3296:
489:
3289:
143:
2091:
3275:
2109:
3303:
2103:
3460:
3282:
2098:
120:
3268:
798:
Judging from their anatomy, rhizodonts had an extremely powerful bite. They probably employed a 'grip and drag' hunting technique, where prey was ambushed, the tusks sunk in to secure it, and then depending on its size, either thrashed on the surface to subdue it, or dragged to where the rhizodont
569:
Rhizodont pelvic fins are known only from external morphology. They are smaller than the pectoral fins and positioned toward the rear of the body. In comparison to the other fins, the pectoral fins were much enlarged. They had a well-developed internal skeleton surrounded by robust, largely
474:- the earliest known species is about 377 million years ago (Mya), the latest around 310 Mya. Rhizodonts lived in tropical rivers and freshwater lakes and were the dominant predators of their age. They reached huge sizes - the largest known species,
566:
the main trunk lateral line also had several subsidiary lines running parallel to it. This probably helped rhizodonts detect prey in the turbid, swampy environments where they lived.
537:
rotated inwards towards each other on biting. This may have been a kinetic mechanism to dig the marginal teeth more deeply into the prey, to help grip slippery or struggling items.
3609:
1071:
3596:
1027:
915:
998:
Johanson, Z., and
Ahlberg, P. E. (2001) Devonian rhizodontids and tristichopterids (Sarcopterygii; Tetrapodomorpha) from East Gondwana.
1019:
3686:
526:
3295:
3288:
944:, a tetrapodomorph fish (Sarcopterygii: Megalichthyidae) from the Carboniferous of Australia, illuminated via X-ray tomography"
3681:
142:
3422:
1064:
1039:
3432:
1044:
3274:
574:; the whole fin was then covered in deeply overlapping scales. This turned the pectoral fin into a broad paddle.
2097:
3463:
3302:
1057:
3281:
2102:
552:
much reduced and placed posteriorly The anal and second dorsal fins formed a functional part of the tail. The
3267:
3237:
2108:
480:
from Europe and North
America, was an estimated 7 m in length, making it the largest freshwater fish known.
471:
46:
3480:
3417:
3201:
1169:
3635:
3527:
1408:
488:
2090:
2000:
3653:
3583:
1755:
1533:
1258:
841:
494:
1821:
1748:
1734:
1418:
331:
3676:
3437:
2617:
1969:
1807:
1438:
1348:
1298:
553:
510:
129:
2358:
2020:
1667:
1582:
1540:
426:
344:
3574:
3359:
2833:
2485:
1928:
1921:
1741:
1681:
1590:
1554:
1468:
857:
440:
370:
137:
3640:
3532:
1428:
1268:
938:
Clement, A. M.; Cloutier, R.; Lu, J.; Perilli, E.; Maksimenko, A.; Long, J. (10 December 2021).
3518:
3622:
3365:
2944:
2604:
2335:
1798:
1767:
1696:
1621:
1368:
1023:
1015:
1007:
975:
911:
829:
3627:
3614:
1643:
1498:
905:
261:
3371:
2628:
965:
955:
849:
3381:
3349:
3073:
2965:
2802:
2577:
2552:
2525:
2351:
1953:
1942:
1935:
1783:
1689:
1674:
1658:
1231:
1218:
1181:
1080:
557:
200:
845:
3427:
3401:
3396:
3354:
3344:
3219:
3190:
3114:
3082:
3059:
3038:
3017:
2981:
2958:
2937:
2910:
2869:
2795:
2788:
2666:
2586:
1906:
1856:
1635:
1378:
1318:
1040:
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/140Sarcopterygii/140.700.html#Rhizodontiformes
991:
Johanson, Z. & Ahlberg, P.E. (1998) A complete primitive rhizodont from
Australia.
