Paddy field - Knowledge (XXG)

591: 696: 728: 686: 2055: 2274: 44: 1949: 1106: 104: 510: 2091: 2325: 2026:, and can be reached by a 12-kilometer ride from Banaue Hotel and a 2-hour hike uphill through mountain trails. The Bangaan Rice Terraces portray the typical Ifugao community, where the livelihood activities are within the village and its surroundings. The Bangaan Rice Terraces are accessible by a one-hour ride from Poblacion, Banaue, then a 20-minute trek down to the village. It can be viewed best from the road to 1706: 1628: 4514: 89: 4526: 1916:– around the beginning of June. In modern times, tractors are used, but traditionally, buffalos were employed. The rice plants are planted in nurseries and then transplanted by hand into the prepared fields. The rice is then harvested in late November – "when the rice bends with age". Most of the rice planting and harvesting is done by hand. The rice is then threshed and stored, ready for the mills. 476: 1656:(circa mid-September on the Solar Calendar). The harvest begins in October. Coordinating the harvest can be challenging because many Korean farmers have small paddy fields in a number of locations around their villages, and modern harvesting machines are sometimes shared between extended family members. Farmers usually dry the harvested grains in the sun before bringing them to market. 1416: 1782: 2144: 1925: 1163: 4550: 1266: 2337: 4538: 1361: 63: 1862: 1449: 3612: 1385:

rice varieties allowing three growing seasons per year. Since fertilizer and pesticide are relatively expensive inputs, farmers typically plant seeds in a very small plot. Three weeks following germination, the 15-20 centimetre (6–8 in) stalks are picked and replanted at greater separation, in a

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Mumun Period rice farmers used all of the elements that are present in today's paddy fields, such as terracing, bunds, canals, and small reservoirs. We can grasp some paddy-field farming techniques of the Middle Mumun (c. 850–550 BC), from the well-preserved wooden tools excavated from archaeological

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in Washington, D.C., who has written on the origins of agriculture, says that evidence has been mounting that the Yangtze was probably the site of the earliest rice cultivation. In 1998, Crawford & Shen reported that the earliest of 14 AMS or radiocarbon dates on rice from at least nine Early to

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in recent years. Up until the later 1960s, Myanmar was the main exporter of rice. Termed the rice basket of Southeast Asia, much of the rice grown in Myanmar does not rely on fertilizers and pesticides, thus, although "organic" in a sense, it has been unable to cope with population growth and other

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The earliest Mumun features were usually located in low-lying narrow gullies, that were naturally swampy and fed by the local stream system. Some Mumun paddy fields in flat areas were made of a series of squares and rectangles, separated by bunds approximately 10 cm in height, while terraced

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mainly depends on rice production. Sri Lanka sometimes exports rice to its neighboring countries. Around 1.5 million hectares of land are cultivated in Sri Lanka for paddy in 2008/2009 maha: 64% of which is cultivated during the dry season and 35% cultivated during the wet season. Around 879,000

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history dates back to more than 2000 years ago. The historical reports say that Sri Lanka is regarded as the "paddy store of the east" because it produced an excessive quantity of rice. Paddy cultivation can be found all over the island and a considerable amount of land is allocated for it. Both

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Although China's agricultural output is the largest in the world, only about 15% of its total land area can be cultivated. About 75% of the cultivated area is used for food crops. Rice is China's most important crop, raised on about 25% of the cultivated area. Most rice is grown south of the

2203:(literally "descent into the fields") held as the start of the planting season in hope of a bountiful harvest. Traditionally, the event was officiated with much pomp. The monarch carried out the ritual plowing of the first furrow while local dignitaries and farmers followed suit. 1245:

By about 750, 75% of China's population lived north of the Yangtze, but by 1250, 75% of China's population lived south of it. Such large-scale internal migration was possible due to introduction of quick-ripening strains of rice from Vietnam suitable for multi-cropping.

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upcountry and low country wetlands use paddy cultivation. The majority of paddy land is in the dry zone, and it uses special irrigation systems for cultivation. The water storing tank called "Wewa" facilitates a supply of water to paddy lands in the cultivation period.

888:. The paddy field feature was found next to a pit-house that is dated to the latter part of the Early Mumun pottery period (c. 1100–850 BC). KUM has conducted excavations, that have revealed similarly dated paddy field features, at Yaeum-dong and Okhyeon, in modern-day 2254:

by draining the paddies to allow the soil to aerate to interrupt methane production. Studies have also shown the variability in assessment of methane emission using local, regional and global factors and calling for better inventorization based on micro level data.

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as well as in many family names. Most of these places are somehow related to the paddy field and, in many cases, are based on the history of a particular location. For example, where a river runs through a village, the place east of the river may be called

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of southern Vietnam, there is an interlacing drainage and irrigation canal system that has become the symbol of this area. The canals additionally serve as transportation routes, allowing farmers to bring their produce to market. In Northwestern Vietnam,

657:. Fortifications like walls (as well as extensive moats in Liangzhu cities) are common features in settlements during this period, indicating widespread conflict. This period also coincides with the southward movement of rice-farming cultures to the 1836:

Before Malaysia became heavily reliant on its industrial output, people were mainly involved in agriculture, especially in the production of rice. It was for that reason, that people usually built their houses next to paddy fields. The very spicy

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between 3500 and 2000 BC. The Nanguanli site in Taiwan, dated to ca. 2800 BC, has yielded numerous carbonized remains of both rice and millet in waterlogged conditions, indicating intensive wetland rice cultivation and dryland millet cultivation.

916:(300 BC – 250 AD). The Early Yayoi has been re-dated, and based on studies of early Japanese paddy formations in Kyushu it appears that wet-field rice agriculture in Japan was directly adopted from the Lower Yangtze river basin in Eastern China. 1567:

which required all citizens to have a family name. Many chose a name based on some geographical feature associated with their residence or occupation, and as nearly three-fourths of the population were farmers, many made family names using

590: 618:, archaeologists excavated paddy fields. Some archaeologists claim that Caoxieshan may date to 4000–3000 BC. There is archaeological evidence that unhusked rice was stored for the military and for burial with the deceased from the 695: 1400:

The fertile volcanic soil of much of the Indonesian archipelago—particularly the islands of Java and Bali—has made rice a central dietary staple. Steep terrain on Bali resulted in complex irrigation systems, locally called

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season – from June to October. Rice grown in the delta areas relies heavily on the river water and sedimented minerals from the northern mountains, whilst the rice grown in the central regions require irrigation from the

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populations of Lijiacun and Yunchanyan in China. Evidence of possible rice cultivation from ca. 11,500 BP has been found, however it is still questioned whether the rice was indeed being cultivated, or instead being

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rice fields at the Majeon-ni Site. However, iron tools for paddy-field farming were not introduced until sometime after 200 BC. The spatial scale of paddy-fields increased, with the regular use of iron tools, in the

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Arable land in small alluvial flats of most rural river valleys in South Korea are dedicated to paddy-field farming. Farmers assess paddy fields for any necessary repairs in February. Fields may be rebuilt, and

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In the terminal Neolithic (2500 to 2000 BC), Shijiahe shrank in size, and Liangzhu disappeared altogether. This is largely believed to be the result of the southward expansion of the early Sino-Tibetan

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Nirmal, Ghost. "Thailand to set aside more land for farming; It plans to increase rice production and stop conversion of agricultural land." The Straits Times (Singapore) 24 April 2008.

