marneffei
1471:Microsporum audouinii
1221:Rhinosporidium Images
1209:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
475:
191:Allen & Dave 1936
188:Rhinosporidium ayyari
3090:Parasites of mammals
2241:Basidiobolus ranarum
2231:Entomophthoramycosis
2045:Exophiala jeanselmei
1942:Systemic candidiasis
1937:Perianal candidiasis
1801:Sporothrix schenckii
1724:Histoplasma duboisii
1663:Coccidioides immitis
662:Diagnostic Pathology
498:can also affect the
3085:Opisthokont species
2353:Fungal folliculitis
2081:Geotrichum candidum
2073:Chromoblastomycosis
1917:Candidal paronychia
1907:Candidal intertrigo
1499:Trichophyton rubrum
196:Rhinosporidium equi
27:Eukaryotic pathogen
2265:Conidiobolomycosis
2247:Basidiobolomycosis
2063:Fonsecaea compacta
2059:Fonsecaea pedrosoi
1927:Diaper candidiasis
1673:Coccidioidomycosis
482:
3062:
3061:
3047:Open Tree of Life
2976:Taxon identifiers
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2927:Parataeniellaceae
2734:
2733:
2638:
2637:
2580:Amphibiocystidium
2571:Rhinosporidiaceae
2400:
2399:
2392:Phaeohyphomycosis
2377:Hyalohyphomycosis
2309:
2308:
2275:
2274:
2111:
2110:
1855:
1854:
1608:
1607:
1573:Malassezia furfur
1558:
1557:
1528:Hortaea werneckii
1515:
1514:
1464:Microsporum canis
1060:(6): 721–732.11.
806:978-955-589-157-8
713:Grown in Culture"
512:Nasopharynx – 68%
468:Clinical features
442:to an inner wall
325:Jammu and Kashmir
214:
213:
208:
200:
192:
184:
180:Coccidium seeberi
113:Dermocystidiaceae
16:(Redirected from
3097:
3055:
3054:
3042:
3041:
3029:
3028:
3016:
3015:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2971:
2745:
2658:
2649:
2567:
2473:
2453:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2330:Rhinosporidiosis
2286:Microsporidiosis
2226:Entomophthorales
2168:
2145:Trichosporonosis
1871:Candida albicans
1845:Adiaspiromycosis
1650:
1639:
1630:
1579:Tinea versicolor
1340:
1325:
1316:
1262:Fungal infection
1255:
1248:
1241:
1232:
1212:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1011:(4): 1865–1868.
996:
987:
986:
976:
959:(9): 2750–2754.
944:
938:
937:
909:
903:
902:
892:
860:
854:
853:
817:
811:
810:
792:
786:
785:
753:
744:
743:
730:
724:
723:
717:
704:
698:
697:
687:
677:
653:
642:
641:
631:
607:
598:
597:
595:
593:
573:
521:Skin – very rare
451:immune responses
329:Himachal Pradesh
227:rhinosporidiosis
206:
198:
190:
182:
163:
32:
21:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3045:
3037:
3032:
3024:
3019:
3011:
3006:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2978:
2968:
2955:
2921:
2907:Paramoebidiidae
2901:
2887:Ichthyophonidae
2881:
2763:
2730:
2710:
2676:
2634:
2556:
2555:
2471:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2401:
2396:
2336:
2305:
2283:
2271:
2228:
2220:
2187:Rhizopus oryzae
2174:
2159:
2151:
2107:
2000:
1851:
1764:
1645:
1622:
1617:
1604:
1554:
1542:Piedraia hortae
1511:
1444:
1435:Tinea incognito
1430:Tinea imbricata
1334:Dermatophytosis
1331:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1142:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1047:
1046:
1042:
998:
997:
990:
946:
945:
941:
911:
910:
906:
862:
861:
857:
819:
818:
814:
807:
794:
793:
789:
768:(4): 185–199 .
755:
754:
747:
732:
731:
727:
715:
706:
705:
701:
655:
654:
645:
609:
608:
601:
591:
589:
575:
574:
570:
566:
554:
534:Povidone-iodine
528:
470:
433:
409:
407:Natural habitat
379:autoinoculation
365:
310:
264:
165:
159:
146:
143:R. seeberi
132:
129:
128:
114:
104:
92:
80:
68:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3103:
3101:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3075:Mesomycetozoea
3067:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3043:
3030:
3017:
3004:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2848:Paramacrinella
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2718:
2716:Psorospermidae
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2666:
2664:
2655:
2653:Sphaeroformina
2646:
2644:Ichthyophonida
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2615:Rhinosporidium
2611:
2604:
2601:Dermosporidium
2597:
2594:Dermocystidium
2590:
2583:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:Mesomycetozoea
2543:
2538:
2528:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2482:Diaphoretickes
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2438:Mesomycetozoea
2432:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2319:
2317:
2315:Mesomycetozoea
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2291:
2289:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2236:
2234:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2180:
2165:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2132:Cryptococcosis
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2101:Allescheriasis
2091:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2011:
2009:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1989:Pneumocystosis
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1839:Emmonsia parva
1835:
1830:
1828:Scedosporiosis
1825:
1824:
1823:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1807:Sporotrichosis
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1701:Histoplasmosis
1691:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1675:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1636:
1627:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1376:Dermatophytids
1373:
1366:Tinea corporis
1363:
1362:
1361:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1322:
1313:
1284:dermatomycosis
1270:
1269:
1266:mesomycetozoea
1260:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1195:
1194:External links
1192:
1190:
1189:
1156:
1122:
1101:(6): 231–232.
