1539:
44:
1600:
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327:
1675:
1685:
1472:
1680:
1695:
1670:
1690:
1641:
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287:
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1411:
1382:
313:
43:
1665:
1634:
1312:
1538:
1427:
1352:
1302:
844:
1660:
1511:
159:
834:
824:
1700:
1459:
1252:
1152:
998:
1627:
1142:
988:
864:
1292:
1227:
1023:
887:
854:
270:
38:
1516:
1498:
1490:
1372:
1272:
1262:
1172:
1042:
1611:
1554:
1503:
1202:
897:
299:
Iterative evolution of large-bodied hypercarnivory in canids benefits species but not clades
1058:
907:
463:
412:
179:
305:
1192:
1182:
1162:
1113:
918:
618:
398:
1654:
1342:
1332:
1322:
1282:
706:
670:
652:
597:
298:
217:
1599:
963:
927:
625:
552:
543:
498:
442:
248:
213:
118:
1450:
799:
720:
697:
611:
570:
511:
484:
456:
421:
243:
1546:
1362:
1214:
734:
643:
632:
604:
470:
435:
376:
336:
189:
1550:
1078:
975:
953:
779:
769:
713:
686:
679:
659:
590:
583:
559:
525:
518:
477:
449:
370:
256:
221:
95:
55:
30:
263:
may be close to the ancestry of later borophagines. Only a single species,
1444:
1239:
1088:
1010:
943:
789:
428:
364:
358:
230:
75:
1607:
1477:
811:
753:
727:
340:
105:
1068:
875:
352:
274:
85:
65:
1421:
1125:
1100:
291:
252:
225:
292:
Phylogenetic systematics of the
Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae)
1464:
294:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 243:1-391.
251:, but it shows a few subtle differences in the structure of the
1425:
309:
216:, an extinct subgroup of canids that were endemic to western
1615:
1558:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1298:
1288:
1278:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1223:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1138:
1109:
1084:
1074:
1064:
1054:
1019:
994:
984:
959:
949:
939:
903:
893:
883:
860:
850:
840:
830:
820:
795:
785:
775:
765:
495:
409:
394:
1434:
1237:
1212:
1123:
1098:
1041:
1008:
973:
926:
917:
874:
809:
752:
696:
669:
642:
569:
542:
494:
408:
385:
212:("root dog") is an early member of the subfamily
1635:
1578:
321:
297:Balisi, Mairin and B. Van Valkenburgh. 2020.
8:
1642:
1628:
1585:
1571:
1422:
1131:
1047:
1038:
932:
923:
758:
575:
503:
328:
314:
306:
188:
20:
269:, is known and all fossils come from the
290:, R.H. Tedford, and B.E. Taylor. 1999.
241:was similar to a contemporary species,
7:
1596:
1594:
1535:
1533:
1676:Oligocene mammals of North America
1614:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
1557:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
14:
138:Wang, Tedford, & Taylor, 1999
1686:Rupelian genus first appearances
1598:
1537:
301:. Communications Biology 3(461).
42:
1:
1681:Prehistoric carnivoran genera
228:, existing for approximately
201:based on fossil distribution
1696:Prehistoric carnivoran stubs
1671:Aquitanian genus extinctions
224:epoch, living from ~31—24.5
1691:Taxa named by Xiaoming Wang
16:Extinct genus of carnivores
1717:
1593:
1532:
1408:
1134:
1050:
935:
761:
578:
506:
347:
196:
187:
165:
158:
39:Scientific classification
37:
23:
1545:This article related to
339:members of the family
29:Temporal range: early
1512:Paleobiology Database
172:Rhizocyon oregonensis
1114:C. alpinus europaeus
244:Archaeocyon leptodus
1549:animals from order
1353:C. l. mogollonensis
259:that indicate that
151:R. oregonensis
1363:C. l. monstrabilis
271:John Day Formation
1623:
1622:
1566:
1565:
1527:
1526:
1499:Open Tree of Life
1428:Taxon identifiers
1419:
1418:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1323:C. l. griseoalbus
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
748:
747:
744:
743:
205:
204:
139:
1708:
1666:Oligocene canids
1644:
1637:
1630:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1541:
1534:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1506:
1494:
1493:
1481:
1480:
1468:
1467:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1423:
1380:
1370:
1360:
1350:
1343:C. l. hodophilax
1340:
1330:
1320:
1310:
1300:
1293:C. l. floridanus
1290:
1283:C. l. cristaldii
1280:
1270:
1260:
1250:
1225:
1200:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1143:C. apolloniensis
1140:
1132:
1111:
1086:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1048:
1039:
1021:
996:
986:
961:
951:
941:
933:
924:
905:
895:
885:
862:
852:
842:
832:
822:
797:
787:
777:
767:
759:
576:
504:
497:
411:
396:
330:
323:
316:
307:
234:
192:
174:
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137:
130:
117:
47:
46:
21:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1592:
1591:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1430:
1420:
1415:
1388:
1263:C. l. beothucus
1233:
1208:
1119:
1094:
1029:
1004:
999:L. ensenadensis
969:
913:
870:
845:U. minicephalus
805:
740:
692:
665:
638:
565:
538:
490:
464:Paraenhydrocyon
413:Hesperocyoninae
404:
381:
343:
334:
304:
288:Wang, Xiaoming.