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and Luojiajiao sites indicates that rice domestication likely began before 5000 BC, but that most sites in China from which rice remains have been recovered are younger than 5000 BC.

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Molina, J.; Sikora, M.; Garud, N.; Flowers, J. M.; Rubinstein, S.; Reynolds, A.; Huang, P.; Jackson, S.; Schaal, B. A.; Bustamante, C. D.; Boyko, A. R.; Purugganan, M. D. (2011).

2250:, having been estimated to contribute in the range of 50 to 100 million tonnes of the gas per annum. Studies have shown that this can be significantly reduced while also boosting 1483:, which originally meant 'field' in general, is used in Japan exclusively to refer to paddy fields. One of the oldest samples of writing in Japan is widely credited to the kanji 3490: 1615:

In recent years, rice consumption in Japan has fallen and many rice farmers are increasingly elderly. The government has subsidized rice production since the 1970s, and favors

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were formerly used to plough muddy paddy fields in Indonesia although the use of mechanised methods, such as small powered ploughs, has become much more common in recent years.

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breaches are repaired. This work is carried out until mid-March, when warmer spring weather allows the farmer to buy or grow rice seedlings. They are transplanted (usually by

2120: 727: 375:, which is grown in flooded conditions with water more than 50 cm (20 in) deep for at least a month. Global paddies' emissions account for at least 10% of global 1754:, which literally means "hill," is also growing upland rice, carried out on the grassy slopes that have been deforested for the production of charcoal (139,337 ha). 1730:

The majority of rice is related to irrigation (1,054,381 ha). The choice of methods conditioning performance is determined by the variety and quality control of water.

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and introduced wetland farming techniques to them. In turn, they assimilated their range of indigenous cultivated fruits and tubers before spreading further eastward to

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2,000 years ago. Streams and springs found in the mountains were tapped and channeled into irrigation canals that run downhill through the rice terraces. Other notable

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in the world and is the world's largest exporter of rice. Thailand has plans to further increase its land available for rice production, with a goal of adding 500,000

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The acidic soil conditions common in Japan due to volcanic eruptions have made the paddy field the most productive farming method. Paddy fields are represented by the

2226:, wealth is frequently associated with the vastness of the individual's land holdings. Paddy fields so large as for "storks to fly with their wings out-stretched" (" 2230:") can be heard as a common metaphor. Wind-blown undulating rice plants across a paddy field in literary Vietnamese is termed figuratively "waves of rice plants" (" 864:

at the Daecheon-ni site yielded carbonized rice grains and radiocarbon dates, indicating that rice cultivation in dry-fields may have begun as early as the Middle

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Rice paddies are responsible for 10% of global methane emissions, roughly equal to the emissions of the aviation industry. Drip irrigation systems developed by

1687:), is found in some place names, especially small farming townships and villages. However, the specific Korean term for 'paddy' is a purely Korean word, "non" ( 506:

by cultures associated with pre-Austronesian and Hmong-Mien-speakers. This occurred 13,500 to 8,200 years ago south of the Yangtze River in present-day China.

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lies in the midst of these rice terraces. All dikes are tiered with flat stones. The Hapao Rice Terraces are within 55 kilometers from the capital town of

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in these two regions. The number of settlements among the Yangtze cultures and their sizes increased, leading some archeologists to characterize them as

2273: 3410: 4467: 4411: 1648:) from the indoors into freshly flooded paddy fields in May. Farmers tend and weed their paddy fields through the summer until around the time of 1747:

is still widely practiced by farmers in Madagascar, who find a good compromise between climate risks, availability of labour and food security.

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Zhang, Jianping; Lu, Houyuan; Gu, Wanfa; Wu, Naiqin; Zhou, Kunshu; Hu, Yayi; Xin, Yingjun; Wang, Can; Kashkush, Khalil (17 December 2012).

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of paddies, but rather by itinerant middlemen, whose small firms specialize in the harvest, transport, milling, and distribution of rice.

1304:. The paddy cultivation plays a major role in socio-cultural life of rural India. Many regional festivals celebrate the harvest, such as 521:

There are two likely centers of domestication for rice as well as the development of the wet-field technology. The first is in the lower

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farmer families are engaged in paddy cultivation in Sri Lanka. They make up 20% of the country's population and 32% of the employment.

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and the southern peninsular plateaus. Paddy is cultivated at least twice a year in most parts of India, the two seasons being known as

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speakers to the west, and early Kra-Dai speakers to the south, facilitating the spread of rice cultivation throughout southern China.

3691: 3365: 3092: 3067: 3042: 2367:"Application of a Genetic-Fuzzy FMEA to Rainfed Lowland Rice Production in Sarawak: Environmental, Health, and Safety Perspectives" 556:. The second is in the middle Yangtze River, believed to be the homelands of the early Hmong-Mien speakers and associated with the 4600: 3843: 849:

There are ten archaeologically excavated rice paddy fields in Korea. The two oldest are the Okhyun and Yaumdong sites, found in

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By the late Neolithic (3500 to 2500 BC), population in the rice cultivating centers had increased rapidly, centered around the

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paddy fields are the Batad Rice Terraces, the Bangaan Rice Terraces, the Mayoyao Rice Terraces and the Hapao Rice Terraces.

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India has the largest paddy output in the world and is also the largest exporter of rice in the world as of 2020. In India,

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Li, Hui; Huang, Ying; Mustavich, Laura F.; Zhang, Fan; Tan, Jing-Ze; Wang, ling-E; Qian, Ji; Gao, Meng-He; Jin, Li (2007).

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Hsieh, Jaw-shu; Hsing, Yue-ie Caroline; Hsu, Tze-fu; Li, Paul Jen-kuei; Li, Kuang-ti; Tsang, Cheng-hwa (24 December 2011).