1081:
1040:
988:
939:
920:(3): 119–131.
904:
875:(3): 273–282.
855:
828:(2): 113–118.
812:
805:
787:
745:
725:
699:
643:
622:(3): 305–306.
599:
579:Rhinosporidium
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
553:
550:
546:silver nitrate
538:amphotericin B
527:
524:
523:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
500:lacrimal gland
469:
466:
432:
429:
413:Rhinosporidium
408:
405:
401:Rhinosporidium
393:
392:
385:
382:
372:
364:
361:
309:
306:
302:Rhinosporidium
285:Dermocystidium
280:Mesomycetozoea
263:
260:
212:
211:
210:
209:
201:
193:
185:
174:
173:
167:
166:
155:
154:
148:
147:
140:
138:
134:
133:
130:
125:Rhinosporidium
122:
120:
116:
115:
112:
110:
106:
105:
100:
98:
94:
93:
88:
86:
82:
81:
76:
74:
70:
69:
64:
62:
58:
57:
52:
50:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
18:Rhinosporidium
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3102:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2952:
2951:
2950:Parataeniella
2947:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2916:Paramoebidium
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2896:Ichthyophonus
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2876:Taeniellopsis
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2662:Creolimacidae
2659:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2622:Sphaerothecum
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2587:Chromosphaera
2584:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:Stramenopiles
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2472:(major groups
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Keratomycosis
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:Alternariosis
2346:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2281:Microsporidia
2278:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2194:Mucor indicus
2191:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2117:Basidiomycota
2114:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:Aspergillosis
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1976:C. tropicalis
1973:
1971:
1970:
1969:C. lusitaniae
1966:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1821:Talaromycosis
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Blastomycosis
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1738:Lacazia loboi
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1625:opportunistic
1620:
1615:
1611:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1564:Basidiomycota
1561:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1354:tinea capitis
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
993:
989:
984:
980:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
905:
900:
896:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
813:
808:
802:
798:
791:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
750:
746:
741:
737:
729:
726:
721:
714:
712:
703:
700:
695:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:
650:
648:
644:
639:
635:
630:
625:
621:
617:
613:
606:
604:
600:
588:
587:
582:
580:
572:
569:
563:
559:
556:
555:
551:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
525:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
507:
506:
503:
501:
497:
493:
491:
487:
479:
474:
467:
465:
463:
462:antimicrobial
458:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
438:
430:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
406:
404:
402:
397:
390:
389:lymphadenitis
386:
383:
380:
376:
375:Karunarathnae
373:
370:
367:
366:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
299:
297:
293:
292:
287:
286:
281:
277:
273:
269:
261:
259:
257:
256:
250:
245:
244:
238:
233:
230:
228:
224:
220:
219:
205:
202:
199:Zschokke 1913
197:
194:
189:
186:
183:Wernicke 1903
181:
178:
177:
175:
172:
168:
164:
162:
156:
153:
152:Binomial name
149:
145:
144:
139:
136:
135:
127:
126:
121:
118:
117:
111:
108:
107:
103:
99:
96:
95:
91:
90:Ichthyosporea
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
51:
48:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2983:
2948:
2943:Nodocrinella
2941:
2934:
2914:
2894:
2874:
2867:
2862:Ramacrinella
2860:
2855:Passalomyces
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2792:Astreptonema
2790:
2783:
2776:
2756:
2749:Amoebidiidae
2740:Trichomycina
2725:Psorospermis
2723:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2669:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2562:Dermocystida
2531:Opisthokonta
2357:
2323:
2322:
2294:
2253:
2239:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2177:Mucormycosis
2138:Trichosporon
2136:
2124:
2093:
2087:Geotrichosis
2079:
2057:
2043:
2027:Aspergilloma
2014:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1892:Vulvovaginal
1869:
1837:
1813:
1799:
1775:
1750:
1736:
1722:
1693:
1661:
1646:(yeast+mold)
1614:Subcutaneous
1598:White piedra
1592:Trichosporon
1590:
1571:
1548:Black piedra
1540:
1526:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1425:Tinea faciei
1388:Tinea manuum
1383:Tinea cruris
1350:Tinea barbae
1329:Dermatophyte
1208:
1202:
1176:(2): 85–91.