970:
939:
463:
3670:
3184:
3160:
3153:
3096:
3089:
3031:
3003:
2772:
2761:
2748:
2734:
2720:
2637:
2593:
2455:
2415:
2240:
2179:
1990:
1863:
1814:
1605:
1154:
1129:
879:
861:
571:
514:
187:
77:
3391:
3386:
3335:
3330:
3207:
3124:
3052:
3010:
2781:
2727:
2566:
2475:
2405:
2344:
2220:
2199:
2189:
2169:
2126:
2041:
1914:
1726:
1711:
1512:
1388:
1308:
1120:
627:
287:
119:
1049:
853:
582:
The cladogram presented below is based on a 2021 study by
Clement and colleagues:
830:"A New Look at Carboniferous Rhizodontid Humeri (Sarcopterygii; Tetrapodomorpha)"
3568:
3512:
3024:
2848:
2704:
2690:
2644:
2435:
2395:
1891:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1704:
1628:
1614:
1568:
1561:
1526:
1491:
1338:
1278:
1138:
1045:
https://web.archive.org/web/20121212033229/http://www.donnasaxby.com/rhizodonts/
901:
692:
668:
400:
387:
318:
248:
52:
3503:
3146:
2995:
2988:
2928:
2880:
2505:
2425:
2311:
2281:
2250:
2230:
2210:
2010:
1899:
1884:
1828:
1575:
1398:
1328:
1248:
828:
Johanson, Z.; Jeffery, J.; Challands, T.; E. Pierce, S.; Clack, J. A. (2020).
733:
562:
545:
506:
413:
97:
62:
3559:
799:
could consume it without being disturbed. Their prey probably included large
3376:
3139:
3131:
3045:
2821:
2713:
2675:
2559:
2539:
2515:
2495:
2301:
2270:
2260:
2132:
2047:
2030:
1980:
1877:
1718:
1458:
1288:
530:
154:
102:
979:
811:, because all tetrapods at this time still had to lay their eggs in water.
3553:
3497:
3175:
2973:
2896:
2889:
2861:
2683:
2376:
2291:
2150:
1547:
1505:
1448:
1111:
808:
804:
716:
651:
534:
476:
467:
357:
274:
174:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
42:
17:
960:
3601:
3243:
2951:
2903:
2465:
2445:
1870:
1358:
522:
502:
107:
82:
2321:
1519:
1105:
603:
541:
300:
164:
3474:
3648:
800:
518:
487:
3588:
3478:
3318:
2124:
1216:
1098:
1053:
549:
521:
and premaxillae. On the lower jaw were marginal teeth on the
888:
501:
The upper jaw had a marginal row of small teeth on the
907:
Gaining Ground: The Origin and
Evolution of Tetrapods
3107:
3070:
2925:
2845:
2817:
2745:
2701:
2663:
2536:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2491:
2481:
2471:
2461:
2451:
2441:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2332:
2317:
2307:
2297:
2287:
2277:
2266:
2256:
2246:
2236:
2226:
2216:
2206:
2195:
2185:
2175:
2165:
2026:
2016:
2006:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1965:
1795:
1779:
1655:
1602:
1479:
1464:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1394:
1384:
1374:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1314:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1274:
1264:
1254:
1244:
436:
422:
409:
396:
383:
366:
353:
340:
327:
314:
296:
283:
270:
257:
244:
3543:
3487:
3410:
3329:
3218:
3183:
3170:
3106:
3069:
2924:
2879:
2844:
2816:
2771:
2744:
2700:
2662:
2627:
2603:
2576:
2535:
2372:
2331:
2149:
2040:
1952:
1794:
1766:
1654:
1601:
1478:
1229:
1180:
1153:
533:tip of the dentary. Apparently, the left and right
884:and characteristics of stem tetrapod neurocrania"
1065:
8:
873:
871:
466:known from many areas of the world from the
3475:
3326:
3315:
3180:
2853:
2753:
2609:
2544:
2384:
2158:
2146:
2121:
1958:
1772:
1237:
1226:
1213:
1159:
1150:
1095:
1072:
1058:
1050:
118:
31:
969:
959:
807:, and other lobe-finned fishes, and even
1014:, 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
910:. Indiana University Press. p. 75.
820:
7:
3654:6B7F6971-FFCF-3702-A2BE-A666CB4E0AB7
878:Coates, M. I.; Friedman, M. (2010).