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expected rice production to yield around 30 million tons of rice for 2008. The most produced strain of rice in Thailand is

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of the 5th century BC are two of the earliest hydraulic engineers from China, and their works were focused upon improving

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Search for the Origin of Rice Cultivation: The Ancient Rice Cultivation in Paddy Fields at the Cao Xie Shan Site in China

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and N-Drip were introduced in several countries and according to the Times of Israel can reduce up to 85% of emissions.

2073: 1961: 1372: 3581: 2054: 1524:), literally "east paddy field." A place with a newly irrigated paddy field, especially those made during or after the 4575: 4174: 3836: 3696: 2101: 641:

cultures. There was also evidence of intensive rice cultivation in paddy fields as well as increasingly sophisticated

455: 404: 2827: 1234:(420–589), land-use became more intensive and efficient, rice was grown twice a year and cattle began to be used for 583:. Both of these regions were heavily populated and had regular trade contacts with each other, as well as with early 3033:

Zhang, Chi (2013). "The Qujialing–Shijiahe culture in the middle Yangzi River valley". In Underhill, Anne P. (ed.).

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Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics

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From about 2000 to 1500 BC, the Austronesian expansion began, with settlers from Taiwan moving south to migrate to

3951: 885: 31: 3626:"Rice strain is cause of comparatively low productivity." The Nation (Thailand) 16 April 2008. 2 February 2009, 3109: 205:. They require a great deal of labor and materials to create and need large quantities of water for irrigation. 151: 4585: 4462: 4048: 3961: 3946: 3901: 3669: 2078: 1175: 715:

rice cultivation and paddy field agriculture to Southeast Asia started with the migrations of the Austronesian

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Thailand backs away from rice cartel plan." The International Herald Tribune 7 May 2008: 12. 2 February 2009,

2732:"The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cereal—from the Yangzi to the Equator" 1743:

on burning of cleared natural rain forest (135,966 ha). Criticized as being the cause of deforestation,

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paddy fields consisted of long irregular shapes that followed natural contours of the land at various levels.

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Paddy field farming remains the dominant form of growing rice in modern times. It is practiced extensively in

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Cao, Zhihong; Fu, Jianrong; Zou, Ping; Huang, Jing Fa; Lu, Hong; Weng, Jieping; Ding, Jinlong (August 2010).

2438: 703:, and likely routes of early rice transfer (ca. 3500 to 500 BC). The approximate coastlines during the early 4389: 4112: 4107: 3998: 3966: 3724:

Exploration of 'hot-spots' of methane and nitrous oxide emission from the agriculture fields of Assam, India

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is the largest rice producing state. Paddy fields are a common sight throughout India, both in the northern

1254: 1250: 1151: 1110: 901: 760: 759:, bringing rice cultivation technologies with them. From Luzon, Austronesians rapidly colonized the rest of 670: 649:, with clearly advanced socio-political structures. However, it is unknown if they had centralized control. 317: 187: 3417: 2030:. The Mayoyao Rice Terraces are located at Mayoyao, 44 kilometers away from Poblacion, Banaue. The town of 4595: 4457: 4442: 4384: 4379: 4134: 4065: 4058: 3875: 3870: 3442: 2111:

Thailand has a strong tradition of rice production. It has the fifth-largest amount of land used for rice

1542:), "new paddy field." In some places, lakes and marshes were likened to a paddy field and were named with 865: 580: 553: 426: 396: 3110:"The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" 1377:

Prime Javanese paddies yield roughly 6 metric tons of unmilled rice (2.5 metric tons of milled rice) per

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Rice cultivation began in China ca. 11,500 years ago, some 3,500 years earlier than previously believed

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Tsude, Hiroshi. Yayoi Farmers Reconsidered: New Perspectives on Agricultural Development in East Asia.

2784:"Studies on Ancient Rice—Where Botanists, Agronomists, Archeologists, Linguists, and Ethnologists Meet" 561: 565: 4518: 4354: 4144: 4003: 3956: 2795: 2746: 2685: 2621: 2562: 2503: 2378: 2000: 1724:, the average annual consumption of rice is 130 kg per person, one of the largest in the world. 1510: 1345: 1179: 854: 798:; however, wet-field agriculture was transferred to the cultivation of other crops, most notably for 783:. By 500 BC, there is evidence of intensive wetland rice agriculture already established in Java and 550: 461: 182:. The technology was also acquired by other cultures in mainland Asia for rice farming, spreading to 159: 155: 147: 47: 2187: 3971: 3823: 3627: 2243: 2223: 2160: 2105: 1842: 1794: 1289: 1105: 873: 607: 557: 321: 119: 103: 4525: 509: 4530: 4452: 4278: 4194: 3320: 3132: 2982: 2925: 2858: 2764: 2701: 1973: 1937: 1403: 1191: 2946:. Miyazaki: Society for Scientific Studies on Cultural Property, 1996. (In Japanese and Chinese) 2610:"Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China" 2171:

of northern Vietnam, control of seasonal river flooding is achieved by an extensive network of

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as a component, a practice which can be largely attributed to a government edict in the early

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The earliest paddy field found dates to 4330 BC, based on carbon dating of grains of rice and

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Bale, Martin T. Archaeology of Early Agriculture in Korea: An Update on Recent Developments.

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Bale, Martin T. Archaeology of Early Agriculture in Korea: An Update on Recent Developments.

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respectively. The former cultivation is dependent on irrigation, while the latter depends on

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The fields are tilled when the first rains arrive – traditionally measured at 40 days after

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Paddy fields are a common sight in the Philippines. Several vast paddy fields exist in the

4334: 4070: 3761: 3701: 2168: 2063: 1902: 1873: 1688: 1668: 1317: 1147: 768: 595: 502: 480: 380: 4542: 2674:"Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China" 2417:"Riz de Camargue, Silo de Tourtoulen, Riz blanc de Camargue, Riz et céréales de Camargue" 1190:

to pull plows, and the other was the large-scale harnessing of rivers and development of

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than other types of rice, but also normally fetches more than double the price of other

1434:. In the 19th century and much of the 20th century, the paddy fields were farmed by the 4580: 4290: 3337: 2644: 2609: 2585: 2550: 2526: 2491: 2247: 2193: 1953: 1735: 1653: 1494: 1490: 1274: 1187: 803: 646: 542: 534: 530: 392: 372: 301: 74: 3516: 2884: 1705: 1627: 4590: 4569: 4484: 4349: 4307: 4253: 4075: 3896: 3599: 3324: 2705: 2673: 2401: 2095: 1877: 1616: 1394: 1270: 1215: 666: 584: 522: 496: 412: 241: 210: 143: 127: 3136: 2768: 872:. Ancient paddy fields have been carefully unearthed in Korea by institutes such as 4404: 4263: 4238: 4080: 4038: 3983: 3941: 3793:

Crawford, Gary W. and Gyoung-Ah Lee. Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula.