283:
229:
183:
176:
168:
167:
154:
136:
128:
115:
41:
33:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1603:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1542:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1508:
1495:
1482:
1469:
1456:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1346:
1336:
1326:
1316:
1313:C. l. gregoryi
1306:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1273:C. l. bernardi
1266:
1256:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1186:
1176:
1173:C. cedazoensis
1166:
1156:
1153:C. armbrusteri
1146:
1135:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1072:
1062:
1051:
1045:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1016:
1014:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
992:
981:
979:
971:
970:
968:
967:
957:
947:
936:
930:
921:
915:
914:
912:
911:
901:
891:
888:V. qiuzhudingi
880:
878:
872:
871:
869:
868:
858:
848:
838:
828:
817:
815:
807:
806:
804:
803:
793:
783:
773:
762:
756:
750:
749:
746:
745:
742:
741:
739:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
702:
700:
694:
693:
691:
690:
683:
675:
673:
667:
666:
664:
663:
656:
648:
646:
640:
639:
637:
636:
629:
622:
619:Microtomarctus
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
579:
573:
567:
566:
564:
563:
556:
548:
546:
540:
539:
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536:
529:
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507:
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474:
467:
460:
453:
446:
439:
432:
425:
417:
415:
406:
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399:Prohesperocyon
391:
389:
387:incertae sedis
383:
382:
380:
379:
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367:
361:
355:
348:
345:
344:
335:
333:
332:
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318:
310:
303:
302:
295:
284:
282:
279:
266:R. oregonensis
203:
202:
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185:
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177:
163:
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126:
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59:
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53:
49:
48:
35:
34:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1713:
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1689:
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1684:
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1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
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1659:
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1645:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1610:article is a
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1583:
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1576:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
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1513:
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1492:
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1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
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1442:
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1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1373:C. l. nubilus
1367:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1327:
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1307:
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1304:
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1275:
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1267:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1228:C. l. orcutti
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1203:C. lepophagus
1197:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1157:
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1154:
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1144:
1137:
1136:
1133:
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1128:
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1116:
1115:
1108:
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1103:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1053:
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1049:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1001:
1000:
993:
991:
990:
989:L. cultridens
983:
982:
980:
978:
977:
972:
966:
965:
958:
956:
955:
948:
946:
945:
938:
937:
934:
931:
929:
925:
922:
920:
916:
910:
909:
902:
900:
899:
892:
890:
889:
882:
881:
879:
877:
873:
867:
866:
859:
857:
856:
855:U. progressus
849:
847:
846:
839:
837:
836:
829:
827:
826:
819:
818:
816:
814:
813:
808:
802:
801:
794:
792:
791:
784:
782:
781:
774:
772:
771:
764:
763:
760:
757:
755:
751:
737:
736:
732:
730:
729:
725:
723:
722:
718:
716:
715:
711:
709:
708:
707:Paratomarctus
704:
703:
701:
699:
695:
689:
688:
684:
682:
681:
677:
676:
674:
672:
671:Aelurodontina
