283:
261:
competition. They act as an extension of the fungal body and allow the fungus to infect, disseminate and survive for long periods of time. Rhizomorphs are composed of a medulla and central line which are responsible for water, nutrient, and gas transportation. The transportation of oxygen occurs from the base of rhizomorphs to the terminal growing part (tips). Rhizomorphs that live under free oxygen conditions are able to absorb and transport nutrients.
194:(hyphae biomass) that when deprived of nutrients and exposed to increasing oxygen, morphogenesis occurs giving rise to pseudo or microsclerotia (survival structures of some fungi), which precede rhizomorph development. Concentrations of oxygen play an important role in the production of rhizomorphs. When there is a high concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere, soil moisture, temperature and pH, rhizomorph production increases.
270:
111:
31:
169:
Known for their role in facilitating the spread and colonization of fungi in the environment, rhizomorphs are the most complex organs produced by fungi. They are made up of highly specialized hyphae that are different in size, orientation, and function. Fungi that possess these structures can compete
67:
Mycelial cords are capable of conducting nutrients over long distances. For instance, they can transfer nutrients to a developing fruiting body, or enable wood-rotting fungi to grow through soil from an established food base in search of new food sources. For parasitic fungi, they can help spread
260:
Rhizomorphs act as a system of underground absorption and growth structures that invade and decay roots and wood, as well as sometimes propagating through the air. They can access places where food resources are not available, giving certain advantages to the fungi that produce them in terms of
177:
giving an appearance of a fan-like mat, while rhizomorphs are more complex organs that have apically dominant growth tips, water-resistant surfaces, and can transport oxygen. Rhizomorphs and mycelial cords both function in nutrient transport, water absorption, translocation and colonization of
233:
Rhizomorphs can be of a cylindrical or flat type, and melanized or unmelanized, respectively. The flat unmelanized type is more common under the bark of trees and the cylindrical melanized rhizomorph can be found in the root systems of trees. For example, species of
326:
species produces melanized rhizomorphs
However, these two conditions are difficult to find in the climate of today and could explain the lack of melanized rhizomorphs in nature and could be a carryover from previous evolutionary periods.
850:
Mihail JD, Bruhn JN, Leininger TD (June 2002). "The effects of moisture and oxygen availability on rhizomorph generation by
Armillaria tabescens in comparison with A. gallica and A. mellea".
429:
805:
Henkel TW, Smith ME, Aime MC (September 2010). "Guyanagaster, a new wood-decaying sequestrate fungal genus related to
Armillaria (Physalacriaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota)".
156:
and cause damage to homes in Europe and North
America, respectively, by decaying wood. Another genus that is very well studied for their abundance of rhizomorphs production is
64:(literally, "root-forms"). As well as growing underground or on the surface of trees and other plants, some fungi make mycelial cords which hang in the air from vegetation.
310:-forming genus with rhizomorph production abundant in most species. One of the more common morphological characteristics for the genus is the presence of an
173:
Rhizomorphs are sometimes called mycelial cords, although they are structurally different: mycelial cords are less complex and have a loose network of
359:
is a fungus known only from its branched white aerial rhizomorphs which grow in tropical forest canopies. DNA analysis has shown it to belong in the
346:
also include protecting against UV radiation and moisture stress. Thus melanin production aids in longevity and survival of rhizomorphs in the soil.
122:
Rhizomorphs are a special morphological adaptation root-like structures found in fungi. These root-like structures are composed of parallel-oriented
913:
562:
322:, but it does not produce them in nature. In a controlled environment study with high levels of oxygen and saturated soil moisture content,
371:("Horse-hair fungus") is another species which generates aerial rhizomorphs, but these often have tiny mushrooms branching out from them.
670:
Lopez-Real JM, Swift MJ (1977). "Formation of pseudosclerotia ('zone lines') in wood decayed by
Armillaria mellea and Stereum hirsutum".