3389:"Top 10 Rice Producing States of India, Indian States with Highest Rice Production" 3282: 3149:

Crawford, Gary W. and Gyoung-Ah Lee. Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula.

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He, Keyang; Lu, Houyuan; Zhang, Jianping; Wang, Can; Huan, Xiujia (7 June 2017).

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Located at Barangay Batad in Banaue, the Batad Rice Terraces are shaped like an

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systems have been proposed as a possible environmental and commercial solution.

281: 277: 269: 123: 55: 30:"Rice field" and "Wet rice" redirect here. For the Rice University stadium, see 3248: 2731: 2119:

to the 9.2 million hectares of rice-growing areas already cultivated. The

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Rice is now grown in all the three seasons of Myanmar, though primarily in the

1849:, literally "paddy chili". Some research pertaining to Rainfed lowland rice in 1415: 665:

regions, as well as the southward migrations of the Austronesian, Kra-Dai, and

4085: 4033: 4028: 3911: 3818: 3008: 2846: 2808: 2783: 2759: 2251: 2128: 2016: 1885: 1818: 1786: 1781: 1721: 1525: 1477:) that has had a strong influence on Japanese culture. In fact, the character 1427: 1333: 1239: 1203: 1119: 826: 811: 791: 525:, believed to be the homelands of the pre-Austronesians and possibly also the 475: 357: 325: 221: 191: 175: 167: 3757:"Agritech firm N-Drip raises $ 44 million in Liechtenstein-led funding round" 2697: 1440:, a subculture of seasonal rice paddy workers composed mostly of poor women. 1430:. The paddy fields are irrigated by fast-flowing streams descending from the 4295: 4023: 3536:"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras – UNESCO World Heritage Centre" 2575: 2516: 2297: 2212: 2143: 2067: 1924: 1713: 1709: 1453: 1349: 1329: 1293: 1199: 1195: 1162: 1142: 1123: 861: 819: 795: 744: 736: 732: 619: 337: 329: 285: 237: 183: 179: 171: 139: 97: 3742:"Israel's drip irrigation pioneers aim to do away with flooded rice fields" 3648: 3225: 3060:

The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age

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Sang, Anisia Jati; Tay, Kai Meng; Lim, Chee Peng; Saeid, Nahavandi (2018).

2108:. It uses over half of the farmable land area and labor force in Thailand. 1265: 300:. It has also been introduced elsewhere since the colonial era, notably in 78: 2866: 2492:"Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice" 17: 3988: 3692:"Shifts in rice farming practices in China reduce greenhouse gas methane" 2043: 1909: 1881: 1822: 1814: 1337: 776: 704: 700: 365: 305: 289: 273: 257: 253: 225: 217:, are important working animals used extensively in paddy field farming. 108: 2910:

Bellwood, Peter (1997). "Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago".

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also has its fair share of paddy fields, especially in the districts of

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Panorama of the Longji terrace, one of the Longsheng rice terraces of

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or adjacent to depressed or steeply sloped features such as rivers or

4322: 4248: 3916: 3906: 3535: 2039: 2035: 2004: 1985: 1965: 1813:. Paddy fields can also be found on Malaysia's east coast region, in 1810: 1802: 1761:- a translucent long and large grain rice, considered a luxury rice; 1632: 1420: 1341: 1325: 1156: 1127: 764: 720: 662: 517:(3400 to 2250 BC) ancient city surrounded by a moat with rice paddies 341: 309: 293: 82: 35: 2219:(god of rice plants) were all venerated with prayers and offerings. 2094:

A small hut in between rice paddies on the outskirts of the town of

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Middle Neolithic sites is no older than 7000 BC, that rice from the

880:. They excavated paddy field features at the Geumcheon-ni Site near 488:

Genetic evidence shows that all forms of paddy rice, including both

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are an example of paddy fields in the country. They are located in

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systems. These developments were widely spread during the ensuing

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in Vietnamese) are the predominant land use in the valley of the

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Rice is grown in Northern Italy, especially in the valley of the

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Spatial distribution of rice, millet and mixed farming sites in

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Mishra S. N., Mitra S., Rangan L, Dutta S., and Pooja. (2012).

2979:"Expansion of Chinese Paddy Rice to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau" 837:

around the 1st millennium AD by Austronesian settlers from the

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Flooded parcel of arable land used for growing semiaquatic rice

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Normile, Dennis (1997). "Yangtze seen as earliest rice site".

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stone-walled rice terraces are located in the municipality of

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Kwak, Jong-chul. Urinara-eui Seonsa – Godae Non Bat Yugu .In

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Kwak, Jong-chul. Urinara-eui Seonsa – Godae Non Bat Yugu .In

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Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago: Revised Edition

2828:"Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River" 2196:

planted in upland fields, requiring terracing of the slopes.

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Paddy field farming goes back thousands of years in Korea. A

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Paddy cultivation should not be confused with cultivation of

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The World Economy, Angus Maddison, p.20, ISBN 92-64-02261-9

2914:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 205–211. 206: 1407:, to manage water storage and drainage for rice terraces. 3582:"Rice Knowledge for Sri Lanka - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank" 3267: 3265: 2175:

which over the centuries total some 3000 km. In the

1884:, though there has been an increase in rice farming in 1757:

Among the many varieties, rice of Madagascar includes:

825:

Rice and wet-field agriculture were also introduced to

2889:

Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science

2199:

The primary festival related to the agrarian cycle is

3804:: 21–73. Papers of the 25th National Meetings of the 3197:: 21–73. Papers of the 25th National Meetings of the 2313: 1269:

Rice fields with seedlings planted in the village of

403:, meaning "rice plant", which is itself derived from 1992:

is considered the main rice growing province of the

1932:

In Nepal, rice (Nepali: धान, Dhaan) is grown in the

739:

and rice plants being infested by mouse pestilence.

