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804:, where he spent about a month of probation. On 18 September 1932, he was released by order of Mussolini and returned to Turin. He had been banned for ten years from involvement in industry, but this was relaxed after his release. At the end of 1933 he moved to Rome, and regained the shares of one of his former companies, the chemical manufacturer Rumianca. Rumianca, once a subsidiary of SNIA Viscosa, was bought back from the Abegg group. During the 1930s the company prospered as a manufacturer of pesticides and fertilizers. It profited from public financing of Italian industry, and during
949:(1954) for Lux, referred to "the old Gualino, my producer, a really good man". Surviving records show that Gualino made many suggestions about the script and scenes, with which Visconti often simply complied. Gualino let his son serve as the studio's public face. Renato was president of the National Producers Association for several years, and in the 1950s was president of the US branch of the Italian Film Export Association (IFE). IFE cooperated closely with Lux. At the end of the 1950s Lux ran into difficulties and had to be recapitalized.
618:(Comit), Banca Italiana de Sconto (BIS) and Banco de Roma. These four dominated Italian finance and had stakes in a huge range of companies. Agnelli and Gualino did not succeed but joined the board of directors of Credito Italiano. Gualino made another unsuccessful attempt to take over Credito Italiano in 1920, and one more failed attempt in 1924. In 1920 Gualino and Agnelli participated in the recapitalization of the private bank Jean de Fernex. In 1921 Gualino acquired the
198:
173:. He performed his military service in 1897. In 1899 he was back in Sestri Ponente, where he worked as a travelling salesman working on commission. He proved to be an able salesman, selling lumber in the north of Italy. Gualino left the company in 1901 when his brother-in-law accused him of doing business on his own account with the clientele. Gualino continued to work as a travelling salesman for various other companies. He managed the import of spruce from
936:, who later branched out on their own, Antonio Mambretti, Luigi Rovere and Valentino Brosio. From the early 1950s, Gualino became less directly involved, delegating operations to Guido Gatti and to his son Renato Gualino. However, Riccardo Gualino remained "head of studio" in the 1950s, and acted as both financier and producer. Lux continued to use the system of packaged productions, but some individuals mainly worked for Lux projects.
851:
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893:. Producers were invited to propose projects which Lux would fund up to a defined ceiling. The studio imposed financial discipline while giving the producers considerable artistic freedom. Lux also looked after distribution and exhibition and targeted international markets with agencies in the United States and different parts of Europe, South America and the Middle East.
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find themselves with factories devalued because of revalued debts, with grandiose plants built and paid for while the pound sterling equaled 125 lire. They must devalue their capital and reduce production without hope of later being able to retake lost ground since, in the meantime, foreign firms are occupying markets which the
Italians had conquered with so much effort.
446:). Concerts staged in the first year included works from the 18th and 20th centuries influenced by Wagnerism and romantic melodrama, a major departure from typical musical performances in Turin. The theatre was informative rather than experimental, showing the range of work available internationally. In this, it was at odds with the nationalist views of the
886:. His film business was helped by the contacts he had made with the intelligentsia in the 1920s, and helped him regain favour with the Fascist government. Lux was at first mainly a distribution company, and while based in Turin made only three productions. It was a subsidiary of Rumianca, and moved to Rome with its parent company in 1940.
842:(1939â45) Gualino was restored to ownership or control of companies that had been taken from him in 1931. He lived quietly in Rome and Florence, while his business empire flourished once more. Rumianca was active in several manufacturing plants in Italy and elsewhere, making products such as cosmetics, toiletries and polymers.
757:(VGF) gained control of SNIA Viscosa. A German director of VGF, Karl Scherer, replaced Gualino as head of the firm and cut output drastically. The foreign intervention was seen as humiliating by the fascists. Gualino's speculations with Oustric also ran into financial difficulties, and severe problems emerged with the
656:. Gualino made huge investments in SNIA Viscosa. By the mid-1920s SNIA Viscosa was the largest company in Italy in terms of capital. By 1926 SNIA Viscosa had become the second-largest rayon producer in the world. The United States produced more rayon in total, but Italy was the world's largest rayon exporter.
