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was excluded from work for the rest of the day and lost an extra day's pay. Arkwright encouraged weavers with large families to move to
Cromford. Whole families were employed, including large numbers of children as young as seven (subsequently increased to ten); and towards the end of his tenure, nearly two-thirds of the 1,150 employees were children. He allowed employees a week's holiday a year, on condition that they did not travel beyond the town.
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Arkwright instigated novel and highly disciplined working arrangements at
Cromford. Work was organised in two 13-hour shifts per day, including an overlap for the change of shift. Bells rang at 5 am and 5 pm and the gates were shut precisely at 6 am and 6 p.m.: anyone who was late
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Trust was set up in the UK in 1991 in
Arkwright's memory to give scholarships to aspiring future leaders in engineering and technical design. By 2014, the Trust was awarding approximately 400 scholarships annually to support students through their 'A' levels and Scottish Highers, and to assist young
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for himself and his family. However just as the building was completed it was destroyed by fire, and
Arkwright was forced to wait a further two years whilst it was rebuilt. He died aged 59 in 1792, never having lived in the castle, which was completed only after his death. After being a hotel owned
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To strengthen his position in relation to his many competitors and emulators, Arkwright obtained a "grand patent" in 1775, which he hoped would consolidate his position within the fast-growing cotton industry. Public opinion, however, was bitterly hostile to exclusive patents, and in 1781 Arkwright
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With the expansion of the mill at
Cromford, it soon became apparent that the existing population of the town would be inadequate to provide the labour needed for the scale of operations which Arkwright was planning. He therefore brought in workers from outside the locality, building a cluster of
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initiated legal proceedings to assert his rights. The case dragged on in court until 1785, when it was finally settled against him on the grounds that his specifications were deficient: the court had also heard assertions that the spinning frame was actually the invention of
Arkwright's employee
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in 1748. Arkwright made improvements to this machine and in 1775 took out a patent for a new carding engine, which converted raw cotton to a continuous skein prior to spinning. The machine used a succession of uneven rollers rotating at increasingly higher speeds to draw out the
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cottages near the mill to house them (he also built the
Greyhound public house, which still stands in Cromford market square). Stuart Fisher states that the workers' homes are now considered to be "the first factory housing development in the world".
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285:. Richard's parents, Sarah and Thomas, could not afford to send him to school and instead arranged for him to be taught to read and write by his cousin Ellen. He was apprenticed to a Mr Nicholson, a barber at the nearby town of
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Richard
Arkwright's barber shop in Churchgate, Bolton was demolished early in the 20th century. There is a small plaque above the door of the building that replaced it, recording Arkwright's occupancy.
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engine to convert raw cotton to 'cotton lap' prior to spinning. He was the first to develop factories housing both mechanised carding and spinning operations.
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Aggressive and self-sufficient, Arkwright was a difficult man to work with. He bought out all his partners and went on to build factories at
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people undertaking higher-level apprenticeships and university engineering studies. It had awarded over 5,000 scholarships as of mid 2020.
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Arkwright's achievement was to combine power, machinery, semi-skilled labour and the new raw material of cotton to create mass-produced
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starting in 1796. Arkwright died at Rock House, Cromford, on 3 August 1792, aged 59, leaving a fortune of ÂŁ500,000. He was buried at
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After establishing the mill at
Cromford, Arkwright returned to Lancashire and took up a lease of the Birkacre mill at
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by the
Christian Guild company, Willersley Castle now belongs to outdoor adventure education company Manor Adventure.
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only), using wooden and metal cylinders rather than human fingers. This machine, initially powered by horses (see
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Arkwright lived at Rock House in Cromford, opposite his original mill. In 1788 he purchased an estate from
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211:(23 December 1732 – 3 August 1792) was an English inventor and a leading entrepreneur during the early
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Hewish, John (1987), "From Cromford to Chancery Lane: New Light on the Arkwright Patent Trials",
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The Early Factory Masters: The Transition to the Factory System in the Midlands Textile Industry
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in the early 1760s. It was here that he invented a waterproof dye for use on the fashionable
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to be used in a cotton mill (this was used to replenish the millpond that drove the mill's
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hosiery manufacturers. In 1771, the partners built the world's first water-powered mill at
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Susannah Arkwright, Mrs Charles Hurt (1762–1835), and her daughter Mary Anne (painting by
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In 1776 Arkwright built a second, larger mill at Cromford and, soon afterwards, mills at
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machinery to replace hand labour in the conversion of raw cotton to thread for weaving.