452:
491:
366:
338:
in rhizomorphs are known for the absorption of metal ions from the soil and can be found in different structures such as
334:
as well as other fungi but it appears that the most recently diverged species are adapted to form melanized rhizomorphs.
397:"Tying up loose threads: revised taxonomy and phylogeny of an avian-dispersed Neotropical rhizomorph-forming fungus"
363:(normally a mushroom-forming family), but no fruiting bodies or other fertile structures of it have been found.
68:
infection by growing from established clusters to uninfected parts. The cords of some wood-rotting fungi (like
726:"Resolved phylogeny and biogeography of the root pathogen Armillaria and its gasteroid relative, Guyanagaster"
510:
Yafetto L, Davis DJ, Money NP (September 2009). "Biomechanics of invasive growth by
Armillaria rhizomorphs".
82:
282:
163:
152:
880:
Rizzo DM, Blanchette RA, Palmer MA (August 1992). "Biosorption of metal ions by
Armillaria rhizomorphs".
697:
Rishbeth J (1978). "Effects of soil temperature and atmosphere on growth of
Armillaria rhizomorphs".
248:
647:
311:
215:
wall that serves as protection against colonization by another microorganisms (bacteria or fungi)
314:, which is a ring-like structure in the stem of the fruiting body with exception of the species
832:
757:
558:
527:
487:
146:
127:
70:
889:
859:
822:
814:
787:
747:
737:
706:
679:
639:
599:
550:
519:
479:
444:
408:
355:
430:"What are fungal cords, strands and rhizomorphs and how are they of benefit to the fungus?"
752:
725:
131:
791:
710:
683:
448:
269:
907:
554:
396:
134:
604:
360:
584:
863:
742:
523:
413:
274:
158:
138:
483:
144:. Rhizomorphs can facilitate the colonization of some dry-rot fungi such as
836:
761:
638:(2). Washington, D.C.: Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: 270â271.
531:
110:
92:
Rhizomorphs can grow up to 9 m (30 ft) in length and 5 mm (
17:
585:"The structure of mycelial cords and rhizomorphs of fungi: A mini-review"
307:
203:
191:
86:
60:, and also frequently have similar functions; hence they are also called
818:
778:
Townsend BB (1954). "Morphology and development of fungal
Rhizomorphs".
651:
343:
335:
239:
210:
187:
75:
827:
141:
89:
of signalling chemicals, parallel to the cord axis, may be involved.
81:
The mechanism of the cord formation is not yet precisely understood.
893:
643:
395:
Koch RA, Lodge DJ, Sourell S, Nakasone K, McCoy AG, Aime MC (2018).
339:
281:
268:
174:
123:
109:
54:
42:
30:
29:
57:
724:
Koch RA, Wilson AW, SÊnÊ O, Henkel TW, Aime MC (January 2017).
201:
The outer layers are a compact growing point that make up the
318:. This species is known to produce unmelanized rhizomorphs
222:
that serves for conduction of water and dissolved nutrients
197:
Rhizomorphs contain four differentiated types of tissues:
549:(2nd ed.). Comstock Publishing Associates (Verlag).
186:
The development of rhizomorphs begins with a submerged
238:
form melanized (dark or brown due to the formation of
330:
Rhizomorph traits can be found in all species of the
252:) which produces unmelanized rhizomorphs in culture.
630:
Shaw CG, Kile GA (1991). "Armillaria Root
Disease".
342:and cell walls of fungi among others. Functions of
665:
663:
661:
773:
771:
780:Transactions of the British Mycological Society
699:Transactions of the British Mycological Society
672:Transactions of the British Mycological Society
162:, with some species being pathogens and others
45:. The mature cords are composed of wide, empty
578:
576:
574:
505:
503:
469:
467:
465:
242:) rhizomorphs in nature with the exception of
875:
873:
41:are linear aggregations of parallel-oriented
8:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
390:
388:
386:
384:
826:
751:
741:
603:
478:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
412:
306:is a well-studied and widely distributed
126:that can be found in several species of
34:Mycelial cords found under a rotting log
380:
350:Aerial rhizomorphs in the Marasmiaceae
7:
229:used as an air conducting channel.