154:

cultures. It was spread in prehistoric times by the

4476: 4420: 4368: 4229: 4133: 3930: 3889: 3781:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

3173:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

2966:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

2885:"Origin and chronosequence of paddy soils in China" 1150:as wild rice. Bruce Smith, an archaeologist at the 790:Rice did not survive the Austronesian voyages into 3230:Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology 3226:"A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy" 912:The first paddy fields in Japan date to the Early 806:also came into contact with the non-Austronesian ( 3622: 3620: 1936:and hilly regions. It is mainly grown during the 1652:, a traditional holiday held on 15 August of the 787:, especially near very fertile volcanic islands. 1793:Paddy fields can be found in most states on the 1178:(722–481 BC), two revolutionary improvements in 2555:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2496:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2360: 2358: 1489:found on pottery at the archaeological site of 500:, spring from a domestication of the wild rice 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 1607: 1591: 1579: 1551: 1537: 1519: 1504: 1484: 1478: 1464: 466:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia 3844: 8: 3517:"New Agriculturist: Country profile - Nepal" 3002: 3000: 1692: 1682: 1672: 1141:Rice appears to have been used by the Early 407:*pajay ("rice in the field", "rice plant"). 197:Fields can be built into steep hillsides as 3083:Major, John S.; Cook, Constance A. (2016). 3037:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 510–534. 1893:rice economies which utilized fertilizers. 1584:), literally meaning "in the paddy field;" 731:Bas-relief of Karmawibhanga of 9th century 707:are shown in lighter blue. (Bellwood, 2011) 3851: 3837: 3829: 3786:Barnes, Gina L. Paddy Soils Now and Then. 3210:Barnes, Gina L. Paddy Soils Now and Then. 1765:- a translucent long and thin grain rice; 1727:According to a 1999 study of UPDRS / FAO: 1619:policies regarding cheaper imported rice. 1332:is historically known as the rice bowl of 1210:(403–221 BC), culminating in the enormous 3670:"Scientists blame global warming on rice" 3281:Harrington, Spencer P.M. (11 June 1997). 3117:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 2807: 2758: 2643: 2633: 2584: 2574: 2525: 2515: 2400: 2390: 1249:Famous rice paddies in China include the 1093:Source: Food and Agriculture Organization 614:. At Caoxieshan, a site of the Neolithic 146:basin in southern China, associated with 3802:Hanguk Nonggyeong Munhwa-eui Hyeongseong 3195:Hanguk Nonggyeong Munhwa-eui Hyeongseong 2667: 2665: 2663: 2104:represents a significant portion of the 1773:, or red rice, exclusive to Madagascar. 1739:is traditionally the culture of flooded 923: 340:, as well as along the eastern coast of 3491:"Increasing rice production in Myanmar" 3289:. Archaeological Institute of America. 2354: 2320: 2269: 92:Paddy field placed under the valley of 3555: 3553: 3249:"Countries by commodity (Rice, paddy)" 1876:, the area along and the delta of the 3730:. 1/16. doi:10.1186/2048-7010-1-16. 3354:Angus, Maddison (21 September 2006). 3007:Zhang, Chi; Hung, Hsiao-Chun (2008). 2821: 2819: 1841:that is often eaten in Malaysia, the 925:Top 20 rice producers by country—2012 391:The word "paddy" is derived from the 7: 4537: 3344:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. Page 271. 2011:, Philippines and were built by the 1497:that dates to the late 2nd century. 1393:is often performed not by owners or 4549: 2730:Bellwood, Peter (9 December 2011). 2470:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary 2242:Paddy fields are a major source of 4400:Environmental impact of irrigation 3391:. Mapsofindia.com. 17 January 2012 3108:Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). 3035:A Companion to Chinese Archaeology 2127:, which has a significantly lower 25: 2460:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen. 689:Expansion of Austronesian peoples 58:, carved into steep mountainsides 4548: 4536: 4524: 4513: 4512: 3649:"Methane Sources – Rice Paddies" 2466:— rice in the field; rice plant" 2335: 2323: 2310: – Rice grown in dry fields 2272: 1880:, and the Central plains around 4468:Agriculture and the environment 4205:British Agricultural Revolution 3755:Wrobel, Sharon (21 June 2023). 3058:Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012). 2549:Gross, B. L.; Zhao, Z. (2014). 1872:primarily in three areas – the 1602:(川田), "river paddy field;" and 1386:backbreaking manual procedure. 1232:Northern and Southern Dynasties 1182:took place. One was the use of 4412:Climate change and agriculture 4185:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 3534:UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 3062:. Cambridge University Press. 1769:- a half-long grain rice; and 1693: 1683: 1673: 1559:Today, many family names have 1212:Du Jiang Yan Irrigation System 802:cultivation. The Austronesian 1: 3806:Korean Archaeological Society 3728:Agriculture and Food Security 3443:"Channel 4 notes for schools" 3199:Korean Archaeological Society 2211:(the village patron spirit), 1348:is known as the rice bowl of 1122:, in the Yangtze valley, the 610:found at the Chaodun site in 142:rice-farming cultures of the 34:. For the porridge dish, see 4190:Arab Agricultural Revolution 3317:10.1126/science.275.5298.309 3129:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 2635:10.1371/journal.pone.0052146 2192:based on the cultivation of 2121:Thai Ministry of Agriculture 2074:Sri Lankan paddy cultivation 1928:Women planting rice in Nepal 1785:Paddy field in the state of 1509:) is used as a part of many 1373:Rice production in Indonesia 904:Period (c. AD 300/400-668). 3740:Surkes, Sue (10 May 2021). 3697:Goddard Space Flight Center 3598:Country Profile: Thailand. 2392:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2883115 2102:Rice production in Thailand 1572:. Some common examples are 1340:is called the rice bowl of 456:History of rice cultivation 4622: 4150:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 3586:www.knowledgebank.irri.org 2228:đồng lúa thẳng cánh cò bay 2215:(god of agriculture), and 1370: 1198:of the 6th century BC and 810:) early agriculturists of 529:, and associated with the 459: 453: 29: 4606:Water and the environment 4509: 4500:Universities and colleges 4118:Universities and colleges 3923: 3866: 3672:. Sptimes.com. 2 May 2007 2847:10.1007/s00439-007-0407-2 2809:10.1007/s12284-011-9075-x 2760:10.1007/s12284-011-9068-9 1635:, South Korea, early June 1608: 1596:), "middle paddy field;" 1592: 1580: 1552: 1538: 1520: 1505: 1485: 1479: 1465: 1091: 886:South Gyeongsang Province 868:(c. 3500–2000 BC) in the 701:language family homelands 138:. It originates from the 107:Farmers planting rice in 32:Rice Track/Soccer Stadium 4485:Agriculturist profession 3962:Agricultural engineering 3947:Agricultural cooperative 3087:. Taylor & Francis. 