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in 1925, with a small group of artists and intellectuals. It had a permanent orchestra but did not stage its own productions. Instead, it imported the best theatre available internationally at the time, and gained a
European reputation for the quality of its performances. The first performance was of
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on 25 March 1879 in the Riva neighbourhood, the tenth of twelve children. His parents were
Giuseppe Gualino, who owned a small jewellery company, and Rina Colombino. The family was moderately well off, and he was able to complete his secondary education, graduating in 1896. He decided not to join his
724:
Think that the
Italians were pushed to construct, construct, construct, construct; recall that the industrialists were advised to augment their plants to increase exports and were praised for this. And then consider how today those who followed these governmental directives are being punished. They
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became involved in the transport of US aid to Europe in 1917. They invested in two enterprises in the United States; the Marine & Commerce
Corporation of America exported coal and the International Shipbuilding Company made motorized vessels. These companies failed when the war ended. However,
340:
In 1915 some minority shareholders of
Gualino's failed lumber company brought a lawsuit against him, but he was acquitted for lack of evidence. In 1910 Gualino had founded the Saint Petersburg Land & Mortgage Company, in partnership with the Anglo-Canadian financier Arthur Grenfell, which had
745:
in 1928, and invested in car companies such as
Peugeot and Ford, insurance, textiles, clothing, footwear and retail stores. They built an unstable structure with unsustainable debts. The partnership with Agnelli broke up due to Gualino's investments in the French automobile industry, and Gualino
280:
In 1910 Gualino bought a controlling interest from Baron Armin von Popper in the Forst Union, an indebted company that had various forest properties in the
Habsburg Empire and Romania and had a key role in the Austrian forest products export cartel. Gualino hoped to use this position to obtain a
223:
In 1905 Gualino began a limited partnership to trade in lumber with Gurgo Salice's sons Pier
Giuseppe and Ermanno. Tancredi Gurgo Salice supplied most of the capital. The partnership imported precious wood from North America, and made huge profits over the next two years. He became involved as a
788:(Milan: Mondadori, 1931). Concerned about possible political issues, the publisher sent a copy to Mussolini in August 1931. The Duce somewhat surprisingly gave an unconditional authorization, which he later reconfirmed. The book was a success, with three reprints and a paperback edition.
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who had vague but inclusive views about
European culture. In June 1922 Gualino moved back to Turin, where he became increasingly interested in modern ballet and decided to help diffuse this form of artistic expression in Italy. In September 1922 his wife, Cesarina, organized a gym in the
117:
and art collector. He was also a patron and an important film producer. His first business empire was based on lumber from Eastern Europe and included forest concessions, lumber mills, ships and warehouses. The highly leveraged structure collapsed in 1912â13. Gualino was also involved in
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to workers in the industry, was open night and day. Gualino's office was inaccessible, on the third floor. The artistic manager, Guido Maggiorino Gatto, had his office on the second floor. The independent producers worked from the first floor, under the general manager Valentino Brosio.
137:. Their joint enterprises could not survive the world economic crisis of 1929. Gualino failed again in 1930, and lost his freedom for almost two years in 1931â32. He made another recovery after his release and again engaged in a broad range of ventures in various European countries. His
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in 1928â29, with a flat roof rather than the sloped tile roof typical of other buildings in the city. The building had seven identical low-stacked floors, and unorthodox but functionally rational horizontal windows, conveying a sense of efficiency rather than power. In other ways the
370:(SNIA) in 1917, two shipping companies. He reentered the timber and building materials markets, invested in land in Rome, became involved in the manufacture of chemicals and moved into the coal trade, which was very profitable during the war. Using his shipping companies, Gualino and
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as industrial workers, particularly around 1925â26, housed them in barracks and subjected them to discipline. The newspapers made much of the crimes committed around Turin by Sicilians who had broken their contracts and left the factories. Other enterprises included the piano maker
629:
Agnelli was vice-president of SNIA from 1917 to 1926. In the early 1920s SNIA began to manufacture artificial textile fibers. Artificial cellulose fibres had been produced before the war, but SNIA was the first to mass-produce rayon. It was given the new name of SNIA Viscosa
416:, where they established a dance school and a theatre, the nucleus for a revival of modern ballet. Gualino was the first to introduce choreographic forms other than ballet to Italy. In 1923 he invited Bella Hutter to dance in his private theatre in Turin, and in 1925 invited
236:(National Union of Lime and Cement). Gualino always shared management with the family and ran the enterprise on a fairly conservative basis. His fortune came from his dealings in wood. In 1907 Gualino married Gurgo Salice's daughter Cesarina, then aged seventeen, at the
323:
due to political turmoil. The business empire was heavily indebted, and a bank run in 1912 caused it to collapse. Gualino had to suspend payments in 1913 and assign the company's assets for disposal by a creditor committee that included the
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By the time Gualino left SNIA Viscosa the company had lost its leadership position, but in 1931 it was the first to manufacture short-fiber flock, and the first to produce cellulose from reeds to eliminate dependence on imported materials.