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The Cromford Mills Creative Cluster and World Heritage Site Gateway Project, Derbyshire
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Musson, A. E.; Robinson, E. (June 1960). "The Origins of Engineering in Lancashire".
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as "one of the country's 100 irreplaceable sites". It is also the centrepiece of the
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Hills, Richard L. (1970), "Sir Richard Arkwright and His Patent Granted in 1769",
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of the time, the income from which later funded his prototype cotton machinery.
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The Strutts and the Arkwrights, 1758–1830: A Study of the Early Factory System
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Arkwright and John Smalley of Preston set up a small horse-driven factory at
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Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)
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Cooke, A. J. (1979), "Richard Arkwright and the Scottish cotton industry",
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Arkwright married his first wife, Patience Holt, in 1755. They had a son,
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740:(2). Cambridge University Press; Economic History Association: 209–233.
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Blue plaque marking the occupancy by Arkwright in Adam Street, London
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General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association
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1013:"Residential Activity Courses for Schools in the UK & France"
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rather than to drive the machinery directly). He was invited to
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unveiled in 1984 commemorates Arkwright at 8 Adam Street in
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Tann, Jennifer (1973), "Richard Arkwright and Technology",
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Mason, J. J. (2004), "Arkwright, Sir Richard (1732–1792)",
332:, a machine which produced twisted threads (initially for
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Richard Arkwright The Father of the Modern Factory System
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The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain
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in Wirksworth, Derbyshire, where he installed the first
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The New Student's Reference Work/Arkwright, Sir Richard
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Richard Arkwright 1732–1792 Inventor of the Water Frame
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North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association
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Self Help: With Illustrations of Character and Conduct
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1127:——— & Wadsworth, A. P. (1958),
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Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society
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Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners
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1176:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
1059:Step up and see where your talent could take you
1724:Miravan Breaking Open the Tomb of his Ancestors
364:thin and strong enough for the warp threads of
2777:Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association
814:The Canals of Britain: The Comprehensive Guide
54:For other people named Richard Arkwright, see
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1377:– includes an obituary of Arkwright from 1792
51:English inventor and entrepreneur (1732–1792)
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2307:B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co
459:on the River Derwent, and Arkwright's house
2827:United Textile Factory Workers' Association
2817:Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation
1112:, Manchester: Manchester University Press,
782:(in Croatian). Translated by Ana Bedurina.
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1631:Gen. Johnson Saving Officer from Tomahawk
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1131:, Manchester: Manchester University Press
1355:Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site
24:This is an accepted version of this page
3112:Businesspeople from Preston, Lancashire
3052:British textile industry businesspeople
1207:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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610:, including this site, was declared by
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1283:"Arkwright, Richard (1732–1792)"
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707:. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. p.
2347:Yates & Thom / Yates of Blackburn
1703:A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery
817:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 77.
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1731:The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus
1365:Descendants of Sir Richard Arkwright
1280:Finlayson Henderson, Thomas (1885).
969:"ARKWRIGHT, SIR RICHARD (1732–1792)"
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649:was later to combine the two in his
3102:18th-century English businesspeople
3092:Paintings by Joseph Wright of Derby
3082:People of the Industrial Revolution
1109:The Arkwrights: Spinners of Fortune
680:"Sir Richard Arkwright (1732–1792)"
3087:Engineers from Preston, Lancashire
2782:Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union
2327:William Roberts & Co of Nelson
1228:10.1111/j.1468-229x.1973.tb02131.x
811:Fisher, Stuart (12 January 2017).