25:
555:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01404.x
74:) may be capable of penetrating
170:and grow in harsh conditions.
1:
914:Fungal morphology and anatomy
792:10.1016/s0007-1536(54)80004-0
711:10.1016/s0007-1536(78)80033-3
684:10.1016/s0007-1536(77)80183-6
545:Sinclair WA, Lyon HH (2005).
449:10.1016/S0269-915X(09)80223-1
356:Brunneocorticium corynecarpon
288:Brunneocorticium corynecarpon
547:Diseases of Trees and Shrubs
294:Evolution of rhizomorphs in
118:in Malt yeast extract medium
85:suggest that some fields or
53:. Cords may look similar to
512:Fungal Genetics and Biology
474:Webster J, Weber R (2007).
114:Unmelanized rhizomorphs of
27:Structure produced by fungi
930:
882:Canadian Journal of Botany
807:American Journal of Botany
583:Yafetto L (January 2018).
182:Development and morphology
864:10.1017/s0953756202005920
743:10.1186/s12862-017-0877-3
524:10.1016/j.fgb.2009.04.005
414:10.1007/s11557-018-1411-8
730:BMC Evolutionary Biology
634:. Agriculture Handbook.
605:10.5943/mycosphere/9/5/3
484:10.1017/cbo9780511809026
316:Desarmillaria tabescens
244:Desarmillaria tabescens
116:Desarmillaria tabescens
102: in) in diameter.
49:surrounded by narrower
290:
286:Aerial rhizomorphs of
279:
153:Meruliporia incrassata
119:
35:
476:Introduction to Fungi
368:Marasmius crinis-equi
285:
272:
166:of trees and shrubs.
113:
33:
852:Mycological Research
428:Isaac S (May 1995).
401:Mycological Progress
249:Armillaria tabescens
819:10.3732/ajb.1000097
83:Mathematical models
291:
280:
120:
36:
564:978-0-8014-4371-8
147:Serpula lacrymans
71:Serpula lacrymans
16:(Redirected from
921:
898:
897:
888:(8): 1515â1520.
877:
868:
867:
847:
841:
840:
830:
802:
796:
795:
775:
766:
765:
755:
745:
721:
715:
714:
694:
688:
687:
667:
656:
655:
627:
610:
609:
607:
589:
580:
569:
568:
542:
536:
535:
507:
498:
497:
471:
460:
459:
458:on 2 April 2015.
457:
451:. Archived from
434:
425:
419:
418:
416:
392:
101:
100:
96:
51:sheathing hyphae
21:
929:
928:
924:
923:
922:
920:
919:
918:
904:
903:
902:
901:
894:10.1139/b92-190
879:
878:
871:
849:
848:
844:
804:
803:
799:
777:
776:
769:
723:
722:
718:
696:
695:
691:
669:
668:
659:
644:10.2307/3760266
629:
628:
613:
587:
582:
581:
572:
565:
544:
543:
539:
509:
508:
501:
494:
473:
472:
463:
455:
432:
427:
426:
422:
394:
393:
382:
377:
352:
300:
267:
258:
184:
132:ectomycorrhizal
108:
98:
94:
93:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
927:
925:
917:
916:
906:
905:
900:
899:
869:
858:(6): 697â704.
842:
813:(9): 1474â84.
797:
786:(3): 222â233.
767:
716:
705:(2): 213â220.
689:
678:(3): 321â325.
657:
611:
570:
563:
537:
499:
492:
461:
420:
407:(9): 989â998.
379:
378:
376:
373:
351:
348:
299:
292:
266:
263:
257:
254:
231:
230:
223:
216:
207:
190:that produces
183:
180:
107:
104:
39:Mycelial cords
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
926:
915:
912:
911:
909:
895:
891:
887:
883:
876:
874:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
846:
843:
838:
834:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
801:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
772:
768:
763:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
720:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
693:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
666:
664:
662:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
612:
606:
601:
598:(5): 984â98.