3085:Ancient China: A History 2698:10.1177/0959683617708455 2330:Agriculture and Agronomy 2279:Paddy field stump after 2207:(deities of the earth), 2151:Rice fields in Vietnam ( 2079:Agriculture in Sri Lanka 1870:Rice is grown in Myanmar 1176:Spring and Autumn period 471:Neolithic southern China 4601:Sustainable agriculture 4390:Agricultural wastewater 4113:Sustainable food system 4108:Sustainable agriculture 3999:Animal-free agriculture 3967:Agricultural technology 3819:How a paddy-field works 2576:10.1073/pnas.1308942110 2517:10.1073/pnas.1104686108 2147:A rice field in Vietnam 1988:, and other provinces. 1952:Batad Rice Terraces in 1938:summer monsoon in Nepal 1865:Paddy fields in Myanmar 1821:. The central state of 1663:character for 'field', 1255:Yuanyang County, Yunnan 1251:Longsheng Rice Terraces 1152:Smithsonian Institution 1111:Yuanyang County, Yunnan 902:Three Kingdoms of Korea 761:Maritime Southeast Asia 671:Mainland Southeast Asia 188:Mainland Southeast Asia 4490:Agricultural machinery 4448:History of agriculture 4433:Agriculture by country 4428:Agricultural machinery 4385:Agricultural pollution 4380:Agricultural expansion 4155:Austronesian expansion 4066:Mechanised agriculture 3271:Crawford and Shen 1998 3224:Shōda, Shinya (2007). 2148: 2098: 2070: 1957: 1929: 1866: 1790: 1717: 1636: 1612:), "old paddy field." 1457: 1423: 1368: 1281: 1171: 1114: 866:Jeulmun pottery period 853:, dating to the early 763:, moving westwards to 748: 743:has a long history in 708: 692: 681:Austronesian expansion 603: 518: 485: 316:, particularly in the 213:, adapted for life in 111: 100: 85: 59: 4495:Government ministries 4438:Agriculture companies 4274:Convertible husbandry 3952:Agricultural supplies 3902:Agricultural Engineer 3162:Crawford and Lee 2003 2402:10536/DRO/DU:30118456 2246:which contributes to 2146: 2093: 2057: 1951: 1927: 1864: 1784: 1708: 1630: 1451: 1418: 1363: 1268: 1208:Warring States period 1165: 1108: 839:Greater Sunda Islands 730: 698: 688: 675:Island Southeast Asia 669:-speaking peoples to 593: 512: 478: 164:Island Southeast Asia 106: 91: 65: 46: 4145:Neolithic Revolution 4004:Cellular agriculture 3957:Agricultural science 3797:77(295):87–95, 2003. 3497:on 25 September 2015 3411:"Lansing and Miller" 3153:77(295):87–95, 2003. 2985:on 27 September 2007 2942:Fujiwara, H. (ed.). 2872:on 14 December 2013. 2135:in a global market. 2001:Banaue Rice Terraces 1845:, is locally called 1712:and rice field near 855:Mumun pottery period 775:; and southwards to 691:(3500 BC to AD 1200) 462:Austronesian peoples 368:among other places. 318:Albufera de València 160:Austronesian peoples 130:crops, most notably 48:Banaue Rice Terraces 3247:fao.org (FAOSTAT). 2800:2011Rice....4..178H 2751:2011Rice....4...93B 2690:2017Holoc..27.1885H 2626:2012PLoSO...752146Z 2567:2014PNAS..111.6190G 2508:2011PNAS..108.8351M 2383:2018IEEEA...674628S 2244:atmospheric methane 1853:has been reported. 1795:Malaysian Peninsula 1389:Rice harvesting in 928: 874:Kyungnam University 833:, and the coast of 608:soil organic matter 322:Valencian Community 4576:Chinese inventions 4279:Rotational grazing 4195:Columbian exchange 3783:21(5):77–84, 2001. 3704:on 11 January 2003 3471:. 17 December 2009 3175:21(5):77–84, 2001. 3016:Asian Perspectives 2968:21(5):53–59, 2001. 2419:. Riz-camargue.com 2149: 2099: 2071: 1958: 1930: 1867: 1791: 1750:By extension, the 1718: 1637: 1469:(commonly read as 1458: 1424: 1419:Paddy fields near 1369: 1282: 1253:and the fields of 1230:(317–420) and the 1218:by 256 BC for the 1192:water conservation 1180:farming technology 1172: 1115: 924: 749: 709: 693: 604: 519: 486: 405:Proto-Austronesian 112: 101: 86: 60: 4563: 4562: 4123:Urban agriculture 4096:Rice-duck farming 4044:Intensive farming 4014:Extensive farming 3824:Paddy cultivation 3790:22(1):1–17, 1990. 3788:World Archaeology 3311:(5298): 309–310. 3214:22(1):1–17, 1990. 3212:World Archaeology 2684:(12): 1885–1898. 2441:. Merriam Webster 2058:A paddy field in 1646:rice transplanter 1631:Paddy field near 1109:Rice terraces in 1098: 1097: 927:(million tonnes) 717:Dapenkeng culture 643:material cultures 616:Majiabang culture 484:(8500 to 1500 BC) 377:methane emissions 354:Sacramento Valley 346:Artibonite Valley 126:used for growing 16:(Redirected from 4613: 4552: 4551: 4540: 4539: 4528: 4516: 4515: 4360:Wildlife farming 4210:Green Revolution 4161:Ancient history 4101:Rice-fish system 4009:Contract farming 3994:Animal husbandry 3853: 3846: 3839: 3830: 3767: 3766: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3737: 3731: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3700:. Archived from 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3538:. Whc.unesco.org 3531: 3525: 3524: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3493:. Archived from 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3423:on 27 March 2009 3422: 3416:. Archived from 3415: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3351: 3345: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3221: 3215: 3208: 3202: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3114: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2981:. Archived from 2975: 2969: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2865:. Archived from 2841:(3–4): 383–388. 2832: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2794:(3–4): 178–183. 2779: 2773: 2772: 2762: 2736: 2727: 2710: 2709: 2669: 2658: 2657: 2647: 2637: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2588: 2578: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2529: 2519: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2394: 2362: 2340: 2339: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2303:Rice-fish system 2276: 2209:thành hoàng làng 1914:Burmese New Year 1843:bird's eye chili 1696: 1695: 1686: 1685: 1676: 1675: 1611: 1610: 1595: 1594: 1583: 1582: 1555: 1554: 1541: 1540: 1528:, may be called 1523: 1522: 1508: 1507: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1468: 1467: 1383:Green Revolution 1328:delta region of 1188:beasts of burden 929: 876:Museum (KUM) of 870:Korean Peninsula 816:Island Melanesia 655:Longshan culture 515:Liangzhu culture 446:, among others. 