602:, set up after the bicentenary of
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96:New Britain Museum of American Art
56:Richard Arkwright (disambiguation)
49:
2802:General Union of Loom Overlookers
1883:Derby Racecourse Roman settlement
463:, completed only after his death.
3077:Industrial Revolution in England
2787:Amalgamated Weavers' Association
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1717:Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene
1381:The Arkwright Scholarships Trust
1289:Dictionary of National Biography
499:in establishing cotton mills at
448:Factories and the factory system
198:
2217:Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip)
1370:Richard Arkwright in Derbyshire
734:The Journal of Economic History
2645:Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust
1979:British Rail Research Division
1345:Richard Arkwright, Cotton King
1299:"Arkwright, Sir Richard"
1237:The Development of the Factory
1235:——— (1970),
270:Richard Arkwright was born in
246:(now preserved as part of the
1:
2620:Lancashire Cotton Corporation
2594:Thomas Whitehead and Brothers
2297:W & J Galloway & Sons
1696:Grotto in the Gulf of Salerno
1350:Revolutionary Players website
922:"Famous People of Derbyshire"
895:Keel, Toby (24 August 2020).
2398:John Hetherington & Sons
2282:Clayton, Goodfellow & Co
1951:Whitehurst & Son sundial
1418:Derby Museum and Art Gallery
399:Arkwright's mill at Cromford
223:after it was adapted to use
3117:18th-century industrialists
2383:Butterworth & Dickinson
1984:Derby Philosophical Society
444:, Kay's previous employer.
351:had invented a machine for
227:; and he patented a rotary
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2615:Fine Spinners and Doublers
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1974:Andrew Handyside & Co.
1898:Heath Wood barrow cemetery
1759:A Philosopher by Lamplight
1584:Bonnie Prince Charlie Room
1315:"Arkwright, Richard"
1099:10.1179/004049679793691394
619:UNESCO World Heritage Site
551:St Mary's Church, Cromford
530:and was knighted in 1786.
528:High Sheriff of Derbyshire
53:
3026:John Kay (spinning frame)
3021:John Kay (flying shuttle)
2666:Cotton-spinning machinery
2438:Parr, Curtis & Madely
2388:Curtis, Parr & Walton
2267:Browett, Lindley & Co
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1822:Chelsea porcelain factory
1658:William Richardson Linton
1258:10.1080/00076797900000030
991:"Willersley Castle Hotel"
870:. Longman Group. p.
746:10.1017/S0022050700110435
547:St Giles' Church, Matlock
539:Grade II* listed building
384:and Samuel Need, wealthy
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2463:Textile Machinery Makers
2443:British Northrop Loom Co
2362:Woolstenhulmes & Rye
2312:John Musgrave & Sons
2192:Bradshaw Gass & Hope
1878:Strutt's Park Roman fort
1432:Francis Leggatt Chantrey
720:self help samuel smiles.
543:Richard Arkwright junior
302:Richard Arkwright Junior
186:Richard Arkwright junior
31:latest accepted revision
2980:Quarry Bank Mill, Styal
2640:James Burton & Sons
2630:Combined Egyptian Mills
2468:Tweedales & Smalley
2120:Pickford's House Museum
2050:Sir George Harpur Crewe
1989:Derby Exhibition (1839)
1932:Science and engineering
1321:The American Cyclopædia
1305:Encyclopædia Britannica
1074:Chapman, S. D. (1967),
701:Smiles, Samuel (1861).
320:In 1768, Arkwright and
3072:English industrialists
2676:Magnetic ring spinning
2671:DREF friction spinning
2352:Willans & Robinson
2257:Bateman & Sherratt
2025:6th Duke of Devonshire
1681:paintings and drawings
1600:9th/12th Royal Lancers
1522:Joseph Wright of Derby
1308:(11th ed.). 1911.
1189:10.1098/rsnr.1970.0017
1139:Technology and Culture
1106:Fitton, R. S. (1989),
626:Arkwright Scholarships
575:Greater London Council
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264:Joseph Wright of Derby
250:World Heritage Site).