708:
684:
643:
619:
595:
585:
834:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
25:
462:is an extinct group of predatory
3459:
3458:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
2107:
2101:
2096:
2089:
556:was elaborated on the skull and
141:
27:Extinct order of tetrapodomorphs
336:Vorobyeva & Obrucheva, 1977
540:The trunk was elongated, with
517:bones, and large tusks on the
1:
3423:Polydactyly in stem-tetrapods
854:10.1080/02724634.2020.1813150
509:, medium-sized fangs on the
292:Johanson & Ahlberg, 1998
266:Johanson & Ahlberg, 2001
942:Cladarosymblema narrienense
231:Andrews & Westoll, 1970
3703:
525:, with fangs on the three
3454:
3325:
3314:
3264:
2856:
2756:
2612:
2547:
2387:
2161:
2145:
2120:
2086:
1961:
1775:
1240:
1225:
1212:
1162:
1149:
1094:
1000:Trans. R. Soc. Earth Sci.
730:
713:
706:
689:
682:
665:
648:
641:
624:
617:
600:
593:
253:Hancock & Athey, 1870
241:
236:
138:Scientific classification
136:
126:
117:
34:
1012:Vertebrate Palaeontology
3687:Carboniferous bony fish
529:and a huge tusk at the
3418:Evolution of tetrapods
498:
41:late Middle Devonian (
3682:Tetrapodomorph orders
3636:Paleobiology Database
3528:Paleobiology Database
1006:Classification after
491:
495:Gooloogongia loomesi
3438:Zachelmie trackways
2618:Pseudophlegethontia
961:10.7717/peerj.12597
882:Litoptychus bryanti
846:2020JVPal..40E3150J
554:lateral line system
130:Sauripterus taylori
3360:Megalichthyiformes
1922:Platycephalichthys
902:Clack, Jennifer A.
499:
3664:
3663:
3623:Open Tree of Life
3481:Taxon identifiers
3472:
3471:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3366:Tristichopteridae
3310:
3309:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
2920:
2919:
2812:
2811:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2605:Phlegethontioidea
2368:
2367:
2336:Elginerpetontidae
2116:
2115:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2001:Parapanderichthys
1799:Tristichopteridae
1768:Eotetrapodiformes
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1028:978-0-632-05637-8
940:"A fresh look at
917:978-0-253-35675-8
790:
789:
781:
780:
772:
771:
763:
762:
754:
753:
745:
744:
477:Rhizodus hibberti
457:
456:
451:
433:
419:
406:
393:
380:
363:
350:
337:
324:
311:
293:
280:
267:
254:
232:
16:(Redirected from
3694:
3657:
3656:
3644:
3643:
3631:
3630:
3618:
3617:
3605:
3604:
3592:
3591:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3489:Rhizodontiformes
3476:
3462:
3461:
3372:Labyrinthodontia
3327:
3316:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3227:
3223:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3112:
3109:
3072:
2927:
2854:
2847:
2819:
2754:
2747:
2703:
2665:
2629:Phlegethontiidae
2610:
2545:
2538:
2523:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2483:
2473:
2463:
2453:
2443:
2433:
2423:
2413:
2403:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2334:
2319:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2279:
2268:
2258:
2248:
2238:
2228:
2218:
2208:
2197:
2187:
2177:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2055:
2046:
2028:
2018:
2008:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1967:
1959:
1797:
1781:
1773:
1657:
1604:
1481:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1436:
1426:
1416:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1346:
1336:
1326:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1238:
1227:
1214:
1160:
1151:
1144:
1143:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1081:Tetrapodomorpha
1074:
1067:
1060:
1051:
984:
983:
973:
963:
935:
929:
928:
926:
924:
898:
892:
891:
875:
866:
865:
825:
709:
685:
644:
620:
596:
586:
445:
438:
431:
424:
417:
411:
404:
398:
391:
385:
374:
368:
361:
355:
348:
342:
335:
329:
322:
316:
305:
298:
291:
285:
278:
272:
265:
259:
252:
246:
230:
227:Rhizodontiformes
225:
212:
146:
145:
122:
112:
49:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3652:
3647:
3639:
3634:
3626:
3621:
3613:
3608:
3600:
3595:
3587:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3483:
3473:
3468:
3442:
3406:
3382:Ichthyostegalia
3350:Osteolepiformes
3334:
3321:
3306:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3250:
3225:
3221:
3220:Reptiliomorpha
3214:
3187:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3110:
3102:
3074:Gephyrostegidae
3065:
2966:Carbonoherpeton
2916:
2875:
2840:
2808:
2803:Palaeomolgophis
2767:
2740:
2696:
2650:
2623:
2599:
2578:Oestocephalidae
2572:
2553:Andersonerpeton
2531:
2526:Tantallognathus
2379:
2373:
2364:
2352:Obruchevichthys
2327:
2153:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2112:
2088:
2068:
2050:
2044:
2036:
1954:Elpistostegalia
1948:
1943:Tristichopterus
1790:
1784:Palaeospondylus
1762:
1756:Sterropterygion
1690:Ectosteorhachis
1675:Cladarosymblema
1659:Megalichthyidae
1650:
1597:
1534:Propycnoctenion
1474:
1234:
1232:Tetrapodomorpha
1221:
1219:Tetrapodomorpha
1196:
1182:Tetrapodomorpha
1176:
1145:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1036:
988:
987:
937:
936:
932:
922:
920:
918:
900:
899:
895:
877:
876:
869:
840:(3): e1813150.