1173:
1169:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1008:
1004:
956:
952:
942:
917:
913:
907:
872:
868:
858:
825:
821:
815:
796:
790:
765:
761:
757:
739:
735:
728:
719:
710:
702:
665:
661:
619:
615:
590:. Retrieved
584:
578:
571:
532:
529:
504:
495:
494:
486:nasal cavity
483:
480:of a patient
459:
454:
448:
436:
434:
424:
412:
410:
400:
398:
394:
322:
311:
308:Epidemiology
301:
300:
289:
283:
267:
265:
253:
248:
241:
236:
234:
231:
217:
216:
215:
203:
195:
187:
179:
160:
158:
142:
141:
123:
102:Dermocystida
73:(unranked):
66:Opisthokonta
61:(unranked):
35:
29:
2936:Lajassiella
2834:Leidyomyces
2827:Enteropogon
2820:Enteromyces
2813:Enterobryus
2806:Eccrinoides
2778:Alacrinella
2769:Eccrinaceae
2434:Opisthokont
2162:Zygomycosis
2016:Aspergillus
1962:C. glabrata
1877:Candidiasis
1833:Emmonsiosis
1744:Lobomycosis
1534:Tinea nigra
1449:By organism
1343:By location
1274:Superficial
515:Tonsil – 3%
490:oral cavity
353:Rajapalayam
3069:Categories
2841:Palavascia
2799:Eccrinidus
2785:Arundinula
2758:Amoebidium
2629:Valentines
2608:Dermotheca
2382:Otomycosis
2365:Fusariosis
2157:Zygomycota
2051:Eumycetoma
1887:Esophageal
1654:Onygenales
1634:Ascomycota
1320:Ascomycota
1138:R. seeberi
722:: 118–123.
592:10 January
564:References
509:Nose – 78%
496:R. seeberi
478:oropharynx
455:R. seeberi
437:R. seeberi
417:saprotroph
341:Tamil Nadu
268:R. seeberi
249:R. seeberi
223:eukaryotic
2869:Taeniella
2698:Caullerya
2691:Abeoforma
2671:Creolimax
2526:Amoebozoa
2504:Alveolata
2492:Cryptista
2467:Eukaryota
2341:Ungrouped
2172:Mucorales
1643:Dimorphic
1307:endothrix
1279:cutaneous
668:(1): 25.
526:Treatment
431:Pathology
357:Sivaganga
318:Sri Lanka
262:Phylogeny
137:Species:
54:Eukaryota
3021:MycoBank
2999:Q3764550
2993:Wikidata
2521:Amorphea
2499:Rhizaria
2487:Hacrobia
2477:Excavata
2462:Bacteria
2359:Fusarium
1955:C. auris
1922:Candidid
1619:systemic
1371:Ringworm
1302:exothrix
1211:. 90339.
1117:17422665
1076:19969938
1035:15815010
983:10449446
934:17657050
899:10827117
850:38343304
842:15735413
782:22504725
742:: 11–21.
694:16945122
638:17436910
552:See also
518:Eye – 1%
369:Demellow
243:in vitro
171:Synonyms
109:Family:
49:Domain:
3013:3285730
2682:Piridae
2536:Animals
2457:Archaea
1108:1680264
1067:2007358
1026:1081358
890:2640875
720:Sajosps
685:1560165
629:1800950
542:dapsone
444:antigen
425:in situ
381:theory
345:Madurai
337:Haryana
296:animals
276:protist
119:Genus:
97:Order:
85:Class:
78:Holozoa
3052:258812
3026:499478
2514:Plants
2451:Domain
1359:Kerion
1298:Piedra
1115:
1105:
1074:
1064:
1033:
1023:
981:
971:
932:
897:
887:
848:
840:
803:
780:
692:
682:
636:
626:
544:, and
391:(rare)
355:, and
349:Ramnad
333:Punjab
272:fungus
3039:90339
2705:Pirum
2541:Fungi
2008:-like
1863:-like
1861:Yeast
1769:Other
1520:Other
1440:Favus
1289:Tinea
1143:(PDF)
1136:with
974:85368
846:S2CID
716:(PDF)
421:yeast
314:India
288:and
274:or a
221:is a
3034:NCBI
3008:GBIF
2006:Mold
1882:Oral
1623:and
1311:hair
1309:) =
1293:skin
1264:and
1113:PMID
1072:PMID
1031:PMID
979:PMID
930:PMID
895:PMID
838:PMID
801:ISBN
778:PMID
690:PMID
634:PMID
594:2024
316:and
2141:spp
1276:and
1178:doi
1103:PMC
1062:PMC
1021:PMC
1013:doi
969:PMC
961:doi
922:doi
885:PMC
877:doi
830:doi
770:doi
680:PMC
670:doi
624:PMC
440:IgG
377:'s
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3049::
3036::
3023::
3010::
2995::
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1172:.
1168:.
1151:25
1149:.
1145:.
1111:.
1099:27
1097:.
1093:.
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1052:.
1029:.
1019:.
1009:43
1007:.
1003:.
991:^
977:.
967:.
957:37
955:.
951:.
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918:20
916:.
893:.
883:.
871:.
867:.
844:.
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826:18
824:.
776:.
766:29
764:.
748:^
738:.
718:.
688:.
678:.
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660:.
646:^
632:.
620:48
618:.
614:.
602:^
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540:,
351:,
347:,
335:,
331:,
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20:)
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