3097:Burials in Derbyshire
2853:Mule spinners' cancer
2822:The Textile Institute
2792:Cardroom Amalgamation
2661:Textile manufacturing
2473:T. Wildman & Sons
2458:Taylor, Lang & Co
2418:Howard & Bullough
2408:John Pilling and Sons
2342:Urmson & Thompson
2252:Ashworth & Parker
1745:The Blacksmith's Shop
600:The Arkwright Society
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213:Industrial Revolution
209:Sir Richard Arkwright
160:Sir Richard Arkwright
85:Sir Richard Arkwright
3107:People from Cromford
2836:Employment practices
2654:Industrial processes
2272:Buckley & Taylor
2197:F.W. Dixon & Son
1868:Creswellian culture
1805:Vesuvius in Eruption
1663:William Hunt Painter
1538:Ashford Black Marble
1447:Derby Sketching Club
1336:Biography and Legacy
862:Evans, Eric (1983).
616:Derwent Valley Mills
608:Derwent Valley Mills
589:Florence Nightingale
526:Arkwright served as
495:, where he assisted
248:Derwent Valley Mills
188:, Susannah Arkwright
2848:Kissing the shuttle
2625:Bagley & Wright
2564:George Augustus Lee
2554:William Houldsworth
2524:Nathaniel Eckersley
2393:Dobson & Barlow
2337:Scott & Hodgson
2302:Benjamin Goodfellow
2287:Earnshaw & Holt
1847:William Billingsley
1615:Francis O. Grenfell
1375:Lancashire Pioneers
948:"Richard Arkwright"
788:Europapress holding
411:and elsewhere (see
21:Page version status
2504:Hugh Hornby Birley
2448:Pemberton & Co
2433:Mather & Platt
2413:Harling & Todd
2378:Brooks & Doxey
2322:Petrie of Rochdale
2317:J & W McNaught
2262:Boulton & Watt
1893:Great Heathen Army
1462:Count Holtzendorff
1437:Ernest Ellis Clark
1340:Essay on Arkwright
1017:manoradventure.com
971:. English Heritage
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89:oil on canvas, by
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3057:English inventors
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2996:Richard Arkwright
2975:Weavers' Triangle
2970:Queen Street Mill
2751:Lancashire boiler
2681:Open-end spinning
2603:Limited companies
2569:Charles Macintosh
2509:Joseph Brotherton
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2090:Charles Sylvester
2055:Llewellynn Jewitt
1946:Benjamin Vulliamy
1837:Pinxton Porcelain
1832:Royal Crown Derby
1689:Richard Arkwright
1472:Alfred John Keene
1467:Richard Hurleston
993:. Christian Guild
946:Thornber, Craig.
824:978-1-4729-4002-5
797:978-953-300-046-6
593:Willersley Castle
535:Willersley Castle
521:Church of England
461:Willersley Castle
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72:Richard Arkwright
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2909:Oldham (borough)
2519:Peter Drinkwater
2489:Elkanah Armitage
2371:Machinery makers
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2075:5th Earl Ferrers
2045:Alfred E. Goodey
1964:
1852:William Duesbury
1780:The Captive King
1752:The Earthstopper
1668:Joseph Whittaker
1593:Military history
1477:Henry Lark Pratt
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943:
937:
936:
934:
932:
926:Visit Derbyshire
918:
912:
911:
909:
907:
892:
886:
885:
869:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
828:
808:
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801:
772:
766:
765:
729:
723:
722:
717:
715:
698:
692:
691:
689:
687:
676:
654:
644:
612:Historic England
202:
174:Margaret Biggins
140:
118:23 December 1732
117:
115:
82:
63:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3001:Samuel Crompton
2984:
2965:Helmshore Mills
2948:
2862:
2858:Piece-rate list
2831:
2755:
2726:Lancashire Loom
2649:
2610:Oldham Limiteds
2598:
2549:Richard Howarth
2477:
2423:Geo. Hattersley
2366:
2230:
2221:
2187:David Bellhouse
2175:
2167:
2137:
2132:
2127:Central Library
2108:Derby Silk Mill
2094:
2080:George Sorocold
2070:Joseph Pickford
1993:
1955:
1940:Atlas Coelestis
1927:
1908:Duffield Castle
1888:Hanson Log Boat
1861:Ancient Britain
1856:
1827:Derby Porcelain
1810:
1680:
1672:
1641:Natural history
1636:
1588:
1577:Decorative arts
1572:
1568:John Whitehurst
1526:
1512:Ernest Townsend
1420:
1415:
1312:
1296:
1279:
1276:
1243:
1234:
1213:
1204:
1173:
1151:10.2307/3105478
1136:
1126:
1120:
1105:
1086:Textile History
1082:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
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989:
988:
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769:
731:
730:
726:
713:
711:
700:
699:
695:
685:
683:
678:
677:
673:
668:
663:
658:
657:
647:Samuel Crompton
645:
641:
636:
559:
509:
450:
433:
382:Jedediah Strutt
374:
346:
326:Arkwright House
318:
256:
254:Life and family
219:, known as the
177:
152:
142:
138:
129:
119:
113:
111:
103:
94:
88:
73:
70:
59:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
3130:
3128:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3006:Peter Foxcroft
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
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2941:
2936:
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2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2867:Lists of mills
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
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2774:
2769:
2763:
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2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:Spinning jenny
2693:
2691:Spinning frame
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2579:Samuel Oldknow
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2494:Henry Ashworth
2491:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2453:Platt Brothers
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2403:Joseph Hibbert
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2357:J & E Wood
2354:
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2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2242:Daniel Adamson