597:
593:
586:
579:
577:
575:
571:
566:
560:
556:
552:
548:
541:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:(9): 688â94.
517:
513:
506:
504:
500:
495:
493:9780511809026
489:
485:
481:
477:
470:
468:
466:
462:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
431:
424:
421:
415:
410:
406:
402:
398:
391:
389:
387:
385:
381:
374:
372:
370:
369:
364:
362:
358:
357:
349:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
325:
324:Desarmillaria
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
297:
293:
289:
284:
277:
276:
271:
264:
262:
255:
253:
251:
250:
245:
241:
237:
228:
224:
221:
217:
214:
213:
208:
206:
205:
200:
199:
198:
195:
193:
189:
181:
179:
176:
171:
167:
165:
161:
160:
155:
154:
149:
148:
143:
140:
136:
135:basidiomycete
133:
129:
125:
117:
112:
105:
103:
90:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
72:
65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
47:vessel hyphae
44:
40:
32:
19:
885:
881:
855:
851:
845:
810:
806:
800:
783:
779:
733:
729:
719:
702:
698:
692:
675:
671:
635:
631:
595:
591:
546:
540:
515:
511:
475:
453:the original
443:(2): 90â91.
440:
436:
423:
404:
400:
367:
365:
361:Marasmiaceae
354:
353:
331:
329:
323:
319:
315:
303:
301:
295:
287:
273:
265:Example taxa
259:
247:
243:
235:
232:
227:central line
226:
219:
211:
202:
196:
185:
178:substrates.
172:
168:
157:
151:
145:
121:
115:
91:
80:
69:
66:
61:
50:
46:
38:
37:
246:(formerly,
164:saprotrophs
137:as well as
62:rhizomorphs
828:10161/4195
592:Mycosphere
437:Mycologist
375:References
332:Armillaria
304:Armillaria
302:The genus
296:Armillaria
275:Armillaria
236:Armillaria
159:Armillaria
139:ascomycete
128:wood-decay
106:Rhizomorph
18:Rhizomorph
736:(1): 33.
632:Mycologia
212:melanized
87:gradients
908:Category
837:21616901
762:28122504
532:19427390
320:in-vitro
308:mushroom
256:Function
204:mucilage
192:mycelium
753:5264464
652:3760266
344:melanin
336:Melanin
312:annulus
298:species
240:melanin
220:medulla
188:thallus
97:⁄
76:masonry
835:
760:
750:
650:
561:
530:
490:
340:spores
175:hyphae
124:hyphae
43:hyphae
648:JSTOR
588:(PDF)
456:(PDF)
433:(PDF)
278:cords
142:fungi
58:roots
55:plant
833:PMID
758:PMID
559:ISBN
528:PMID
488:ISBN
225:The
218:The
209:The
150:and
130:and
890:doi
860:doi
856:106
823:hdl
815:doi
788:doi
748:PMC
738:doi
707:doi
680:doi
640:doi
636:691
600:doi
551:doi
520:doi
480:doi
445:doi
409:doi
910::
886:70
884:.
872:^
854:.
831:.
821:.
811:97
809:.
784:37
782:.
770:^
756:.
746:.
734:17
732:.
728:.
703:70
701:.
676:68
674:.
660:^
646:.
614:^
594:.
590:.
573:^
557:.
526:.
516:46
514:.
502:^
486:.
464:^
439:.
435:.
405:17
403:.
399:.
383:^
78:.
896:.
892::
866:.
862::
839:.
825::
817::
794:.
790::
764:.
740::
713:.
709::
686:.
682::
654:.
642::
608:.
602::
596:9
567:.
553::
534:.
522::
496:.
482::
447::
441:9
417:.
411::
99:4
95:1
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