251:(Riccardo Gualino Wood and Cement). He made it into a private limited company with capital supplied by Harry Piaggio. It had a capital of five million liras. His partners included Gurgo Salice, some directors of the
737:, the French Minister of Finance, SNIA Viscosa's shares were listed on the Paris exchange in 1926. Gualino became involved in a series of ventures with Ostric, often highly leveraged. The two financiers created
819:
Gualino also had business interests in France, where he had been tried and sentenced in January 1933, but where he still had sizable assets. By the mid-1930s he was engaged in French real estate with the
614:) and Gualino's SNIA. Agnelli and Gualino made an attempt early in 1918 to take over Credito Italiano. This was the second largest of the four mixed banks in Italy at the time, the others being the
889:
Lux treated its employees as freelancers, hired for a specific project. Lux had no studios, but leased premises as needed. Equipment such as lights and cameras were rented from the Rome outlet of
896:
From 1940 to 1944 Lux produced a number of well-received films, often based on literary texts. After the war the studio was very active in production, working with its sister company Lux CCF (
659:
Although SNIA Viscosa was his main enterprise, Gualino was also involved in many other businesses, including cement and alcoholic beverages. From 1920 to 1927 Gualino was vice-president of
772:
Mussolini responded to Gualino's failure by saying he had caused "serious harm to the national economy". Gualino was arrested in Turin in January 1931 and sentenced to five years
122:(1914â18) built and operated cargo ships carrying goods such as coal from the United States to Europe. After the war he was engaged in many enterprises, some in partnership with
375:
the profits from shipping goods to Italy from the United States during the war were the foundation for Gualino's post-war fortune. In 1919 Gualino and his wife made a trip to
349:
for housing development. The company had borrowed funds to reclaim land and had erected the first buildings at great expense. This project was suspended at the start of
1056:
1033:
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978:
642:, used in the production of artificial fibres by SNIA Viscosa. SNIA Viscosa ran into difficulties during the financial crises of 1921. At the request of Agnelli,
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during the financial crisis of 1929. In 1930 Gualino was forced to sell his share in SNIA Viscosa and many other investments to try to reduce his debt.{{efn|The
281:
discount on the cartel's exorbitant prices but had little success. That year Gualino and his wife launched the construction of a castle with almost 150 rooms in
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and was the husband of his sister Marta. Riccardo Gualino was employed as a clerk at the sawmill in Sestri and supervised the landings and shipments from
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of Biella. The new company at once began a series of large acquisitions in Eastern Europe. In 1908 it obtained a 20,000 hectares (49,000 acres) estate in
277:. The company obtained an additional concession in Romania the next year and began making large investments in sawmills, roads and other infrastructure.
582:. The gallery also holds furniture, rugs, paintings, statues, ceramics, archaeological objects and jewellery from the collection. Other works include
366:
838:, which supported Gualino in various business ventures in France, Belgium, Romania, Switzerland and Yugoslavia. As an opponent of Fascism, after
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on charges of fraudulent bankruptcy and suffered the confiscation of all his property. Gualino used his time on Lipari to write the biographical
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Riccardo Gualino died on 6 June 1964 in Florence at the age of 85. By this time Lux no longer made films but had become purely a distributor.