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2212:Stott and Sons
2209:
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2100:
2099:
2096:
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2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2030:James Ferguson
2027:
2022:
2020:Erasmus Darwin
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
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1900:
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1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1648:Allenton hippo
1644:
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1637:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
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1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1548:William Martin
1545:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1457:Harold Gresley
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1406:
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1378:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1310:
1294:
1292:. Vol. 2.
1275:
1274:External links
1272:
1271:
1270:
1252:(2): 247–250,
1241:
1232:
1222:(192): 29–44,
1211:
1202:
1182:(2): 254–260,
1171:
1134:
1124:
1118:
1103:
1080:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1040:
1029:
1004:
982:
960:
938:
913:
887:
880:
854:
852:, p. 248.
842:
830:
823:
803:
796:
790:. p. 67.
767:
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693:
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659:
656:
655:
638:
637:
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632:
631:
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622:
597:
585:
571:
558:
555:
533:He also built
508:
505:
449:
446:
432:
429:
421:spinning jenny
373:
370:
345:
344:Carding engine
342:
330:spinning frame
317:
316:Spinning frame
314:
255:
252:
217:spinning frame
204:
203:
195:
194:
190:
189:
183:
179:
178:
176:
175:
172:
171:Patience Holt,
168:
166:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
143:
141:(aged 59)
135:
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83:
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71:
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50:
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28:
22:
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2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
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2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Bancroft Shed
2958:
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2942:
2940:
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2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
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2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Northrop Loom
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Spinning mule
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Ring spinning
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
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2638:
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2633:
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2303:
2300:
2298:
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2278:
2277:Carels Frères
2275:
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2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
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2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:Engine makers
2233:
2228:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
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2203:
2200:
2198:
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2109:
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2104:
2101:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:Joseph Strutt
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:William Mundy
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:R. K. Freeman
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:P. P. Burdett
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:Organisations
1965:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1923:The Long Lane
1921:
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1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
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1904:
1903:Codnor Castle
1901:
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1842:André Planché
1840:
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1823:
1820:
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1800:
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1795:
1794:Thomas Borrow
1791:
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1740:
1739:
1738:Virgil's Tomb
1735:
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1725:
1721:
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1714:
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1707:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
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1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:Joseph Wright
1675:
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1605:William Goate
1603:
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1518:
1517:George Turner
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1497:Louise Rayner
1495:
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1492:Samuel Rayner
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1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1119:0-7190-2646-6
1115:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1005:
992:
986:
983:
970:
964:
961:
949:
942:
939:
927:
923:
917:
914:
902:
898:
891:
888:
883:
881:0-582-48970-9
877:
873:
868:
867:
858:
855:
851:
846:
843:
840:, p. 57.