827:
826:
822:
817:
796:
791:
782:
773:
764:
755:
746:
580:
558:pectoral girdle
492:Restoration of
486:
470:through to the
464:tetrapodomorphs
432:Vorobyeva, 1977
229:
223:
210:
201:Tetrapodomorpha
140:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3700:
3698:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3669:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3645:
3632:
3619:
3606:
3593:
3580:
3565:
3549:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3524:
3509:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3402:Anthracosauria
3399:
3397:Phyllospondyli
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3355:Osteolepididae
3352:
3347:
3345:Stem tetrapoda
3341:
3339:
3323:
3322:
3320:Related topics
3319:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3238:Reptiliomorpha
3231:
3229:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3195:
3193:
3191:Batrachomorpha
3178:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3118:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3083:Bruktererpeton
3078:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3060:Spondylerpeton
3056:
3049:
3042:
3039:Proterogyrinus
3035:
3028:
3021:
3018:Palaeoherpeton
3014:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2985:
2982:Diplovertebron
2978:
2969:
2962:
2959:Calligenethlon
2955:
2948:
2941:
2938:Anthracosaurus
2933:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2911:Megalocephalus
2907:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2870:Spathicephalus
2866:
2857:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2827:
2825:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2796:Dolichopareias
2792:
2789:Adelospondylus
2785:
2777:
2775:
2773:Adelogyrinidae
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2671:
2669:
2667:Whatcheeriidae
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
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2625:
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2622:
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2613:
2607:
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2600:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2587:Coloraderpeton
2582:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
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2548:
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2014:
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1984:
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1962:
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1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1907:Marsdenichthys
1903:
1896:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1857:Eusthenopteron
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1822:Callistipterus
1818:
1811:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1776:
1770:
1764:
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1760:
1752:
1749:Sengoerichthys
1745:
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1735:Palatinichthys
1731:
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1693:
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1678:
1671:
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1636:Marsdenichthys
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1419:Platyethmoidia
1412:
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1392:
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1379:Megadonichthys
1372:
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1342:
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1319:Harajicadectes
1312:
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1034:External links
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3575:Rhizodontidae
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3203:
3202:Temnospondyli
3199:
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3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:Temnospondyli
3182:
3179:
3177:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3161:Termonerpeton
3158:
3156:
3155:
3154:Silvanerpeton
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:anthracosaurs
3105:
3099:
3098:
3097:Gephyrostegus
3094:
3092:
3091:
3090:Eusauropleura
3087:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3068:
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3055:
3054:
3050:
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3040:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3032:Pholiderpeton
3029:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:Leptophractus
3001:
2998:
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2764:
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2762:Acherontiscus
2759:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Adelospondyli
2743:
2737:
2736:
2735:Pholidogaster
2732:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2721:Deltaherpeton
2718:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2710:
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2706:
2699:
2693:
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2677:
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2638:Phlegethontia
2635:
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2626:
2620:
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2615:
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2594:Oestocephalus
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2478:
2477:
2470:
2468:
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2460:
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2456:Ichthyerpeton
2450:
2448:
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2440:
2438:
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2430:
2428:
2427:
2420:
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2416:Crassigyrinus
2410:
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2255:
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2245:
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2241:Metaxygnathus
2235:
2233:
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2225:
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2222:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2180:Brittagnathus
2174:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2152:
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2144:
2138:
2134:
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2110:
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2033:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1991:Panderichthys
1985:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:Howittichthys
1964:
1963:
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1955:
1951:
1945:
1944:
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1938:
1937:
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1931:
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1926:
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1864:Heddleichthys
1861:
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1823:
1819:
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1815:Cabonnichthys
1812:
1810:
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1808:Bruehnopteron
1805:
1804:
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1793:
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1606:Canowindridae
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1503:
1501:
1500:
1496:
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1489:
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1477:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1439:Thaumatolepis
1433:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1349:Lamprotolepis
1343:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1299:Greiserolepis
1293:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1253:
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1243:
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1236:
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1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1170:Gnathostomata
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Gnathostomata
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1130:Sarcopterygii
1127:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:Pan-Tetrapoda
1075:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:0-632-05637-1
1017:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
995:394: 569โ573.