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The Italian economy weakened after a currency revaluation in 1926. Gualino became involved in risky speculations with the French financier
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regime, and was unsuccessful with the general public. The theatre was closed in 1931 when Gualino was forced into exile on the island of
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In 1950 Gualino's son Renato wrote an article in which he said the producer was the "unique, coordinating force in realizing a film".
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in an exhibition in 1928. He commissioned Pagano to build his company's headquarters in Turin on Corso Vittorio Emanuele. Pagano and
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535:." In 1930 Venturi organized a retrospective exhibition of Modigliani's work in Venice based on the paintings owned by Gualino.
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527:. These artists could view works by Modigliani, considered pornographic at the time, that Gualino "hung serenely amidst his
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From 1918 Gualino and Agnelli were closely involved in business arrangements that included cross-holdings in Agnelli's
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Gualino took great interest in film, and in 1934 founded two film companies at about the same time, Lux francese and
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with a high-speed railway, and in various projects in cement and automobiles. They brought about 25,000 Sicilians to
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Italian Industrialists from Liberalism to Fascism: The Political Development of the Industrial Bourgeoisie, 1906-34
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Gualino partnered with the Piaggio family to obtain a small fleet of sailing ships to transport the lumber via the
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189:, where he worked as an independent sales representative for his cousin Tancredi Gurgo Salice, a cement trader.
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to provide financial help, but Gualino had to sell his stake in Fiat and scale back on his efforts to acquire
438:
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315:(National Timber and Building Materials Company). He began to build a large warehouse on the outskirts of
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255:, L. Ottina of Pisa, who was also engaged in forestry, and Erminio and Gaudenzio Sella of the respected
634:, National Rayon Manufacturing and Application Company). In 1921 Gualino acquired Rumianca, which made
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Gualino used his huge wealth to amass a large and valuable collection of art. He met the art historian
808:(1939â45) was involved in mineral refinement, chemical production, soap making, fungicides and a huge
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228:. In 1906 he entered the rapidly growing cement industry. He and Gurgo Salice were founders of the
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Uragani. Il romanzo della grande crisi del '29 (Hurricanes. The story of the great crisis of '29)
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revaluation of the lira announced on August 18, 1926.Gualino wrote a blunt letter of protest to
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for Ramponi of Milan, and gained useful insight into the forestry business. In 1903 he moved to
1855:
Hall of Mirrors: The Great Depression, the Great Recession, and the Uses-and Misuses-of History
663:. In 1920 Gualino and Agnelli bought one-third of the shares of Alfredo Frassati, publisher of
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Another source says he was the eighth of ten children. Possibly two siblings died in infancy.
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spent much time at Lux Films as a writer just after the war, where he met the playwright
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566:(Savoy Gallery) in Turin has a room dedicated to the Gualino collection, which includes
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913:. Lux produced many successful neo-realist works directed by filmmakers such as
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where he found work in the company of Attilio Bagnara, who imported timber from
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1801:
My Dear BB . . .: The Letters of Bernard Berenson and Kenneth Clark, 1925â1959
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Frammenti di vita e pagine inedite (Fragments of Life and Unpublished Pages)
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was salvaged in the first months of 1930, and in 1932 was taken over by the
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319:. The business suffered from frequent closures of the sea route through the
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182:
622:, a bank that he used to finance his other ventures. The bank absorbed the
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and concessions on 7,000 hectares (17,000 acres) of forests in the eastern
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Gualino was a central figure among a group of intellectuals influenced by
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Organizing Global Technology Flows: Institutions, Actors, and Processes
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Europe Dancing: Perspectives on Theatre, Dance, and Cultural Identity
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232:(Italian Cement Union). The company expanded, and in 1912 became the
154:
65:
1730:"La Responsabilité politique et pénale des ministres de 1789 à 1958"
2185:
Women and Men in Love: European Identities in the Twentieth Century
2154:
Beyond the Bottom Line: The Producer in Film and Television Studies
2017:
The Architecture of Modern Italy: Visions of Utopia, 1900-Present -
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2151:
Spicer, Andrew; McKenna, Anthony; Meir, Christopher (2014-07-31).