839:
834:
831:
826:
820:
816:
815:
807:
804:
799:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:Ivo Goldstein
771:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
725:
721:
710:
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2760:Associations
2736:Air-jet loom
2721:Roberts Loom
2589:John Rylands
2559:John Kennedy
2534:William Gray
2529:John Fielden
2514:James Burton
2332:George Saxon
2247:Ashton Frost
2202:Edward Potts
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1625:David Spence
1610:Robert Kells
1563:White Watson
1507:William Tate
1502:Thomas Smith
1452:Harry Fidler
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1020:. Retrieved
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901:Country Life
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485:steam engine
481:Haarlem Mill
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139:(1792-08-03)
91:Mather Brown
84:
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39:13 June 2024
38:
29:This is the
23:
3067:1792 deaths
3062:1732 births
3031:Robert Owen
2741:Rapier loom
2716:Water frame
2584:Robert Peel
2544:Samuel Greg
2539:Hannah Greg
2499:Hugh Birley
2482:Mill owners
2015:D'Ewes Coke
1773:The Captive
1766:Samuel Ward
1620:David Rushe
1487:Ronald Pope
1482:David Payne
1093:: 196–202,
975:31 December
838:Fitton 1989
714:21 December
578:blue plaque
457:Masson Mill
225:water power
221:water frame
100:Connecticut
3046:Categories
2904:Manchester
2899:Lancashire
2894:Derbyshire
2843:More looms
2746:Dandy loom
2635:Courtaulds
2574:Hugh Mason
2180:Architects
2170:Lancashire
2060:John Lombe
1918:The Street
1798:Ann Borrow
1553:Matlockite
1543:John Farey
661:References
513:Manchester
507:Later life
501:New Lanark
497:David Dale
489:waterwheel
417:Hargreaves
409:Wirksworth
378:Nottingham
349:Lewis Paul
276:Lancashire
244:Derbyshire
149:Derbyshire
126:Lancashire
114:1732-12-23
2944:Yorkshire
2929:Stockport
2874:LCC mills
2292:Fairbairn
1873:Derventio
1815:Porcelain
1558:John Mawe
1266:0007-6791
1167:113203814
906:30 August
850:Tann 1979
762:154008652
666:Citations
584:, London.
557:Memorials
427:threads.
193:Signature
151:, England
128:, England
2989:Pioneers
2934:Tameside
2919:Rochdale
2889:Cheshire
2711:Steaming
2428:Asa Lees
1787:Dovedale
1037:About Us
997:21 April
953:21 April
931:21 April
537:, now a
493:Scotland
440:, or of
438:John Kay
405:Bakewell
390:Cromford
322:John Kay
310:spinning
295:periwigs
240:Cromford
182:Children
145:Cromford
35:reviewed
2953:Museums
2924:Salford
2914:Preston
2706:Carding
2005:Alkmund
1960:Related
1531:Geology
1425:Artists
1324:. 1879.
1216:History
1159:3105478
754:2114855
686:1 April
477:Chorley
353:carding
306:carding
287:Kirkham
283:burgess
272:Preston
229:carding
165:Spouses
122:Preston
93:, 1790.
2879:Bolton
2173:cotton
1998:People
1264:
1198:531292
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784:Zagreb
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362:thread
358:roving
291:Bolton
2939:Wigan
2207:Stott
1194:JSTOR
1163:S2CID
1155:JSTOR
758:S2CID
750:JSTOR
682:. BBC
634:Notes
413:below
366:cloth
338:below
334:warps
157:Title
2884:Bury
1796:and
1262:ISSN
1114:ISBN
1024:2021
999:2008
977:2018
955:2008
933:2008
908:2020
876:ISBN
819:ISBN
792:ISBN
716:2018
688:2017
624:The
425:warp
308:and
236:yarn
134:Died
108:Born
1254:doi
1224:doi
1184:doi
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1095:doi
872:112
742:doi
419:'s
68:Sir
37:on
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