668:
662:
661:
657:
655:
654:
653:Paracynarctus
650:
649:
647:
645:
641:
635:
634:
630:
628:
627:
623:
621:
620:
616:
614:
613:
609:
607:
606:
602:
600:
599:
598:Metatomarctus
595:
593:
592:
588:
586:
585:
581:
580:
577:
574:
572:
568:
562:
561:
557:
555:
554:
550:
549:
547:
545:
541:
535:
534:
530:
528:
527:
523:
521:
520:
516:
514:
513:
509:
508:
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502:
500:
493:
487:
486:
482:
480:
479:
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472:
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466:
465:
461:
459:
458:
454:
452:
451:
447:
445:
444:
440:
438:
437:
433:
431:
430:
426:
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423:
419:
418:
416:
414:
407:
401:
400:
393:
392:
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384:
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374:
372:
368:
366:
362:
360:
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350:
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342:
338:
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326:
324:
319:
317:
312:
311:
308:
300:
296:
293:
289:
286:
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278:
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272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
233:million years
232:
227:
223:
219:
218:North America
215:
211:
210:
200:
195:
191:
186:
181:
175:
173:
164:
161:
160:Binomial name
157:
153:
152:
146:
143:
142:
135:
134:
127:
124:
123:
120:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
26:
22:
19:
1661:Borophagines
1616:expanding it
1605:
1559:expanding it
1544:
1529:
1435:
1410:
1383:C. l. youngi
1381:
1371:
1361:
1351:
1341:
1333:C. l. hattai
1331:
1321:
1311:
1303:C. l. fuscus
1301:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1238:
1226:
1213:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1124:
1112:
1099:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1024:S. pacivorus
1022:
1009:
997:
987:
974:
964:Theriodictis
962:
952:
942:
928:Cerdocyonina
906:
898:V. riffautae
896:
886:
863:
853:
843:
833:
823:
810:
798:
788:
778:
768:
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
685:
678:
658:
651:
631:
626:Protomarctus
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
589:
582:
558:
553:Cynarctoides
551:
544:Phlaocyonini
532:
531:
524:
517:
510:
499:Borophaginae
483:
476:
469:
462:
455:
448:
443:Sunkahetanka
441:
434:
427:
420:
397:
386:
265:
264:
260:
249:Great Plains
242:
238:
237:
214:Borophaginae
208:
207:
206:
198:
171:
166:
150:
149:
132:
131:
119:Borophaginae
24:
18:
1701:Canid stubs
1547:prehistoric
1253:C. l. alces
1193:C. etruscus
1183:C. edwardii
1163:C. arnensis
1059:Cynotherium
908:V. skinneri
835:U. galushai
825:U. citrinus
800:Prototocyon
721:Protepicyon
698:Borophagina
612:Psalidocyon
571:Borophagini
512:Archaeocyon
485:Ectopocynus
457:Enhydrocyon
422:Hesperocyon
247:, from the
220:during the
112:Subfamily:
1655:Categories
1215:C. latrans
735:Borophagus
644:Cynarctina
633:Tephrocyon
605:Euoplocyon
471:Osbornodon
436:Cynodesmus
377:Caniformia
375:Suborder:
281:References
1551:Carnivora
1451:Q16956581
1436:Rhizocyon
976:Lycalopex
954:Protocyon
780:Metalopex
770:Leptocyon
714:Carpocyon
687:Aelurodon
680:Tomarctus
660:Cynarctus
591:Desmocyon
584:Cormocyon
560:Phlaocyon
533:Rhizocyon
526:Otarocyon
519:Oxetocyon
478:Caedocyon
450:Philotrox
371:Carnivora
351:Kingdom:
261:Rhizocyon
257:dentition
239:Rhizocyon
222:Oligocene
209:Rhizocyon
199:Rhizocyon
197:Range of
144:Species:
133:Rhizocyon
96:Carnivora
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
31:Oligocene
25:Rhizocyon
1445:Wikidata
1412:Category
1240:C. lupus
1089:Xenocyon
1079:Aenocyon
1011:Speothos
944:Dusicyon
865:U. webbi
790:Nurocyon
429:Mesocyon
365:Mammalia
359:Chordata
357:Phylum:
353:Animalia
102:Family:
86:Mammalia
76:Chordata
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
1504:4117980
1491:1445290
1478:4833503
1465:4445162
812:Urocyon
754:Caninae
728:Epicyon
369:Order:
363:Class:
341:Canidae
337:Extinct
182:, 1906)
180:Merriam
169:†
148:†
125:Genus:
106:Canidae
92:Order:
82:Class:
1069:Eucyon
1043:Canina
919:Canini
876:Vulpes
275:Oregon
1608:canid
1606:This
1553:is a
1517:41242
1486:IRMNG
1126:Canis
253:skull
1612:stub
1555:stub
1473:GBIF
1101:Cuon
255:and
1460:EoL
273:in
231:6.5
226:Ma.
1657::
1514::
1501::
1488::
1475::
1462::
1447::
277:.
235:.
1643:e
1636:t
1629:v
1618:.
1586:e
1579:t
1572:v
1561:.
1379:†
1369:†
1359:†
1349:†
1339:†
1329:†
1319:†
1309:†
1299:†
1289:†
1279:†
1269:†
1259:†
1249:†
1224:†
1199:†
1189:†
1179:†
1169:†
1159:†
1149:†
1139:†
1110:†
1085:†
1075:†
1065:†
1055:†
1020:†
995:†
985:†
960:†
950:†
940:†
904:†
894:†
884:†
861:†
851:†
841:†
831:†
821:†
796:†
786:†
776:†
766:†
496:†
410:†
395:†
329:e
322:t
315:v
178:(
129:†
116:†
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