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by his wife, Gualino was transferred from the Aeolian Islands to
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669:. Gualino and Agnelli were also involved in a proposal to link
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to dance in both his private theatre and in his newly opened
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financial institution. His friend Oustric was active in the
776:. This was a form of internal exile. He was confined to the
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design carefully combined modern and traditional features.
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of FIAT. His activities included banking, manufacture of
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244:. They had two children, Renato and Listvinia (Lilli).
208:, dominated by the castle Gualino built there in 1910â13
1825:
Donzé, Pierre-Yves; Nishimura, Shigehiro (2013-11-12).
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690:. In 1924 he launched the confectionery company Unica (
495:. Gualino and Venturi supported local painters such as
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1666:
1617:
1615:
1332:
1330:
900:). The Lux Film office at via Po 36 in Rome, known as
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1369:
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became isolated from the Italian business community.
2044:
Gardens and Ghettos: The Art of Jewish Life in Italy
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and persuaded a group of Russian dancers to move to
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acquired a large amount of land at the mouth of the
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SocietĂ nazionale legnami e materiali da costruzione
141:
company produced successful neo-realist films after
130:, confectionery, chemicals and artificial leather.
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92:
73:
51:
32:
632:SocietĂ nazionale industria e applicazioni viscosa
118:manufacturing and distributing cement, and during
2092:"Riccardo Gualino (Biella, 1879 - Firenze, 1964)"
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822:Société anonyme des cafés et restaurants français
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481:. Gualino was the first Italian to buy work by
300:Piemont-Lombardy style, was completed in 1913.
247:In 1908 Gualino formed the new limited company
1933:Grau, Andree; Jordan, Stephanie (2002-06-01).
1458:
1309:
1253:
692:Unione Nazionale Industrie Cioccolato e Affini
353:(1914â18) and the property was lost after the
332:and several large Austrian and German banks.
113:(25 March 1879 â 6 June 1964) was an Italian
8:
1963:Modern Art and the Idea of the Mediterranean
161:In 1896, at the age of 17, Gualino moved to
1470:
1168:
1013:. Ă©ditions DenoeÍÌl et Steele. p. 244.
204:, about 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of
2244:Newspaper clippings about Riccardo Gualino
1754:Censorship and Literature in Fascist Italy
1292:
1280:
1055:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1032:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1000:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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928:Lux producers in the early 1950s included
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27:Italian Business magnate and art collector
769:. His collections of art were dispersed.
357:of 1917, as were the estates in Ukraine.
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1594:
1399:
1387:
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1222:
1111:
868:. He collaborated with the musicologist
477:in 1918, who advised him to buy work by
362:SocietĂ Marittima e Commerciale Italiana
307:rather than by road. He also bought the
2212:The Economic History of Italy 1860-1990
1582:
1533:
1482:
1443:
1426:
1414:
1321:
1241:
1095:
1071:
1882:Italy: Modern Architectures in History
1633:
1048:
1025:
1020:Pioniere d'Africa ( Pioneer in Africa)
993:
970:
830:. He also headed the Luxembourg-based
367:SocietĂ di Navigazione Italo-Americana
1672:
1645:
1621:
1521:
1509:
965:Frammenti di vita (Fragments of Life)
568:Venus and Mars with Cupid and a Horse
311:(Lombard Shipyard), which became the
249:Riccardo Gualino p. legnami e cementi
7:
1786:(in Italian). Vol. 60. Trecanni
1784:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1375:
1336:
2277:20th-century Italian businesspeople
1990:Federico Fellini: His Life and Work
1960:Jirat-WasiutyĆski, VojtÄch (2007).
1701:Adler, Franklin Hugh (2002-04-30).
1208:Riccardo Gualino â Storia e Cultura
612:Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino
234:Sindacato nazionale calce e cementi
2047:. University of California Press.
898:Compagnia Cinematografica Francese
25:
2020:. Princeton Architectural Press.
1852:Eichengreen, Barry (2014-12-20).
1022:(in Italian). Milan. p. 184.
990:(in Italian). Paris. p. 172.
729:With help from the French banker
224:shareholder in a small bank, the
158:brothers in the family business.