994:
990:
989:
981:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
943:
934:
931:
919:
913:
909:
908:
903:
897:
894:
889:
885:
883:
874:
872:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
821:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
793:
786:
785:
777:
776:
768:
767:
759:
758:
750:
749:
741:
740:
737:
736:
735:
728:
727:
724:
723:
720:
719:
718:
711:
710:
704:
703:
700:
699:
696:
695:
694:
687:
686:
680:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
670:
663:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
653:
646:
645:
639:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
629:
622:
621:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
605:
598:
597:
591:
588:
587:
583:
577:
575:
573:
572:lepidotrichia
567:
565:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:dermopalatine
512:
511:ectopterygoid
508:
504:
497:
496:
490:
483:
481:
479:
478:
473:
472:Pennsylvanian
469:
465:
461:
449:
443:
442:
435:
429:
428:
421:
416:
415:
408:
405:Andrews, 1985
403:
402:
395:
390:
389:
382:
378:
373:
372:
365:
360:
359:
352:
347:
346:
339:
334:
333:
326:
323:Brazeau, 2005
321:
320:
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309:
303:
302:
295:
290:
289:
282:
277:
276:
269:
264:
263:
256:
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250:
243:
242:
240:
235:
228:
222:
219:
218:
215:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:Sarcopterygii
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
135:
132:
131:
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
48:
47:Pennsylvanian
44:
33:
30:
19:
3544:
3519:Rhizodontida
3488:
3411:Other topics
3392:Holospondyli
3387:Lepospondyli
3336:Polyphyletic
3331:Paraphyletic
3271:
3208:Lissamphibia
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3125:Caerorhachis
3123:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3058:
3053:Seroherpeton
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3011:Neopteroplax
3009:
3002:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2868:
2860:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2782:Adelogyrinus
2780:
2760:
2733:
2728:Greererpeton
2726:
2719:
2712:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2643:
2636:
2616:
2592:
2585:
2567:Ophiderpeton
2565:
2558:
2551:
2524:
2514:
2504:
2494:
2484:
2476:Mesanerpeton
2474:
2464:
2454:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2414:
2406:Aytonerpeton
2404:
2394:
2359:Webererpeton
2357:
2350:
2345:Elginerpeton
2343:
2320:
2310:
2300:
2290:
2280:
2269:
2259:
2249:
2239:
2229:
2221:Ichthyostega
2219:
2209:
2200:Elpistostege
2198:
2190:Densignathus
2188:
2178:
2170:Acanthostega
2168:
2136:
2127:Stegocephali
2095:
2051:
2042:Stegocephali
2029:
2021:Rubrognathus
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1968:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1915:Notorhizodon
1913:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1782:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1727:Megistolepis
1725:
1717:
1712:Megalichthys
1710:
1703:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1673:
1668:Askerichthys
1666:
1642:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1589:
1583:Thysanolepis
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1541:Pycnoctenion
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1513:Gooloogongia
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:Rhizodontida
1482:
1467:
1457:
1447:
1437:
1427:
1417:
1407:
1397:
1389:Muranjilepis
1387:
1377:
1367:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1327:
1317:
1309:Gyroptychius
1307:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1134:
1125:
1121:Osteichthyes
1116:
1011:
1008:Benton, M.J.