320:wetlands in the 148:pre-Austronesian 21: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4586:Land management 4566: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4472: 4463:Poultry farming 4416: 4371: 4364: 4335:Poultry farming 4225: 4201:Modern history 4181:Post-classical 4129: 4128: 4127: 4071:Organic farming 3926: 3925: 3921: 3885: 3862: 3857: 3815: 3776: 3771: 3770: 3762:Times of Israel 3754: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3597: 3593: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3521:www.new-ag.info 3515: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3465:"Economist.com" 3463: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3338:Needham, Joseph 3336: 3332: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3283:"Earliest Rice" 3280: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3209: 3205: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3148: 3144: 3112: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3011: 3006: 3005: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2941: 2937: 2922: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2830: 2825: 2824: 2817: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2745:(3–4): 93–103. 2734: 2729: 2728: 2713: 2671: 2670: 2661: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2444: 2442: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2377:: 74628–74647. 2364: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2314: 2294: 2287: 2277: 2268: 2240: 2169:Red River Delta 2141: 2088: 2064:Ampara District 2052: 1946: 1922: 1903:Irrawaddy River 1874:Irrawaddy Delta 1859: 1779: 1703: 1625: 1446: 1413: 1375: 1358: 1318:Makar Sankranti 1290:Gangetic Plains 1263: 1184:cast iron tools 1103: 926: 922: 910: 847: 769:Malay Peninsula 690: 683: 596:Neolithic China 503:Oryza rufipogon 483: 481:Neolithic China 473: 468: 458: 452: 389: 381:Drip irrigation 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4619: 4617: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4568: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4546: 4534: 4522: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4376: 4374: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4293: 4291:Insect farming 4288: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4235: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4170:Ancient Greece 4167: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4139: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3848: 3841: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3814: 3813:External links 3811: 3810: 3809: 3808:, Busan, 2001. 3798: 3791: 3784: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3747: 3732: 3715: 3683: 3661: 3640: 3631: 3628:lexisnexis.com 3616: 3613:lexisnexis.com 3604: 3602:7 (July 2007). 3600:lcweb2.loc.gov 3591: 3573: 3549: 3526: 3508: 3482: 3456: 3445:. Channel4.com 3434: 3402: 3380: 3366: 3346: 3330: 3295: 3273: 3261: 3239: 3216: 3203: 3186: 3177: 3164: 3155: 3142: 3123:(2): 169–189. 3100: 3093: 3075: 3068: 3050: 3043: 3025: 2996: 2970: 2957: 2948: 2935: 2920: 2902: 2875: 2835:Human Genetics 2815: 2774: 2711: 2659: 2620:(12): e52146. 2600: 2561:(17): 6190–7. 2541: 2502:(20): 8351–6. 2482: 2452: 2430: 2408: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2332: 2312: 2311: 2305: 2300: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2278: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2248:global warming 2239: 2236: 2222:In colloquial 2194:glutinous rice 2188:valley culture 2140: 2137: 2087: 2084: 2051: 2048: 1954:Banaue, Ifugao 1945: 1942: 1921: 1918: 1858: 1855: 1827:Kuala Selangor 1778: 1775: 1767:Vary Rojofotsy 1763:Vary Makalioka 1702: 1699: 1654:Lunar Calendar 1624: 1621: 1495:Mie Prefecture 1445: 1442: 1412: 1409: 1371:Main article: 1365:Water buffalos 1357: 1354: 1275:Andhra Pradesh 1262: 1259: 1214:engineered by 1126:delta, and in 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1001: 1000: 997: 993: 992: 989: 985: 984: 981: 977: 976: 973: 969: 968: 965: 961: 960: 957: 953: 952: 949: 945: 944: 941: 937: 936: 933: 921: 918: 909: 906: 846: 843: 804:Lapita culture 711:The spread of 682: 679: 622:period to the 472: 469: 454:Main article: 451: 448: 388: 385: 373:deepwater rice 302:Northern Italy 75:Hanalei Valley 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4618: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596:Riparian zone 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4557: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4511: 4508: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4458:Meat industry 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4443:Biotechnology 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4370:Environmental 4367: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4350:Sheep farming 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4254:Dairy farming 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4231:Farming Types 4228: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4165:Ancient Egypt 4163: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4076:Paludiculture 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3977:Biotechnology 3975: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3897:Agriculturist 3895: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3842: 3840: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3562: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3537: 3530: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3470: 3469:The Economist 3466: 3460: 3457: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3419: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3369: 3367:9789264022614 3363: 3359: 3358: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3250: 3243: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3201:, Busan, 2001 3200: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3094:9781317503668 3090: 3086: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3069:9780521643108 3065: 3061: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3044:9781118325780 3040: 3036: 3029: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2955:Fujiwara 1996 2952: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2903: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2456: 2453: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2145: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2097: 2096:Nan, Thailand 2092: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1956:, Philippines 1955: 1950: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1926: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878:Kaladan River 1875: 1871: 1863: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1788: 1783: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1690: 1680: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1634: 1629: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1617:protectionist 1613: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1589: 1588: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1517: 1512: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1476: 1472: 1463: 1455: 1450: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1422: 