2127:Sophia Loren: Moulding the Star
2111:Storia e Cultura dell'Industria
1966:. University of Toronto Press.
1778:Chiapparino, Francesco (2003).
1757:. University of Toronto Press.
1685:Spicer, McKenna & Meir 2014
1658:Spicer, McKenna & Meir 2014
1571:Spicer, McKenna & Meir 2014
1498:Riccardo Gualino â Museo Torino
710:The boom period ended with the
503:(Group of Six), which included
394:, from Gualino's art collection
1879:Ghirardo, Diane (2013-02-15).
1798:Cumming, Robert (2015-06-16).
1707:. Cambridge University Press.
755:Vereinigte Glanzstoff-Fabriken
1:
1912:. Columbia University Press.
153:Riccardo Gualino was born in
2209:Zamagni, Vera (1993-10-28).
2068:Ponzetti, Francesca (2011).
836:Banque de l'Union Parisienne
688:Fabbrica Italiana Pianoforti
2248:20th Century Press Archives
1858:. Oxford University Press.
592:Three Archangels and Tobias
444:The Italian Girl in Algiers
18:Riccardo Gualino collection
2308:
2014:Kirk, Terry (2005-06-02).
1459:Donzé & Nishimura 2013
1310:Waine & Passerini 2007
1254:Waine & Passerini 2007
767:Banca Nazionale del Lavoro
616:Banca Commerciale Italiana
330:Banca Commerciale Italiana
2157:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1906:Gramsci, Antonio (2011).
1804:. Yale University Press.
1041:Riccardo Gualino (1966).
1018:Riccardo Gualino (1938).
1011:Ma vie et mes entreprises
1009:Riccardo Gualino (1932).
986:Riccardo Gualino (1932).
963:Riccardo Gualino (1931).
792:Later business operations
576:Landscape with a pushcart
326:SocietĂ Bancaria Italiana
39:
2041:Mann, Vivian B. (1989).
1751:Bonsaver, Guido (2007).
624:Banca agricola di Casale
226:Banca agricola di Casale
2178:Waine, Anthony Edward;
2124:Small, Pauline (2009).
1987:Kezich, Tullio (2007).
872:, who had directed the
763:Banca Agricola Italiana
759:Banca agricola italiana
620:Banca agricola italiana
285:, a small village near
230:Unione italiana cementi
2282:Italian art collectors
1728:Amson, Daniel (2000).
1546:Jirat-WasiutyĆski 2007
1361:Jirat-WasiutyĆski 2007
1349:Jirat-WasiutyĆski 2007
1293:Grau & Jordan 2002
1281:Grau & Jordan 2002
870:Guido Maggiorino Gatti
861:
727:
707:
602:Second business empire
588:Antonio del Pollaiuolo
542:work of the architect
470:
468:Antonio del Pollaiuolo
395:
220:
209:
884:Goffredo Alessandrini
876:, on his first film,
853:
705:
460:
385:
215:
200:
193:First business empire
967:(in Italian). Milan.
584:Tobias and the Angel
548:Gino Levi-Montalcini
463:Tobias and the Angel
439:L'italiana in Algeri
427:Gualino founded the
410:Castello di Cereseto
360:Gualino founded the
291:Castello di Cereseto
271:Carpathian Mountains
218:Castello di Cereseto
216:Another view of the
2215:. Clarendon Press.
2130:. Intellect Books.
1780:"GUALINO, Riccardo"
1045:(in Italian). Rome.
824:and in retail with
796:After an appeal to
698:Decline and failure
399:Sponsor of the arts
2287:People from Biella
2188:. Berghahn Books.
2107:"Riccardo Gualino"
1885:. Reaktion Books.