1005:
999:
992:
951:
947:
941:
933:
921:. Retrieved
906:
896:
887:
881:
837:
833:
823:
797:
732:
731:
715:
714:
691:
690:
667:
666:
650:
649:
628:Gooloogongia
626:
625:
602:
601:
590:Rhizodontida
589:
581:
570:unsegmented
568:
561:
539:
500:
493:
475:
460:Rhizodontida
459:
458:
447:
439:
427:Thysanolepis
425:
418:Huxley, 1865
412:
399:
386:
376:
369:
356:
345:Pycnoctenion
343:
330:
317:
307:
299:
288:Gooloogongia
286:
273:
260:
247:
226:
214:Rhizodontida
213:
194:
181:
128:
127:A fossil of
35:Rhizodontida
29:
3569:Wikispecies
3513:Wikispecies
3428:Romer's gap
3224:Pan-Amniota
3172:Crown group
3025:Papposaurus
2849:Baphetoidea
2705:Colosteidae
2691:Whatcheeria
2645:Sillerpeton
2436:Doragnathus
2396:Antlerpeton
1929:Spodichthys
1892:Litoptychus
1850:Eusthenodon
1843:Edenopteron
1836:Devonosteus
1742:Rhizodopsis
1705:Mahalalepis
1682:Cryptolepis
1629:Koharalepis
1615:Beelarongia
1591:Vorobjevaia
1569:Screbinodus
1562:Sauripterus
1555:Rossichthys
1527:Letognathus
1492:Archichthys
1469:Viluichthys
1339:Litoptychus
1279:Glyptopomus
1259:Chrysolepis
1139:Rhipidistia
693:Screbinodus
669:Sauripterus
484:Description
441:Vorovjevaia
401:Screbinodus
388:Sauripterus
371:Rossichthys
319:Letognathus
249:Archichthys
3677:Rhizodonts
3671:Categories
3147:Eoherpeton
2996:Eoherpeton
2989:Eobaphetes
2929:Embolomeri
2881:Baphetidae
2506:Perittodus
2426:Diploradus
2312:Ventastega
2282:Tulerpeton
2251:Parmastega
2231:Jakubsonia
2211:Hynerpeton
2137:sensu lato
2063:see belowโ
2052:sensu lato
2011:Qikiqtania
1900:Mandageria
1885:Langlieria
1829:Canningius
1622:Canowindra
1576:Strepsodus
1429:Shirolepis
1399:Osteolepis
1329:Kenichthys
1269:Geptolepis
1249:Bogdanovia
1191:see belowโ
1002:92: 43โ74.
954:: e12597.
890:: 389โ416.
815:References
734:Strepsodus
563:Strepsodus
531:symphysial
507:premaxilla
414:Strepsodus
392:Hall, 1843
362:Owen, 1840
279:Long, 1989
3377:Rachitomi
3242:includes
3206:includes
3176:Tetrapoda
3140:Eldeceeon
3132:Casineria
3046:Pteroplax
2834:Nectridea
2822:Nectridea
2714:Colosteus
2676:Ossinodus
2560:Lethiscus
2540:Aistopoda
2516:Sigournea
2496:Ossirarus
2302:Umzantsia
2271:Tiktaalik
2261:Sinostega
2133:Tetrapoda
2048:Tetrapoda
2031:Tiktaalik
1981:Livoniana
1878:Jarvikina
1719:Megapomus
1459:Tungsenia
1409:Peregrina
1289:Gogonasus
1104:Kingdom:
862:227241079
809:tetrapods
578:Phylogeny
548:and anal
535:mandibles
527:coronoids
375:Johanson
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
18:Rhizodont
3554:Wikidata
3504:Q3934109
3498:Wikidata
3464:Category
3433:Timeline
2974:Cricotus
2945:Archeria
2897:Kyrinion
2890:Baphetes
2862:Eucritta
2684:Pederpes
2486:Occidens
2377:Devonian
2292:Tutusius
2151:Devonian
1697:Lohsania
1548:Rhizodus
1506:Barameda
1449:Thursius
1369:Medoevia
1112:Chordata
1110:Phylum:
1106:Animalia
980:34966593
904:(2012).