1417: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1398: 1396: 1395:sharecroppers 1392: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1366: 1362: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271:Karthalipalem 1267: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1240:fertilization 1237: 1233: 1229: 1226:. During the 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1112: 1107: 1100: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1028:United States 1027: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1002: 998: 995: 994: 990: 987: 986: 982: 979: 978: 974: 971: 970: 966: 963: 962: 958: 955: 954: 950: 947: 946: 942: 939: 938: 934: 931: 930: 919: 917: 915: 907: 905: 903: 897: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 858: 856: 852: 844: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 746: 742: 738: 734: 729: 725: 722: 718: 714: 706: 702: 697: 687: 680: 678: 676: 672: 668: 667:Austroasiatic 664: 660: 656: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 601: 597: 592: 588: 586: 585:Austroasiatic 582: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 523:Yangtze River 516: 511: 507: 505: 504: 499: 498: 493: 492: 482: 477: 470: 467: 463: 457: 449: 447: 445: 442: 438: 435: 431: 428: 427:Kadazan Dusun 424: 421: 417: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 386: 384: 382: 378: 374: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 242:Northern Iran 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 218: 216: 212: 211:water buffalo 208: 204: 200: 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 144:Yangtze River 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 118:is a flooded 117: 110: 105: 99: 95: 90: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4553: 4541: 4529: 4517: 4405:Overdrafting 4312: 4264:Goat farming 4175:Ancient Rome 4081:Permaculture 4039:Horticulture 3984:Agroforestry 3942:Agribusiness 3801: 3794: 3787: 3780: 3774:Bibliography 3760: 3750: 3735: 3727: 3718: 3706:. Retrieved 3702:the original 3695: 3686: 3674:. Retrieved 3664: 3652:. Retrieved 3643: 3634: 3607: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3564:. Retrieved 3540:. Retrieved 3529: 3520: 3511: 3499:. Retrieved 3495:the original 3485: 3473:. Retrieved 3468: 3459: 3447:. Retrieved 3437: 3425:. Retrieved 3418:the original 3405: 3393:. Retrieved 3383: 3371:. Retrieved 3356: 3349: 3341: 3333: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3252:. Retrieved 3242: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3211: 3206: 3194: 3189: 3180: 3172: 3167: 3158: 3150: 3145: 3120: 3116: 3103: 3084: 3078: 3059: 3053: 3034: 3028: 3019: 3015: 2987:. Retrieved 2983:the original 2973: 2965: 2960: 2951: 2943: 2938: 2911: 2905: 2893:. Retrieved 2888: 2878: 2867:the original 2838: 2834: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2742: 2738: 2681: 2678:The Holocene 2677: 2617: 2613: 2603: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2473:. Retrieved 2469: 2463: 2455: 2443:. Retrieved 2433: 2421:. Retrieved 2411: 2374: 2370: 2257: 2241: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2216: 2208: 2204: 2201:"lễ hạ điền" 2200: 2198: 2185: 2184:built their 2177:Mekong Delta 2165:Mekong Delta 2156: 2152: 2150: 2125:jasmine rice 2110: 2106:Thai economy 2100: 2072: 2060:Sammanthurai 2024:amphitheatre 2021: 2007:in Northern 1998: 1959: 1931: 1907: 1895: 1890:Kachin State 1868: 1846: 1839:chili pepper 1835: 1831:Sabak Bernam 1792: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1719: 1716:, Madagascar 1664: 1658: 1638: 1614: 1603: 1597: 1585: 1573: 1569: 1565:Meiji Period 1560: 1558: 1547: 1543: 1533: 1529: 1515: 1500: 1499: 1474: 1470: 1459: 1452:Paddy field 1435: 1425: 1402: 1399: 1391:Central Java 1388: 1376: 1283: 1248: 1244: 1220:State of Qin 1173: 1140: 1116: 1092: 914:Yayoi period 911: 898: 894: 859: 848: 824: 789: 750: 741:Rice farming 712: 710: 651: 628: 605: 599: 520: 501: 495: 489: 487: 443: 436: 429: 422: 415: 400: 390: 370: 362:West Lothian 336:wetlands in 334:Guadalquivir 219: 196: 115: 113: 70: 40: 4555:Wikiproject 4395:Overgrazing 4330:Pig farming 4313:Paddy field 4286:Hydroponics 4259:Fur farming 4244:Aquaculture 4239:Agrivoltaic 4220:Monoculture 4141:Prehistory 4091:Polyculture 3912:Farm worker 3890:Occupations 3860:Agriculture 3708:19 December 3287:Archaeology 3254:11 February 2930:j.ctt24hf81 2371:IEEE Access 2308:Upland rice 2182:Thai people 2113:cultivation 1994:Philippines 1990:Nueva Ecija 1970:Nueva Ecija 1944:Philippines 1741:upland rice 1691:: 1681:: 1671:: 1511:place names 1314:Thai Pongal 1302:the Monsoon 1286:West Bengal 1228:Eastern Jin 1222:in ancient 1174:During the 1138:provinces. 988:Philippines 835:East Africa 757:Philippines 647:true states 624:Han dynasty 558:Pengtoushan 513:Model of a 282:South Korea 278:Philippines 270:North Korea 128:semiaquatic 124:arable land 116:paddy field 56:Philippines 4570:Categories 4421:Categories 4086:Plantation 4034:Free range 4029:Feed ratio 2921:0824818830 2895:8 February 2349:References 2252:crop yield 2224:Vietnamese 2129:yield rate 2017:Philippine 1886:Shan State 1819:Terengganu 1789:, Malaysia 1787:Terengganu 1722:Madagascar 1701:Madagascar 1526:Edo period 1454:scarecrows 1346:Gangavathi 1334:Tamil Nadu 1204:irrigation 1194:projects. 1120:Huai River 1068:Madagascar 972:Bangladesh 827:Madagascar 812:New Guinea 792:Micronesia 626:in China. 460:See also: 397:Indonesian 358:California 326:Ebro Delta 222:Bangladesh 192:South Asia 176:Micronesia 168:Madagascar 152:Hmong-Mien 18:Rice paddy 4453:Livestock 4296:Livestock 4024:Farmhouse 3795:Antiquity 3325:140691699 3184:Bale 2001 3151:Antiquity 2706:133660098 2298:Kuk Swamp 2213:Thần Nông 2167:. In the 2161:Red River 2157:cánh đồng 2068:Sri Lanka 2050:Sri Lanka 1962:provinces 1847:cili padi 1771:Vary mena 1759:Vary lava 1714:Morondava 1516:Higashida 1491:Matsutaka 1356:Indonesia 1350:Karnataka 1338:Kuttanadu 1330:Thanjavur 1200:Ximen Bao 1196:Sunshu Ao 1143:Neolithic 1124:Zhu Jiang 1076:Sri Lanka 948:Indonesia 862:pit-house 820:Polynesia 796:Polynesia 745:Indonesia 737:rice barn 735:describe 733:Borobudur 699:Possible 631:Qujialing 620:Neolithic 574:Qujialing 562:Nanmuyuan 539:Majiabang 531:Kuahuqiao 387:Etymology 338:Andalusia 330:Catalonia 312:, and in 286:Sri Lanka 238:Indonesia 184:East Asia 180:Polynesia 172:Melanesia 156:expansion 140:Neolithic 98:Indonesia 4519:Category 4345:Orchards 4318:Pastoral 3989:Agronomy 3676:25 April 3475:25 April 3449:25 April 3427:25 April 3395:25 April 3373:25 April 3360:. OECD. 3340:(1986). 3137:55763047 2989:6 August 2855:17657509 2769:44675525 2654:23284907 2614:PLOS ONE 2595:24753573 2536:21536870 2423:25 April 2292:See also 2232:sóng lúa 2217:thần lúa 2163:and the 2117:hectares 2086:Thailand 2044:Hungduan 2038:. 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