934:Dino De Laurentiis
862:
812:mining complex in
708:
471:
396:
355:Russian Revolution
221:
210:
2222:978-0-19-159022-1
2195:978-1-84545-522-4
2164:978-1-4411-2512-5
2137:978-1-84150-234-2
2070:"Il caso Gualino"
2054:978-0-520-06825-4
2027:978-1-56898-436-0
2000:978-1-84511-425-1
1973:978-0-8020-9170-3
1946:978-1-134-69653-6
1919:978-0-231-06083-7
1892:978-1-86189-969-9
1865:978-0-19-939200-1
1838:978-1-135-01357-8
1811:978-0-300-21606-6
1764:978-0-8020-9496-4
1714:978-0-521-52277-9
786:Frammenti di vita
739:Holding française
644:Bonaldo Stringher
580:Peter Paul Rubens
479:Amedeo Modigliani
434:Gioachino Rossini
309:Cantiere lombardo
287:Casale Monferrato
242:Casale Monferrato
187:Casale Monferrato
108:
107:
16:(Redirected from
2299:
2292:Burials in Oropa
2232:
2230:
2229:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2180:Passerini, Luisa
2174:
2172:
2171:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1909:Prison Notebooks
1902:
1900:
1899:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:(in French) (92)
1734:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1471:Eichengreen 2014
1468:
1462:
1456:
1447:
1441:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1172:
1169:Chiapparino 2003
1166:
1115:
1109:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1023:
1014:
1005:
999:
991:
982:
976:
968:
941:Luchino Visconti
919:Alberto Lattuada
907:Federico Fellini
874:Teatro di Torino
860:(1942, Lux Film)
832:Consortium privé
802:Cava de' Tirreni
743:Holding italiana
718:Benito Mussolini
654:Credito Italiano
640:carbon disulfide
636:sodium hydroxide
564:Galleria Sabauda
538:Gualino saw the
509:Francesco Menzio
475:Lionello Venturi
429:Teatro di Torino
422:Teatro di Torino
372:Giovanni Agnelli
364:in 1914 and the
347:Saint Petersburg
124:Giovanni Agnelli
115:business magnate
111:Riccardo Gualino
80:
61:
59:
44:
34:Riccardo Gualino
30:
21:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2257:
2256:
2240:
2235:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2208:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2177:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2150:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2123:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2080:
2077:Teatro e Storia
2072:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2040:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2013:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1959:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1932:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1905:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1878:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1851:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1797:
1789:
1787:
1777:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1750:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
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1442:
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1425:
1421:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1229:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1175:
1167:
1118:
1110:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1047:
1040:
1024:
1017:
1008:
992:
985:
969:
962:
958:
943:, who directed
891:Mole Richardson
848:
794:
706:Gualino in 1931
700:
646:authorized the
604:
596:Filippino Lippi
552:Palazzo Gualino
544:Giuseppe Pagano
521:Enrico Paolucci
497:Felice Casorati
401:
388:Gualino Madonna
338:
265:in the west of
195:
151:
88:
82:
78:
69:
63:
57:
55:
47:
46:Gualino in 1931
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2305:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2239:
2238:External links
2236:
2234:
2233:
2221:
2206:
2194:
2175:
2163:
2148:
2136:
2121:
2103:
2094:. Museo Torino
2088:
2065:
2053:
2038:
2026:
2011:
1999:
1993:. I.B.Tauris.
1984:
1972:
1957:
1945:
1930:
1918:
1903:
1891:
1876:
1864:
1849:
1837:
1822:
1810:
1795:
1775:
1763:
1748:
1725:
1713:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1687:, p. 121.
1677:
1662:
1660:, p. 117.
1650:
1638:
1626:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1585:, p. 450.
1575:
1573:, p. 112.
1550:
1548:, p. 194.
1538:
1536:, p. 298.
1526:
1514:
1512:, p. 354.
1502:
1487:
1485:, p. 162.
1475:
1473:, p. 135.
1463:
1461:, p. 100.
1448:
1446:, p. 276.
1431:
1429:, p. 230.
1419:
1404:
1402:, p. 108.
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1390:, p. 107.
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1365:
1363:, p. 189.
1353:
1351:, p. 200.
1341:
1339:, p. 188.
1326:
1314:
1312:, p. 242.
1297:
1295:, p. 107.
1285:
1283:, p. 106.
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911:Tullio Pinelli
902:Lucchessefilme
882:, directed by
847:
844:
793:
790:
778:Aeolian island
731:Albert Oustric
699:
696:
649:Banca d'Italia
603:
600:
572:Paolo Veronese
525:Nicola Galante
513:Jessie Boswell
489:, a study for
400:
397:
337:
334:
253:Banca agricola
194:
191:
163:Sestri Ponente
150:
147:
135:Albert Oustric
106:
105:
102:
98:
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90:
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83:
81:(aged 85)
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2023:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1948:
1942:
1939:. Routledge.