805:lungfish
717:Rhizodus
652:Barameda
468:Givetian
358:Rhizodus
275:Barameda
175:Chordata
171:Phylum:
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
43:Givetian
3628:4142582
3602:4838295
3589:4654914
3560:Q143827
3244:Amniota
2952:Aversor
2904:Loxomma
2466:Koilops
2446:Gaiasia
1936:Tinirau
1871:Hyneria
1644:Owensia
1499:Aztecia
1359:Latvius
1010:(2005)
971:8667741
842:Bibcode
794:Ecology
523:dentary
503:maxilla
262:Aztecia
237:Genera
220:Order:
207:Class:
3641:224766
3615:103929
3533:149976
3338:groups
2322:Ymeria
1520:Hongyu
1026:
1018:
993:Nature
978:
968:
923:19 May
914:
860:
801:sharks
604:Hongyu
546:dorsal
544:, two
542:pelvic
519:vomers
450:, 1992
448:et al.
446:Young
379:, 2020
377:et al.
310:, 2017
308:et al.
301:Hongyu
3649:Plazi
3610:IRMNG
3111:Other
2374:Post-
1135:Clade
1126:Clade
1117:Clade
948:PeerJ
858:S2CID
560:- in
195:Clade
182:Clade
3597:GBIF
3236:see
3200:see
2832:see
2380:taxa
2154:taxa
1168:see
1024:ISBN
1016:ISBN
976:PMID
925:2015
912:ISBN
550:fins
513:and
505:and
306:Zhu
53:Pre๊
45:) -
3584:EoL
966:PMC
956:doi
850:doi
3673::
3651::
3638::
3625::
3612::
3599::
3586::
3571::
3556::
3530::
3515::
3500::
1137::
1128::
1119::
1030:.
1022:.
974:.
964:.
950:.
946:.
886:.
870:^
856:.
848:.
838:40
836:.
832:.
803:,
444:?
430:?
304:?
197::
184::
103:Pg
3368:?
3362:?
3333:/
3226:)
3222:(
3188:(
3135:?
3117:"
3113:"
3108:โ
3071:โ
2999:?
2977:"
2971:"
2926:โ
2865:?
2846:โ
2824:"
2820:"
2818:โ
2746:โ
2702:โ
2679:?
2664:โ
2537:โ
2522:โ
2512:โ
2502:โ
2492:โ
2482:โ
2472:โ
2462:โ
2452:โ
2442:โ
2432:โ
2422:โ
2412:โ
2402:โ
2392:โ
2333:โ
2318:โ
2308:โ
2298:โ
2288:โ
2278:โ
2274:?
2267:โ
2257:โ
2247:โ
2237:โ
2227:โ
2217:โ
2207:โ
2203:?
2196:โ
2186:โ
2176:โ
2166:โ
2139:)
2130:(
2054:)
2045:(
2027:โ
2017:โ
2007:โ
1997:โ
1987:โ
1977:โ
1973:?
1966:โ
1910:?
1895:?
1796:โ
1787:?
1780:โ
1759:?
1730:?
1722:?
1700:?
1685:?
1656:โ
1647:?
1639:?
1603:โ
1594:?
1586:?
1480:โ
1465:โ
1455:โ
1445:โ
1435:โ
1425:โ
1415:โ
1405:โ
1395:โ
1385:โ
1375:โ
1365:โ
1355:โ
1345:โ
1335:โ
1325:โ
1315:โ
1305:โ
1295:โ
1285:โ
1275:โ
1265:โ
1255:โ
1245:โ
1087:)
1083:(
1073:e
1066:t
1059:v
982:.
958::
952:9
927:.
880:"
864:.
852::
844::
437:โ
423:โ
410:โ
397:โ
384:โ
367:โ
354:โ
341:โ
328:โ
315:โ
297:โ
284:โ
271:โ
258:โ
245:โ
224:โ
211:โ
108:N
98:K
93:J
88:T
83:P
78:C
73:D
68:S
63:O
58:๊
20:)
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