1938:
1937:
1931:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1840:
1834:
1831:. Routledge.
1830:
1829:
1823:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1675:, p. 37.
1674:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1648:, p. 21.
1647:
1642:
1639:
1636:, p. 95.
1635:
1630:
1627:
1624:, p. 20.
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:Ponzetti 2011
1603:
1600:
1597:, p. 53.
1596:
1595:Bonsaver 2007
1591:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1524:, p. 57.
1523:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
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1494:
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1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1417:, p. 28.
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:Ghirardo 2013
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:Ghirardo 2013
1384:
1381:
1378:, p. 78.
1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1324:, p. 27.
1323:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:Ponzetti 2011
1265:
1263:
1259:
1256:, p. 14.
1255:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:Ponzetti 2011
1219:
1217:
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1200:
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1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:Ponzetti 2011
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1065:
1058:
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1021:
1016:
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1007:
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961:
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947:
942:
937:
935:
931:
926:
924:
923:Mario Soldati
920:
916:
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875:
871:
867:
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843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:
827:Le Bon Marché
823:
817:
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811:
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803:
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775:
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695:
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522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:Gruppo di Sei
498:
494:
493:
488:
484:
483:Ădouard Manet
480:
476:
469:
465:
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459:
455:
453:
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435:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
405:Piero Gobetti
398:
393:
389:
384:
380:
378:
377:New York City
373:
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62:25 March 1879
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
2226:. Retrieved
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2184:
2168:. Retrieved
2153:
2141:. Retrieved
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:
2096:. Retrieved
2081:. Retrieved
2079:(in Italian)
2076:
2058:. Retrieved
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1783:
1768:. Retrieved
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1736:
1718:. Retrieved
1703:
1680:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1609:, p. 7.
1602:
1590:
1583:Gramsci 2011
1578:
1541:
1534:Zamagni 1993
1529:
1517:
1505:
1483:Gramsci 2011
1478:
1466:
1444:Zamagni 1993
1427:Zamagni 1993
1422:
1415:Cumming 2015
1395:
1383:
1356:
1344:
1322:Cumming 2015
1317:
1288:
1276:
1271:, p. 4.
1249:
1242:Zamagni 1993
1225:, p. 3.
1114:, p. 2.
1083:
1074:
1042:
1019:
1010:
987:
964:
951:
944:
938:
927:
915:Pietro Germi
901:
897:
895:
888:
877:
873:
866:Lux italiana
863:
855:
840:World War II
831:
825:
821:
818:
814:Val d'Ossola
806:World War II
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785:
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771:
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308:
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297:Quattrocento
294:
290:
279:
256:
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248:
246:
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233:
229:
225:
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217:
160:
152:
143:World War II
132:
110:
109:
104:Entrepreneur
79:(1964-06-06)
2272:1964 deaths
2267:1879 births
1634:Kezich 2007
930:Carlo Ponti
854:Scene from
749:In 1927â28
735:Raoul PĂ©ret
557:Rationalist
540:Rationalist
533:Botticellis
517:Gigi Chessa
487:La NĂ©gresse
418:Mary Wigman
351:World War I
336:World War I
321:Dardanelles
258:Banca Sella
149:Early years
120:World War I
93:Nationality
77:6 June 1964
2261:Categories
2228:2015-07-26
2201:2015-07-26
2170:2015-07-26
2143:2015-07-26
2116:2015-07-24
2098:2015-07-24
2083:2015-07-25
2060:2015-07-26
2033:2015-07-26
2006:2015-07-26
1979:2015-07-26
1952:2015-07-26
1925:2015-07-26
1898:2015-07-26
1871:2015-07-09
1844:2015-07-26
1817:2015-07-26
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1673:Small 2009
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751:Courtaulds
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343:Neva River
240:church in
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101:Occupation
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846:Filmmaker
798:Mussolini
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183:Carinthia
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